Peeking Under the Hood: Peeking Under the Hood: The Energy Characteristics of The Energy Characteristics of

California’s Commercial Building California’s Commercial Building SectorSector

Martha Brook, P.E.Martha Brook, P.E.

California Energy CommissionCalifornia Energy Commission

Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview

• Source & Description of Data

• Commercial Sector Energy & Peak

• Building Types

• End Uses

• HVAC Details

• Lighting Details

Commercial End Use Survey Commercial End Use Survey (CEUS)(CEUS)

• Field Survey of 2790 CA Commercial Buildings– PG&E: 1001 premises– SMUD: 300 premises– SCE: 1144 premises– SDG&E: 345 premises

• 12 Building Types/Segments

• 13 End Uses (3 HVAC, 10 NonHVAC)

• 16 Title 24 Standards Climate Zones

CEUS Coverage by UtilityCEUS Coverage by Utility

Geography covered by CEUS

CEUS Coverage by Climate ZoneCEUS Coverage by Climate Zone

CEUS Building TypesCEUS Building Types• Small Office (<30,000 ft2)• Large Office (>=30,000 ft2)• Restaurant• Retail• Food/Liquor• Unrefrigerated Warehouse• Refrigerated Warehouse• School• College• Health Care• Hotel/Motel• Miscellaneous

CEUS End UsesCEUS End Uses

• 3 HVAC End Uses Space Heating Space Cooling Ventilation

• 10 Non-HVAC End Uses Water Heating Cooking Refrigeration Interior Lighting Exterior Lighting

Office EquipmentOffice Equipment Miscellaneous EquipmentMiscellaneous Equipment Air CompressorsAir Compressors Motors (non-HVAC)Motors (non-HVAC) Process EquipmentProcess Equipment

Commercial Sector Commercial Sector SiteSite Energy Use Energy Use

-

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Electricity

Gas

Ktherms by Month

Commercial Sector Commercial Sector SourceSource Energy Use Energy UseKtherms by Month

-

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Electricity

Gas

Commercial Sector Electricity UseCommercial Sector Electricity Use

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

GWh by Month

Commercial Sector Peak DemandCommercial Sector Peak Demand

12.00

13.00

14.00

15.00

16.00

17.00

18.00

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

GW by Month

(8) 500MW Power Plants

Commercial Sector Peak DemandCommercial Sector Peak DemandkW on Hot Summer Day

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

16,000,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Cooling

Vent

IntLight

Refrig

OfficeEquip

Motors

Cooking

AirComp

Misc

Process

WaterHeat

ExtLight

Heating

Site Energy Use by Building TypeSite Energy Use by Building Type

14%10%9%

6%

6%

19%2%3%

7%

4%5%

15%

Miscellaneous Large Office

Restaurant Retail

Health Food Store

Lodging Small Office

School College

Unrefrigerated Warehouse Refrigerated Warehouse

Total = 3,567 Mtherms

Energy Intensity by Building TypeEnergy Intensity by Building Typetherms/ft2

- 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00

Restaurant

Food Store

Health

Lodging

Large Office

College

Refrigerated Warehouse

Miscellaneous

Small Office

Retail

School

Unrefrigerated Warehouse

Site Energy Use by End UseSite Energy Use by End UseTotal = 3,567 Mtherms

18%

13%

12%11%

10%

9%

8%

5%4% 4% 1%2%3%

Interior Lighting Heating Water Heating

Cooking Cooling Refrigeration

Ventilation Office Equipment Miscellaneous

Exterior Lighting Motors Process

Air Compressors

18%

14%

10%9%

8%

7%

6%

6%

3%

2%

Everything Else StorageAuto Repair OfficeUnlisted General Low Bay Com/IndClassroom/Lecture Religous W orshipRetail Sales Exercise CenterStorage (Conditioned) CorridorResidential LobbyConference Room Convention/Meeting CenterGeneral High Bay Com/Ind

““Miscellaneous” BuildingsMiscellaneous” Buildings

each

each

Energy Intensity by End UseEnergy Intensity by End Use

0 10 20 30 40 50

GasProcess

IntLight

Cooling

GasCooling

Vent

GasCooking

Refrig

Process

GasHeating

GasHotWater

GasMisc

Motors

OfficeEquip

ExtLight

Misc

Cooking

Heating

AirComp

WaterHeat

kBtu/ft2

Only SZ82%

Only MZ0%

SZ & MZ18%

Uncond0%

HVAC Types - % of Total Floor SpaceHVAC Types - % of Total Floor Space

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

COLL

GROC

HLTH

LODG

LOFF

MISC

REFW

REST

RETL

SCHL

SOFF

WRHS

Only SZ Only MZ SZ & MZ Uncond

Single Zone Equipment TypesSingle Zone Equipment Types

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

COLL

GROC

HLTH

LODG

LOFF

MISC

REFW

REST

RETL

SCHL

SOFF

WRHS

PSZASHPSSZ2PFC4PFCBRPTUSZUVWLHP

Multi Zone Equipment TypesMulti Zone Equipment Types

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

COLL

GROC

HLTH

LODG

LOFF

MISC

REFW

REST

RETL

SCHL

SOFF

WRHS

CV ReheatDual DuctMulti ZoneVAV

Chiller15%

DX34%

None49%

Purchased Chilled Water

2%

HVAC Cooling TypesHVAC Cooling Types

DX80%

None19%

Chiller1%

Single Zone

Multi Zone

% of All Systems% of All Systems

0 2 4 6 8 10

COLL

GROC

HLTH

LODG

LOFF

MISC

REFW

REST

RETL

SCHL

SOFF

WRHS

Average Tonnage of DX Single ZoneAverage Tonnage of DX Single Zone

5

Average Tonnage of DX Multi ZoneAverage Tonnage of DX Multi Zone

0 20 40 60

COLL

GROC

HLTH

LODG

LOFF

MISC

REFW

REST

RETL

SCHL

SOFF

Average Tonnage by Chiller TypeAverage Tonnage by Chiller Type

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Reciprocating, Air

Reciprocating, Water

Screw Compressor, Air

Screw Compressor, Water

Scroll, Air

Scroll, Water

Centrifugal, Air

Centrifugal, Water

Absorption steam

Absorption, direct fired gas

Std Fluor48%HE Fluor

52%

HE Fluor61%

Std Fluor39%

Std Fluor88%

HE Fluor12%

Fluorescent 75%

Incandescent & CFL 15%

HID 6%

Other Lights 4%

Lighting Types - % of Total WattageLighting Types - % of Total Wattage

8 ft. Fixture8 ft. Fixture4 ft. Fixture4 ft. Fixture

Lighting by Building TypeLighting by Building Type

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

COLL

GROC

HLTH

LODG

LOFF

MISC

REFW

REST

RETL

SCHL

SOFF

WRHS

Fluorescent HID Incandescent & CFL Other Lights

% of Total Wattage% of Total Wattage

CFL & Incandescent BulbsCFL & Incandescent Bulbs% of Total Wattage% of Total Wattage

0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%

COLL

GROC

HLTH

LODG

LOFF

MISC

REFW

REST

RETL

SCHL

SOFF

WRHS

CFL

Incand

More on CEUS…More on CEUS…

Special thanks toSpecial thanks to Bob Ramirez

Downloadable CEUS data summaries: http://capabilities.itron.com/ceusweb/

California Energy Commission’s CEUS report: http://www.energy.ca.gov/ceus/index.html