Pearson Scott Foresman...in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide. Genre Comprehension Skills and Strategy Text Features Expository nonfiction • Generalize • Fact and Opinion

Pearson Scott Foresmanby Adam McClellan
Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA,™ Lexile,® and Reading Recovery™ are provided in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.
Genre Comprehension
Expository nonfiction
ISBN-13: ISBN-10:
978-0-328-52538-6 0-328-52538-3
9 7 8 0 3 2 8 5 2 5 3 8 6
9 0 0 0 0
52538_CVR_FSD.indd Page 1-2 12/04/13 5:31 PM s-75 /110/SF00327_R4/sf00327_1of1/work%250/indd%250/SF_RE_TX:NL_Leveled_G5/On/5.5.5O%2 ...
Vocabulary
economic
independence
overrun
scrawled
vacant
Word count: 1,285
Note: The total word count includes words in the running text and headings only. Numerals and words in chapter titles, captions, labels, diagrams, charts, graphs, sidebars, and extra features are not included.
Glenview, Illinois • Boston, Massachusetts • Chandler, Arizona Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
by Adam McClellan
6.757887
2.8828561
Photographs
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Pearson Education, Inc.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd)
Cover (R) Alamy Images, (Bkgrd) INTERFOTO/Alamy Images, (L) North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Images, (C) Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress; 1 North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Images; 3 The Protected Art Archive/Alamy; 4 Photos/ Thinkstock; 5 Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress; 6 PRISMA ARCHIVO/ Alamy Images; 7 Antonio Abrignani/Shutterstock; 9 (T) Keith Levit/Vibe Images/Alamy, (CR) Photos/Thinkstock; 10 North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Images; 11 (TL) Alamy Images, (B) INTERFOTO/Alamy Images, (CR) North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Images; 13 Bettmann/Corbis; 14 Philip de Bay/Historical Picture Archive/Corbis; 16 L.A. Nature Graphics/Shutterstock; 18 North Wind Picture Archives /Alamy Images; 19 Bettmann/ Corbis; 20 Professor Buell/Bettmann/Corbis; 21 MPI/Archive Photos/Getty Images; 22 Corbis; 23 ©Bettmann/Corbis.
ISBN 13: 978-0-328-52538-6 ISBN 10: 0-328-52538-3
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to Pearson Curriculum Rights & Permissions, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.
Pearson® is a trademark, in the U.S. and/or in other countries, of Pearson plc or its affiliates.
Scott Foresman® is a trademark, in the U.S. and/or in other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 13 12 11 10 09
52538_001-024_FSD.indd Page 2 18/04/13 5:41 PM s-75 /110/SF00327_R4/sf00327_1of1/work%250/indd%250/SF_RE_TX:NL_Leveled_G5/On/5.5.5O%2 ...
3
A New Nation In 1776, thirteen American colonies declared their
independence from Great Britain. They fought the American Revolution against Great Britain, and in 1780 Great Britain surrendered. A new nation was born—the United States of America.
In 1783 a treaty gave the United States the thirteen colonies—now states—and other territory west to the Mississippi River. Great Britain kept its lands in Canada. Spain controlled most of the territory south and west of the United States. Part of the territory west from the Mississippi was called Louisiana.
This 1784 map shows the borders of the new nation.
43.938026
When Napoleon Bonaparte took control of France in 1799, he wanted to
increase France’s strength in North America. Taking
over Spanish territory there gave France control of
important ports.
4
When President Thomas Jefferson took office in 1801, he had a great interest in exploring lands to the west. He knew that the future of his country depended on control of this territory.
As long as Spain controlled the west, Jefferson was not worried. However, Spain’s hold on its colonies seemed to be slowly slipping. Jefferson was sure that the United States could make a deal with Spain to gain Louisiana.
In 1802, Jefferson received shocking news. The Spanish had handed Louisiana over to the French! This changed everything. At the time, France was becoming the strongest country in Europe. If the French had plans for North America, it would be very hard for the United States to grow westward.
“Napoleon” 19th cent., by Robert Lefevre.
Thomas Jefferson was greatly concerned when Spain handed Louisiana to the French. Suddenly, expanding westward became more difficult.
5
47.856483
14.315143
In 1803, James Monroe went to Paris to try to buy New Orleans from the French. Jefferson told him,
“. . . all hopes are fixed upon you. . . .”
6
The port of New Orleans in the early nineteenth century was an important trading and shipping center.
7
The Louisiana Purchase French control of Louisiana gave Jefferson
another worry: the Mississippi River. The United States and Spain agreed that American settlers could sell their goods in the important port of New Orleans.
No one knew what the French would do now that they controlled Louisiana. Jefferson feared that they would block American boats from using the port of New Orleans. This would cause damaging economic results.
With that in mind, Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to make a deal with the French. Monroe was to offer to buy New Orleans. The U.S. government would offer to pay almost nine and a half million dollars for the city.
11.546151
7.157562
41.430214
The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States.
PA C I F I C O C E A N
AT L A N T I C O C E A N
Gulf of Mexico
Grea t Lakes
8
When Monroe got to Paris on April 12, 1803, he was in for a surprise. Facing a possible war from England and other concerns, France was losing interest in controlling Louisiana. The day before Monroe arrived, the French government had made an offer to the U.S. agent in Paris. They said the United States could have all of Louisiana for the right price. Monroe and the agent signed a treaty agreeing to buy the entire Louisiana territory. The territory cost the United States only 15 million dollars.
In 1793, Sir Alexander Mackenzie travelled through Canada on a quest for the Northwest passage.
Sir Alexander Mackenzie
Exploring the New Lands Jefferson had already
made plans to explore the west. He wanted to find an easy water route to the Pacific Ocean. He was inspired by the explorations of Sir Alexander Mackenzie. In 1793, the Scottish fur trader had discovered a route through western Canada to the Pacific. Mackenzie’s route was traveled almost all the way by boat. Jefferson hoped to keep British traders from gaining control of the fur trade near the Pacific Coast. He also was curious about the plants and animals in the lands west of the Mississippi.
34.2725
5.2244925
35.712
Members of the Corps of Discovery included skilled frontiersmen, hunters, woodcutters, and interpreters. They met with many groups of Native Americans.
10
Jefferson put together a small group named the Corps of Discovery. The group had about thirty men. The journey was to be led by two men who were already known for their skills in the wilderness: Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.
Jefferson had planned for the trip to take place no matter who owned the territory. Now, the Louisiana Purchase gave the explorers a new purpose. They would map out the country’s new lands and make contact with Native Americans who made their homes there. Many of these people had never heard of the United States.
Meriwether Lewis was a U.S. army captain. He worked closely with President Jefferson to plan a westward expedition.
William Clark was a Virginia-born U.S. army captain.
He was recruited by Lewis to help lead the expedition.
Lewis and Clark led the journey west.
11
“Fort Pierre on the Missouri” after a painting by Karl Bodmer.
33.018593
10.971455
15.3600445
The journey west spanned thousands of miles. It began in St. Louis, on the Mississippi River, and led to the Pacific Ocean and back.
PA C I F I C O C E A N
AT L A N T I C O C E A N
Gulf of Mexico
Great Salt Lake
Mandan villages Travelers make winter camp, 1804–1805.
Shoshone villages Sacagawea greets her brother, August 1805
Near present-day Astoria, Oregon Expedition reaches Pacific Ocean, November 1805
FLORIDA (SPAIN)
Disputed between United States
Return route, 1806
12
The explorers planned to follow the Missouri River as far west as they could and then find a way to the Pacific Ocean. In the fall of 1803, the Corps of Discovery arrived at St. Louis, on the Mississippi River near the point where the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers join. They spent the winter near there. They collected and sorted supplies and worked at becoming fit for the tough journey ahead. The following spring, the explorers ventured out.
The Corps of Discovery met with many Native American leaders on their journey.
13
In early August, the explorers came across members of the Oto, a group of Native Americans. Lewis gave a speech explaining that the French and Spanish no longer ruled their land. They would now be part of the United States. The Oto leader thanked Lewis for his speech, and Lewis gave him gifts. The speech was repeated each time the explorers met a new group of Native Americans.
2008
29.016
10.60574
25.756649
The expedition spent the winter at the Mandan villages along the Missouri River.
Near the end of October, the explorers came to a group of villages that belonged to the Mandan people. The villages were on the Great Bend of the Missouri River in what is now North Dakota. Here, they suffered the long winter. In his diary, Clark scrawled that the temperature was 45 degrees below
14
zero on a bitter December day. The Mandan gave the explorers a warm place to spend the winter.
The explorers made friendly contact with many Native Americans in the west, including the Shoshone, the Nez Perce, and the Walla Walla. They traded horses, food, and other supplies with these people.
15
22.569756
17.554317
In the summer of 1805, the explorers ran into a huge barrier, the Rocky Mountains. It took two months to cross the mountains and find another river to follow to the Pacific.
In November, they finally reached the Pacific Ocean. The team spent a cold, rainy winter in what is now Oregon. On March 23, 1806, they turned east and headed home.
16
The Corps of Discovery had to cross the rugged Bitterroot Range, which is part of the Rocky Mountains.
17
The Louisiana Purchase was a big step toward making this country what it is today. It opened up new lands and erased a foreign power from the map of North America. The Lewis and Clark expedition inspired Americans to look west for their future. These key events in our history also came with problems.
25.495428
20.636723
Settlers traveled up and down rivers on flatboats loaded with freight.
18
Native Americans and the West It didn’t take long for people in the East to begin
moving west. On their return trip down the Missouri River, Lewis and Clark met traders with boats loaded with freight, hoping to trade with Native Americans in the new territory.
As it turned out, however, Native Americans had an uneasy relationship with the settlers.
The U.S. government promised land to Native Americans.
19
22.176
20
Many hoped that Native American tribes and settlers would coexist peacefully. Unfortunately, by the late 1820s, the government started a policy of keeping Native Americans separated from settlers. They did this by using land gained in the Louisiana Purchase.
Beginning in 1830, many tribes were forced off their homelands in the south. They were marched westward to a new “Indian Territory” west of the Mississippi River, in what is now Oklahoma. Areas such as this came to be called reservations.
This also affected the Native Americans already living in the territory. Settlers began moving into the area, but this land was not vacant. Native Americans lived and hunted there. As new settlements grew, Native Americans were forced from their homes.
“1894: A party of Native Americans take to the trail during a snowy winter, taking their weapons and tame animals with them.” by Henry Fran-ois Farny.
Native Americans, forced to leave their lands in the east, made their long and difficult journey to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma.
21
51.304726
4.0228553
9.038385
22
This situation caused fighting between the new settlers and local Native Americans. To resolve the conflict, the government and Native American nations signed treaties setting aside certain lands for the settlers and other lands for the Native Americans.
The treaties promised that Native Americans would have their lands forever. This didn’t happen. Instead, more settlers arrived to overrun the tribal lands, causing more conflict.
Within a hundred years of Lewis and Clark’s expedition, the Native American groups these men had met were all forced onto reservations. The reservations made up only a small part of the lands on which they once lived. Jefferson’s hopes for peace had died. Lewis and Clark unknowingly opened up the west for one group of people and closed it for another.
The choices Thomas Jefferson made in his first years as president forever changed the United States’ shape, size, and history.
A pioneer family moves all of their belongings in a wagon going west.
23
60.86576
5.694699
24
Glossary economic adj. related to money, business, and trade
independence n. the condition of being free from the control of another country
overrun v. to spread through quickly
scrawled v. wrote quickly and sloppily
vacant adj. empty
Reader Response 1. Based on Lewis and Clark’s travels, what do you think
early trips to the west were like? Include details from the book that led you to this generalization. Use a graphic organizer like the one below to organize your answer.
Generalization:
Detail:Detail: Detail:
2. Imagine you are a reporter in 1830. You are sent West to interview the Native Americans who were being forced off their land. What questions would you ask them? How does this help you better understand the book?
3. On page 20, how can the prefix co- help you figure out the meaning of the word coexist? List and define three more words with the prefix co-. Use the words in sentences.
4. What do you think might have happened if Napoleon did not allow the United States to buy the Louisiana Territory? Explain your answer.
46.835
Untitled
Untitled
Button5:
Button:
Button2:

Documents

Pearson Scott Foresman...in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide. Genre Comprehension Skills and Strategy Text Features Expository nonfiction • Generalize • Fact and Opinion