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Phase 1GAIN ACCEPTANCE FOR THE PROGRAM
Phase 2SPECIFY TASKS AND ESTIMATE RESOURCE NEEDS
Phase 3DEVELOP SPECIFIC PLANS FOR PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
Phase 4ESTABLISH A MECHANISM FOR PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
Phase 5PUT PLANS INTO ACTION
Dignan-5-P2K-2003
BEBERAPA TAHAP PELAKSANAAN
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Dignan-5-P2K-2003
Phase 1. Gaining Acceptance for the program
A New program means CHANGE Two groups must be ready to attempt
Change: - target population ( consumer)- providers (sponsor & staff)
Target Population & Providers re contacted during initial of the program:
- info for the upcoming program- review any commitment made
during planning phase- Clarify any changes may have
occurred - negotiation should be renewed
WATSON:Factors related to acceptance of change :
1. Initiator of change2. Type of change3. Conditions Conducive to change
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Initiator of Change:- Highest authority give Clear
support- Program is coming from
within the ranks of the target pop.
Type of Change:- Burdens of target pop.
Reduced - Agrees with common values- Un threaten security/
autonomy- Provide some interest
Condition Conducive to Change:- Target pop. Participate in planning - adopted by consensus- deal empathetically &
respectfully with opponents- misunderstandings are OK.
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A mass alternative
Institutionalize change
Implement Change activities
Select Alternatives Initiate action
Search for responses
Unsatisfied demands
Dignan-5-P2K-2003
BEYER & TRICE’s 7 (seven) stages for completion of CHANGE PROCESS.
START
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Power and Authority,Are needed for successful program
implementationPower: ability or capacity to get others to
take steps they would not otherwise take…… to get things done.
Authority: to influence the behavior of others; is the means to use power.
Generating Authority: Extrinsic & intrinsic channels.
Extrinsic authority from: clients & persons doing the job, institution or govt.
institution or government, through: law, funding, moral persuasion
Persons: acknowledged expertise respect & personal reputation
Clients: reflection of Power & authority
Intrinsic authority, from: clear record of wisdom & success, positive results,
ability to understand need of target pop., flexibility to new information.
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TARGET POPULATION - Individual- Group- Community
Four Critical Attributes for Strategies:1.Local Autonomy:
- Fully controlled by target pop & persons doing the job vs. from sources outside of both.
2.Coincidence of Agency Service Areas:- Highly fraction with diff. Organization
- covering diff. Target in a non-systematic fashion impede implementation so avoid duplication.
3.Psychologic Identification:- citizens identify strongly with
their comm. facilitate implementation.
4.Community Decision-Making and Democracy:
- mandated by the majority = need of target population.
- Done for them (enfranchised) is better than done to them.
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- Participate in local decision-making process approved before implemented.
Acceptability can be diagnosed by: FGD, individual survey, meeting with comm. planning group, interview with key leaders.
Phase 2: SPECIFYING PROGRAM TASKS AND ESTIMATING RESOURCE
NEEDS.
A. Three main tasks of Program Plan Review:1. determination of intermediate & final
products2. preparation of detailed list of activities3. Listing of the interrelationships among
activities: - PERT (Program Evaluation Review Technique) - MBO (Management by Objectives).- PPBS (Planning Program Budgeting System)- CPM (critical Path Method)
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B.Determining Resource Requirements 1. Review Program Activities no. of persons involved.2. Consideration of Supply and Equipment
needs.3. Modification of Program Plan4. Mass Media Communication ( tv, radio,
posters, leaflets, brochures, direct mail)5. Direct Education (didactic, discussion, problem solving)6. Budget – developing materials, Continuing supplies
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Table: Tasks & Resources needed for implementation of … campaign
Resource Needed Personnel Equipment Consultation
Develop Mass Media Componenta.…b.…c.…
Develop Direct Education Componenta.b.c.d.
note:Personnel: borrowed from other departmentConsultation: help from specialists Equipment: special equip. needed for high quality materials
Phase 3:Developing Plans for Program Activities
The “four p’s” of marketing:- Product - Place- Promotion - Price
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Dignan-5-P2K-2003
Product: How target pop. likely to view neg. / pos.?
Promotion: - news paper articles- a word-of-mouth campaign- should match with the program
Place: Where & how to participate ?
Price: include costs in –finances (money)- time- convenience- personal discomfort –confronting the threat.
Target population thought as CONSUMERSThe sponsor of program PROVIDERS
Question items needed:1. What are the market OBJECTIVE? goal & obj. 2. Who is the sponsor? well respect? Disliked by
comm.?3. What are the best strategies for introducing the
program ? depend on: - nature of the program: sensitive, rapid change, tend to produce destructive criticism ‘low profile’ introduct.- nature of the target pop.- Type of change intended
4. Who should represent the program in the eyes of target pop.? Credibility of the persons.
5. What factors can be used as indicators of the effectiveness of the introduction of the program?
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Marketing is uncertain business: how long, how & what efforts?
Effectiveness: - number of participant before,
during & after campaign.- change in awareness
through rapid survey in shopping areas or in comm.
Table: Information Format & Distribution site(s) of Breast & cervical Ca Prevention
information in the community
Info. Format Distribution Site (s)Electronic:- Radio Local Radio Station- TV Station broadcasting in area, regional
Print and Direct Education:- Posters Clinic & hospital- Brochures Pharmacies-Flyers Voluntary agencies-Workshop Visiting nurses’ agency, Hosp.
Administration, Local doctors’ offices
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Dignan-5-P2K-2003
Phase 4:Establishing a System for Program Management.
IDENTIFYING INDICATORS
Three basic indicators to assess program status:1. time2. cost3. performance
Time…. Easiest control indicator specific objective
Time ‘milestones’ can be used to maintain control over implementation.
Cost….. Staff time, supplies and equipment use as planned or not.
Performance…..most difficult indicator to use effectively.
- Effective performance of personnel & equipment,- Assessment performance of program components may through informal evaluation / monitoring
IDENTIFYING SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Useful information can be seen as either events or Outcomes
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Dignan-5-P2K-2003
Use frequency, duration, sequencing, or absence as indicator program procedures implemented as plan or not.Level of activity: -continuing count pamphlets,
pencils, testing-papers used.Quality of the activity: - pre test – post test - short observation
Phase 5:Putting Plan Into Action
Specific areas to check :
1.Readiness to change consumer & providers … still need additional
community Analysis?2.Changes in tasks to be carried out,
resources (personnel, space, time) needed, resources available.
3.Review plans for introducing the program4.Review management plans.
Main purpose: to maintain a constant level of service quality and quantity.
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INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION.
Critical step: establish good communication networks among program
director, supervisory personnel and all staff members.
A basic task of program manager: - design orientation- training the workers
develop self-assurance Workers need to know:
- possess ability to do & will success- can communicate with supervisors- have questions answered- value of educational product
initial difficulties should be anticipated, …remain flexible and ready to adapt but remain aware of changes.
Rethink each steps in planning …. identify source of difficulties ….add new info & make alternatives to correct the errors.
Linking Planning, Implementation and Evaluation PRECEDE-PROCEED Model
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