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CAREER POINT

MMOOCCKK TTEESSTT PPAAPPEERR

RAJSTHAN BOARD OF SENIOR SECONDARY EXAMINATION

BIOLOGY tho foKku

SOLUTIONS

Sol.1 Gene therapy. thu FkSjsihA

Sol.2 Stratosphere lerki e.My Dobson unit Mksclu bdkbZ

Sol.3 (i) Digestion of milk protein to cause curdling of milk. (ii) Increase in vitamin B12 content of curd. (i) nqX/k izksVhu dk ikpu nqX/k ds teko ds fy;sA (ii) ngh ds foVkfeu B12 vo;o dks c<+krs gSaA

Sol.4 The wing of a cockroach and the wing of a bird are different in origin but functionally the two are similar (help in flight). The two structures are analogous organs.

frypV~Vs ds ia[k rFkk i{kh ds ia[k mRifÙk esa fHkUu gSa ijUrq dk;Zdh; :i ls nksuksa leku gksrs gSa (mM+us esa lgk;d) nksuksa lajpuk,sa leofÙk vax gksrh gSaA

Sol.5 Waltor Sutton and Theodor Boveri. okWYVj lV~u ,oa fFk;ksMksj cksosjh

Sol.6 Pollen grain. ijkx d.kA

Sol.7 (1) High efficiency of burning so cause less pollution (2) Cheap in cost (3) Can not theft (4) Can not adulterated. (1) tyus dh mPp n{krk ds dkj.k iznw"k.k de djrk gSA (2) ewY; esa lLrsA (3) pksjh ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA (4) feykoV ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Sol.8 Circular DNA or plasmid act as vector in Genetic engineering and it contain gene that provide antibiotic resistance to bacteria.

orZqy DNA ;k IykfTeM vkuqokaf'kd vfHk;kaf=kdh esa okgd ds leku dk;Z djrs gSa rFkk buesa thu ik;s tkrs gSa] tks fd thok.kq ls izfrtSfod izfrjks/kdrk miyC/k djokrs gSaA

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Sol.9 Use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organization without proper authorization from countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.

cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ,oa vU; laxBuksa }kjk tSo lalk/kuksa dk fcuk iw.kZ vf/kdkj ds ns'kksa rFkk O;fä;ksa }kjk fcuk fdlh {kfriwfrZ Hkqxrku ds mi;ksx djukA

Sol.10 Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams. chdkusjh HksM+sa rFkk esjhuks HksM+saA Sol.11 Tissue plasminogen activator (streptokinase). mÙkd IykfTeukstu ,DVhosVj (LVªsIVksdkbust) Sol.12 Autosomal dominant – Polydactyly or Huntington chorea Autosomal recessive – Alkeptoneuria (A.K.U) or phenylketonuria (P.K.U) or Sickle cell anemia. vksVkslksey izHkkoh – ikWfyMsDVkby ;k gafVaXVu dksfj;k vksVkslksey vizHkkoh – ,YdsIVksU;wfj;k (A.K.U) ;k fQukby dhVksU;wfj;k (P.K.U) ;k fldy lsy ,fufe;kA Sol.13 Leuteinising hormone [L.H.] Y;qfVukbftax gkekZsu [L.H.] Sol.14 Species richness contributes to the well being of an ecosystem. So if the species diversity at tropical rain

forests will increase to 12% it make a more stable earth ecosystem. tkfr dh izpqjrk ikfjra=k dks vPNs gksus esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA blfy, Å".kdfVca/kh; o"kkZ ouksa dk foLrkj 12% dj

fn;k tk, rks ;g vf/kd LFkkbZ iFoh ikfjra=k cusxkA Sol.15 Leaves are reduced or absent Pinnatly compound Sunken stomata Presence of hairs on leaves called trichophylly Leaves and stipules modified into throns. i.kZ dk gkzflr rFkk vuqifLFkr gksuk fiPNkdkj la;qä i.kZ /kals gq, ja/kz i.kZ ij jkse dh mifLFkfr VªkbdksfQyh dgykrh gSA i.kZ rFkk vuqi.kZ dk dkaVkssa esa :ikUrj.kA Sol.16 The productivity of rice field will increase. Anabaena and Nostoc are capable to carry out the biological nitrogen fixation. So increase the nitrogen

content at soil. pkoy {ks=k dh mRikndrk c<+ tk;sxhA ,ukfcuk rFkk ukWLVkWd tSfod ukbVªkstu fLFkjhdj.k djus esa leFkZ gksrs gSaA blfy, enk esa ukbVªkstu vo;oksa dh ek=kk

dks c<+k nsrs gSaA Sol.17 During asexual reproduction (i) Due to absence of fertilization and meiosis. There is lack of crossing over during meiosis. (ii) So no new recombination are produced and the offspring produced are genetically identical so called

clones. OR

In viviparous animals the embryo is kept safe and nourished by the mother till its viable or capable to survive hence their survival is at a lesser risk

vySafxd tuu ds nkSjku (i) fu"kspu rFkk v/kZlw=k.k dh vuqifLFkfr ds dkj.k v/kZlw=k.k ds nkSjku thu fofue; dh deh gksrh gSA (ii) blfy, u, iquZ;kstu mRiUu ugha gksrs gSa rFkk mRiUu larfr vkuqokaf'kd :i ls leku gksrh gSA blfy, Dyksu

dgykrh gSA

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vFkok ltho iztd izkf.k;ksa esa Hkzw.k lqjf{kr jgrk gS ,oa ek¡ }kjk iks"k.k feyrk jgrk gS] tc rd dh og mÙkjtho ds

;ksX; uk gks tk, blfy, mudh mÙkjthfork de tksf[ke iw.kZ gksrh gSA

Sol.18 This is a adaptation to ensure the pollination by it's mutual partner male bee. The male bee consider the petal as it's female and they come and sit on it and copulate it. During this the

pollen grains are dust on male bee which helps in pollination. ;g ,d izdkj dk vuwdqyu gS blds ikjLifjd lg;ksxh uj eD[kh }kjk ijkx.k lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,A uj eD[kh ny dks eknk ds leku ekurh gS rFkk ;g blds ny ij eSFkqu ds fy, cSB tkrh gSA bl nkSjku ijkxd.k

uj eD[kh ij fpid tkrs gS tks fd ijkx.k esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA

Sol.19 Homology – Organs which are similar in structure and origin but may be similar or dissimilar in functions. Ex. Thorns of Bougenvallia, Tendrils of Cucurbita Analogy – Organs which are dissimilar in structure and origin but similar in function. Ex. Potato and Sweet Potato. letkrrk – vax tks fd lajpuk rFkk mRifÙk esa leku gksrs gSa] ijUrq dk;Z esa leku ;k vleku gks ldrs gSaA mnk0 cksxSufofy;k ds dkaVs] dqdqjfcVk ds izrkuA leofÙkrk – vax tks fd lajpuk rFkk mRifÙk esa vleku rFkk dk;ks± esa leku gksrs gSaA mnk0 vkyw rFkk 'kdjdanA

Sol.20 (i) Triplet – It contain three Nitrogenase bases (ii) Universal – Same in all prokaryote and Eukaryote (iii) Non ambiguos – each codon specific for one amino acid. (iv) Non overlapping – Nitrogenous base of one codon does not involve in another codon. (i) f=kd – blesa rhu ukbVªkstu {kkjsa ikbZ tkrh gSaA (ii) lkoZf=kd – lHkh izksdsfj;ksV~l rFkk ;wdsfj;ksV~l esa lekuA (iii) lafnX/k – izR;sd dksMksu ,d vehuks vEy ds fy, fof'k"V gksrs gSaA (iv) vuvfrO;kiu – ,d dksMksu dh ukbVªkstu {kkj vU; dksMksu esa lfEefyr ugha gksrh gSA

Sol.21 (a) CuT :- IUDS. IUDS increase phagocytosis of sperms within uterus and the Cu ions release suppress sperms motility and fertilizing capacity of sperms. These devices are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the uterus, through vagina.

(b) Saheli :- Oral contraceptive for the females contain a non-steroidal preparation. It is once a weak pill with very few side effects and high contraceptive value.

(a) CuT :- IUDS dkWij dks eqä djrh gSA IUDS xHkkZ'k; esa 'kqØk.kq ds Hk{k.k dh c<+ksÙkjh dks c<+k nsrk gS rFkk Cu vk;u 'kqØk.kq dh xfr'khyrk rFkk fu"kspu {kerk dks lanfer dj nsrs gSaA ;g ;qfä ;ksfu ds }kjk xHkkZ'k; esa MkWDVj ;k ulZ }kjk izosf'kr djokbZ tkrh gSA

(b) lgsyh :- efgykvksa ds fy, eqf[k; xHkZfujks/kd ;qfä gksrh gS] ftlesa ukWu&fLVjksbM ik, tkrs gSaA ;g ,d lIrkg dh ,d xksyh gksrh gSA ;g cgqr de nq"kizHkko rFkk mPp xHkZfujks/kd ewY; okyh gksrh gSA

Sol.22 Because the cry protein is secreted in inactive form as pro-toxin D;ksafd ØkbZ izksVhu iwoZ vkfo"k ds leku vfØ; :i esa L=kkfor gksrh gSA

Sol.23 By tissue culture technique. Use of apical or lateral meristem in micropropagation technique can produce thousands of virus free plants. Meristemetic tissues are virus free. mÙkd lao/kZu rduhd }kjkA 'kh"kZ ;k ik'oZ foHkT;ksÙkd dk mi;ksx dj lw{e izo/kZu rduhd esa gtkjksa fo"kk.kq eqä ikniksa dks mRiUu fd;k tk

ldrk gSA foHkT;ksÙkd fo"kk.kq eqä gksrs gSaA

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Sol.24 25 primary oocytes → 25 ovum (because cytokinesis is unequal leading to polarbody formation) 25 primary spermatocytes → 100 sperms (due to equal karyo & cytokinesis) 25 izkFkfed v.M dksf'kdk,a → 25 v.M (D;ksafd dksf'kdk nzO; foHkktu vleku gksrk gS] tks /kzqfodk; fuekZ.k dks

vxzflr djrk gSA) 25 izkFkfed 'kqØ dksf'kdk,a → 100 'kqØk.kq (leku dsUnzd foHkktu rFkk dksf'kdk nzO; foHkktu ds dkj.k) Sol.25 (a) We will use following method that help in selection of recombinant colonies from non recombinant ones. (1) We will put this transgenic bacteria into ampicillin medium transformant will grow in it. (2) Now this transforment growing bacteria (Recombinant plasmid are present in it) transfer into lactose

and X-gal chromogen containing medium. If colour does not appears this indicates recombinant colonies but colour appears this indicates non recombinant.

(b) Due to insertional inactivation α-galactosidase gene is inactivated so, it does not produce lactase enzyme that convert X-gal chromogen into blue colour that, why colour does not appears in recombinant ones.

(a) viquZ;kstu }kjk iquZ;ksftr fuog ds p;u esa ge fuEu fof/k dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA

(1) ge bl ijkthuh thok.kq dks ,Eihflfyu ek/;e ij :ikUrfjr dj ldrs gSa ftlls ;g blesa of) dj ldsA

(2) bl of) dj jgs LFkkUrfjr thok.kq dks (blesa iquZ;ksftr IykfTeM mifLFkr jgrk gS) ysDVkst rFkk X-gal

Øksekstu ;qä ek/;e esa :ikUrfjr dj fn;k tkrk gSA ;fn jax fn[kkbZ ugha nsa rks iquZ;ksftr dkWyksuh dks

n'kkZrk gS] ijUrq jax fn[kkbZ ns rks ;g viquZ;kstu dks n'kkZrk gSA

(b) fuos'ku vfØ;k'khyrk ds dkj.k α-XysDVkslkbMst thu vfØ;k'khy gks tkrk gSA blfy, ;g ysDVkst ,atkbe

mRiUu ugha djrk gS ftlls X-gal Øksekstu uhys jax esa :ikUrfjr gks tkrk gS] blfy, iquZ;ksftr uotkr esa jax

izdV ugha gksrk gSS Sol.26 Following character are present in an anemophyllous flower.

Presence of these character in flower identifying wind as pollinating agent in these flower. (i) Pollen grains are light and non-sticky (ii) Well exposed stamen to disperse pollen easily (iii) Large and feathery stigma for easy trapping of pollen (iv) Single ovule in ovary. (v) Generally flower form inflorescence. ok;qijkfxr iq"i esa fuEu y{k.k mifLFkr gksrs gSa -

iq"iksa esa fuEu y{k.kksa dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k ok;q dks ijkx.k okgd ds :i esa igpkus tkus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA

(i) ijkx d.k gYds rFkk vfpifpis gksrs gSaA

(ii) ijkx dk.kksa ds vklkuh ls izdhf.kZr gksus ds fy, m/kHkkflr iqadsljA

(iii) ijkx d.k vklkuh ls idM+us ds fy, cM+h rFkk ia[kh; ofrZdkxzA

(iv) v.Mk'k; esa ,dy v.MA

(v) lkekU;r% iq"i iq"iØe cukrs gSaA Sol.27 Gene which are present on same chromosome are called linked gene and their inheritance is called linkage. ZZ and ZW type determination is present in Birds Male is homogametic contain ZZ sex chromosome female

is Heterogametic contain ZW type of sex chromosome. thu tks fd leku xq.klw=k ij fLFkr gksrs gSa] lgyXu thu dgykrs gSa rFkk mudh oa'kkxfr lgyXurk dgykrh gSA

ZZ ,oa ZW izdkj dk fu/kkZj.k if{k;ksa esa mifLFkr gksrk gSA uj esa le;qXedh ZZ fyax xq.klw=k gksrk gS tcfd eknk

fo"ke;qXedh ZW izdkj dk fyax xq.klw=k j[krh gSA

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Sol.28 (i) Salmonella typhi (ii) Widal test (iii) These pathogens generally enter the small intestine through food and water contaminated with them and

migrate to other organ through blood. (iv) – Sustained high fever (39º to 40ºC) – Weakness – Stomach pain – Constipation / headache/ loss of appetite (v)

OR

T-helper cell and Macrophage cell act as HIV factory when infected by HIV events that take place in infected cell :

(1) HIV attach to CD-4 cell with GP-120 to CD-4 protein. (2) Reverse transcription by reverse transcriptase. (3) Its DNA attach with host cell DNA. (4) Multiplication of HIV. (5) Lysis of Infected cell.

(i) lkYeksusyk Vk;Qh

(ii) foMky ijh{k.k

(iii) ;g jksx dkjd NksVh vka=k esa lanqf"kr Hkkstu ,oa ty }kjk muesa izos'k djrs gSa ,oa vU; vax esa jä }kjk

igq¡prs gSaA

(iv) – mPp Toj (39º to 40ºC) cuk, j[krs gSaA

– detksjh

– mnj ihM+k

– dCt / fljnnZ / Hkw[k dh dehA

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(v)

vFkok

T-lgk;d dksf'kdk ,oa esØksQst dksf'kdk HIV laØe.k ij HIV QsDVªh ds leku dk;Z djrk gS] ?kVuk,a tks fd

laØfer dksf'kdk esa gksrh gSa :

(1) HIV, CD-4 dksf'kdk ls GP-120 ds lkFk CD-4 izksVhu ds lkFk tqM+rk gSA

(2) fjolZ vuqys[ku] fjolZ VªkalfØIVst }kjkA

(3) blds DNA iks"kh dksf'kdk DNA ls tqM+rk gSA

(4) HIV dk cgqxq.kuA

(5) laØfer dksf'kdk dk y;uA

Sol.29 Semiconservative means both the strand of DNA separate to each other and act as template new strand is

formed on this two template strand in DNA replication.

Meselson and stahl performed following experiment in 1958 -

(i) They grew E. coli in a medium containing 15NH4 Cl (15N is the heavy isotope of nitrogen) as the only

nitrogen source for many generations. The result was that 15 N was incorporated into newly synthesised

DNA (as well as other nitrogen containing compounds). This heavy DNA molecule could be

distinguished from the normal DNA by centrifugation in a cesium chloride (CsCl) density gradient

(Please note that 15N is not a radioactive isotope, and it can be separated from 14N only based on

densities).

(ii) Then they transferred the cells into a medium with normal 14NH4Cl and took samples at various

definite time intervals as the cells multiplied, and extracted the DNA that remained as double-stranded

helices. The various samples were separated independently on CsCl gradients to measure the densities

of DNA (Figure).

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(iii) Thus, the DNA that was extracted from the culture one generation after the transfer from 15N to 14N

medium [that is after 20 minutes; E. coli divides in 20 minutes] had a hybrid or intermediate density. DNA extracted from the culture after another generation [that is after 40 minutes, II generation] was composed of equal amounts of this hybrid DNA and of ‘light’ DNA.

OR

Sequence of DNA that repeate many time in genome is repetitive DNA. Alfred Hershey and Maertha chase (1952) worked with bacteriophages.

Radioactive phages were allowed to attach to E. coli bacteria. Then, as the infection proceeded, the viral oats were removed from the bacteria by agitating them in a blender. The virus particles were separated from the bacteria by spinning them in a centrifuge. Bacteria which was infected with viruses that had adioactive DNA were radioactive, indicating that DNA was the material that passed from the virus to the bacteria. Bacteria that were infected with viruses that had radioactive proteins were not radioactive. This indicates that proteins did not enter the bacteria from the viruses. DNA is therefore the genetic material that is passed from virus to bacteria.

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v/kZlaj{kh dk vFkZ gS fd nksuksa DNA ds jTtq ,d nwljs ls iFkDd gksrs gSa ,oa u;h jTtq ds fy;s DNA izfrdfr esa

VsEiysV dk dk;Z djrs gSaA feysTlu ,oa LVky us 1958 esa fuEu ijh{k.k fd;k - (i) mUgksus bZ- dksykbZ dks 15NH4 Cl ;qä (15N ukbVªkstu dk Hkkjh leLFkkfud gS) ek/;e esa of) djk;k] tks fd dbZ

ihf<+;ksa ds fy;s ukbVªstu dk L=kksr gSA ifj.kkeLo:i 15 N u;s la'ysf"kr DNA esa lekosf'kr gksrs gSa (vU; ukbVªkstu ;qä ;kSfxd) ;g Hkkjh DNA v.kq lkekU; DNA ls flft;e DyksjkbM (CsCl) ?kuRo foHko ds foU;kl }kjk foHksfnr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA (di;k uksV djsa fd 15N jsfM;kslfØ; leLFkkfud ugha gS ,oa bls 14N ls ?kuRo ds vk/kkj ij vyx fd;k tk ldrk gS)

(ii) fQj mUgksus dksf'kdk dks 14NH4Cl ;qä lkekU; ek/;e esa Mky fn;k ,oa tSls&tSls dksf'kdk xq.ku djrh gSA muds uewuksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu le; vUrjky esa fudky fy;k tkrk gS ,oa DNA f}jTtqdh gsfyDl esa jg tkrk gSA DNA ds ?kuRo dks ekius ds fy;s (fp=k) bu uewuksa dks CsCl izo.krk ds vk/kkj ij vyx&vyx iFkd dj fy;k tkrk gSA

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(iii) bl izdkj lao/kZu ls fu"df"kZr fd;k x;k DNA ,d ih<+h ds i'pkr~ 15N ls 14N ek/;e [20 feuV ds i'pkr~ bZ- dksykbZ 20 feuV esa foHkkftr gksrk gS] esa ladj ;k e/;LFk ?kuRo gksrk gSA vU; ih<+h ds i'pkr~ [40 feuV i'pkr~, II ih<+h] lao/kZu ls fu"df"kZr DNA esa bl ladj DNA ,oa **gYds^^ DNA ds leku ek=kk cusxhA

vFkok

DNA dk vuqØe tks fd thukse esa dbZ ckj iqukZor gksrk gS] iqukZofÙk thu dgykrs gSaA vYÝsM g"kZs ,oa feFkkZ pst (1952) us thok.kqHkksth ij dk;Z fd;kA

jsfM;kslfØ; voLFkk bZ- dksykbZ thok.kq ls tqM+us dh vuqefr nsrk gSA vr% tSls&tSls laØe.k gksrk gS] fo"kk.kq dk vkoj.k] thok.kq ds Cys.Mj esa muds vfHkdsUnz.k }kjk iFkd dj fy;k tkrk gSA fo"kk.kq d.k thok.kq ls muds vfHkdsUnz.k esa pØ.k }kjk iFkd gksrk gSA fo"kk.kq ls laØfer thok.kq ftlesa jsfM;kslfØ; DNA gksrk gS] jsfM;kslfØ; gksrs gSaA ;g funZsf'kr djus ds fy;s fd DNA og inkFkZ gS] tks fd fo"kk.kq ls thok.kq rd igq¡pkA thok.kq tks fd fo"kk.kq ls laØfer gS muesa jsfM;kslfØ; izksVhu gksrk gS] fdUrq os jsfM;kslfØ; ugha gksrsA blesa ;g funsZf'kr gksrk gS fd izksVhu fo"kk.kq ls thok.kq esa izos'k ugha djrkA DNA vkuqokaf'kd inkFkZ gS] tks fd fo"kk.kq ls thok.kq esa x;kA

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Sol.30 (a) Habitat loss and fragmentation : It is one of the most important cause of biodiversity loss. Best example of habitat loss is destruction of tropical rain forest or Amezon rain forest. These forest are cut down and converted in crop field for cultivation of crops e.g. soyabean or in grassland for raising beef cattle.

Destruction of these forest also leads to extinction of millions of species which were harbouring in these forest. Tropical rain forest area is reduced to 6% of earth cover from 14%.

Fragmentation of large habitat in small fragments due to various human activity are also badly affect the species of mammals and birds which require large habitat. Fragmentation also badly affect the migratory animals as they require large habitat.

(b) Methods of biodiversity conservation : There are two different method of biodiversity conservation. 1. Ex- situ conservation : In this, organism are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special

setting where they can be conserved and given special care. Zoological park, Botanical garden, wild life safari park are used in ex-situ conservation. Now these days gametes of endangered species are protected in reproducible condition by cryo

preservation. Plant germplasm is also conserved by tissue culture method. Seeds of economically important plants strains are also conserved in seed bank.

2. In-situ conservation: In this approach of conservation, organism are conserved at their natural habitat in natural condition.

National park, sanctuaries, biosphere reserve and sacred grooves are used in in-situ conservation. For conservation of endemic species, biodiversity hot spot are recognized. Large number of endemic species are present at biodiversity hot spot. Total 34 hot spot are recognized. Out of these 3 hot spot are present in India.

Special protection of these hot spot can reduce the rate of extinction upto 30% OR

(a) Ozone depletion in stratosphere : – chloroflouro carbon used as refrigent is mainly responsible for enhancement of ozone degradation and ozone depletion. CFC discharged in lower atomosphere move upward and reached in stratosphere. In stratosphere CFC release Cl atom. These Cl atom degrade ozone releasing O2 molecule in environment.

These Cl atom works as catalyst in ozone degradation and continuously degrading ozone and releasing O2 molecule

Chloroflouro carbon ⎯⎯⎯ →⎯−rayUV

Flouro carbon + Cl•.

O3 ⎯→⎯•Cl O2 + O•

O3 ⎯→⎯•O 2O2

Effect of ozone depletion on human life 1. DNA damage and mutation due to UV-B 2. Cornea inflammation and snow blindness & cataract 3. Ageing of skin 4. Skin cell damage and skin cancer . (b) Biomagnification of DDT in aquatic food chain : Increase in concentration of toxic substance at

successive trophic level in food chain is known as biomagnification

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Fig. : Biomagnification of DDT in aquatic food chain

Effect of DDT on bird population :- Due to biomagnifications of DDT in aquatic food chain concentration of

DDT reaches to 25 ppm in fish eating birds. High concentration of DDT disturb calcium metabolism, which

causes thining of egg shell and their pre mature breaking, eventually causing decline in bird population.

(a) vkokl gkfu ,oa [k.MhHkou : ;g tSo fofo/krk gkfu dk ,d eq[; dkj.k gSA vkokl gkfu dk lcls vPNk

mnkgj.k Å".kdfVca/kh; o"kkZ ou ;k vestu o"kkZ ou dk u"V gksuk gSA bu ouksa dks dkV fn;k tkrk gS ,oa Qly

{ks=kksa esa Qlyksa tsls fd lks;kchu dh [ksrh ds fy;s :ikUrfjr dj fn;k tkrk gS ;k ?kkl LFkyksa esa eosf'k;ksa dks

ikyus ds fy;s cnyk tkrk gSA

bu ouksa dks u"V djus ls bu ij okl djus okyh dbZ fefy;u iztkfr;k¡ u"V gksus ds dxkj ij gSaA

Å".kdfVca/kh; o"kkZ ou {ks=k 14% Hkwfe vkoj.k ls 6% rd ?kV x;kA

cM+s vkoklksa dk NksVs [k.Mksa esa [k.MhHkou tks fd ekuoh; fØ;kvksa ds QyLo:i gksrk gS] Hkh Lrfu;ksa ,oa if{k;ksa

ftUgsa cM+s vkokl pkfg;s ij cqjk izHkko Mkyrs gSaA [k.MhHkou izHkkoh tUrqvksa ftUgsa dh cM+s vkokl dh vko';drk

gS] ij Hkh cqjk izHkko Mkyrs gSaA

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(b) tSo fofo/krk laj{k.k dh fof/k : tSo fofo/krk laj{k.k dh nks fHkUu fof/k;k¡ gSa -

1. cká LFkkus laj{k.k : buesa thoksa dks muds izkdfrd vkokl ls ckgj yk;k tkrk gS ,oa fof'k"V LFkkuksa ij j[kk

tkrk gS] tgk¡ dh mUgsa lajf{kr dj fof'k"V ns[kHkky nh tkrh gSA

tUrq m|ku] okuLifrd m|ku] oU; tho lQkjh m|ku dk mi;ksx cká LFkkus laj{k.k ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

vkt ds le; esa foyqIr izk; iztkfr;ksa ds ;qXedksa dks tuu{ke fLFkfr esa Øk;ks lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA ikni

tuunzO; dks mÙkd lao/kZu fof/k }kjk Hkh lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA vkfFkZd :i ls egRoiw.kZ ikni ds chtksa dks

cht cSad esa Hkh ljaf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2. vUr% LFkkus laj{k.k : laj{k.k ds bl izdkj esa thoksa dks muds izkdfrd vkokl esa izkdfrd ifjfLFkfr esa lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA

jk"Vªh; m|ku] vH;kj.;] tSo e.My fjloZ dk mi;ksx vUr% LFkkus laj{k.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA LFkkfud iztkfr;ksa ds laj{k.k ds fy;s tSo fofo/krk r~Ir LFky [kksts x,A dbZ la[;k esa LFkkfud iztkfr;k¡ tSo fofo/k rIr LFky esa mifLFkr gksrh gSA dqy 34 rIr LFky [kksts x, gSaA buesa ls rhu rIr LFky Hkkjr esa mifLFkr gSaA

bu rIr LFkyksa dh lqj{kk ls foyqIrh dh nj yxHkx 30% rd ?kV xbZ gSA vFkok

(a) lerkie.My esa vkstksu {k; :– Dyksjks¶yksjks dkcZu dk mi;ksx jsfÝtjsUV ds :i esa gksrk gS] tks fd eq[;r% vkstksu

vi{k; ,oa vkstksu {k; dks c<kus esa mÙkjnk;h gsA CFC fuEu okrkoj.k esa eqä gksrh gS ,oa Åij dh vksj tkdj

lerkie.My esa igq¡prh gSA lerkie.My esa CFC esa ls Cl ijek.kq eqä djrs gSaA ;g Cl ijek.kq okrkoj.k esa vkstksu

fu"dkflr O2 v.kq dks ?kVkrk gSA

;g Cl ijek.kq vkstksu vi{k; esa mRizsjd ds leku dk;Z djrk gS ,oa lrr~ :i ls vkstksu dk vi{k; djds O2 v.kq

fu"dkflr djrk gSA

Dyksjks¶yksjks dkcZu ⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎯−fdj.kUV

¶yksjks dkcZu + Cl•.

O3 ⎯→⎯•Cl O2 + O•

O3 ⎯→⎯•O 2O2

ekuo thou esa vkstksu vi{k; dk izHkko

1. UV-B ds dkj.k DNA u"V gksuk ,oa mRifjorZuA

2. dkWfuZ;k Toyu'khyrk ,oa o.kkZU/krk ,oa eksfr;kfcUnA

3. Ropk dh th.kZrkA

4. Ropk dksf'kdk u"V gksrh gS ,oa Ropk dsaljA

. (b) tfy; [kk| Ja[kyk esa] DDT dk tSo vko/kZu [kk| Ja[kyk ds Øekxr iks"kd Lrjksa esa fo"kSys inkFkks± dh lkUnzrk

dk c<+uk] tSo vko/kZu dgykrk gSA

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Fig. : Biomagnification of DDT in aquatic food chain

i{kh lef"V ij DDT dk izHkko :- tfy; [kk| Ja[kyk esa DDT ds tSo vko/kZu ds dkj.k eNyh [kkus okys if{k;ksa esa

DDT dh ek=kk 25 ppm rd igq¡p tkrh gSA DDT dh mPp lkUnzrk dSfY'k;e mikip; dks vo:) djrk gSA blds

dkj.k v.M dop dk iryk gksuk ,oa muds ifjiDou iwoZ gh VwVuk izkjEHk gksrk gSA ;g i{kh lef"V ds de gksus dk

dkj.k gSA