pdf - rp2u.unsyiah.ac.id

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distributionof this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

The 9th AIC 2019 on Sciences & Engineering (9thAIC-SE)IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 796 (2020) 011001

IOP Publishingdoi:10.1088/1757-899X/796/1/011001

1

7KH��$QQXDO�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�&RQIHUHQFH��

WK

,Q�FRQMXQFWLRQ�ZLWK� 7KH��QG�(QJOLVK�(GXFDWLRQ�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�&RQIHUHQFH 7KH��QG�$FHK�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�6\PSRVLXP�RQ�&LYLO�(QJLQHHULQJ DQG�The ,QWHUQDWLRQDO�&RQIHUHQFH�RQ�([SHULPHQWDO� DQG�&RPSXWDWLRQDO�0HFKDQLFV�LQ�(QJLQHHULQJ

8QLYHUVLWDV�6\LDK�.XDOD

%DQGD�$FHK��6HSWHPEHU��

6WUHQJWKHQLQJ�$FDGHPLF�DQG�,QGXVWULDO�&ROODERUDWLRQV�WR�(QKDQFH�5HVHDUFK�DQG�,QQRYDWLRQ

i ii

i

ZZZ�DLF�XQV\LDK�DF�LG

PROCEEDING

E



2

8QLYHUVLWDV�6\LDK�.XDOD%DQGD�$FHK��6HSWHPEHU��

PROCEEDING

7KH��$QQXDO�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�&RQIHUHQFH��

WK

i6WUHQJWKHQLQJ�$FDGHPLF�DQG�,QGXVWULDO�&ROODERUDWLRQV�WR�(QKDQFH�5HVHDUFK�DQG�,QQRYDWLRQw

ZZZ�DLF�XQV\LDK�DF�LG



3

ConferenceInformation

Conference Name The 9th Annual International Conference (AIC) 2019

Conference Logo

Host and Organizer Universitas Syiah Kuala

Venue Academic Activity Center (AAC) Prof. Dayan Dawood, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Official Language English

Secretariat Lembaga Penelitian and Pengabdian Masyarakat (LPPM), Syiah Kuala University Phone +62 651 7555262 Fax. +62 651 7555261

Website https://aic.unsyiah.ac.id

Email [email protected]



4

HonoraryAdvisoryBoard

Rector of Universitas Syiah Kuala Prof. Dr. Samsul Rizal

Vice Rector I Prof. Dr. Marwan

Vice Rector II Dr. Agussabti

Vice Rector III Dr. Alfiansyah Yulianur

Vice Rector IV Dr. Hizir

Head of Institute for Research Dr. Taufik Fuadi Abidin and Community Services

OrganizingCommittee

General Chair Dr.-Ing. Rudi Kurniawan

General Co-Chair Dr. Syarizal Fonna

Treasurer and Finance Chair Rina Indriana

Technical Program Committee Chair Prof. Dr. Sri Aprillia

The9thAIConSciencesandEngineering2019

Conference Chair Dr. Sarwo Edhy Sofyan

Conference Co. Chair Dr. Bambang Setiawan

Publication Chair Prof. Dr. Nasrul Arahman

Publication Co. Chair Dr. Saiful

Publicity and Promotion Chair Dr. Cut Dewi

Dr. M. Rizal

Correspondence Chair Andriansyah, MT



5

InternationalScientificCommittee

Scientific Committee Chair Prof. Dr. Sri Aprilia., Universitas Syiah Kuala,

Indonesia

Scientific Committee Member Prof. Dr. T. M. Indra Mahlia., The University of

Technology Sydney, Australia

Prof. Dr. Dieter Schramm, Universität Duisburg-

Essen, Germany

Prof. Mochammad Noer Ilman, S.T., M.Sc., Ph.D ,

Univertas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia

Prof. Dr. Husni Husin, Universitas Syiah Kuala,

Indonesia

Dr. Elwaleed Awad Khidir, Jubail University

College, Kingdom Saudi Arabia

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azma Putra , Universiti Teknikal

Malaysia, Malaysia

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Syahrir Ridha, Universiti

Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia

Assoc. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Faizal A. Saman , Univertas

Hasanuddin, Indonesia

Dr. Thirein Myo , Military Technological College

Oman, Oman

Dr. Syifaul Huzni, Universitas Syiah Kuala,

Indonesia

Dr. Taufik Fuadi Abidin, Universitas Syiah Kuala,

Indonesia

Dr. Fitri Arnia, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Indonesia

Dr. Zahrul Fuadi, Universitas Syiah Kuala,

Indonesia

Dr. Teuku Budi Aulia, Universitas Syiah Kuala,

Indonesia

Dr. Ashfa, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Indonesia

Dr. Nasrullah Idris, Universitas Syiah Kuala,

Indonesia

Dr. Muliadi Ramli, Universitas Syiah Kuala,

Indonesia

Dr. Eng. Sugiarto, Universitas Syiah Kuala,

Indonesia



6

AboutUnsyiah

Syiah Kuala University (Unsyiah) is the oldest public university in Aceh. Standing on September 2, 1961 by Decree of the Minister of Higher Education and Science Number 11 of 1961, dated July 21, 1961. The establishment of Unsyiah confirmed by Decree of the President of Republic Indonesia, number 161 of 1962, dated April 24, 1962 in Kopelma Darussalam, Banda Aceh. Unsyiah domiciled in the capital of Aceh province with the main campus located in the city of Students (Kopelma) Darussalam, Banda Aceh. Currently, Unsyiah has more than 30,000 students studying in 12 faculties and the Graduate Program.

AboutAIC

The Annual International Conference (AIC) is not only to share the scientific knowledge but also an important to open the network among the participant and also an open-door event to promote Unsyiah for the researchers in national and International level.

The 9th AIC 2019 provide an excellent forum for sharing knowledge and research findings among academicians, professionals, and governments. Topics of interests cover all theoretical and practical aspects of Sciences and Engineering, Health and Life Sciences, and Social Sciences. The primary goal AIC 2019 is organized to promote multidisciplinary understanding of the latest research and innovations through discussion, exchange, and sharing among researcher, practitioners, academicians and students.

08/08/21, 07:55IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 796, 2020 - IOPscience

Seite 1 von 12https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/1757-899X/796/1

Table of contents

Open all abstracts

Preface

Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

Volume 7962020

Previous issue Next issue

The 9th AIC 2019 on Sciences & Engineering (9thAIC-SE) 18-20 September 2019,Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Accepted papers received: 04 March 2020Published online: 06 April 2020

! "

011001OPEN ACCESS

Preface View article PDFOpen abstract#

011002OPEN ACCESS

Peer review statement View article PDFOpen abstract#

012001OPEN ACCESS

Effect of vegetable oils as cutting fluid on wear of carbide cutting toolinsert in a milling processArya R. Nasution, Z. Fuadi, I. Hasanuddin and R. Kurniawan

View article PDFOpen abstract#

012002OPEN ACCESS

Lean Manufacturing Production Management Model using the JohnsonMethod Approach to Reduce Delivery Delays for Printing Production Lines in theDigital Graphic Design IndustryThis site uses cookies. By continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies. To findout more, see our Privacy and Cookies policy.

https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/1757-899X/796/1

https://iopscience.iop.org/volume/1757-899X/796



https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/796/1/011001

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/796/1/011001/meta

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/796/1/011001/pdf











http://ioppublishing.org/privacyPolicy



A Gomero-Campos, R Mejia-Huayhua, C Leon-Chavarri, C Raymundo-Ibañez and F Dominguez


012003OPEN ACCESS

Design, prototyping, and experiment of the ocean current powergeneration system using Bach SavoniusrotorYusiran, Erwin and Lazuardi


012004OPEN ACCESS

LEAN Production Management Model based on Organizational Culture toImprove Cutting Process Efficiency in a Textile and Clothing SME in PeruR Cespedes-Pino, J Hurtado-Laguna, I Macassi-Jaurequi, C Raymundo-Ibañez and F Dominguez


012005OPEN ACCESS

The experimental study of identification trigger components in ashdeposits at the boiler pipe of the electric steam power plant in Nagan Raya, AcehprovinceA F Syah, A Gani and Khairil


012006OPEN ACCESS

Maintenance Management Model under the TPM approach to ReduceMachine Breakdowns in Peruvian Giant Squid Processing SMEsA Gallesi-Torres, A Velarde-Cabrera, C León-Chavarri, C Raymundo-Ibañez and F Dominguez


012007OPEN ACCESS

Properties of nanocrystalline cellulose from pineapple crown leaf wasteFitriani, N A Sri Aprilia and N Arahman


012008OPEN ACCESS

TPM Maintenance Management Model Focused on Reliability that Enablesthe Increase of the Availability of Heavy Equipment in the Construction SectorA Palomino-Valles, M Tokumori-Wong, P Castro-Rangel, C Raymundo-Ibañez and F Dominguez




























012009OPEN ACCESS

A framework for developing lot-sizing and scheduling model formultiproductHuda Muhamad Badri, Nor Kamaliana Khamis and Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali


012010OPEN ACCESS

SCOR Model for a Dual-Channel Supply Chain using Drop Shipping toReduce Overstock in Small- and Medium-Sized Retail EnterprisesG Francia-Arias, J Marín-Vílchez, I Macassi-Jauregui, C Raymundo-Ibañez and F Dominguez


012011OPEN ACCESS

Tribological properties of self-mated SUS304 lubricated by palm methylester mixed lubricant at boundary lubricationZ Fuadi, M Faisal, M Dirhamsyah, M Tadjuddin and R Kurniawan


012012OPEN ACCESS

Warehouse management model using FEFO, 5s, and chaotic storage toimprove product loading times in small- and medium-sized non-metallic miningcompaniesP Espinoza-Camino, I Macassi-Jaurequi, C Raymundo-Ibañez and F Dominguez


012013OPEN ACCESS

The Effect of Stray Current from Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection(SACP) System on the Adjacent Unprotected Reinforcing SteelS Fonna, R Kurniawan, Israr, R Fachri and S Huzni


012014OPEN ACCESS

Layout Lean model of production management based on changemanagement to improve efficiency in the production of packaging in auto partssector SMEsJ Mancilla-Escobar, I Maccasi-Jaurequi, C Raymundo-Ibañez and M Perez




























012015OPEN ACCESS

Theoretical Study of the Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Using Water-Lithium Bromide as Working Pair for Cold Storage ApplicationSarwo Edhy Sofyan, Muhammad Farhan, Khairil, Jalaluddin and Akram


012016OPEN ACCESS

Lean Production Model Aligned with Organizational Culture to ReduceOrder Fulfillment Issues in Micro- and Small-sized Textile Businesses in PeruB Martinez-Condor, F Mamani-Motta, I Macassi-Jaurequi, C Raymundo-Ibañez and M Perez


012017OPEN ACCESS

LEAN maintenance model based on change management allowing thereduction of delays in the production line of textile SMEs in PeruG Arrascue-Hernandez, J Cabrera-Brusil, P Chavez-Soriano, C Raymundo-Ibañez and M Perez


012018OPEN ACCESS

Production management model through MPS and line balancing to reducethe non-fulfillment of orders in lingerie clothing MSEs in PeruK Flores-Andrade, R Guardia-Miranda, P Castro-Rangel, C Raymundo-Ibañez and M Perez


012019OPEN ACCESS

Lean Manufacturing Model for production management to increase SMEproductivity in the non-primary manufacturing sectorS Flores-Meza, J Limaymanta-Perales, J Eyzaquirre-Munarriz, C Raymundo-Ibañez and M Perez


012020OPEN ACCESS

Comprehensive Management model for increasing the competitiveness ofsmall and medium artisan jewelry enterprises in PeruK Mejia-Pajuelo, K Solis-Galdos, D Mauricio-Sanchez, C Raymundo-Ibañez and M Perez































Electrical Engineering and Physics

012021OPEN ACCESS

Lean Manufacturing Production Method using the Change ManagementApproach to Reduce Backorders at SMEs in the Footwear Industry in PeruD Dextre-del-Castillo, S Urruchi-Ortega, J Peñafiel-Carrera, C Raymundo-Ibañez and F Dominguez


012022OPEN ACCESS

Production Management Model Based on Lean Manufacturing and ChangeManagement Aimed at Reducing Order Fulfillment Times in Micro and Small WoodenFurniture Companies in PeruR Castro-Chara, R Valenzuela-Leandro, P Chavez-Soriano, C Raymundo-Ibañez and F Dominguez


012023OPEN ACCESS

Lean production management model under the change managementapproach to reduce order fulfillment times for Peruvian textile SMEsL Durand-Sotelo, M Monzon-Moreno, P Chavez-Soriano, C Raymundo-Ibañez and F Dominguez


012024OPEN ACCESS

Lean Manufacturing Production Management Model focused on WorkerEmpowerment aimed at increasing Production Efficiency in the textile sectorV Sosa-Perez, J Palomino-Moya, C Leon-Chavarri, C Raymundo-Ibañez and F Dominguez


012025OPEN ACCESS

Application of QR codes as a new communication technology andinteractive tourist guide in Jaboi, SabangMarwan, M Yanis, Muzakir and G S Nugraha


012026OPEN ACCESS

Analysis of electricity energy savings with Grid-Tie system connected toutility gridY Away, A Adria, Syahrizal, M S Rizal and H Walidainy

























012027OPEN ACCESS

Design and testing of portable laser-based viscometerE Yusibani, I R Sasmita, L Ardiah, E Yufita, M S Surbakti and Rahmi


012028OPEN ACCESS

User requirements elicitation in web-based Participatory GeographicInformation System interface designZ Sofyan, Zulkifli and Bustami


012029OPEN ACCESS

Implementation of SMS Gateway in the Flood Notification System usingRaspberry PiD Satria, S Yana, R Munadi, S Syahreza, E Yusibani and T Hidayat


012030OPEN ACCESS

Investigation into time evolution of chlorine emission in pulsed CO laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)A M Sari, K Lahna, M Ramli, K Kurihara and N Idris

2


012031OPEN ACCESS

Spatial analysis for calculating closest distance of operators' location toBase Transceiver Station (BTS) in Banda Aceh cityNizamuddin, R P F Afidh, Ardiansyah, H Sofyan and N Anisah


012032OPEN ACCESS

The Relation between Rice Productivity in Ingin Jaya Subdistrict and NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) from Surface Reflectance data of LANDSAT8Ardiansyah, Nizamuddin and S Amalia































Civil Engineering, Geology and Geophysics

012033OPEN ACCESS

A Genetic Algorithm to Determine Research Consultation Schedules inCampus EnvironmentR Idroes, A Maulana, T R Noviandy, R Suhendra, N R Sasmita, A Lala and Irvanizam


012034OPEN ACCESS

Properties of blended cement paste with diatomite from Aceh ProvinceIndonesiaM Hasan and T Saidi


012035OPEN ACCESS

Rapid material estimation for reinforced concrete construction utilizing aparametric tool for Aceh's post-disaster caseAtthaillah, E Saputra, B Karsono, E Fahrizal and C A Fithri


012036OPEN ACCESS

Safety factors and stability analysis of escape hill critical high towardstsunami free-board and run-up levelMunirwansyah, M Irsyam, R P Munirwan, H Yunita and H Munirwan


012037OPEN ACCESS

Modeling of groundwater level fluctuation in the tropical peatland area ofRiau, IndonesiaH Pratama, S Sutikno and M Yusa


012038OPEN ACCESS

Structural style of the North Sumatra basin, offshore AcehMuchlis and Chris Elders




























012039OPEN ACCESS

Application of precast foamed concrete panels for the structural deck ofgreen roof systemA Munir, Muslimsyah, M Afifuddin and Mahlil


012040OPEN ACCESS

Response structure analysis of prestressed box girder concrete bridge dueto earthquake loadsM Miranda, R Suryanita and E Yuniarto


012041OPEN ACCESS

Fire risk analysis based on groundwater level in rewetting peatland,Sungaitohor village, kepulauan Meranti district, Riau provinceSH Silviana, BH Saharjo and S Sutikno


012042OPEN ACCESS

Application of paper disc velocimeter for groundwater flow measurementin tropical peatlandS Sutikno, RD Ramawilis, FA Hutapea, Rinaldi and K Yamamoto


012043OPEN ACCESS

Preparation of magnetic chitosan microspheres using iron sand particlesprepared by ball milling methodRahmi, Lelifajri and ASW Ayu


012044OPEN ACCESS

Slope stability analysis due to extreme precipitationH Gunawan, N Al-Huda, M Sungkar, A Yulianur and B Setiawan


012045OPEN ACCESS

Chemical and microbiological characteristics of Pacik Kule, a traditional




























Chemical Engineering

fermented carp from Southeast AcehM Muzaifa, Martunis, C Nilda and Nurhayati


012046OPEN ACCESS

Spray drying of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) juice and analysis ofantioxidant activity and total phenolic contentDM Setyawati, E Mardliyati, S Rahman and AF Wijaya


012047OPEN ACCESS

Endophytic Bacteria isolated from the leaf of Langusei (Ficus minahassaeTesym. & De Vr.) and their antibacterial activitiesT E Tallei, Y T Linelejan, S D Umboh, A A Adam, Muslem and R Idroes


012048OPEN ACCESS

K O/NbOPO solid acid catalyst for biodiesel productionN Nurhazanah, Y Sy, H Husin, CM Rosnelly and A Maulana

2 4


012049OPEN ACCESS

Fabrication of Activated Charcoal from Coconut Shell Combined with CoalFly Ash from PLTU Nagan Raya for Adsorption of Methylene BlueMariana, F Mulana, Fauzi M Djuned, M Fadli and M Meilian


012050OPEN ACCESS

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Gayo CoffeeShell as an Adsorbent for Removal of Lead (Pb) in Liquid WasteL Juniar, Mariana, S Mulyati, D Fathira and R Safitri


012051OPEN ACCESS

Performance of tannic acid/tetraethylenepentamine coated polymeric




























membrane for the separation of different surfactant-stabilized oil in water emulsionsF Senusi and S Ismail


012052OPEN ACCESS

Pharmaceutical Emerging Pollutant Removal by Thin Activated CarbonCoating: Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic StudiesMuhamad Sharafee Shamsudin and Suzylawati Ismail


012053OPEN ACCESS

Effect of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) on Polysulfone/Zeolite membranefor the removal of copper ionsS A Hamid and S Ismail


012054OPEN ACCESS

Stability and durability studies of zwitterionic adsorbent coating for theremoval of organic pollutants: Chemical and thermal toleranceS F Azha and S Ismail


012055OPEN ACCESS

Production Of 5-Hydroxylimethylfurfural From Starch of Durian Seed (Duriozibhetinus) Through Dehydration Reaction Using Solvent-Based Choline Chloride:GlycerolR Manurung, I Zulkarnain and A G Siregar


012056OPEN ACCESS

Transesterification of refined bleached deodorized palm oil (rbdpo) usingnovozym® 435 to produce biodieselR Manurung, R Hasibuan, B I Sari, R Wulandari and A G Siregar


012057OPEN ACCESS

Preparing of Carbon Nanodots from Binchotan Carbon by




























Statistics

Electrochemically Sonification and DialysisNirwan Syarif, Dedi Rohendi, Sri Haryati and Lee Chew Tin


012058OPEN ACCESS

Degradation of Nitrate, Ammonium and Phosphate in DomesticWastewater by Aquatic Plants, Actinoscirpus grossus in Floating Treatment WetlandSystem (FTWs)Syafrizal, Suhendrayatna, Muhammad Zaki and Elvitriana


012059OPEN ACCESS

Performance of Terminalia Catappa Leaves Extract as Bio-CorrosionInhibitor for Mild Steel in H SO SolutionMarta Pramudita, Sukirno and M Nasikin

2 4


012060OPEN ACCESS

Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Waste in Visible light using TiONanotubes ArrayIndar Kustiningsih, Cecep Saripudin, Siti Suwansih, Denni Kartika Sari, Jayanudin and Slamet

2


012061OPEN ACCESS

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Activated Carbon/α-Fe O Nanocomposite andIts Application for Removing Tartrazine DyeS Lubis, M Ramli, Sheilatina and Y Ermanda

2 3


012062OPEN ACCESS

Optimization adsorption of lead (II) using Aceh natural-bentonite byresponse surface methodologyJ. Jakfar, H. Husin, A. Muslim, D. Darmadi, F. Nasution, A.R. Thursina and E. Rahmawati




























JOURNAL LINKS

Journal home

Journal scope

Information for organizers

Information for authors

Contact us

Reprint services from Curran Associates

012063OPEN ACCESS

Application of Clustering and VARIMA for Rainfall PredictionAsep Rusyana, Nidya Tatsara, Rozatul Balqis and Syafinatur Rahmi


012064OPEN ACCESS

Grouping of Retention Index on Gas Chromatography using ClusterAnalysisI Husna, A Rusyana, Muslem, G M Idroes, R Suhendraand and R Idroes


https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pcs/click?xai=AKAOjsteIHiwAyPH3ckGxwFI58SkqeocUicRsTBQQNaweMkp3yBPDAcH-w2E3oJvTGSeg5ACV7Rmgz4zczuRXxQHbU8bX9IKsbXs4y5F9RV_yVbmgWgeeeCcnn5LlYRqsI4SN8h8Td8upsMKCHarc6VFo7TfFY_ojBiVa82s-3XMOFIjeTGsZsgucNeCzlbPpnk0eKnZcC6GPz6gs5dzvOvM2ddNifrC9pZtt6sajZTcBd3J8SMjFxYN06vT3V-AkNm41ghANnp6O44PA0bkg9X4L5Uro6D2G48cof_sHpo62FjypPvALgqkrXZOWToJcoFSA_k&sai=AMfl-YT-40KOOM0Ojub1JY2xfz5H3xH3GrekScLWJfXpmXMoosWyxW6yCeNXdznEg2EklMbggqFPoStWge12813HgFF15lzMyWDScLyWuzQFxbtOBjKMABWGfvOHgk_Pyxk&sig=Cg0ArKJSzNQMJnKsly_6&fbs_aeid=%5Bgw_fbsaeid%5D&adurl=https://www.elekta.com/radiotherapy/treatment-solutions/quality-assurance/%3Futm_source%3DDisplay%26utm_medium%3DPA%26utm_campaign%3DGlobal_paid-prospecting_QA-Solutions-MedicalPhysicsWeb

https://iopscience.iop.org/1757-899X

https://iopscience.iop.org/1757-899X/page/scope

http://conferenceseries.iop.org/content/organizers

http://conferenceseries.iop.org/content/authors

http://conferenceseries.iop.org/content/aboutus

http://www.proceedings.com/2156.html









Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distributionof this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd



1

Tribological properties of self-mated SUS304 lubricated by palm methyl ester mixed lubricant at boundary lubrication

Z Fuadi1*, M Faisal2, M Dirhamsyah1, M Tadjuddin1, R Kurniawan1

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Tgk. Syech Abdurrauf No. 7 Darussalam, Banda Aceh, Indonesia 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Tgk. Syech Abdurrauf No. 7 Darussalam, Banda Aceh, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Due to environment and sustainability issues, it is important to reduce the use of petroleum based products in automotive and industrial application. One of the efforts is to use bio oils as base oil for lubricants. This paper presents the experimental results on the effects of palm methyl ester mixing in a conventional lubricant on the friction and wear characteristics of stainless steel SUS304. The friction tests were conducted using a ball-on-disk tribometer at boundary lubrication condition. Three kind of lubricants were prepared, i.e. commercial SAE40, and the mixture of 0.5% and 1% palm methyl ester into SAE40 lubricant. The prepared lubricants were designated as PME0, PME5, and PME10, in reference to 0%, 0.5%, and 1% palm methyl ester mixture in the SAE40 oil. Results shows that the addition of palm methyl ester in the lubricant has reduced the value of coefficient of friction from 0.7 to 0.55 with the addition of 1% palm methyl ester in the base lubricant. As for the wear, 10% reduction of the wear scar was achieved at the condition of PME10 compared to that at PME0. One of possible explanation for this reduction is the formation of oxidative layer on the contact interface due to the existence of the methyl ester in the lubricant. This result indicates the positive impact of the palm methyl ester as additive for enhancing the performance of conventional lubricant thus requiring further analysis and investigation.

1. Introduction Automotive and industrial machineries have been heavily relying on petroleum based products in

their operation, causing pollution and environment health hazards. Lubricants, among others, vital to those machines in maintaining good and reliable operation, have also caused serious problems to environments due enormous amount of waste products, especially when not properly disposed. Therefore, it becomes very important to reduce the use of petroleum based products and replace them with a more environmentally friendly ones. Here, bio-based oils have received significant attentions, particularly due to their exhibiting good lubricity comparable to mineral and synthetic oils suitable for various engineering applications [1].

Bio oils have many advantages to be developed for base lubricants due to their low toxicity and biodegradability [2], ability to provide low wear and friction characteristics [3] and improved surface * To whom any correspondence should be addressed.



2

finished [4]. Although they have low thermal and oxidative stability, their properties can be improved chemically by transesterification [4]. Natural triglycerides in bio oils could promote the formation of protective layer on the contact interface and provide anti wear characteristic to the mineral based oils [5]. Inclusion of 5% modified soybean oil in hexadecane-based oil has improved the wear up to 50% [6]. The viscosity index of mineral-based lubricant also increased by addition of 5% palm methyl esters [7]. Castor oil methyl ester can also enhance the lubricity due to its unique fatty acid content [8].

Significant reduction in wear and friction can be achieved by mixing bio oils derived ester with mineral based oils without additional conventional additives [9]. Trimethylolpropane and pentaerythritol ester derived from palm oil match the properties of a full formulated lubricants in terms of friction coefficient [10]. Addition of 3% palm oil based trimethylolpropane in an ordinary lubricant resulted in wear scar diameter reduction up to 30% in boundary lubrication condition [11].

In this research, palm methyl ester were mixed with mineral lubricant to find out its effect on the friction and wear characteristics of stainless steel SUS304. Previously, it is reported that palm methyl ester has an ability to form a protective tribolayer on the contact interface of SUS304 [12]. Thus, in this investigation, the palm methyl ester has been applied as an additive to the base lubricant to find out its effect on the lubricant properties.

2. Methodology Severe lubrication condition in a mechanical system occurs during heavy loading condition at low

sliding speed. In this condition, the interaction between contact interfaces mainly occur among the contacting asperities in which viscosity of lubricant has less important role. Therefore, in order to simulate the severe contact condition between the contact interface, a ball on disk tribometer was used in this investigation. A ball on disk contact interaction provides a high pressure contact in a concentrated location and enables the evaluation of the material wear characteristic in a severe contact condition.

Figure. 1 Ball on disk tribometer

The schematic diagram of the ball-on-disk tribometer is given in Figure 1. The tribometer consists of a ball and disk holder, a DC motor, gravitational normal loading cantilever beam, and the motor control system. The ball specimen has a diameter of 8 mm and the thickness of 4 mm. A load cell is installed to record the friction force as the friction took place, which is connected to a strain amplifier and a personal computer installed with a data acquisition software. The lubricant chamber was installed to soak the contact between the disk and the ball. A heater system was installed in the



3

lubricant chamber to control the temperature of the lubricant. The heater system is controlled independently.

The operating parameter of the friction tests conducted in this investigation is given in Table 1. The friction tests were conducted with the spindle revolution of 100 rpm. During the friction tests, the sliding track has a diameter of 21 mm, resulting in the sliding velocity of 0.0628 m/s. The friction tests were conducted for a sliding distance of 700 m. The friction tests were conducted in ambient room temperature of 27oC. Dead weight of 15 N were given during the test, which resulted in a 15 N normal load.

The friction tests were conducted in three lubricant conditions, as given in Table 2. A commercial lubricant, which has a specification of SAE40, was mixed with various concentration of palm methyl ester, i.e. 0%, 0.5%, and 1%. The mixture were prepared by hand shaking using a bottle container. The prepared lubricants are assigned as PME0, PME5, and PME10 for respective concentration of 0%, 0.5%, and 1% palm methyl ester. The material of the ball and disk specimens are stainless steel SUS304. The properties of SUS304 is given in Table 3. To obtain a relatively similar initial contact roughness at friction test, the contact surface of all specimens were hand rubbed using sandpaper grid #1000.

Table 1. Operating conditions

Parameter, unit Value Spindle rev, rpm 200

Sliding distance, m 1700 Normal load, N 15 Temperature, oC Ambient, 27

Table 2. Test conditions

Ball Disk Lubricant + %PME

SUS304 SUS304 PME0 - SAE40 + 0% SUS304 SUS304 PME5 - SAE40 + 0.5% SUS304 SUS304 PME10 - SAE40 + 1%

Table 3. Properties of SUS304

Young’s Modulus, MPa 200 GPa Hardness, Vickers 200 Chemical composition, %

<0,08% C, 17,5-20% Cr, 8-11% Ni, <2% Mn, <1% Si, <0,045% P, 0,03% S

The properties of the palm methyl ester is given in Figure 2. Palm methyl ester has a viscosity of

4.415 mm2/s at 40 oC which is much lower than that of the commercial lubricant used. Since the volume fraction of the methyl ester added is very small, it is expected to have a negligible effect to the viscosity of the base lubricant. Thus, the properties modification of the mixed lubricant is expected to be caused by the incorporation of elements and component of the methyl ester, given in Figure 2, i.e. methyl palmitate, oleic acid, and methyl stearate. Palm methyl ester also contain oxygen and glycerol as side product.



4

3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Effect of palm methyl ester addition in lubricant on the coefficient of friction (CoF)

Figure 3 shows the coefficient of friction for various test conditions with different concentration of palm methyl ester in the lubricant. As it is mentioned previously, the contact condition is severe indicated by high contact pressure on the contact interface. In this tests, the diameter of the ball of 8 mm and the normal load of 15 N have resulted in initial contact pressure of 1.2 GPa (Hertzian).

It is shown in Figure 3, high contact pressure has resulted in a relatively high coefficient of friction for all lubrication conditions. The average CoF for the three contact conditions are 0.7, 0.65, and 0.55 for PME0, PME5, and PME10, respectively. This CoF value were achieve for a sliding distance of 600 m. This relatively high value of coefficient of friction indicated that the friction condition was in boundary regime for all test condition. In boundary regime, the contact is dominated by solid friction in which contact interaction occurs among the contact asperities and the viscosity of the lubricant is less important. However, the main role of the lubricant in this boundary regime condition is to form a protective layer (tribofilm) that protects the material from severe wear.

Figure 2. Infrared spectrogram of the palm methyl ester

Figure 3 also indicated that the addition of palm methyl ester in the lubricant has reduced the value

of CoF although not significantly. The coefficient of friction reduced from 0.7 to 0.55 with addition of 1% palm methyl ester in the base lubricant, i.e about 10% reduction. This indicates the positive impact of the palm methyl ester on the contact interface, i.e. the palm methyl ester had form some protective layer that reduces the friction. Theoretically, this could occur due to increased lubricity as a result of protective layer formation [13, 14]. Palm methyl ester has an ability to form such a protective layer particularly on stainless steel material SUS304 [12].

This finding is also comparable to that reported by [11] in which the CoF reduced from 0.13 to 0.115 with the addition of 1% palm methyl ester to base oil in the case of using four ball tribometer test and cast iron as the friction material. In that case, the lubricant used has a viscosity of 101.86 cSt, which was relatively similar to the viscosity of the lubricant used in current investigation. The difference of the friction coefficients achieved here compared to those in ref. [11] could be attributed to the difference in the material and contact pressure used.



5

3.2. Effect of palm methyl addition in base lubricant on material wear Figure 4 shows the wear of the ball and the corresponding disk for the case of PME0 condition.

Figure 4(a) is the 3D micrograph the word track on the disk shown in Figure 4(b) while Figure 4(c) is the 3D micrograph the word track on the ball shown in Figure 4(d). The diameter of worn cross section width of the ball is about 890 µm, which is well correspond to that on the disk side. As it is shown in the figure, severe wear of the material occurred both on the disk (Fig. 4(a) and (b)) and the ball (Fig. 4(c) and (d)). Surface morphology of the disk (Fig 4(a)) indicated plastic deformation on the disk side and transferred material on the ball side (Fig. 4(c)). Plastic deformation and transferred material occurred presumably due to relatively soft material of SUS304.

The contact interface of the disk is quite clear although some small noticeable black spot area existed. Commonly, blackish area on the contact interface occurs due to formation of graphite layer consist of carbon or due to oxidation. In the case of SUS304 material, a relatively small amount of carbon in the material makes it not preferable for graphite formation. Thus, the formation of graphite is not likely in this case. On the other hand, oxidation is also not likely occurring in this case due to the absence of oxygen. Therefore, a relatively clear contact interface in this case could be resulted by the contact condition with small amount of carbon and the absence of oxygen. High contact pressure applied to the contact asperities caused deformation and adherence to each other. Continues sliding of the ball on the disk caused some material of the disk adhered to the ball. Extreme pressure continuously occurring on the ball could also cause high temperature and plastic deformation on the ball contact interface.

Figure 3. Effect of PME content in base lubricant on the CoF

The worn morphology of the material for the case of PME5 is shown in Figure 5. With the addition of 0.5% of PME in the base lubricant, the worn cross section area of the ball is about 850 µm, which is also well corresponded to the width of the worn track on the disk. Severe wear condition was also observed at this condition but with less transferred material on the ball contact interface. Ploughing and material removal seemed occurring on both the ball and disc contact interface. Only small effect of 0.5% palm methyl ester addition on the worn area on the ball and the disc compared to the case without palm methyl ester addition. The worn cross section width of the ball decreased from 880 µm to 850 µm. As it is shown for the coefficient of friction, the decrease was also not quite significant, which is from 0.7 to 0.65 in the average.

PME0 PME5 PME10



6

Figure 4. Contact interfaces of the disk; (a) and (b), and the ball; (c) and (d) for PME0 condition

Figure 5. Contact interfaces of the ball; (a) and (b), and the disk; (c) and (d) for PME5 condition

However, the wear scar of the disk appears darker with the presence of 0.5% palm methyl ester on

the base lubricant. This could be caused by the oxidation assisted by the oxygen content in the palm methyl ester, which has a chemical formulae of R3-COOCH3. The oxidation process could also be promoted by local high temperature at contact asperity during the friction due to high contact pressure. Darker contact interface could also indicate the formation of tribofilm on the contact interface due to a tribo-chemical reaction. However, this has not been clarified yet and further analysis using surface characterization equipment is necessary to investigate the tribofilm formation.

Figure 6 shows the topography of contact interface of friction condition of PME10, i.e. 1% palm methyl ester mixed in base lubricant. In this case, the worn cross sectional width of the ball is about



7

800 µm, which is well correspond to the width of the worn track on the disk. The wear condition on the ball in this case is quite similar to that of PME0. Material removal on the ball occurred as well as plastic deformation on the disk side and the wear properties still indicate severe wear of the material. However, the width of the worn cross section of the ball is 10% smaller than that in the case of PME0. This also well correspond to 10% reduction of the CoF in the case of PME0 compared to PME10, which is 0.7 compared to 0.55. This, somewhat, shows the positive effect of palm methyl addition to the base lubricant on the wear of stainless steel material, particularly SUS304.

The contact interface of the disk indicates darker area across the worn track. Similar to the case of PME5, this indicates the presence of oxidative layer on the contact interface promoted by the palm methyl ester. It has been reported in ref [11] that palm methyl ester added lubricant produced a black-coloured contact interface, especially at high temperature. This is due to oxidation of the lubricant at higher temperature, producing corrosive acids, thus promoting corrosive wear [15].

The formation of this blackish layer has some positive effects on the tribological performance of the contact pair because the layer can act as a sacrificial layer which is removed at friction continues [16]. The formation of lubricating film on the contact interface can also be accelerated with the presence of inorganic acid such as Fe3O4 and Fe3O4 form due to oxygen existence [17].

Therefore, the reduction of CoF and the improvement of wear on the material in this investigation could be related to the formation of some oxidative layer, indicated by the presence of dark layer on the contact interface. In this case, the source of oxygen is the palm methyl ester. Thus, a hypothesis that can be proposed is that the addition of small amount of palm methyl ester to the base lubricant could accelerate the formation of oxidative layer acting as a lubrication film on the contact interface. Therefore, the properties of based lubricant could be enhanced by adding a small amount of palm methyl ester, in this case 1%. Nevertheless, the existence of such oxidative layer must be clarified further using surface characterization method.

Figure 6. Contact interfaces of the ball; (a) and (b), and the disk; (c) and (d) for PME10 condition In this investigation, the maximum addition of palm methyl ester used is 1%. Further addition of

palm methyl ester on the base lubricant could either give better or worse effect on the lubricity at the contact interface. As reported in [11], an optimum number of palm methyl ester is 3% to 5%. However, at 3% addition, surface delamination of the contact interface occurred.

This investigation has not taken into account the effect of temperature in the friction test. As it has been mentioned before, temperature effect is important because it may affect the oxidation rate at contact interface thus affecting the properties and behaviour of the oxidative layer formation. This effect needs to be clarified in the future.



8

4. Conclusion The investigation on the effect palm methyl ester addition on a base lubricant on friction and wear

behaviour of stainless steel SUS304 has been conducted. The results shows that palm methyl ester addition to the base lubricant has reduced both the friction and wear scar dimension of the contact material by 10% with 1% concentration of the methyl ester in the base lubricant. Although the real cause of this friction and wear reduction is still not clarified, it is hypothesized that the reduction is attributed to the existence of oxidative layer on the contact interface indicated by darker contact interface in the case of palm methyl added lubricant. While the existence and the properties of this oxidative layer needs to be investigated further, it has been shown that palm methyl ester is potential to be applied as bio-additive to enhance the performance of a mineral based lubricant, thus requires further investigation and analysis.

Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank LPPM Universitas Syiah Kuala for funding of this research through

PLK research scheme ref. no.: 58/UN11.2/PP/PNBP/SP3/2018 in 2018, which is highly acknowledged. The authors also thank Mr. TM Damirsyah and Mr. Mursalin for their valuable supports during experiment and data analysis, which are highly appreciated.

References [1] Syahir A Z, Zulkifli N W M, Masjuki H H, Kalam M A, Alabdulkarem A, Gulzar M, Khuong L S

and Harith M H 2017 J Clean Prod 68 997 [2] Lathi P S and Mattiasson B 2007 Appl Catal B: Environ 69 207 [3] Asadauskas S, Perez J M and Duda J L 1997 Lubr Eng 53 35 [4] Lawal S A, Choudhury I A and Nukman A 2013 J Clean Prod 41 210 [5] Maleque M, Masjuki H H and Sapuan S 2003 Ind Lubr Tribol 55 137 [6] Erhan S Z, Sharma K, Liu Z and Adhvaryu A 2008 J Agric Food Chem 56 8919 [7] Maleque M A, Masjuki H H and Haseeb A S M A 2000 Wear 239 117 [8] Goodrum J W and Geller D P 2005 Bioresour Technol 96 851 [9] Rajendiran A, Sumathi A, Krishnasamy K, Kabilan S and Ganguli D 2016 Tribology

International 99 47 [10] Zulkifli N W M, Azman S S N, Kalam M A, Masjuki H H, Yunus R and Gulzar M 2016

Tribology International 93B 555 [11] Zulkifli N W M, Kalam M A, Masjuki H H, Shahabuddin M and Yunus R 2013 Energy 54 167 [12] Fuadi Z, Adachi K, Muhammad T 2018 Tribology Letters 66 (3) 88 [13] Masjuki H H and Maleque M A 1996 Wear 198 293 [14] Choi U S, Ahn B G, Kwon O K and Chun Y J PII: S0301–679X(97)00039-X. [15] Briscoe B J, Thomas P S and Williams D R 1992 Wear 153 (1) 263 [16] Quinn T J F, Sullivan J L and Rowson D M 1984 Wear 94 (2) 175 [17] Lu X, Cotter J and Eadie D T 2005 Wear 259 (7–12) 1262

08/08/21, 06:15IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

Seite 1 von 19https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=19700200831&tip=sid

also developed by scimago: SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Scimago Journal & Country Rank

Home Journal Rankings Country Rankings Viz Tools Help About Us

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

Discontinued in Scopus as of 2021

COUNTRY

United Kingdom

SUBJECT AREA AND CATEGORY

Engineering

Materials Science

PUBLISHER

IOPPublishing Ltd.

H-INDEX

44

PUBLICATION TYPE

Conferences and Proceedings

ISSN

17578981, 1757899X

COVERAGE

2009-2020

INFORMATION

Homepage

How topublish inthis journal

[email protected]

Enter Journal Title, ISSN or Publisher Name

Regional StudiesPublish Open Access

Make an impact.

tandfonline.com OPEN

Universities and researchinstitutions in United Kingdom

Engineering (miscellaneous)

Materials Science (miscellaneous)

Get Credits for peer reviewRegister For Free

ReviewerCredits - Certification and rewardingof peer review and conference talks

reviewercredits.com

OPEN

https://www.scimagoir.com/

https://www.scimagojr.com/index.php

https://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php

https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php

https://www.scimagojr.com/viztools.php

https://www.scimagojr.com/help.php

https://www.scimagojr.com/aboutus.php

https://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php?country=GB

https://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php?area=2200

https://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php?area=2500

https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=IOP%20Publishing%20Ltd.&tip=pub

http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1757-899X

https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/author-guidelines-for-conference-proceedings/

mailto:[email protected]

https://www.scimagojr.com/

https://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=CB3133xMPYZ2zGJmnrtoPvpaTyAi3w8igYOW6u5_pDMCNtwEQASCQ2cd7YOmCgICwKKABwc_WgAPIAQGpAj_3ypacRrc-qAMByAPDBKoE9gFP0KzQZlrX_CbN7WyHigimLWx55CNHP9gzBplPJvuzlCv1ZQ8tPqJf0TQWkWtabyoEBEjERDFf0DY1KCHdrDkuMrXNAaCTXMSTzZ6hd-wK-bJP3eGbSqLK4benSUPK69REBLylML8PJUBM8RYHHqmmLQONIpSmOBfjLTZm3WaRIidV5dlhjU_pXX_RGITkwHV0tL-NvH3QsX-pJLFCK5HNdw-_S4Cj6REIbekqPThyvoVbl_-3Qo8YlHeyidjF2HdRipQzbbdbnCozaI-f3tGdrDi45nJavfSA7pc_wMPuKkEL7--oy8FahzAXGHRhwN442IPPgUzABIydnsOnA6AGZoAHp7Cpf6gH1ckbqAfw2RuoB_LZG6gHjs4bqAeT2BuoB7oGqAfulrECqAemvhuoB-zVG6gH89EbqAfs1RuoB5bYG6gHqpuxAtgHAdIIBwiIYRABGB-xCRuh1kmD1Vs3gAoBmAsByAsBuAwB2BMM0BUBmBYBgBcB&ae=1&num=1&cid=CAASFeRoy1fu2Y9HYG2cA-nvM-xnFDV8SA&sig=AOD64_3vHobkPGKXaC1Z6Xi8jI2oW2tutQ&client=ca-pub-7636113250813806&nb=0&adurl=https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rsrs20/current%3Futm_source%3Dgoogle%26utm_medium%3Dsem%26utm_campaign%3DJPK17826%26gclid%3DEAIaIQobChMI3Z7uh4Wg8gIVmZNLBR0-ywSJEAEYASAAEgLfhPD_BwE





https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?country=GBR

https://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php?category=2201

https://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php?category=2501

https://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=Ccl8p3xMPYaGoK7m4rtoPk5mS6ATOkJDLY93Mu8vMDdnZHhABIJDZx3tg6YKAgLAooAGRpafaAcgBAakCFAPOzLa7sz6oAwHIA8MEqgT6AU_QBxhNuxstQOeZXJypwGc9tz2x_dsAHTQv4MY-lvRaw5q-JOFKUUwEQcagHQn3bPf91lFdZnaAj1uB60RKjL_nV2JQRHtzgdqa5GTxyiUy-PFCl8eqKrD-CkQrr0Gn-jLnmknaK33Lt1CS3X4eF46BQCr4NsR7mZW4BoxNBpIq09fg0dokHfRU6q2YAW_4YGylliCX44YITNY-3Es1CaND9Mzu6P2eOHtHoOB0yEU4ZG7GwD9oiKadLVbUIdoo_49iHOoKE2jZFkQWKVoEt0CX4uyzhzHON_oaZvM6nWa8ppBHll_UPKMPBg7iUEJ-fnHM8kBszcGZ9CvABKyIj5HGA6AGZoAH19rYpQKoB9XJG6gH8NkbqAfy2RuoB47OG6gHk9gbqAe6BqgH7paxAqgHpr4bqAfs1RuoB_PRG6gH7NUbqAeW2BuoB6qbsQLYBwHSCAcIiGEQARgfsQln8SkMc6Tq44AKAZgLAcgLAbgMAdgTDIgUAtAVAZgWAYAXAQ&ae=1&num=1&cid=CAASFeRoPhYG0sN16SBBVAcwz1uahg4cQQ&sig=AOD64_2Zkyb3Vl1mjh4OAgmZBh1ZS6sZDg&client=ca-pub-7636113250813806&nb=0&adurl=https://www.reviewercredits.com/why-join-reviewers/%3Fgclid%3DEAIaIQobChMI4ZOBiIWg8gIVOZxLBR2TjARNEAEYASAAEgI40PD_BwE







g

SCOPE

The open access IOP Conference Series provides a fast, versatile and cost-effective proceedings publication service for your conference. Keypublishing subject areas include: physics, materials science, environmental science, bioscience, engineering, computational science andmathematics.

Join the conversation about this journal

Download & Customize Chrome

Streamline updates across your 2eet andautomatically create & save secure passwords.

Google

SJR

The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranksjournals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based onthe idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is ameasure of scienti^c in_uence of journals that accountsfor both the number of citations received by a journal andthe importance or prestige of the journals where suchcitations come from It measures the scienti^c in_uence ofthe average article in a journal, it expresses how central tothe global scienti^c discussion an average article of the

Total Documents

Evolution of the number of published documents. All typesof documents are considered, including citable and noncitable documents.

Year Documents

2009 1802010 802011 8002012 595

Citations per document

This indicator counts the number of citations received by

Total Cites Self-Cites

Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

0.15

0.18

0.21

0.24

2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

0

20k

40k

mailto:[email protected]

https://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=CUFpr3xMPYfOMLPWZrtoPhsyAuAjQ18WWZMLv7JKKDtnZHhABIJDZx3tg6YKAgLAooAHG7ZXrAsgBA6kCm2CjHuQm0z2oAwHIA8kEqgT5AU_QP8-LhUEoF-P7xdNHcG8nPOk2uMM3dLr-q6g8x64WUkWHjGGxxof3m9Hhij0D_0Z6Nq71oaCY6P_8aw5IT8fFcwlhPzf2vTdfUtTtDKw2uOT5N9QwlQstRgFRwTo6SZF2cXX7WwJad81VwbNG_27pRBihwVHNqrF_X33AoIhoZxKTM5gOtSqWOSsdwaA6G7bTrSmlddjQdI4TnQmHWdwFK0xjKixONWT_gLZ3hbdDvOagqXkQ8ZF3CoDWldabZHVGSTyZ1as-ILaF4iJXfgAgGzglKMUcWjbyU3fQYPNzdVNMIXGGFgVbFT0E3U7od5C5IbzYvMHxcMAE7ayInLADoAYDgAeikuqUAagH1ckbqAfw2RuoB_LZG6gHjs4bqAeT2BuoB7oGqAfulrECqAemvhuoB-zVG6gH89EbqAfs1RuoB5bYG6gHqpuxAtgHAdIIBwiIYRABGB-xCVRNBT-xWt2igAoBmAsByAsBuAwB2BMN0BUBmBYBgBcB&ae=1&num=1&cid=CAASFeRoGe1of-fmvUD8q9DU_t7ArGLKqg&sig=AOD64_3dg1ABkUB91kfzObS0EXEAJz74rA&client=ca-pub-7636113250813806&nb=17&adurl=https://www.istyle.id/MallInMall/iSport/000000144311/main.do%3Fgclid%3DEAIaIQobChMIs_iBiIWg8gIV9YxLBR0GJgCHEAEYASAAEgJvU_D_BwE

https://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=C-ge43xMPYcmFLai5rtoPlL278ALynPaJZOfQ27TVDbOx9P0IEAEgkNnHe2DpgoCAsCigAdzfoZMDyAEJqAMByAPLBKoE9gFP0BkvfwzG-Kj1cmPIptVnc-HeV25glJZ-pl4W4iz_eZ0NoeGNRY6J8-rDc17ORsbJOXg1ePDAuR3AMnoJ6Y6JMumDvrtbiPHQj1iyZmi8yIlCoPiZBw4Ndgi6lKCpnPa1Y3mUoEWdy9lMVYSS9qZoXOjODljk8nx62LdE4XSef4EIx-OOz1zvNU-OXTtx63VSASikrWTqzFksOdY9jQnqYOijMdL3zzzMXAl-4gVww_OW_wUn6lSwU-EeV89yOTcShGavryrQvGF_VgfGymkTHka_6t-De70aiuU9JmoL62wkytwXbv5Egvhy2pKuhNmlOzt6-6PABNeCqJTQA6AGLoAHjKDebKgH1ckbqAfw2RuoB_LZG6gHjs4bqAeT2BuoB7oGqAfulrECqAemvhuoB-zVG6gH89EbqAfs1RuoB5bYG6gHqpuxAtgHANIIBwiIYRABGB-aCTFodHRwczovL2Nocm9tZWVudGVycHJpc2UuZ29vZ2xlL2Jyb3dzZXIvZG93bmxvYWQvsQmgPz9gMF_6SoAKAcgLAeALAYAMAbgMAdgTDIgUAtAVAZgWAYAXAQ&num=1&cid=CAASFeRoUJKxRxZkEQXD9wkjSemO-0eZmw&sig=AOD64_2iLO2zLnSaNKRPTf6-d_hmse-vYA&client=ca-pub-7636113250813806&nb=9&adurl=https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/trackclk/N5295.134426.GOOGLEDISPLAYNETWOR/B25292919.301246104%3Bdc_trk_aid%3D486813666%3Bdc_trk_cid%3D144622874%3Bdc_lat%3D%3Bdc_rdid%3D%3Btag_for_child_directed_treatment%3D%3Btfua%3D%3Bgdpr%3D%24%7BGDPR%7D%3Bgdpr_consent%3D%24%7BGDPR_CONSENT_755%7D%3Bltd%3D







documents from a journal and divides them by the totalnumber of documents published in that journal. The chartshows the evolution of the average number of timesdocuments published in a journal in the past two, three andfour years have been cited in the current year. The twoyears line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™(Thomson Reuters) metric.

Cites per document Year Value

Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2009 0.000Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2010 0.261Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2011 0.365Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2012 0.295Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2013 0.372Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2014 0.357Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2015 0.407Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2016 0.480Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2017 0.550Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2018 0.541

citations received by a journal's published documentsduring the three previous years.Journal Self-citation is de^ned as the number of citationfrom a journal citing article to articles published by thesame journal.

Cites Year Value

External Cites per Doc Cites per Doc

Evolution of the number of total citation per document andexternal citation per document (i.e. journal self-citationsremoved) received by a journal's published documentsduring the three previous years. External citations arecalculated by subtracting the number of self-citations fromthe total number of citations received by the journal’sdocuments.

Cites Year Value

% International Collaboration

International Collaboration accounts for the articles thathave been produced by researchers from several countries.The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signedby researchers from more than one country; that isincluding more than one country address.

Year International Collaboration

2009 21.112010 40.00

Citable documents Non-citable documents

Not every article in a journal is considered primary researchand therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of ajournal's articles including substantial research (researcharticles, conference papers and reviews) in three yearwindows vs. those documents other than research articles,reviews and conference papers.

Documents Year Value

Non-citable documents 2009 0

Cited documents Uncited documents

Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows,that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited duringthe following year.

Documents Year Value

Uncited documents 2009 0Uncited documents 2010 144Uncited documents 2011 196Uncited documents 2012 855

← Show this widget inyour own website

Just copy the code belowand paste within your htmlcode:

<a href="https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=19700200831&tip=sid&exact=no" title="SCImago Journal & Country Rank"><img border="0" src="https://www.scimagojr.com/journal_img.php?id=19700200831" alt="SCImago Journal & Country Rank" /></a>

SCImago Graphica

SCImago Graphica

SCImago GraphicaSCImago Graphica

Explore, visually

Explore, visually

Explore, visuallyExplore, visuallycommunicate and make

communicate and make

communicate and makecommunicate and makesense of data with our

sense of data with our

sense of data with our sense of data with our new

new

newnew

free tool

free tool

free toolfree tool.

.

..

Get it

Cites / Doc. (4 years)

2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

20k

40k

2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

0

0.3

0.6

2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

0

20

40

2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

0

25k

50k

2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

0

25k

50k

https://www.graphica.app/