Patterns Profesora Nidia Cecchetto

7/24/2019 Patterns Profesora Nidia Cecchetto

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Patterns Profesora Nidia Cecchetto

Problem 1: Missing main verb.

Remember that every English sentence must have a subject and a main verb.

S V

The sound of the dryer bothers my concentration

Avoid using an-ingform, an infinitive, an auxiliary verb, or another part of the speech instead of a

main verb.

e.g.:The prettiest girl in our class has long brown hair and brown eyes.

Problem 2: Verbs that require an infinitive in the complement.

Remember that the following verbs require an infinitive for a verb in the complement.

agree

appear

arrange

as

claim

consent

decide

demand

deserve

e!pect

fail

forget

threaten

"ait

"ant

hesitate

hope

intend

learn

manage

mean

need

offer

plan

prepare

pretend

promise

refuse

seem

tend

S V C (innitive) M

We had planned to leave day before yesterday

Avoid using an -ingform after the verbs listed. Avoid using a verb word after want.


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e.g.: e wanted to spea! with "r. #rown.

Problem #: Verbs that require an -ing form in the complement.

Remember that the following verbs require an -ingform for a verb in the complement

admit

appreciate

avoid

complete

consider

dela$

den$

discuss

en%o$

finish

eep

mention

miss

postpone

practice

quit

recall

recommend

regret

ris stop

suggest

tolerate

understand


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S V C (-ing) M

e en!oys traveling by plane

Forbidmay be used with either an infinitive or an $ingcomplement, butforbid from is not

idiomatic.

e.g.: %he is considering not going.

Problem &: Verb phrases that require an -ing form in the complement.

Remember that the following verb phrases require aning form for a verb in the complement&

approve of

be better off

can't help

count on

do not mind

forget about

eep on

get through

insist on

loo for"ard to

ob%ect to

thin about

thin of

S V "h C (-ing#) M

She forgot about canceling her appointment

Remember that the verb phraseBE likelydoes not require an $ingform but requires an infinitive in

the complement.

e.g.& %he is li!ely to !now

Problem (: )rregular past forms.

S V (past) M

The concert began at eight o$cloc%

Avoid using a participle instead of a past for simple past statements.

e.g.:They did it very &ell after they had practiced#


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Problems "ith modals and Modal*related patterns.

Modalsare auxiliary verbs. They are used with main verbs to give additional meaning to main

verbs.

Can:possibility ' ability ' permission

Could:possibility ' ability in the past

May:probability ' permission

Might& probability

Must:necessity ' logical conclusion

Shall:future with emphasis

Should:advice ' obligation ' prediction

Will: futureWould: condition

Problem 6: Modal + Verb word

'emember that a modal is used &ith a verb word. verb word is the dictionary formof the verb#

Verb &ords are very important in many patterns but they are used most often &ith

modals#

S modal verb &ord

They might visit us

Avoid using an infinitive or an $ingform instead of a verb word after a modal

e.g.: fter you sho& me the &ay * can go by myself#

Problem +: ,ogical conclusion - vents in the past.

Remember that must is a modal.Must followed by the verb word have and a participle expresses a

logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that happened in the past.

Remember that an observation in the present may serve as the basis for a conclusion about

something that happened in the past.

e.g.:(here is a message on my des!)

*t may be concluded that (my friend must have called last night)


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S must have participle past time

My friend must have called last night

void using should or can instead of must. void using a verb &ord instead of have

and a participle &hen referring to events in the past#

e.g.:The streets are &et+ it must have rained last night#

Problem /: ,ogical conclusions - vents in the present

Remember that mustis a modal.Mustfollowed by beand an -ingform or an adjective expresses a

logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that is happening now.

S must be -ing present tense

My friend must be calling no&

S must be ad!ective present time

e must be upset no&

e.g.& The line is busy+ someone must be using the telephone now.

Problem 0: ,ogical conclusions - vents that repeat.

Remember that mustis a modal.Mustfollowed by a verb word expresses a logical conclusion basedon evidence. The conclusion is about an event that happens repeatedly.

S must verb &ord repeated time

My friend must call often

e.g.:arol always gets good grades+ she must study a lot.


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Problem 1: no"ledge and abilit$ -Know andKnow how

Remember that knowfollowed by a noun expresses !nowledge.

S ,.W noun

* %no& the ans&er

Avoid using an infinitive after know.

Remember that knowhow followed by an infinitive expresses ability.

S ,.W ho& innitive

* %no& ho& to ans&er the /uestion

e.g.: *f she %ne& ho& to drive he &ould lend her his car#

Problem 11: Past custom - Used to and BE used to.

Remember that used tois similar to a modal. Used towith a verb word means that a custom in the

past has not continued.

S used to verb &ord

e used to live in the country

S 01 used to -ing

e &as used to living in the country

Remember thatBE used towith an -ingform means to be accustomed to.

e.g.: * used to study at the -niversity of %outhern alifornia before * transferred here.

Problem 12: 3dvisabilit$ - 4ad better

Remember that had betteris similar to a modal. Although hadappears to be a past, had betterexpresses advice for the future.


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S had better verb Word

2ou had better ta%e Chemistry 344 this semester

e.g. & 5ou had better not go alone.

Problem 1#: Preference - Would rather

Remember that the phrase would ratheris similar to a modal. Although wouldrather appears to be a

past, it expresses preference in present and future time.

S &ould rather verb &ord

* &ould rather drive

* &ould rather not drive

Avoid using an infinitive or an -ingform instead of a verb word.

e.g.: %he told me that shed rather not serve on the committee.

Problem 1&: Preference for another * Would rather that

Remember that when the preference is for another person or thing, would rather thatintroduces a

clause. The other person or thing is the subject of the clause.

Although the verb is past tense, the preference is for present or future time.

S &ould rather that S V (past)

* &ould rather that you drove

* &ould rather that you didn$t drive

e.g.: *$d rather that you didn$t do that#

Problem 1(: Negative )mperatives

Remember that an imperative is expressed by a verb word.

Please don't tell an$one.

6ould $ou please not tell an$one.


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Please don't be late 7 "ould $ou please not be late.

Please don't "orr$ 7 "ould $ou please not "orr$.

3void using don't after "ould $ou please

e.g.: "lease don$t smo%e#

Problem 18: CausativeMake

Remember that makecan be used as a causative. *n a causative, a person does not perform an action

directly. The person causes it to happen by forcing another person to do it.

S M,1 someone verb &ord

is mother Made him ta%e his medicine

S M,1 something verb &ord

* Made the machine &or%

void using an innitive or an ing form instead of a verb &ord after a person or thingin a causative &ith M,1#

e.g.:She made the baby ta%e a nap#

Problem 1+: Causative Get

Remember that GEcan be used as a causative. *n a causative, a person does not perform an actiondirectly.

GEhas less force and authority than "A/E.

S 51T S#. innitive

6et$s get "aul to go &ith us


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S 51T Sth participle

6et$s 5et our car 7ed rst

e.g.: 8o you thin% that &e can get ,aren to ta%e us to San 8iego9

Problem 1/: CausativeHave

Remember that!"#Ecan be used as a causative. *n a causative, a person does not perform an

action directly.

!"#Ehas even less force and authority than 0ET.

S V1 S#. verb &ord

My 1nglishteacher

ad us give oral reports

S V1 Sth participle

* &ant to have this boo% rene&ed please

e.g.:Tom had a tooth lled#

Problem 10: Causativeet

Remember that$Ecan be used as a causative. *n a causative, a person does not perform an action

directly. 1ith$E, a person gives permission for another person to do it.

S 61T S#. verb &ord

is mother let him go to school

S 61T Sth verb &ord

* am letting this machine cool

e g : "rofessor 0a%er let us &rite a paper instead of ta%ing a nal e7am


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Problem 2: CausativeHel!

Remember that hel%can be used as a causative. *n a causative, a person does not perform an action

directly. 1ith hel%, a person assists another person to do it.

S 16" S#. verb &ord

innitive

e is helping me type : to type my paper

Avoid using an -ingform instead of a verb word or an infinitive after a person in a causative with

!E$&.

e.g.: er husband al&ays helps her do the laundry#

Problem 21: 9actual conditional - 3bsolute; cientific results

Remember that absolute 'onditionalsexpress scientific facts. (illand a verb word expresses the

opinion that the result is absolutely certain.

void using will and a verb &ord instead of the present verb in the clause beginning&ith if. void using the au7iliary verbs have has, do, and does &ith main verbs in theclause of result#

e.g.: *f &ater free;es it becomes a solid#


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Problem 22: 9actual Conditional - Probable


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We

We

We

&ould

could

might

&rite

&rite

&rite

her

her

her

*f

*f

*f

We

We

We

found

found

found

her address

her address

her address

Avoid using wouldand a verb word instead of a past tense verb in an (if) clause.

e.g.: *f


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Avoid using would have and a participle instead of hadand a participle in the clause beginning with

if. Avoid using have as a participle.

e.g.: *f we had had the money, we would have bought a new stereo system.

Problem 2(: Contrar$*to*9act Conditional - )mpossible


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urge


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S V that S Verb &ord

Mr#


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necessar$

*t is ad!ective innitive

*t is important to verify the data

*t is ad!ective that S verb &ord

*t is important that the data be veried

Avoid using a present tense verb instead of a verb word. Avoid using a modal before the verb

words.

e.g.: *t is not necessary to ta!e an entrance examination to be admitted to an American university

Problem #: Purpose - )nfinitive

Remember that an infinitive can express purpose. *t is a short form of in order to.

S V C innitive (purpose)

6aura

She

!ogs

ta%es vitamins

to stay

to feel

t

better

Avoid expressing purpose without the word toin the infinitive. Avoid usingforinstead of to.

e.g.: 1ear several layers of clothing to !eep warm.

Problem #1: Passive - 6ord >rder

Remember that in a passive sentence the actor is un!nown or not important. The subject is not the

actor.

2assive sentences are also common in certain styles of scientific writing.

S 01 participle

State >niversity is located at the corner of College and Third

Avoid using a participle without a form of the verb #E.


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e.g.: "y wedding ring is made of yellow and white gold.

Problem #2: Passives - 3gents

Remember that in a passive sentence, the actor is un!nown or not important. The subject is not the

actor.

The actor in a passive sentence is called the agent.

0y person

machine

This report &as &ritten

*t &as printed

by

by

"hil

computer

Avoid usingfororfrominstead of by.

e.g.: The decisions on cases li!e this are made by 3ean 1hite.

Problem ##: Passive * )nfinitive

Remember that a passive infinitive can be used with a present form of the #E verb to express afuture intention, and with the past form of the #E verb to express an intention that was not reali4ed

in the past.

S 01 (pres) to be participle future time

The pro!ect is to be completed by ?44@

S 01 (past) to be participle past time

The pro!ect &as to be completed by ABB@

Avoid using a participle without toor be to express intention. Avoid using a verb word instead of a

participle with tobe.

e.g.: The play was to be canceled, but it was only postponed.


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Problem #&: Necessit$ for


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Remember A6E 7 participle means that the activity is extended over a period of time. A6E 7

participle is especially common with adverbs of duration such assin'eandfor.

S V1 "articiple (duration)

The 1nglishlanguage

has Changed since Sha%espeare$stime

Avoid using the participle instead of A6E 7 participle. Avoid using a verb word or a past form

instead of a participle.

e.g.: We have lived in Seattle for ve years#

Problem #+: =uration - 43V ABeen A Participle

Remember that A6E 7 been7 participle mean that a recently completed activity was extended

over a period of time.

Remember that it is a passive. The actor is not !nown or not important.

V1 been participle

She as been accepted To State >niversity

Avoid using A6E 7 participle instead of A6E 7 been7 participle in a passive pattern. Avoid

using been7 participle.

e.g.: The party has been planned for two wee!s.

Problem #/: Predictions - Will Have A Participle

Remember that willhave followed by a participle and a future adverb expresses a prediction for a

future activity or event.

adverb (future) S &ill have participle

0y the year?4A4

researchers &ill have discovered cure for cancer

Avoid using willinstead of willhave.

e.g.:8ou will have finished your homewor! by the time the movie starts.


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Problem #0: Bnfulfilled =esires in the Past -Had Ho!ed

Remember that had ho%edexpresses a hope in the past that did not happen.

S had hoped That S &ould verb &ord

We had hoped That she &ould change her mind

Avoid using a verb word instead of wouldand a verb word.

e.g.: e had hoped that he &ould graduate this semester but he couldn$t nish his

thesis in time#

Problem &: Missing 3u!iliar$ Verb - 3ctive

Remember that some main verbs require auxiliary verbs.

01 -ing

Mom *s &atering her plants

V1 participle

Mom as &atered her plants

M.86 verb &ord

Mom Should &ater her plants

Avoid using -ingforms without #E, participle without A6E, and verb words without modals when

-ing, a participle, or a verb word function as a main verb.

e.g.: The party is a surprise, but all of her friends are coming.

Problem &1: Missing 3u!iliar$ Verb * Passive


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Remember that the passive requires an auxiliary #E verb.

S 01 participle

The plants

The plants

The plants

are

havebeen

should be

&atered

&atered

&atered

Avoid using a passive without a form of #E.

e.g.: The phone is answered automatically.

Problem &2: ub%ect Pronouns

Remember that personal pronouns used as the subject of a sentence or clause should be subject case

pronouns.

pronoun (sub!ect) V

*f the &eather isgood

1llen and * Will go To the beach

Remember that the following pronouns are subject pronouns&

)

$ou

he she

it

"e

$ou

the$

Avoid using an object pronoun as a subject.

e.g.: When he comes bac% from vacation 0ob and * plan to loo% for anotherapartment#


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Problem : ub%ect Pronouns in Complement Position

Remember that in complement position after the verb #E, a subject pronoun must be used.

it 01 pronoun (sub!ect)

it is e Whom the committee has named

Avoid using an object pronoun of a subject pronoun after the verb #E.

Problem &&: >b%ect Pronouns

Remember that personal pronouns used as the complement of a sentence or clause should be object

case pronouns.

S V pronoun

They as%ed us b%ect Pronouns after Prepositions


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Remember that personal pronouns used as the object of a preposition should be object case

pronouns.

preposition pronoun (ob!ect)

* &ould be glad to ta%e amessage

for her

Remember that the following prepositions are commonly used with object pronouns&

among

bet"een

for

from

of

to

"ith

Avoid using a subject pronoun instead of an object pronoun after a preposition.

e.g.:


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Problem &+: Possessive Pronouns ?efore Parts of the ?od$

Remember that possessive pronouns are used before nouns that identify a part of the body.

pronoun (possessive) noun (part of the body)

e hurt is arm

Avoid using theinstead of a possessive pronoun.

e.g.: ow did you twist your an!le9

Problem &/:


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Avoid using whomas the subject of a verb.

&hom S V

e &as the only

merican

&hom * sa& at the conference

Avoid using whoinstead of whombefore a subject and a verb.

e.g.: * as!ed him whom he was calling.

Problem (:


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e.g.: $ 5ames of animals, plants, insects&

one dog

one flo"er

one bee

t"o dogs

t"o flo"ers

t"o bees

?$5ames of things with a definite, individual shape&

one car

one house

one room

t"o cars

t"o houses

t"o rooms

@$-nits of measurement&

one rich

one pound

one degree

t"o inches

t"o pounds

t"o degrees

$ -nits of classification in society&

one famil$

one countr$

one language

t"o families

t"o countries

t"o languages


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B$ontainers of noncount solids, liquids, pastes, and gases&

one bottle

one %ar

one tube

t"o bottles

t"o %ars

t"o tubes

C$A limited number of abstract concept&

one idea

one invention

one plan

t"o ideas

t"o inventions

t"o plants

number (plural) noun (count-plural)

si7ty years

Avoid using a singular 'ount nounwith a plural number.

e.g.: 1e have twenty dollars left.

Problem (#: Noncount Nouns

Remember that non'ountnouns have only one form. They are used in agreement with singular

verbs. The word thedoes not precede them.

There are categories of non'ountnouns that can help you organi4e your study. %ome of them are

listed here.

=$$ onstruction materials that can change shape, depending on what is made&

"ood

iron

grass

?$ Diquids that can change shape, depending on the shape of the container&

oil

tea


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mil

@$ 5atural substances that can change shape, depending on natural laws&

steam; "ater; ice

smoe; ashes o!$gen

$ %ubstances with many small parts&

rice

sand

sugar

B$ 0roups of things that have different si4es and shapes&

* 'lothing * ,a 'oat) a shirt) a so'k furniture Ea table; a chair; a bedF

luggage (a suitable, a trunk, a box)

C$ languages&

3rabic

Gapanese

panish

$ Abstract concepts, often with endingsness) -an'e) -en'e) -ity:

beaut$

ignorance

peace

F$ "ost 'ing forms&

learning

shopping

working

noun (noncount) Verb (singular)

=riendship is important

void using the before a noncount noun# void using a plural verb &ith a noncountnoun#

e.g.: appiness means diEerent things to diEerent people#


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Problem 54: Nouns with Count and Noncount meanings.

'emember that some nouns may be used as count or as noncount nouns depending

on their meanings# Materials and abstracts are noncount noun but they may be usedas count nouns to e7press specic meanings#

Count noun Specic meaning oncount 5eneral meaning


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anagreement

agreement

a bone

bones

a business

business

a cloth

cloths

a decision

decisions

aneducations

educations

a re

res

a glass

glasses

a history

histories

an honor

honors

an occasion or

a document

a part of a

s%eleton

a company

a piece of

cloth

an occasion

a specic

person$s

an event

a container

a historical

account

an occasion

or an a&ard

a specic

agreement

bone

business

cloth

decision

education

re

glass

history

honor

language

abstract concept

all agreements

construction

material

abstract concept

all business transactions

construction

material

abstract concept

all educations

abstract concept

all education

material

construction

material

abstract concept

all history

abstract concept

all honor

abstract concept


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a language

languages

a life

lives

a light

lights

a noise

noises

a pain

pains

a paper

papers

a pleasure

pleasures

variety

a specic

person$s

a lamp

a specic

sound

a specic

occasion

a document

or sheet

a specic

occasion

life

light

noise

pain

paper

pleasure

all languages

abstract concept

all life

the absence of

dar%ness

abstract concept

all sounds

abstract concept

all pain

construction

material

abstract concept

all pleasure


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a silence

silences

a space

spaces

a stone

stones

a success

successes

a thought

thought

a time

times

a thought

thought

a time

times

a &ar

&ars

a &or%

&or%s

a specic

occasion

a blan%

a small roc%

an achievement

an idea

a historical period

or moment

an idea

a historical period

or moment

a specic &ar

an artistic creation

silence

space

stone

success

thought

time

thought

time

&ar

&or%

bstract concept

all silence

the universe

construction

material

abstract concept

all success

abstract concept

all thought

abstract concept

all success

abstract concept

all thought

abstract concept

all time

the general act of&ar

all &ars

employment

abstract concept

all &or%


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a document

* have a paper due Monday

construction material

6et$s "aper to ma%e the present

Avoid using 'ountnouns with specific meanings to express the general meanings of non'ountnouns.

e.g.: She needs to nd &or%#


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Problem ((: Count and Noncount Nouns "ith imilar Meanings

Remember that there are pairs of nouns with similar meanings, but one is a 'ountnoun and the

other is a non'ountnoun.

Count noun oncount noun

a climate

climates

a laugh

laughs

a human being

human beings

a !ob

!obs

a machine

machines

a man

men

a person

persons

a sno&Da%e

&eather

laughter

humanity

&or%

machinery

man%ind+ man

people

sno&


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sno&Da%e

a sunbeam

sunbeam

a trac !am

trac !ams

sunlight+ sunshine

trac

a noun (count)

The shape of a sno&Da%e is uni/ue

Avoid using a with a non'ountnoun instead of a singular 'ountnoun.

e.g.: California has good &eather#


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Problem (8: Noncount Nouns that 3re Count Nouns in >ther ,anguages.

Remember, many nouns that are count nouns in other languages may be noncount nouns in English.

advice

anger

courage

damage

equipment

fun

home"or

ignorance

information

no"ledge

leisure

luc

mone$

music

ne"s

patience

permission

poetr$

povert$

progress

F oun (noncount)

8id you do your home&or%9

Avoid using aor anbefore non'ountnouns.

e.g.: 3o you have information about it9

Problem (+: ingular and Plural !pressions of Noncount Nouns

Remember that the following singular and plural expressions are idiomatic&

a piece of advice

a piece of bread

a piece of equipment

a piece of furniture

a piece of information

a piece of %e"elr$

a piece of luggage

a piece of mail

a piece of music

a piece of ne"s

a piece of toast

a loaf of bread

a slice of bread

an ear of corn

a bar of soap

a bolt of lighting a clap of thunder

t f i d

t"o pieces of advice

t"o pieces of bread

t"o pieces of equipment

t"o pieces of furniture

t"o pieces of information

t"o pieces of %e"elr$

t"o pieces of luggage

t"o pieces of mail

t"o pieces of music

t"o pieces of ne"s

t"o pieces of toast

t"o loafs of bread

t"o slices of bread

t"o ears of corn

t"o bars of soap t"o bolts of lighting

t l f th d


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t"o gusts of "ind

a singular of noun(noncount)

fol% song is a piece of popular music

number plural of noun(noncount)

* ordered t&elve bars of soap

Avoid using the noncount noun without the singular or plural idiom to express a singular or plural.

e.g.: A piece of mail travels faster when the 4ip code is indicated on the envelope.

Problem (/: Classifications -Kind and #y!e

Remember that kindand ty%eexpress classification.

%inds

types of

noun (plural count)

(noncount)

.ne

.ne

%ind

type

of

of

sho&s

home&or%

one

%ind

type of

noun (singular count)

(noncount)

.ne

.ne

%ind

type

of

of

sho&

home&or%

is ne&s

is a lab report


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Avoid using kind of and ty%eof with a plural count noun. Avoid using kindand ty%ewithout of.

e.g.: there are four !inds of o!e now.

Problem (0: )nfinitive and -ing ub%ect

Remember that either an infinitive or an -ingform may be used as the subject of a sentence or a

clause.

S (innitive) V

To read a foreign language is even more dicult

S (-ing) V

'eading /uic%ly and &ell re/uires practice

Avoid using a verb word instead of an infinitive or an -ingform in the subject. Avoid using to with

an -ingform.

e.g.: To wor! provides people with personal satisfaction as well as money.

Problem 8: Hualif$ing Phrases "ith -ing Nouns

Remember that an -ingform may be used as a noun. *n some grammar boo!s, this -ing form is

called a gerund. Remember that -ingforms are usually noncount nouns and that noncount nouns are

not preceded by the unless followed by a qualifying phrase.

1e have already classified most -ingforms as non'ountnouns, but there is one pattern in which the

is used with a non'ount-ing noun. 1hen a preposition phase qualifies the noun, that is, adds

specific information, themay be used with an -ingnoun subject.

/ualifying phrase

the -ing of noun

the reading of technical material re/uires %no&ledge of technicalterms

e.g.:The correcting of errors in a language class can be embarrassing#


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Problem 81: Nominal #hat clause

Remember that sometimes the subject of a verb is a single noun. Gther times it is a long noun

phrase or a long noun clause.

Gne example of a long noun clause is the nominal thatclause. Di!e all clauses, the nominal thatclause has a subject and verb. The nominal thatclause functions as the main subject of the main

verb which follows it.

ominal thatclause S V

That vitamin C prevents colds is &ell %no&

e.g.: That she has !nown him for a long time influenced her decision.

Problem 82: =eterminers -$ and$n

Remember that both aand anmean one. They are used before singular count noun."is used fore

words that begin with a consonant sound."nis used before words that begin with a vowel sound.

A consonant sound

A foreign student must have an *$>H form

An vowel sound

An international student must have an *$>H form

Avoid confusing vowel and consonant spelling with vowel and consonant sounds.Uis a vowel

spelling, but it has the consonant sound in words li!e use) universal) usual, etc.!is a consonant

spelling that has a vowel sound in words li!ehourand honor, but not in words li!e historyand

horror.

Problem 8#: Noncount Nouns "ith qualif$ing phrases -#he

Remember, theis used with count nouns. 8ou have also learned that thecan be used before an -ing

noun that is followed by a qualifying phrase.

*n addition, thecan be used before a noncount noun with a qualifying phrase.


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The 5oncount noun Iualifying 2hrase

The art of the "iddle Ages is on display

e.g.: The poetry of arl %andburg is being read at the student union on


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o trees gro& above the tree line

no noun (noncount) verb (singular)

o art is on display

Avoid using the negatives not or noneinstead of no. Avoid using a singular verb with a plural count

noun.

e.g.: There is no reason to worry.

Problem 88: &ne o' the andSo(e of the

Remember that onemeans one of a group. /ome means several of a group.

one of the noun :count plural; verb :singular;

Gne of the Trees is dead

some of the noun :count plural; verb :plural;

%ome of the Trees are dead

one of the noun :count plural; verb :singular;

Gne of the trees is dead

Avoid using one of theorsome of thewith a singular count noun or one of thewith a noncount

noun. Avoid using a plural verb with one of the.

e.g.: %ome of the par!ing spaces at the bac! are empty.

Problem 8+: )ew and ittle

Remember thatfew and littlehave the same meaning, butfew is used before plural count nouns and

little is used before noncount nouns.

few noun :count;


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Avoid using a noncount noun instead of a count afterfew.

little noun :noncount;

#efore he came to the -.%., he had done little traveling

Avoid using a count noun instead of a noncount noun after little.

e.g.: There is a little time to waste.

Problem 8/: Mu*h andMany

Remember that many and mu'hhave the same meaning, but many is used before plural count nouns

and mu'h is used before noncount nouns.

many noun :count ' plural;

There are many television programs


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few noun: count ' plural;

1e made

1e made

a few

fe&

mista!es

mista%es

e.g.: 0ive me a little butter, please.

Problem +: &nly a 'ew and &nly a little

Remember that only a few and only a little have the same meaning, but only a few is used before a

plural count noun and only a little is used before a noncount noun.

only a few noun :count ' plural;

Gnly a few dollars have been budgeted for supplies

Avoid usingfew instead of a fewafter only.

only a little noun :noncount;

1e have only a little homewor! for "onday

Avoid using littleinstead of a little afteronly.

e.g.:Gnly a few students are la4y.

Problem +1: $ large +s(all, nu(er o' and a large +s(all, a(ount o'

Remember that a large ,small number of and a large ,small amount of have the same meaning,

but a large ,small number of is used before a plural count and a large ,small amount of is used

before a noncount noun.

large

A number of

small noun :count ' plural;A large number of %tudents from other countries attend


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%tate -niversity

large

A amount of

small noun :noncount;

A small amount of Rain is expected tomorrow

Avoid using number with noncount nouns and amount with count nouns.

e.g.: The lab has a large amount of equipment.

Problem +2: $l(ost all o' the andMost o' the

'emember that almost all of the and most of the mean all e7cept a fe& but almost allof the includes more#

almost all (of the)

most (of the) noun (count G plural) verb (plural)

almost all (of the)

most (of the)

trees in our yard

trees

are

are

oa%s

oa%s

almost all (oE the)

most (of the) noun (noncount) verb (singular)

almost all (of the)

most (of the)

art by '#C # 5orman

art by '#C# 5orman

is e7pensive

is e7pensive

void using almost &ithout all or all of the. void using most of &ithout the.


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e.g.: lmost all of the state have a sales fa7#

Problem 7: !u"cienc# $ Enough with Nouns

'emember that enough means sucient# *t can be used before or after a plural countnoun or a noncount noun#

noun (count G plural)

noun (noncount)

We

We

have

have

enough

enough

tic%ets

time

noun (count G plural)

noun (noncount) enough

We

We

have

have

tic%ets

time

enough

enough

void using as and the&ith enough# void using a singular count noun instead of aplural count noun#

e.g.: There aren$t enough cars for all of us to go#

Problem 74: !u"cienc# $ %nough with &d'ecti(es

'emember that enough&ith ad!ectives means suciently#

S V ad!ective enough innitive

*t *s &arm enough to go s&imming


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S V not ad!ective enough innitive

*s is not &arm enough to go s&imming

void using enoughbefore the ad!ective instead of after it# void using asbet&een

enough and the innitive#

e.g.:That e7cuse isn$t good enough#

Problem 75: Consecuti(e order $ One, another, the other

'emember that one, another, and other are used before or instead of singular countnouns# When they are used before singular count nouns they are ad!ectives# Whenthey are used instead of singular count nouns they are pronouns#

One, another, and the other organi;e three nouns consecutively# One and the other

organi;e t&o nouns consecutively# One means the rst one mentioned#Another meansone more in addiction to the rst one mentioned# he other means the one remaining#

)

one Count noun(singular)

*

another

Count noun(singular)

.ne movie starts atve

another

starts at sevenand

the other Count noun (singular)

the other movie starts at nine

)

one count noun(singular)

*

another

the other

.ne bus leaves att&o

another

at si7 and the other at ten

e.g.: .ne of my roommates studies engineering another (roommate) studiesbusiness and the other (roommate) studies computer science#

Problem 76: Consecuti(e order $ Some, other, the other

Some others the others (the rest)


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'emember that some, other, and other are used before plural count nouns# They aread!ectives#

)

some count noun(plural)

*

other

count noun(plural)

Some houses are for rent other houses re for saleand

the other

the rest of the count noun (plural)

the other

the rest of the

houses are empty

!ome, others, and the others (the rest) are used instead of plural count nouns# Theyare pronouns#

)

some count noun(plural)

*

others

Some

Some

schools

schools

areuniversities

areuniversities

others

others

are collegesand

are collegesand

the others

the rest

the others

the rest o

are !unior colleges

are !unior colleges

void using another instead of other. void using rest of or rest instead of the rest ofthe or the rest


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e.g.: Some of these T-shirt are red others are blue and the rest are &hite#

Problem ++: Numerical order

'emember that the is used &ith an ordinal number before a singular count noun toe7press numerical order# cardinal number is used after a singular count noun toe7press numerical order#

'emember that the follo&ing are ordinal numbersH

"rst

second

third

fourth

"fth

sixth

seventh

eighth

ninth

tenth

eleventh

twelfth

thirteenth

fourteenth

"fteenth

sixteenth

seventeenth

eighteenth

nineteenth

twentieth

the ordinalnumber

Count noun(singular)

* am outlining the si7th chapter in my

noteboo%

void using the before the noun instead of before the ordinal number# void using acardinal instead of an ordinal number#

'emember that the follo&ing are cardinal numbersH

one

two

three

four

"ve

six

seven

eight

nine

ten

eleven

twelve

thirteen

fourteen

"fteen

sixteen

seventeen

eighteen

nineteen

twent#

count noun(singular)

cardinal number

* am outlining chapter si7 *n my noteboo%


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void using the before the cardinal number or before the noun# void using an ordinalnumber instead of a cardinal number#

e.g.: We left before the beginning of the third act#

Problem 7: Nouns that unction as ad'ecti(es

'emember that &hen t&o nouns occur together the rst noun describes the secondnoun+ that is the rst noun functions as an ad!ective# d!ectives do not change formsingular or plural#

oun noun

ll of us are foreign language teachers

void using a plural form for the rst noun even &hen the second noun is plural# voidusing a possessive form for the rst noun#

Problem +0: 4$phenated ad%ectives

'emember that it is common for a number to appear as the rst in a series ofhyphenated ad!ectives# 1ach &ord in a hyphenated ad!ective is an ad!ective and doesnot change form singular or plural#

a ad!ective - ad!ective noun

griculture I?4 is a ve - hour class

a ad!ective - ad!ective - ad!ective noun

si7ty - year - old employee

mayretire

void using a plural form for any of the ad!ectives !oined by hyphens even &hen thenoun that follo&s is plural#


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e.g.:They have a four-month-old baby

Problem -: &d'ecti(es ending in -ed and -ing

'emember that an -ingnoun that functions as an ad!ective usually e7presses cause# *tis derived from an active verb# n -edad!ective usually e7presses result# *t is derivedfrom a passive verb#

-edad!ective (by someone or something)

The audience is thrilled (by the concert)

-ingad!ective (to someone or something)

The concert is thrilling (to the audience)

e.g.: We &ere surprised by the results of the test#

Problem ): Causeandresult $ So

'emember that so is used before an ad!ective or an adverb follo&ed by that# The soclause e7presses cause# The thatclause e7presses result#

Cause 'esult

S V so

adverb

ad!ective that S V

She

Themusic

got up

&as

so

so

late

loud

that

that

she

&e

missed

couldn$t tal%

her bus

void using as or too instead of so in clausesof cause# void using as instead of thatin clauses of result#

e.g.: e is so slo& that he never gets to class on time#


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Problem *: Causeandresult $ Such

'emember that the suchclause e7presses cause and the thatclause e7presses result#

Cause 'esult

S V such a d!ective count noun(singular)

that S V

it &as

such a ot day that &e &entout

or

Cause 'esult

S V so ad!ective

count noun(singular)

that S V

it &as

so hot day that &e &entout

void using so instead of such before a. void omitting a from the patterns#

Cause 'esult

S V such ad!ective

count noun (plural)

noun (noncount)

that S V

these

are such long assignments that * can$tnish

them

this is such good ne&s that * &ill call them

void using soinstead of such.

e.g.: *t &as such an interesting boo% that he couldn$t put it do&n#

Problem : %/cess Too


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'emember thattoomeans e7cessively# The too clause e7presses cause# The innitivee7presses result#

Cause 'esult

too ad!ective innitive

This tea is too hot to drin%

void using so or such a instead of too before an ad!ective &hen an innitive follo&s#

e.g.:The top shelf in the cupboard is too high for me to reach#

Problem 4: %m0hasis $ Very

'emember that ver# is used for emphasis# $er#does not usually introduce a clause orinnitive that e7presses result#

very ad!ective F

This tea is very hot

void using too or so instead of ver#&hen there is no clause of result#

e.g. : We &ent out to eat because &e &ere very hungry#

Problem 5: &d'ecti(e with (erbs o the senses.

'emember that an ad!ective not an adverb is used after verbs of the senses# Thefollo&ing verbs are e7amples of verbs of the sensesH

feel

look

smell

sound


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taste

S V (senses) ad!ective

* felt bad about the mista%e

void using an adverb instead of an ad!ective after verbs of the senses#

e.g.: We love to go to the country in the spring because the &ild Do&ers smell sos&eet#

Problem 6: %/act similarit# $ the same as and the same

'emember that the same as and the same have the same meaning but the same asis used bet&een the t&o nouns compared and the same is used after the t&o nouns orplural noun#

oun the same as noun

This coat *s the same as that one

oun noun the same

This coat and that one are the same

oun (plural) the same

These coats are the same

void using toand like instead ofas.void using the same bet&een the t&o nounscompared#

e.g.:That car is almost the same as mine#

Problem 7: 1eneral similarit# $ similar to and similar.

'emember that similar toand similarhave the same meaning but similartois usedbet&een the t&o nouns compared and similaris used after the t&o nouns or a pluralnoun


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oun similar to noun

This coat is similar to that one

oun noun similar

This coat and that one are similar

noun (plural) similar

These coats are similar

void using as instead of to. void using similar to after the t&o nouns or a pluralnoun#

e.g.: * &ould really li%e to have a stereo that is similar to the one on display#


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Problem : 1eneral similarit# $ likeand alike

'emember that likeand alikehave the same meaning but like is used bet&een thet&o nouns compared and alike is used after the t&o nouns or a plural noun#

oun li%e noun

This coat is li%e that one

oun noun ali%e

This coat and that one are ali%e

noun (plural) ali%e

These coats are ali%e

void using as instead of like# void using like after the t&o nouns compared#

e.g. :This suit is li%e that suit#

These suits are ali%e#

Problem 2H !0eci3c similarit# $ ualit# nouns

'emember that a /uality noun is used in comparisons of a specic characteristic#

The follo&ing are e7amples of /uality nounsH

age

color

height

length

%rice

si&e

st#le

weight

oun V the same noun (/uality) as noun

She is the same age as


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void using to, than,or likeinstead of as# void using a /uality ad!ective instead of a/uality noun after the same.

e.g.: * &ant to buy a pair of shoes the same style as these *$m &earing#

Problem 2-: !0eci3c similarit# $ ualit# ad'ecti(e

'emember that a /uality ad!ective is used in comparisons of a specic characteristic#

The follo&ing are e7ample of /uality ad!ectivesH

big

chea%

clear

cold

eas#

ex%ensive

hard

heav#

hot

large

light

little

long

old

short

small

tall

#oung

oun V s ad!ective (/uality) as noun

She is s old as


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oun noun diEerent

This coat and that one are diEerent

oun (plural) diEerent

These coat are diEerent

void using to and than instead of from. void using di'erent bet&een the t&o nounscompared#

e.g.: lthough they are both &ee%ly ne&s maga;ines imeis diEerent from

ewsweekin several &ays#

Problem 2*H 1eneral dierence $ to difer rom

'emember that di'eris a verb and must change forms to agree &ith the sub!ect#

8iEer from

This one diEers from the rest

void using 01 &ith di'er. void using than, of, or to after di'er.

e.g.: %haron is different from other women * !now.

Problem 2: Com0arati(e estimates $ multi0le numbers

'emember that the follo&ing are e7amples of multiple numbersH

half

twice

three times

four times

"ve times

ten times


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multiple as much

many as

=resh fruit coats

We have

t&ice

half

as

as

much

many

as

as

canned fruit

&e need

void using so instead of as after a multiple# void using more than instead of asmuch as or as man# as. void using the multiple after as much and as man#.

e.g.:This one is prettier but it coasts t&ice as much as the other one#

Problem 0&: Comparative estimates * More than and less than

'emember that morethanorless than is used before a specic number to e7press anestimate that may be a little more or a little less than the number#

more than number

Steve has more than a thousand coins in hiscollection

less than number

ndy has less than a do;en coins in his poc%et

void using moreor less&ithout thanin estimate# void using asinstead of than#

e.g.: More than one hundred people came to the meeting#

Problem 25H Com0arati(e estimates $As many as

'emember that as man# as is used before a specic number to e7press an estimatethat does not e7ceed the number#

as many as number

We should have as many as ve hundred applications


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void using as man# instead of as man# as. void using much instead of man# beforea specic number#

Comparative estimates &ith as much as are also used before a specic number thatrefers to &eight distance or money#

e.g. : We e7pect as many as thirty people to come#

Problem 26H egrees o com0arison $ Com0arati(e ad'ecti(es

'emember that t&o- and three G syllable ad!ectives form the comparative by usingmoreor lessbefore the ad!ective form# .ne- syllable ad!ectives form the comparativeby using -erafter the form# T&o- syllable ad!ectives &hich end in#form thecomparative by changing the#to i and adding -er#

more (less) ad!ective (t&o Jsyllable)

ad!ective -er(one syllable)

ad!ective -er(t&o J syllables

ending in -y)than

an essay test is

an essay test is

an essay test is

more dicult

harder

easier

than

than

than

an ob!ective test

an ob!ective test

an ob!ective test

void using as or that instead of than. void using more and -er form#

e.g.:This room is more spacious than the other one#

Problem 27H egrees o com0arison $ !u0erlati(e ad'ecti(es

'emember that superlatives are used to compare more than t&o#

the most (least) ad!ective (t&o J syllables)

ad!ective -est(one syllable)

ad!ective -est(t&o J syllables ending in Ger)


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an essay test is

an essay test is

an essay test is

the

the

the

most dicult

hardest

tric%iest

void using a comparatives -erform &hen three or more are compared#

e.g.: She is the prettiest of all of the girls in our class#

Problem 2H egrees o com0arison $ rregular ad'ecti(es

'emember that some very common ad!ectives have irregular forms# Some of them arelisted here for you#

$de*tive

ad

*ar

+ood

ittle

an#

uch

Comarati!e"tocomare t#o

(orse*ather

*urther

etter

ess

ore

ore

Suerlati!e"tocomare three or

more

he worst

he farthest

he furthest

he best

he least

he most

he most


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irregularcomparative

than

This ice cream is better than the other brands

irregular superlative

This ice cream is the best of all

void using a regular form instead of an irregular form for these ad!ectives#

e.g.:The lab is farther from the bus stop than the library#

Problem 22: egrees o com0arison $ Com0arati(e ad(erbs.

'emember that adverbs also have a comparative form to compare t&o verb actionsand a superlative form to compare three or more verb actions#

more adverb (t&o Jsyllables)

less adverb (t&o J syllable)

adverb -er (one syllable)than

We nished the test

We nished the test

We nished the test

more rapidly

less rapidly

faster

than

than

than

Mar%

Mar%

Mar%

the most adverb (t&o Jsyllables)

the least adverb (t&o Jsyllable)

adverb -est (one syllable)

We nished the test

We nished the test

We nished the test

the most rapidly

the least rapidly

the fastest

of all

of all

of all


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void using -er &ith adverb of more than one syllable even &hen they end in -ly#

e.g.: "rofessor Tuc%er &as pleased because our group approached the pro!ect morescientically than the others#

Problem )--H ouble com0arati(es

'emember that &hen t&o comparatives are used together the rst comparativee7presses cause and the second comparative e7presses result# comparative is moreor less&ith an ad!ective or an ad!ective &ith -er.

Cause 'esult

The comparative

S V the comparative

S V

The more you revie& the easier the patterns &ill be

void using as instead of the# void using the incorrect form lesser# void omittingthe. void omitting er form the ad!ective#

e.g.:The more you study during the semester the less you have to study the &ee%before e7ams#

Problem )-)H llogical com0arati(es $ 1eneral similarit# and dierence

'emember that comparisons must be made &ith logically comparable nouns# 2ou can$tcompare the climate in the orth &ith the !outh.2ou must compare the climate in theorth &ith the climate in the South#

'emember that that of and those of are used instead of repeating a noun to e7press alogical comparative# n e7ample &ith di'erent from appears belo

noun (singular) diEerent from that

=ootball in the >#S# is diEerent from that the other countries

noun (plural) diEerent from those

The rules are diEerent from those of soccer


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void omitting that and those. void using than instead of from &ith di'erent.

e.g.:The food in my country is very diEerent from that in the >nited State#

Problem 12: )llogical comparatives - =egrees

'emember that comparisons must be made &ith logically comparable nouns#

noun (singular) more Jad!ective

ad!ective -er

than that

the climate in theorth

the climate in theorth

is

is

more severe

colder

than

than

that

that

of the South

of the South

noun (plural) more J ad!ective

ad!ective -er

than those

the prices

the prices

are

are

more e7pensive

higher

than

than

those

those

at a discount store

at a discount store

void omitting thatand those.

e.g.: er /ualications are better than those of any other candidate#

Problem )-: Place $ $et#een andAmong

'emember that between and among have the same meaning but between is used

&ith t&o nouns and among is used &ith three or more nouns or a plural noun#


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bet&een noun A noun ?

the &or% is distributed bet&een the secretary and thereceptionist

among noun A noun ? noun K

the rent payments aredivided

among 8on 0ill and5ene

void using between &ith three or more nouns or a plural noun#

e.g.:The choice is among a vanilla chocolate and stra&berry ice cream cone#

Problem 1&: Place - in/ &n/ $t

Remember that in) on and athave similar meanings, but they are used with different !inds of places.

*n general, in is used before large places+ on is used before middle$si4ed places+ and at is used

before numbers in addresses.


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'emember thatin, on and athave similar meanings but they are used &ith diEerenttimes# *n general in is used before large units of time+ on is used before middle-si;edunits of time+ and at is used before numbers in cloc% time#

*diomatic phrases such as in the morning in the afternoon, in the evening, at night, at

noon,must be learned individually li%e vocabulary#

3n E"2 on 4" at 3ME

M+1! 4"E

in 21' in M.T on 82 at T*M1

6illy &as born in ABAB in 8ecember on Sunday at LH44

void using in before days and dates#

e.g.: * &ould rather ta%e classes in the afternoon#

Problem 18: 3ddition -Besides

'emember that besides means in addition to. eside means near.

besides

noun

ad!ective

0esides our dog &e have t&o cats and acanary

0esides &hite &e stoc% green and blue

beside noun

We sat beside the teacher

void using beside instead of besides to mean in addition.

e.g.: 0esides Marge three couples are invited#

Problem )-7: %/ce0tion $ $ut and E&cet


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'emember that &hen it is used as a preposition but means exce%t.

but

e7cept noun

ll of the students

ll of the students

but

e7cept

the senior

the senior

&ill receive their grades

&ill receive their graces

void using exce%tion, exce%t to, or exce%ting instead of exce%t.

e.g.: ll of the group but 0arbara &ent to the la%e#

Problem )-: 9e0lacement $ %nstead o and %nstead

'emember that instead of and insteadboth mean in %lace of, but instead of is usedbefore a noun ad!ective or adverb and instead is used at the end of a sentence or aclause to refer to a noun ad!ective or adverb that has already been mentioned#

noun

ad!ective

adverb *nstead of

noun

ad!ective

adverb

We &ent to

2ou should be

Treat the dog

Colorado

rm

gently

*nstead of

*nstead of

*nstead of

abroad

patient

roughly

on our vacation thisyear

*n this case

void using instead &ithout of.

noun

ad!ective

adverb *nstead of

We &ent to

2ou should be

Colorado

rm

*nstead of

*nstead of


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Treat the dog gently *nstead of

void using instead before a noun#

e.g.: 0ob$s father &anted him to be an engineer instead of a geologist#

Problem )-2: %/am0le $ Such as

'emember that such as means for e7ample#

such as noun (e7ample)

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the &inter in theorth

void using such or as such instead of such as.

e.g.:Ta%ing care of pets such as dogs and cats can teach children lessons inresponsibility#

Problem ))-: Condition and une/0ected result 'esite and in Site o

'emember that des%ite and in s%ite of have the same meaning# They introduce acontradiction in a sentence of clause of cause-and-result#

8espite noun

8espite his denial &e %ne& that he &as guilty

or

*n spite of noun

*n spite of his denial &e %ne& that he &as guilty

void using of &ith des%ite void omitting of after in s%ite


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e.g.: 8espite the light rain the baseball game &as not canceled#

Problem ))): Cause $ $ecause o and $ecause

'emember that because of is a prepositional phrase# *t introduces a noun or a nounphrase# ecause is a con!unction# *t introduces a clause &ith a sub!ect and a verb#

because S V

They decided to stay athome

because the &eather &as bad

or

because of noun

They decided to stay at home because of the &eather

void using because of before a sub!ect and verb# void using because before a noun

&hich is not follo&ed by a verb#

e.g.: She &as absent because of her cold &as &orse#

Problem ))*: Cause $ rom

'emember that from means caused by# *t is usually used after ad!ectives#

ad!ective from noun

-ingnoun

The chairs are

The chairs are

&et

&et

the rain

sitting

out in the rain

void using for before the ing noun


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e.g.: 0e careful not to get sunburned from staying out on the beach too long#

Problem )): Pur0ose $ or

'emember that for is used before a noun to e7press purpose for a tool or instrument#Some nouns are ing forms#

noun(instrument)

for noun

-ing noun

This is a good

This is a good

boo%

boo%

for

for

research

researching

the topic

void using for tobefore the ing noun#

The innitive is the most common &ay to e7press purpose# The innitive can be usedin all situations# *or &ith an ing form is usually limited to situations in &hich there isan instrument named#

e.g.: * bought a trun% for storing my &inter clothes#

Problem ))4: Means $ $y

'emember that b# e7presses means#

void using an innitive instead of an ing form#

by -ing

This report &as &ritten by programming a computer

e.g.:2ou can &in by practicing#

Problem ))5: 8ime limit $ rom, To


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'emember that from introduces a time and to sets a limit#

from Time to limit

The group &aspopular

from the AB4s to the ABB4s

void using for instead of from and instead of to.

e.g.: * need you to baby-sit from si7 o$cloc% to ten-thirty#

Problem ))6: Correlati(e con'unctions $ nclusi(es oth * and

'emember that both and are correlative con!unctions# They are used together toinclude t&o parallel structures (t&o nouns ad!ectives verbs adverbs)#

both parallel

structure

and parallel

structure

0oth 8r#


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parallel

structure

as &ell as parallel

structure

e en!oys playing

e is

not only

not only

cash

safer

football

athletic

(both)

parallel

structure

nd parallel

structure

as &ell as parallel

structure

e en!oysplaying

e is

both

both

soccer

intelligent

and

and

baseball

artistic

as &ell as

as &ell as

tennis

athletic

void using as well instead of as well as.

e.g.: 0oth Mary and 1llen as &ell as


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e.g.:The program provides not only theoretical classes but also practical training#

Problem ))2: Correlati(e con'unctions $ %/clusi(es not *ut

'emember that not but are correlative con!unctions# They are used together toe7clude the structure that follo&s not (nouns ad!ective verb adverb) and include thestructure that follo&s but.

not noun

ad!ective

but noun

ad!ective

The 6argest universityis

The school color is

not

not

Minnesota

blue

but

but

.hio State

red

void using onl# instead of but.

e.g.: *t is not the money but the principle that ma%es me angry#

Problem )*-: &"rmati(e agreement $ So and too

'emember that so, too, and also have the same meaning but soit used beforeau7iliary verbs and too and also are used after au7iliary verbs#

S

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V1

V

0e

Verb&ord

participle

-ingand so

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V1

8.

01 S

My &ife

My &ife

My &ife

My &ife

&ill

has

tal%ed

is

tal%

tal%ed

tal%ing

to him

about it

and

and

and

and

so

so

so

so

&ill

have

did

am

*

*

*

*


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S

M.86

V1

V

0e

Verb&ord

participle

-ingand S

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V1

8.

01

also

too

My &ife

My &ife

My &ife

My &ife

&ill

has

tal%ed

is

tal%

tal%ed

tal%ing

to him

about it

and

and

and

and

*

*

*

*

&ill

have

did

am

too

too

too

too

void using also instead of so.

e.g.: We are going to the concert and so are they#

Problem )*): Negati(e agreement $ either and Either

'emember that neither and either have the same meaning but neither is used beforeau7iliary verbs and either is usedafter au7iliary verbs and not.

S

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V1

V

01 not

verb &ord

participle

verb &ord

-ing form and neither

M.86

V1

8.

01 S


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Myroommate

Myroommate

My

roommate

Myroommate

&on$t

hasn$t

doesn$t

isn$t

go

gone

go

going

and

and

and

and

neither

neither

neith

er

neither

&ill

have

do

am

*

*

*

*

void using either instead of neither. void using the sub!ect before 01 8. V1 orthe modal in a clause &ith neither.

S

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V1

V

01 not

verb &ord

participle

verb &ord

-ing form and S

M.86

V1

8.

01 either

Myroommate

Myroommate

Myroommate

Myroommate

&on$t

hasn$t

doesn$t

isn$t

go

gone

go

going

and

and

and

and

*

*

*

*

&on$t

haven$t

don$t

Nm not

either

either

either

either

void using neither instead of either.

e.g.: She hasn$t nished the assignment yet and neither have *#

Problem )**: Planned result $ So that

'emember that so that introduces a clause of planned result#


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S V so that S V

e is studying hard so that he can pass his e7ams

void using so instead of so that as purpose connector in &ritten 1nglish#

*n Spo%en 1nglish so instead of so that often used# *n &ritten 1nglish so that ispreferred#

e.g.: e borro&ed the money so that he could nish his education#

Problem )*: uture result $ hen

'emember that when introduces a clause of condition for future result#

'1S>6T C.8*T*.

S V (present)

V (&ill J verb&ord)

&hen S V (present)

The

temperature

Thetemperature

drops

&ill drop

&hen

&hen

the sun

the sun

sets

sets

void using will instead of a present verb after when.

e.g.: * &ill call you &hen * return from my country#

Problem )*4: ndirect uestions

'emember that /uestion &ords can be used as con!unctions# Ouestion &ords introducea clause of indirect /uestion#

Ouestion &ords include the follo&ingH

who

what

what time

when


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where

wh#

how

how long

how man#

how much


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S V /uestion &ord S V

* don$t remember &hat her name is

V S /uestion&ord

S V

8o you remember &hat her name is9

void using do, does, or didafter the /uestion &ord# void using the verbbefore the sub!ect after the /uestion &ord#

e.g.: * didn$t understand &hat he said#

Problem )*5: ;uestion words with "e!er

'emember that ever means an#. /hoever and whomever mean anyone+whatever means anything+ wherever means any&here+ whenever means anytime+ however means any &ay#

The ever &ords may be used as con!unctions to introduce clauses#

S V -ever S V

* agree &ith &hatever you decide

void using an# instead of ever. void using ever before instead of after the/uestion &ord#

e.g.: We can leave &henever 8onna is ready#

Problem )*6: &d(erbs o Manner


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'emember that adverbs of manner describe the manner in &hich something isdone# They ans&er the /uestion how0 dverbs of manner usually end in l#.

S V adverb (manner)

The class listened attentively to the lecture

void using an ad!ective instead of an adverb of manner# void using an adverbof manner bet&een the t&o &ords of an innitive#

e.g.: fter only si7 months in united State


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atel# and hardl# are not adverb forms of late andhard. atel# meansrecentl#.1ardl# meansalmost not at all#

e.g.: elen types fast and eciently#

Problem 12/: So(eti(e andSo(eti(es

'emember that sometime means at some time in the indenite future#!ometimes means occasionally#

!ometime is usually used after a verb# !ometimes is usually used at thebeginning or end of a sentence or a clause#

S V no specic date in thefuture

sometime

My family &ill call me long distance sometime

occasionally

sometimes S V

Sometimes my family calls me long distance

void using sometimes instead of sometime to e7press and indenite time inthe future#

e.g.: 6et$s have lunch sometime#


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Problem )*2: Negati(e em0hasis.

'emember that negatives include phrases li%e not one, not once, not until,never, never again, onl# rarel#, and ver# seldom. egative ans&er the

/uestion how often0They are used at the beginning of a statement to e7pressemphasis# u7iliaries must agree &ith verbs and sub!ects#

negative au7iliary S V

ever have * seen so much sno&

void using a sub!ect before the au7iliary in this pattern#

e.g.: ever again &ill they stay in that hotel#

Problem )-: ntroductor# ad(erbial modi3ers $ Once

'emember that once means at one time in the past# Once ans&ers the/uestion when0 Once is often used as an introductory adverbial modier# *tmodies the main sub!ect that follo&s the clause#

once noun S V

.nce a salesman "ete has beenpromoted

to district manager

void using thatbeforeonce.

e.g.: .nce a student at State >niversity he is no& an engineer for anmerican company#

Problem )): ntroductor# ad(erbial modi3ers $ hile


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e.g.: We can no longer tolerate living &ith Terry#

Problem ): uration $ or and Since

'emember that for is used before a /uantity of time#

e.g.: duration

the /uestion how long0

!inceis used before a specic time# !incee7presses duration too but sinceans&ers the /uestion beginning when0

S V1 participle for /uantity of time

She has been in the >#S# for si7 months

S V1 participle since specic time

She has been in the >#S# since


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Valentine$s 8ay is on the fourteenth of =ebruary

F month ordinal number

Valentine$s 8ay is on =ebruary fourteenth

void using a cardinal number instead of an ordinal number#

e.g.: * have an appointment on the fth of


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Problem )6: 1enerali


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came

void using the clause mar%er &ith dependent clauses as sentences# voidusing the clause mar%er that&ith a sentence that has no dependent clause

follo&ing it#

e.g.: >tensils and condiments are found on the table by the door#

Problem ): Clause $ Mar=er sub'ect

'emember that some dependent clauses may come in the middle of a mainclause# *n many of these dependent clauses the clause mar%er is the sub!ect ofthe dependent clause#

e.g.:The clause-mar%er which

void using a clause-mar%ersub!ect &ithout a verb or a verb&ithout a clause-mar%er sub!ect

in dependent clauses of this type#

e.g.:The concert &hich is scheduled for =riday has been canceled#

Problem )2: Verbs in de0endent clauses

'emember that both main clauses and dependent clauses must have their o&nverbs#

Main Clause

8e endent

Sub!ect

The bo7

Sub!ect

The bo7

Clause-Mar%er sub!ect Verb

&hich Came C#.#8


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Main Clause Clause Mar%er ------------------------ 8ependent Clause

S V that SV

*t is good that the bo7 arrived ontime

void deleting the verb in a dependent clause or using an ing form instead ofa verb in the dependent clause#

e.g.: *t is a shame that you missed the movie#

Problem 1&: 3d%ective clauses

'emember that in some dependent clauses called ad!ective clauses theclause mar%er refers to and

modies the sub!ect of the main clause#

Main clause Clause Mar%er --------------------8ependentClause

S V that S V

These bo7es are the ones that &e ordered

#

Documents

Patterns Profesora Nidia Cecchetto