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PATIENT CARE IN RADIOGRAPHY
CLASS #1REFERENCES;
ERHLICH
RADIATION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
“When the term ‘radiation’ is used, it generally evokes concern and a
sense of danger”Introduction to Radiology Technology and Patient Care, Adler and Carlton 1999
HISTORY NOV. 8, 1895
WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGENSIR WILLIAM CROOKS ”X”WILLIAM COOLIDGE H.C.SNOOKSTHOMAS EDISONCLARENCE DALLYGEORGE EASTMAN
DISCOVERED X-RAYS
CATHODE RAY TUBEUNKNOWN ENERGY HOT CATHODE RAY TUBE ELECTRICAL SUPPLY
FLUOROSCOPYROENTGEN MARTYRPLASTIC FILM
RADIATION INJURIESEARLY 20TH CENTURY
SKIN BURNSHAIR LOSSANEMIATO BOTH PT AND DOCTOR
HISTORY OF RADIOGRAPHERS
PHYSICISTSOJT (TECHNICIANS)HOSPITAL BASED PROGRAMSCOMMUNITY COLLEGES
OVERVIEW OF RADIOLOGY AND RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES
WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?
HOW ARE X-RAYS PRODUCED?http://www.oucom.ohio.edu/dbms-witmer/anatomy_immersion.htm
X-RAY PRODUCTIONAN OVERVIEW
VACUUM TUBE----WHY?SOURCE OF ELECTRONS
(TUNGSTON)WHY?TARGET (TUNGSTON) WHY?HIGH POTENTIAL
DIFFERENCE(VOLTAGE) WHY?
RAD. TERMS/FACTS
ELECTRON CLOUDSPACE CHARGE99% HEAT1% X-RAYWAVELENGTHS
AMPLITUDEFREQUENCY
SHORTER THE WAVELENGTH ,THE HIGHER THE FREQUENCY
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
GAMMAX-RAYVISIBLE LIGHT MICROWAVES RADIO WAVES
COMPARE THE WAVELENGTH (SHORTER OR LONGER?) THE FREQUENCY (LONGER OR SHORTER) OF THESE ENERGIES TO X-RAYS
X-RAY VS VISIBLE LIGHT
TRAVEL IN STRAIGHT LINESAFFECT PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONSCAN PRODUCE HARMFUL EFFECTS
TO BODY
TRAVEL IN STRAIGHT LINESAFFECT PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONSCAN PRODUCE HARMFUL EFFECTS
TO BODY
X-RAY VS VISIBLE LIGHT
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?
IONIZATION
IT’S NOT AS BAD AS IT SOUNDS!!!!
Ionization is the process of when a neutral atom loses or gains an electron. When the loss or gain occurs, a net charge is produced. Ionization can disrupt matter.
SOURCES OF IONIZING RADIATION Bushong, pgs 5-6
MAN-MADEX-RAYSNUCLEAR POWER /WASTE
NATURALCOSMICRADIOACTIVE MATERIAL IN EARTHPOTASSIUM 40
THE X-RAY BEAM
Small area of targetCone shapedPrimary beamRadiation fieldCentral raycollimator
ScatterWhy is called that?
RETURN TO SCAVENGER HUNT RESULTS AND REVIEW
Add the following to your scavenger hunt notes
DISTANCESID AND OID
DENSITYmA, mAs
CONTRASTkVp
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT IN RADIOGRAPHYTRADITIONAL SI UNIT
ROENTGEN
RAD
REM
CURIE
MILLI- 1000TH OF A UNIT
COULOUMB
GRAY
SIEVERT
BECQUEREL
Weighting Factor
Useful for measuring occupational doseLook at the table 1-3 on page 29…which
of these ionizing radiation do you think would produce the most harm?
Why?
Brief overview of radiobiology
Laws of Bergonie and Tribondeau pg 30 in EhrlichAgeDifferentiationMetabolic rateMitotic rate
EffectsShort term/Long term somaticGenetic
KEEPING SAFE
We just discussed a method of recording radiation…how do we keep this exposure to its lowest level
QUIT THE PROGRAM??????
No…there are better ways!!!!!
MEASURING RADIATION FOR THE RADIOGRAPHERFILM BADGE
TLD
OSL
CONTROL5 rem per year1 rem x age is cumulative dose limit
Cardinal principles of protection
TIMEDISTANCE SHIELDING
DESCRIBE HOW THESE APPLY TO BOTH PATIENT AND OCCUPATIONAL WORKER?
PRIMARY BEAM AND CR
ALARAASLOWASREASONABLYACHIEVABLE
PATIENT PROTECTION
ERRORSREPEATSCOLLIMATIONHIGHEST KVP. WHY?FAST SCREEN/FILM
AT LEAST 40” SID
Patients are frightened about radiation
What can we say or do to educate them?
OCCUPATIONAL PROTECTION
YOU TELL ME!
.5MM LEAD SHOULD ATTENUATE 90% OF RADIATION AT 75 kVp
Thyroid shields
ROSE AEHLE RT (R,M)
Appendix A
WHAT DO RADIOGRAPHER’S DO?
WHAT IS OUR SCOPE OF PRACTICE?
CHAPTER 12, EHRLICH
In addition to radiographers being trained in the OR, in trauma radiography and in mobile radiography they can cross train in
SPECIAL IMAGING MODALITIESCARDIOVASCULAR AND INTERVENTIONAL
RADIOGRAPHYCTMRIMAMMOGRAPHY DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHYNUCLEAR MEDICINEPOSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
THE PROFESSION
ACRONYMS YOU NEED TO KNOWPACSASRTARRTACRCAREJCAHOJRCERT
DESCRIBE THE TYPE OF PATIENT YOU MAY HAVE TO X-RAYBODY HABITUSPHYSICAL CONDITIONEMOTIONAL CONDITIONAGEOTHER FACTORS