PATIENT CARE IN RADIOGRAPHY

CLASS #1REFERENCES;

ERHLICH

RADIATION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!“When the term ‘radiation’ is used, it generally evokes concern and a

sense of danger”Introduction to Radiology Technology and Patient Care, Adler and Carlton 1999

HISTORY NOV. 8, 1895

WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN

SIR WILLIAM CROOKS ”X”WILLIAM COOLIDGE H.C.SNOOKSTHOMAS EDISONCLARENCE DALLYGEORGE EASTMAN

DISCOVERED X-RAYS

CATHODE RAY TUBEUNKNOWN ENERGY HOT CATHODE RAY TUBE ELECTRICAL SUPPLYFLUOROSCOPYROENTGEN MARTYRPLASTIC FILM

RADIATION INJURIESEARLY 20TH CENTURY

SKIN BURNSHAIR LOSSANEMIATO BOTH PT AND DOCTOR

HISTORY OF RADIOGRAPHERS

PHYSICISTSOJT (TECHNICIANS)HOSPITAL BASED PROGRAMSCOMMUNITY COLLEGES

OVERVIEW OF RADIOLOGY AND RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

HOW ARE X-RAYS PRODUCED?http://www.oucom.ohio.edu/dbms-witmer/anatomy_immersion.htm

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BzFmG4RSMI

X-RAY PRODUCTIONAN OVERVIEW

VACUUM TUBE----WHY?SOURCE OF ELECTRONS

(TUNGSTON)WHY?TARGET (TUNGSTON) WHY?HIGH POTENTIAL

DIFFERENCE(VOLTAGE) WHY?

RAD. TERMS/FACTS

ELECTRON CLOUDSPACE CHARGE99% HEAT1% X-RAYWAVELENGTHS

AMPLITUDEFREQUENCY

SHORTER THE WAVELENGTH ,THE HIGHER THE FREQUENCY

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

GAMMAX-RAYVISIBLE LIGHT MICROWAVES RADIO WAVES

COMPARE THE WAVELENGTH (SHORTER OR LONGER?) THE FREQUENCY (LONGER OR SHORTER) OF THESE ENERGIES TO X-RAYS

X-RAY VS VISIBLE LIGHT

TRAVEL IN STRAIGHT LINES

AFFECT PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS

CAN PRODUCE HARMFUL EFFECTS TO BODY

TRAVEL IN STRAIGHT LINES

AFFECT PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS

CAN PRODUCE HARMFUL EFFECTS TO BODY

X-RAY VS VISIBLE LIGHT

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?

IONIZATION

IT’S NOT AS BAD AS IT SOUNDS!!!!

Ionization is the process of when a neutral atom loses or gains an electron. When the loss or gain occurs, a net charge is produced. Ionization can disrupt matter.

SOURCES OF IONIZING RADIATION Bushong, pgs 5-6

MAN-MADEX-RAYSNUCLEAR

POWER /WASTE

NATURALCOSMICRADIOACTIVE

MATERIAL IN EARTH

POTASSIUM 40

THE X-RAY BEAM

Small area of targetCone shapedPrimary beamRadiation fieldCentral raycollimator

ScatterWhy is called that?

RETURN TO SCAVENGER HUNT RESULTS AND REVIEW

Add the following to your scavenger hunt notes

DISTANCESID AND OID

DENSITYmA, mAs

CONTRASTkVp

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT IN RADIOGRAPHYTRADITIONAL SI UNIT

ROENTGEN

RAD

REM

CURIE

MILLI- 1000TH OF A UNIT

COULOUMB

GRAY

SIEVERT

BECQUEREL

Weighting Factor

Useful for measuring occupational doseLook at the table 1-3 on page 29…which

of these ionizing radiation do you think would produce the most harm?

Why?

Brief overview of radiobiology

Laws of Bergonie and Tribondeau pg 30 in EhrlichAgeDifferentiationMetabolic rateMitotic rate

EffectsShort term/Long term somaticGenetic

KEEPING SAFE

We just discussed a method of recording radiation…how do we keep this exposure to its lowest level

QUIT THE PROGRAM??????

No…there are better ways!!!!!

MEASURING RADIATION FOR THE RADIOGRAPHERFILM BADGE

TLD

OSL

CONTROL5 rem per year1 rem x age is cumulative dose limit

Cardinal principles of protection

TIMEDISTANCE SHIELDING

DESCRIBE HOW THESE APPLY TO BOTH PATIENT AND OCCUPATIONAL WORKER?

PRIMARY BEAM AND CR

ALARAASLOWASREASONABLYACHIEVABLE

PATIENT PROTECTION

ERRORSREPEATSCOLLIMATIONHIGHEST KVP. WHY?FAST SCREEN/FILM

AT LEAST 40” SID

Patients are frightened about radiation

What can we say or do to educate them?

OCCUPATIONAL PROTECTION

YOU TELL ME!

.5MM LEAD SHOULD ATTENUATE 90% OF RADIATION AT 75 kVp

Thyroid shields

ROSE AEHLE RT (R,M)

Appendix A

WHAT DO RADIOGRAPHER’S DO?

WHAT IS OUR SCOPE OF PRACTICE?

CHAPTER 12, EHRLICH

In addition to radiographers being trained in the OR, in trauma radiography and in mobile radiography they can cross train in

SPECIAL IMAGING MODALITIESCARDIOVASCULAR AND INTERVENTIONAL

RADIOGRAPHYCTMRIMAMMOGRAPHY DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHYNUCLEAR MEDICINEPOSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

THE PROFESSION

ACRONYMS YOU NEED TO KNOWPACSASRTARRTACRCARETJCJRCERT

DESCRIBE THE TYPE OF PATIENT YOU MAY HAVE TO X-RAYBODY HABITUSPHYSICAL CONDITIONEMOTIONAL CONDITIONAGEOTHER FACTORS