PASSIVE - Novel Structural Skins · STRUCTURAL MEMBRANES 2011 29-09-2014: NOVEL STRUCTURAL SKINS - BRUSSELS 2014 - Arjan Habraken • The building industry is responsible for more

STRUCTURAL MEMBRANES 2011

29-09-2014: NOVEL STRUCTURAL SKINS - BRUSSELS 2014 - Arjan Habraken

PASSIVE + ACTIVE ADAPTABILITY

FOR STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION

Arjan Habraken

EINDHOVEN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

NOVEL STRUCTURAL SKINS - BRUSSELS 2014



• The building industry is responsible for more than half the mass waste

production worldwide.

• The building industry uses a large percentage of the total used energy.

• We are running out of resources.

• Population has grown in the last 80 years by a factor of 2,5 to about 7,5

billion people �� future’s explosion on population.

THE BUILDING INDUSTRY MUST CHANGE



“Architecture as a symbiotic (?) link between environment and society”

Society“dynamic”

Buildings“static”

Environment“dynamic”

Why not adaptive ?



GOAL minimizing world’s demand on resources

and production of waste to reduce its

enormous impact on the environment.

HOW making structures adaptable to the variable

environmental conditions to increase its

efficiency.



PASSIVE

ADAPTIVE

ACTIVE

ADAPTIVE

ADAPTIVE STRUCTURES

+



PASSIVE ADAPTIVE

- reduction in wind area

- adjustment in shape factor

- adjustment internal forces

- dynamic behaviour

- strength is governing



Flexible banner: Sake Bosma

- reduction in wind area

- adjustment in shape factor

- adjustment internal forces

- dynamic behaviour

- strength is governing



strength is

governing

σs < 355

N/mm2

adjustment

internal forces

U= 33 < 33,3mmRHS 200x200x10

Us= 1218mm σs = 338 N/mm2

σ = 22 N/mm2

Deflection is

governing

L/300

RHS 90x90x3

14% in weight

M;static M;non-linear



strength is governing

second skin

internal skin

stiff main structure u < H/250

structural second skin

internal skin with light structure

‘flexible’ main structure σ < fs

R 500x45

u = 245mm

σ = 42 N/mm2

R 500x8

u = 1323 mm

σ = 202 N/mm2

deflection is governing



more equal distributed

loading on tensegrity dome



more equal distributed

loading on tensegrity dome



1800m long pneumatic water snake (Natrix)

NATRIX barrier of silence





Cross section



strength is

governing

dynamic

behaviour



BOMB BLAST FACADE

F = m.a is included

not equilibrium of forces

but

equation of motion



Only for short highly fluctuating impulses, flexibility can

reduce internal forces and reaction forces.

Wind is too unpredictable.

Wrong k and c values can increase the Fmax drastically

because of resonance.

Can flexibility reduce the dynamic impact?



PASSIVE

ADAPTIVE

ACTIVE

ADAPTIVE

ADAPTIVE STRUCTURES

+





passive active



passive passiveactive



Processing

Decision

Control unit

StructureStimulation Response

Sensors

Monitoring the

stimulation

Sensors

Monitoring the

response

Actuators

Excecuting the

desired reaction



• ACTIVE ADAPTIVE - LOAD PATH MANAGEMENT (LPM)

• ACTIVE ADAPTIVE - DEFORMATION CONTROL

• ACTIVE ADAPTIVE - DYNAMIC CONTROL

ACTIVE ADAPTIVE - 3 FUNCTIONS



Load path management

ACTIVE ADAPTIVE - LPM

(1)

(2)





(1)

(2)











• Much better stress utilisation of primary structural elements

• Active elements create counter-deformation

• > approx. 60% steel savings

ACTIVE ADAPTIVE



WHOLE-LIFE ENERGY SAVING

• obtaining raw materials,

• production,

• transport,

• execution,

• demolition

• waste processing



• ACTIVE ADAPTIVE - LOAD PATH MANAGEMENT (LPM)

• ACTIVE ADAPTIVE - DEFORMATION CONTROL

• ACTIVE ADAPTIVE - DYNAMIC CONTROL

ACTIVE ADAPTIVE - 3 FUNCTIONS



Case study A: Trussed arch structureACTIVE ADAPTIVE - DYNAMIC CONTROL

Wout Sleddens



Case study A: Trussed arch structureACTIVE ADAPTIVE - DYNAMIC CONTROL



Case study A: Trussed arch structure

1st Eigenmode + Wind load

Conditions

2% material damping

Start in statically deformed position

Harmonic loading ranges between

90% - 100%

example harmonic loading

ACTIVE ADAPTIVE - DYNAMIC CONTROL



Case study B: Trussed archACTIVE ADAPTIVE - DYNAMIC CONTROL

Dynamic activemax|s| = 436 N/mm2

Passive adaptivemax|s| = 732 N/mm2

Passive max|s| = 596 N/mm2





Thank you.

Laboratory modelcontrol process

Sensor measurement

Control force calculated

Hydraulic cylinder

controller

Hydraulic cylinder moves







• Failure of all activation

• Failure single actuator

• Failure of loading

Redundancy of active adaptive systems:

• Failure is special load case

• Safety is limitation in risk

• Adaptive systems can limit risk



Conclusion

- Adaptive systems using sensors, actuators and control system can increase structural performance substantially.

- Huge weight savings can be achieved.

- Minimisation of embodied energy in the buildings.

- Future studies include redundancy, economical aspects as well as energy consumption over full life-cycle.



Thank you

Documents

PASSIVE - Novel Structural Skins · STRUCTURAL MEMBRANES 2011 29-09-2014: NOVEL STRUCTURAL SKINS - BRUSSELS 2014 - Arjan Habraken • The building industry is responsible for more