Strength

Stiffness

Comparison of timbers with other materials

Softw

ood (sp

ruce

).

Hard

wood (G

reenheart).

Engin

eere

d tim

ber (K

erto

).

Concre

te (C

40 1

B16).

Steel (S3

55).

CO2/m

100 32 39 28 2.1

100 51 80 110 5.1

4.5 (-16) 5 (-16) 5.2 (-16) 13.6 22

Based on ICE Bath University

Carbon Inventory version 1.6a.Post te

nsio

ned sto

ne

22

37.5

1.5

Compressive Strength

Stiffness

Comparison of stones with concrete

Concre

te

Gran

ite/L

imesto

ne

Tensile Strength4 10-20

40 100-250

20 25-50

V&A Floor

Budget: £4k

Location: London

St James

StairBudget: £750k

Location: London

Clerkenwell

CloseBudget: £5m

Location: London

Skinny Bench

Budget: £150

Location: London

Hill House

StairBudget: £50k

Location: London

Formby

StairBudget: £50k

Location: London