PARTICIPLES

WHAT IS A PARTICIPLE?

• A participle is a verb that has been changed to function as an adjective.• Sometimes it is called a VERBAL AJECTIVE

EXAMPLES IN ENGLISH

• The student running down the hall dropped all his books.• We saw several girls walking to the stadium

before the game• I want to give help to the people injured by the

tornado• Listening to the speech, I realized I wanted to

help with the campaign.In each sentence the word in bold is a participle.

ATTRIBUTES OF A PARTICIPLE

• Because participles are VERBAL ADJECTIVES, they have attributes of both verbs and adjectives.• They have:• Gender• Number• Case• Tense• Voice

IMPORTANT POINT

Because a participle is a verbal ADJECTIVE, it MODIFIES a noun and therefore MUST agree in GENDER, NUMBER AND CASE WITH THE NOUN IT MODIFIES

FORMS OR PARTICIPLES

• There are four participles in Latin

•Present active•Perfect passive•Future active•Future passive

PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES

• Verbs of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd conjugation form the present active participle the same way.

• 1. take the 2nd principal part • 2. drop the –re• This gives you the stem of the verb

ADD THE FOLLOWING TO THE STEM

Masculine/Feminine singular pluralNom -ns -ntesGen -ntis -ntiumDat -nti -ntibusAcc -ntem -ntesAbl -nte -ntibus

Neuter singular pluralNom -ns -ntiaGen -ntis -ntiumDat -nti -ntibusAcc -ns -ntiaAbl -nte -ntibus

PRESENT PARTICIPLES

Here is an example. I saw a girl crying on the road.girl is feminine, accusative and singularcrying has to agree with girlSo crying has to be acc. fem. sing.

EXAMPLE CONTINUED

Puellam in via vidi.This is the sentence without the participle.fleo, flere means cry, weepWhat do we need to do to put it into the present active participle form?

EXAMPLE STILL CONTINUED

• Find the stem by dropping the –re• flere• fle--•Add the acc, sing. fem form from the chart for present active participles.•Oh you weren’t paying attention and did not get that chart. Shall I just let you flounder????

NO I SHALL BE MERCIFUL

Masculine/Feminine Singular PluralNom -ns -ntesGen -ntis -ntium Dat -nti -ntibusAcc -ntem -ntesAbl -nte -ntibus

Neuter Singular pluralNom -ns -ntiaGen -ntis -ntiumDat -nti -ntibusAcc -ns -ntiaAbl -nte -ntibus

SO THE FINAL RESULT IS…

Puellam flentem in via vidiI saw a girl crying in the road

A SUMMARY

•To form the PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE•Get the base•Figure out what gender, number and case you need from the noun the participle modifies•Add the ending

LET’S LOOK AT THAT CHART AGAIN

Masculine/Feminine Singular PluralNom -ns -ntesGen -ntis -ntiumDat -nti -ntibusAcc -ntem -ntesAbl -nte -ntibus

Neuter Singular PluralNom -ns -ntiaGen -ntis -ntiumDat -nti -ntibusAcc -ns -ntiaAbl -nte -ntibus

WHAT ENDINGS ARE THESE?

Masculine/Feminine

* es is iumi ibusemese ibus

NEUTER

* iais iumi ibus* iae ibus

HERE ARE SOME MORE EXAMPLES

I do not like that man standing near the road.

Illum ad viam stantem non amo.

That man is acc. masc. sing. Sooooooo…Stantem has to be acc. masc. sing tooooooo.

Stem = sta Add - ntemGives you stantem

WHAT ABOUT 3RD I-STEM AND 4TH CONJUGATIONS?

• They follow almost the same rules• 2nd principal part (same)•Drop the –ere or -ire (different)

• Add -ie - (different)• Then add the same endings you use for 1st, 2nd and 3rd conjugation (same)

HERE IS AN EXAMPLE

•Discipuli magistram audientes multa didicerunt.•The students listening to the teacher learned many things.

STILL MORE TO THINK ABOUT

• In the English sentences we have been

creating the participle form by adding –ing to the verb WITHOUT ANY HELPING VERB• I saw a girl crying• That is how you form a present participle in

English• Technically this is the only translation that makes

it clear that you have a present active participle• But it is not the only way that you are allowed to

translate a present active participle.

HERE ARE OTHER TRANSLATIONS

• Please note that the following are not technically participle forms in ENGLISH, but they often have to be used to CLEARLY translate the Latin.• In each case what you are doing is making a

subordinate clause.• Let’s use the example Discipuli magistram audientes multa didicerunt

discipuli magistram audientes multa didicerunt

• The students listening to the teacher learned many things• The students who were listening to the teacher

learned many things• Because the students were listening to the

teacher, they learned many things• While the students were listening to the

teacher, they learned many things• When the students were listening to the

teacher, they learned many things

THE DETAILS

• Technically the only one of the previous examples that is a participle in ENGLISH is the first one.• The students listening to the teacher learned

many things• All the other examples are subordinate clauses in

ENGLISH• BUT they are acceptable translations because

there will be times when the –ing option just does not sound right.

YOUR MISSION SHOULD YOU DECIDE TO ACCEPT IT

• Go to latinathensdrivehs.wikispaces.com • Go to Latin3 grammar• Download Participles Explained. You can print

the entire document, but for now you only NEED the first page. I would just print that one.• STUDY IT AND KEEP IT IN YOUR NOTEBOOK.