Participatory Research Methods

7/30/2019 Participatory Research Methods

1/50

10/17/12

1

EmilyBraucher

NathanJohnson

October17,2012 SCD1

Anengineeriscontactedbyanoutsideorganizaonwho

hasbuiltarelaonshipwithoneormorecommunies.

Theorganizaonhasidenfiedtheneed.

2


2/50

10/17/12

2

3

Havegoodinten,ons

Aregoodengineers

Havefoundacommunitythatneedshelp

4

Butthe

developingworld

isliLeredwith

theremainsof

failedprojects.


3/50

10/17/12

3

5

SolarstovesforCentralAmericaDeveloper: Greattoreducewooduseanddeforestaon.

User: Howdowecookbreakfast?

FrenchchickenbreedforAfricaDeveloper: Greatbreedformakinglargeeggsandmeatylegs.

User: Wecantfeedchickensthatbig.

GenecallymodifiedcornforAfricaDeveloper: Wecandonateoursuperiorcornseedstothosewithnomoney.

User: Whereisseedoffspring?HowdoIplantnextyear?

BiogasstovesforAsiaDeveloper: BeLerwastetreatmentandsustainableenergy.

User: Ourpigsdied;Theflameisinconsistentanddoesntcookwell.

6


4/50

10/17/12

4

Poorassessmentleadstofailure

7

Theprocessofidenfyingneedsandturningtheminto

projects.

InParcipatoryAconResearch,localknowledgeis

connuallyintegratedintotheprocessofidenfying

needsandpossiblesoluons.

8


5/50

10/17/12

5

Communicaon

and

Itisaqualitaveprocess

9

10


6/50

10/17/12

6

Theengineeringdesignprocessisa

processofques,oning

11

Engineeringdesignrequiresqualita,veand

quan,ta,veinforma,on

Par,cipatoryresearchisamethodologytoacquireboth

incontextsthatareforeigntotheresearcher

12


7/50

10/17/12

7

Qualita,veresearchemphasizesthestudyofprocesses

andmeaningsthatarenotrigorouslyexaminedor

measuredintermsofquanty,amount,intensity,or

frequency.

Quan,ta,veresearchemphasizesthemeasurement

andanalysisofcasualrelaonshipsbetweenvariables(notprocesses).

13

14

Designspace

Surveys

Contentsearching(secondarydata)

Participantobservation

Focusgroups

ExperimentsDesigntask


8/50

10/17/12

8

15

etssaywewanttodesignatoaster.

Whattypesofinforma,ondoweneed?

and

Howarewegoingtoobtaintheinforma,on?

16


9/50

10/17/12

9

Youareignoranttheuserknowsmoreabouttheirlifeandenvironmentthanyoudo,keepanopenmind

Focusonneednottheabsenceofaparculartechnology

Tryconsideringtheuserasaconsumer

Povertyalleviaonhasmanypaths

17

18

Human

BuiltNatural


10/50

10/17/12

10

19

Human

BuiltNatural

20

Human

BuiltNatural

Human:end-userbehavior,policy,economics

Natural:climate,weather,resources

Built:thermal,mechanical,electrical


11/50

10/17/12

11

21

Considerimplementaonleveland

impacttoconsumer(s)or

community

Recallthatusersinterestsand

capabiliesareproductoftheir

environment

22

Walkthearea

Interactwithvarioustypesofstakeholders

Obtaininialperspecveonresourceavailability

Idenfypeopletointervieworforhome-stays


12/50

10/17/12

12

23

24

Picturesandvideo Audio Personalnotes Physicalobjects Dailyjournals


13/50

10/17/12

13

25

Includephotos Idenfydisnguishingcharacteriscs

(demographic,occupaon,)

Priorizeareasofneedintoahierarchy Placetheuserwithinlivelihood

framework

Noteabsoluteandrelaveamountofusertypeinthetargetpopulaon

26

Dissatisfaction

and

Aspiration

General needs

and

Specific interests

Viewpoint

Actions

Choice

Judgment

Experiencinglifewithinlocalenvironmentalcontexts

providesaframeworkfordeeperconsumerunderstanding


14/50

10/17/12

14

27

Dataandmethod

Quantitativeobservations&

surveys

Qualitativeinterviewsanddiscussions

Levelof

understanding

Action

Choice

Judgment

Viewpoint

Description

Consumerperformsanactivityxorusesresourcex

Consumerchoosesxoveryfromasetofactivitiesorresources

Consumerusesmetricztopreferencexoveryinthisapplication

Consumerbelieveszisimportanttolifeandusesittoguidedecisions

28

VW Jetta TDI 2004


15/50

10/17/12

15

Letsstepfootintoavillage

andlookatenergyusefordomes,ccooking

applica,ons

29

30


16/50

10/17/12

16

NanaKenieba:770people

8surroundingvillages:7,000people

Noelectricgrid

Market35kmbybus

Subsistenceagriculture

31

Ranks160thoutof169countriesin

theHumanDevelopmentIndex

Two-thirdsliveinruralvillages

Sixthhighestrateofdeathdueto

poorairandwaterquality

Energyuse:7,500MJcap-1yr-1

32


17/50

10/17/12

17

33

34


18/50

10/17/12

18

Howmuchenergyinthevillageisusedfordomes,c

cooking?Whatistherela,vecostandimpact?

Whatfactorsexplaincookingenergyuse?

Whataretheculturalpreferencesandpersonalinterests

forcookingandcookingtechnologies?andIngeneral?

35

May2009 Planningvisit

May2010 Fieldstudy(hotanddry)

Aug2010 Fieldstudy(temperateandrainy)

Dec2010 Fieldstudy(coolanddry)

36


19/50

10/17/12

19

Householdsstrafiedbyfamilysize 5familieschosen,onefromeachstratum

5:00a.m.to10:00p.m. Inialunderstanding,scopingfuturetests

37

Energysources:wood,charcoal,petroleumfuels,

electricity

Datacollecon:

Surveys(domesc,arsan,publicservice,energysalesshops) Measurementsandobservaons(supply,storage,use)

38


20/50

10/17/12

20

Scale

Families(small


21/50

10/17/12

21

acquisition transport storage

use

41

acquisition transport storage

use

42


22/50

10/17/12

22

43

Cookingmeals ProcessingsheaHeangwater

MakingmedicineRoasngpeanuts

Steepingtea

ARTISAN TRANSPORTDOMESTIC PUBICSERVICE

Cookingmeals

Heangwater

Processingshea

Roasngpeanuts

Makingmedicine

Steepingtea

Spaceheang

ighng

Personalelectronics

Cliniclighng

Schoollighng

Cleanwaterpump

Baker

Blacksmith

Graingrinder

Furnituremaker

Fryingsnacks

Motorcycles

Village

44


23/50

10/17/12

23

45

46


24/50

10/17/12

24

Averagewoodconsumponis370kgcap-1yr-1

Woodcollecon(upto8kmround-trip)

250hrcap-1yr-1forwomen(7.5-24.0kg) 40hrcap-1yr-1forchildren(3.0-11.0kg)

Three-quartersofvillageenergyuseonwoodcookstoves

Domescexpendituresonenergyapprox.US$100fam-1yr-1

47

48

Hierarchy of needs


25/50

10/17/12

25

Oksonowthatwearejus,fiedindigging

deeperintocookingenergyuse

howdowegoaboutit?

49

Cookstoveownershipanduse Cookingtasks:sixmeals,fivenon-meals Mealsizerangedfrom1.3to24.7kg,sheamaxof45kg Cookingvessel:2to50liters Mealcomposion:dryingredients9.7%to37.5%oftotal Ignionmethod:lighter,straw,plasc,burningembers Fuelproperes[ASTME870]

50


26/50

10/17/12

26

Whatfactorsexplaincookingenergyuse?

Whyarepeoplenotusingimprovedstoves?

thisisdifferentfromtheques,onaskedintestscomparingcookstovesWhichcookstoveuseslessfuel?

51

52

Simple linear workflow(e.g., gathering water)

Cyclical workflow(e.g., farming)

Linear workflow with parallel activities(e.g., cooking)

Activity loop with exit criteria(e.g., washing clothes)


27/50

10/17/12

27

53

Food

preparaonCookfood Serving Dining

Washing

utensils

Drying

utensils

Culinary

chain

Cooking

Pre-ignion Ignion Cookfood Exnguish Clean-up

Gatheringwood(alreadydiscussed)

Observaonalcookingtestgatherdatafromobservingthecook

Sessioncookingtestpresentatstartandendofeachcookingsessionbutdoesnotobservecooking

Dailycookingtestvisitonceperdaytoweighstacksofwoodforeachcookingac,vity

54


28/50

10/17/12

28

55

Observa(onalCookingTestOCT)

SessionCookingTest

SCT)

DailyCookingTest

DCT)Quan(ta(ve

dataMasswoodinialMasswoodfinalMassofigniterMassendingcharcoalMassofeachingredientMassofcookedfoodMasscookingvesselsNumberofpeopleeangDemographicinformaonAmbienttemperatureTime-seriescookingacvitylog

MasswoodinialMasswoodfinalMassofeachingredientNumberofpeopleeangDemographicinformaonAmbienttemperature

MasswoodinialMasswoodfinalNumberofpeopleeangDemographicinformaon

Categorical

dataCookstoveapplicaonCookingingredientsCookstovetypeNumberofcookingfires

WoodnameSeasonSizeofcookingvesselsIgnionmethodCookinglocaon

Mealmeofday

CookstoveapplicaonCookingingredientsCookstovetypeNumberofcookingfires

WoodnameSeasonIgnionmethodCookinglocaon

Mealmeofday

CookstoveapplicaonCookstovetypeNumberofcookingfiresWoodname

SeasonCookinglocaon

Mealmeofday

56

JohnsonNG,BrydenKM.2012.FactorsaffectingfuelwoodconsumptioninhouseholdcookstovesinanisolatedruralWestAfricanvillage.Energy.46(1):31021.

STAT

ISTICS

!


29/50

10/17/12

29

Importantfactorstoexplainenergyuse: Familysize Drymass Totalmassdryandwet Numberofcookingfires(twofires26%increase) Cookingacvity(mealsvs.non-meals;sauce32%increase) Useofburningembers(10%decrease)

CookstoveshadliNleimpactonfueluse

owthermalcapacity,28%increase,lowestlevelofsignificance Marketmetal,24%decrease,notstascallysignificant

Factorsnotimportant:graintype,grainsize,saucetype,season,

massofwater,woodspecies,woodmoisture,woodsize,cookstoveoperator,mealtype,testtype(OCTorSCT)

57

58


30/50

10/17/12

30

59

60


31/50

10/17/12

31

61

Start

fireCook

sauceCook

grains End

Cut

leavesGet

water

62

(A)three-stonefire,(B)gakourouwana,(C)lowthermalcapacity,

(D)hand-craedmetal,(E)manufacturedmetal,and(F)charcoaltea


32/50

10/17/12

32

63

64

MealFraction of all

meals prepareda

Fraction of meals prepared on cookstoveb

TSF GK LTC HCM MM

Serie 0.1786 0.0778 0.9222 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Monie 0.1548 0.0897 0.9103 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Gnegnekini & gnegunac

0.3711 0.0734 0.9266 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Toh & nac

0.2154 0.0904 0.9096 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Riz 0.0159 0.5000 0.5000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Couscous 0.0529 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Graind

0.01130.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Sauced

0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000

No. of cooks that own cookstove 5 5 5 0 0

aThree-stone fire (TSF), gakourouwana (GK), low thermal capacity (LTC), hand-crafted metal (HCM),

manufactured metal (MM).

Group3Afrompriorslide


33/50

10/17/12

33

Acon:useopenfirestocook

Choice:therearesixstovesavailable;cooksinGroup3Ausedopenfires~99%oftheme,improvedstoves~1%oftheme

Judgment:improvedstovesaretoosmalltocooklargemealsorheatwater;someigniteslowlyanddonotheatfastenough;cannotgetproperltforroasngpeanuts

Viewpoint:Ineedastovethatcancooklargeorsmallmeals,ortwostoves,oneforsauceandoneforgrains;itwouldbeniceifthestove(s)wasportablebecausemealsarecookedinsideandwaterisheatedoutside

65

66

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Programs

avings(%)

Adop(onrate%offamilies)

A

B

C

D

E


34/50

10/17/12

34

67

A.Completelyreplaceallcookstovesforallcookingapplications(50.0%savings=50.0%ratedsavings).

B.Replaceallcookstovesforcookingmeals(32.3%savings=50.0%ratedsavings64.5%ofwooduseforeachmeal).

C.Replaceallcookstovesforcookingmealslessthan18kg.(16.1%savings=50.0%ratedsavings64.5%ofwooduseformeals50.0%ofwoodconsumptionforcookingattributedtomealslessthan18kg).

D.Replaceallcookstovesforcookingbreakfastmealslessthan18kgandallcookstovesforcookingthesaucecomponentforlunchanddinnermealslessthan18kg.(7.4%savings=50.0%ratedsavings64.5%ofwooduseformeals50.0%ofwoodconsumptionforcookingattributedtomealslessthan18kg(27.5%ofmealwooduseforcookingbreakfast+18.1%ofmealwooduseforcookingsauce)).

E.Usetheimprovedcookstovefor6.5%ofbreakfastmealslessthan18kgand

replaceallcookstovesforcookingthesauceforlunchanddinnermealslessthan18kg.(3.2%savings=50.0%ratedsavings64.5%ofwooduseformeals50.0%ofwoodconsumptionforcookingattributedtomealslessthan18kg(27.5%ofmealwooduseforcookingbreakfast6.5%improvedcookstoveutilization+18.1%ofwooduseforcookingsauce100.0%improvedcookstoveutilization)).

Thefamilyisthecentralsocio-economicunitinthevillage.Assuch,itis

oeneasiertoimplementandtestprojectswithfamiliesratherthanhigher

socio-economiclevels(e.g.,thevillage)whichrequireconsensusand

coordinatedfinancialinvestmentofmulpleparesthatoenhaveliLle

disposableincometospendoutsideoftheirimmediatefamilyneeds.

Interviewsinthevillagestronglysuggestthattechnologyadoponbythe

userismovatedbyreducedworkrela8vetoexis8ngprac8ces.

Womendonotliketocookinthesunandprefertocookmealsinsidea

kitchenformostoftheyear;womencookoutsideduringextremelywarm

days(+45C)inthesummermonths.

68


35/50

10/17/12

35

Woodandcharcoalaretheonlyviablefuelsintheshortterm.

Manycooksretainmulpletypesofcookingdevices,suggesngthatasingle

improvedcookingdeviceisinsufficienttoaddressthewiderangeof

cookstoveapplicaons.

Manywomenwouldlikeahand-craedmetalcookstovefabricatedinMali,

yetthedeliveredcostofUS$10seemstopreventpurchase.Assuch,this

valuecouldbeconsideredasanapproximatepriceceilingfortheone-halfof

thewomeninthevillagewhoownnoimprovedcookingdevices.

Thetemperatureofwaterheatedforbathingrangedfrom39to48C,withan

averageof43.7Candstandarddeviaonof2.8C.Asolarwaterheatershouldbecapableofreachingthehightemperaturerange.

69

KitchensaremadefromwaLleanddaub.Thisconstruconissuscepbleto

failurefromheavyseasonalrains.Sta8onarycookstovesmaybelostwhen

kitchenscollapse.

Womencommonlycompleteseveraltasksinparallelwithcookingameal(e.g.,

tendingchildren,collecngwater,preparingvegetablesforthemeal)andmay

beawayfromthefireforupto15minutes.Acookstovethatcanmaintaina

stablefireoverthisintervalwithoutbeingtendedcouldleadtofastercooking

andareduconinproductsofincompletecombusonbyavoidinga

smolderingfire.

Cookingfirepowerrangedfrom2.1kWto13.8kWforcookingmealsonathree-stonefire.Assumingthethree-stonefireis15%efficient,anewstove

designwouldneedtoprovide0.3kWto2.1kWofheatintothepotfor

cookingmeals.

70


36/50

10/17/12

36

Themaximummassobservedonacookstovecanindicatestructural

constraintsorconsumerviewpointsonstovestability.Thismassis45kgfor

thethree-stonefire,18kgforthegakourouwana,6kgforthelowthermal

capacity,18kgforthehand-craedmetal,and9kgforthemanufactured

metalstove.

Peanutsareroastedoverafirebylngthepotatanangletoconcentrate

peanutsinasmallerregionwithinthepot.Animprovedcookstoveshouldbe

capableofholdingpotsata8lttodisplacetheuseofathree-stonefirefor

roasngpeanuts.Analternaveoponwouldbeaspecializedcookingvessel

toroastpeanutsontheexisngimprovedcookstovesinthevillage.

Communalcookingandusingburningemberstoignitethefirecanreduce

woodconsump8onandshouldbeconsideredasoponstodiscusswiththe

community.Theseoponsdonotrequirefinancialcapital.

71

72

Dissatisfaction

and

Aspiration

General needs

and

Specific interests

Viewpoint

Actions

Choice

Judgment

Experiencinglifewithinlocalenvironmentalcontexts

providesaframeworkfordeeperconsumerunderstanding


37/50

10/17/12

37

73

Lookingatchoiceandjudgment


38/50

10/17/12

38

IcebergModelofCulture -EdgardSchein(1980)


39/50

10/17/12

39


40/50

10/17/12

40

InterculturalCommunication

Creangsharedunderstandingswhenvarious

perspec,vesarepresent

FocusGroups

5-6peoplewhomeet2-3times3rdtimeismostprecisePreparetriggerquestionsandprobequestionsWhoareyourparticipants?


41/50

10/17/12

41

A B

A B

safewater


42/50

10/17/12

42

A B

safewater

encode

A B

safewater

encode decode


43/50

10/17/12

43

A B

safewater

encode decode

safewater

A B

safewaterA

encode decode

safewaterBInterpersonalGap


44/50

10/17/12

44

A B

safewaterA

safewater

BInterpersonalGap

ensA ensB


45/50

10/17/12

45

Implicaon

Whenpeoplefromdifferentculturesare

lookingatthesameissue,

theymaybeseeingdramacallydifferentthings.

individualist collecvist

USUKFGR,IJMEASEA,C

-CraigStor,FiguringForeignersOut(1999)

ConceptofSelf


46/50

10/17/12

46

owcontext Highcontext

USGRFI,SMESEA,CJ

UKMA


RoleofContext

Direct Indirect

GUSRSIMEA,CJ

FUKMSEA


DegreeofDirectness


47/50

10/17/12

47

A B

safewater

safewaterInterpersonalGap

Direct Indirect

Direct Indirect

GUSRSIMEA,CJ

FUKMSEA

DegreeofDirectness

USGRFI,SMESEA,CJ

UKMA

RoleofContextowcontext Highcontext

USUKFGR,IJMEASEA,C

ConceptofSelfIndividualist Collecvist


48/50

10/17/12

48

95

96


49/50

10/17/12

49

97

98


50/50

10/17/12

EmilyBraucher

[email protected]

NathanJohnson

[email protected]

99

Documents

Participatory Research Methods