inf5722:ParticipatoryDesign:methods&techniques&designasaresearchapproach

ToneBra)eteig

inf5722:15.September2016

Institutt for Informatikk

methods(informationsystemsdevelopment)

•  applica1onarea–  whatkindofsystemsisthemethodapplicablefor?

•  perspec1ve/worldview–  e.g.,PD

•  guidelines–  techniques–  tools–  principlesfororganiza1on

Bra)

eteigetal2012And

ersenetal1986

Institutt for Informatikk

dimensionsofITdesign

Ande

rsen

eta

l1986

Reflection

Change

Visions Exist

Information technology design project

Performance Management

Design

Realization

Planning

Regulation

Product- oriented

Process- oriented

Exist Visions

Evaluation Analysis

Institutt for Informatikk

STEPS SoNwareTechnologyforEvolu1onaryPar1cipatorySystemsdevelopmentChris1aneFloydetal

Institutt for Informatikk

Par1cipatoryDesignProject

Projectorganisa1on

•  Projectestablishment•  Strategicalignment•  Ethnographicanalyses•  Visionsdevelopment

Principles•  Coherentvision•  Genuineuserpar1cipa1on•  Firsthandexperiencewithusers’prac1ces•  Anchoringvisions

Techniquesandtools• Observa1on• Diagnos1cmapping• DeadSeascrolls• Hearingetcetra

Concepts• VisionPhases• Technologyusage• Standardsystem• Etcetera

Bratteteig et al 2012

MUST

KeldBød

ker,Finn

Ken

sing,Je

sperSim

onsen

Institutt for Informatikk

Design Analysis Computer Supported Supported Management Work Realisation

Technology

Developers’ Practices Users’

Practice

Visions

Bratteteig et al 2012

Cooperative Experimental SD

Cooperative Experiments and

Interventions

Project Assignment

MortenKyngeta

l

Institutt for Informatikk

!!!

! planning!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!inves'gate!the!! ! !problem!situa'on!

!!!“see3move3see” ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!mutual!learning!!!!!test!&!evaluate! ! ! ! ! !!!!inves.gate!prac.ces!

!!!!!! ! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!

!! ! !!

!problem!solving ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!problem!definion!!!!!materialize, ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!iden5y!needs!&!!!!!!!concre.ze ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!wishes!

!!!! ! ! !!!!!concre'ze!!! ! !!!!!evalua'on!criteria!! ! !!!!requirements!spec.!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!

use-orienteddesign

Ifi:DesignBra)eteigetal2012

Institutt for Informatikk

designuse

time

taskdeliverable

designusebuyuseinac1vi1esthrowaway

usecontext

Institutt for Informatikk

principlesinPD

•  havingasay–  havingavoice≠havingasay–  power

•  mutuallearning–  two-waylearning

•  co-realiza1on–  speaktheirownlanguage–  intertwininganalysis&design

Bra)

eteigetal2012

-modelpower-agendacontrol-problemsecng

-levelsofinfluence

-tacitknowledge-prototyping

Institutt for Informatikk

why include users?

SampsaHy

ysalo

andhow?

•  improveknowledgebasis•  easeintroduc1on•  increaseuserautonomy

Institutt for Informatikk

11

make

tell enact

APar1cipatoryDesignprac1ceentailstoolsandtechniquesthatcombinetelling,makingandenac1ng.(Brandtetal2012,p.165)

•  tellingaboutexis1ngprac1ces•  introducingchangeperspec1ves•  tellingaboutneedsanddreams•  balancebetween“whatis”and

“whatcouldbe”

•  inspira1onfromtheatretechniques•  scenarios•  performanceswithprops,mock-ups&

prototypes•  developingknowledgethroughprac1ce

•  par1cipatoryprototyping•  mock-ups•  paperprototypes

•  probes•  meansofexploringexperience•  emo1ons•  ambiguous

•  genera1vetools•  ambiguityandcrea1vity

Institutt for Informatikk

techniquesandtools

•  documentanalysis•  interviews•  observa1ons•  futureworkshop•  thinkingaloud•  workshops(variouskinds)•  scenarios•  cartographies

Bra)

eteigetal2012

•  prototypes•  brainstorming•  storyboard•  roleplay•  probes•  walkthrough•  …

Institutt for Informatikk

futureworkshop

Phase 2-day 1-day 1/2–day schedule schedule schedule

Prepara1onphase 1h ½h 1/2hDesigningtheroom,introducingtheThemeandworkingmethodCri1quephase 4h 2½h 1hCrea1ngaricher;commonimageOftheproblema1csitua1onFantasyphase 6h 2h 1½hGenera1ngvisionsofanimprovedSitua1onwithoutrestric1onsRealiza1onphase 4h 2h 1½hBringingthevisionsdowntoearthandDevelopingaplanFollow-UpPhase

Institutt for Informatikk

fourelementsofresearch•  asking•  collec1ng•  analyzing/theorizing•  answering

Kalleberg

asking:basicallytwotypes•  descrip1ve/explanatory

–  iden1fysomething–  documen1ng–  comparing–  explaining

•  norma1ve/evalua1ve–  construc1ve(whatcanXdotoimproveY)

–  varia1on(good&badexamples)

–  interven1on(Ac1onResearch)–  imagina1on(experiments)

Researchapproaches

Institutt for Informatikk

Designas(partof)research

•  twohats:–  research:produceknowledge manyofthesameac1vi1es–  design:producear1facts thesameac1vity,twohats

•  Par1cipatoryDesignasinterven1on–  solvearealproblemwiththe(future)users makingis–  intheircontext partof

•  Par1cipatoryDesignasimagina1on asking&–  explorepossiblefutures answering–  developtechnologycri1queontheshopfloor

Institutt for Informatikk

ParticipatoryDesign(PD)basics

•  futureusersoftechnicalsolu1onsshouldhaveasayinthedesignofthosesolu1ons1)  providingknowledgethatwillimprovethedesign2)  easetheintroduc1onofthenewtechnology3)  influencefutureworkingcondi1ons/changesthatwillaffectthem

•  havingasayismorethanhavingyourvoiceheard

•  theorganiza1onofthedesignprocessshouldfacilitateuserpar1cipa1onthroughouttheprocess–  inmutuallearning(problemsecngandsolving)–  inco-construc4onofthenewsolu1oninitsenvironment

Institutt for Informatikk

Design(alsoinPD)

•  design:formingideasinmaterials•  decision-making–choosingbetweenpossibili1es

(thespaceofdesignideas)

•  see–move–see–  evalua1ngthesitua1on,bringinpossibili1es/choices–  selec1ngonechoice–  tryingitout:concre1zingit–  evalua1ngifitleadsintherightdirec1on(vision)

•  evalua1ngtheresult(incontext,over1me)

Schön Stolterm

an

Institutt for Informatikk

PDisaformofActionResearch

•  Ac1onResearchintegratesanac1onasanapproachtoanswertheresearchques1on(s)–  carryingoutanac1onisthebest(only)waytoanswertheresearch

ques1on(s)

•  theac1oninARisaresearchapproachANDawaytosolveaprobleminanorganiza1on–  theproblemoriginatesintheorganiza1on–  buttheprocessofsolvingtheproblemaswellasthesolu1onarrivedat

arecentraltotheresearchques1ons

•  ARstartswithareallifeproblemwhilePDsome1mescanstartwithanewtechnologicalpossibilityorawishtoexplorepossiblefutures

Institutt for Informatikk

butPDisalsodesign&making

•  researchonmakingisdiscussedas“researchfor,byandthroughdesign”where–  researchfordesignreferstoresearchaboutdesignprocesses,howtheyarecarriedoutandwhataretheirresults

–  researchbydesignreferstomakinganar1factwherethethinkingisembodiedinthear1fact

–  researchthroughdesignreferstoresearchintomaterialsandforms,exploringpossibili1es

•  PDcanbeallthreetypesofresearch

Frayling

Institutt for Informatikk

Qualitativeresearch

•  credibility,believability–  howwellistheresearchissueiden1fiedanddescribed

•  transferability,generalizability–  howtransferableandapplicablearethesefindingstoother

people/secngs

•  dependability–  howisthestudydependingonthepeopleandsecng

•  confirmability–  howthestudyreflectsthepar1cipantsratherthana

fabrica1onfromtheresearcher’sbiasesandprejudices

Marshall&

Rossmann/Lincoln&

Guba

internalvalidity

objec<vity

externalvalidity

replicability

Institutt for Informatikk

Designas(partof)researchmethods

•  twohats:–  research:produceknowledge manyofthesameac1vi1es–  design:producear1facts thesameac1vity,twohats

•  Par1cipatoryDesignasinterven1on–  solvearealproblemwiththe(future)users makingis–  intheircontext partof

•  Par1cipatoryDesignasimagina1on asking&–  explorepossiblefutures answering–  developtechnologycri1queontheshopfloor