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Participatory EvaluationParticipatory Evaluationwithin a Paradigm of Sustainability within a Paradigm of Sustainability
Kyle Beidler
CRP 484/584
2.19.02
BackgroundBackground
What is Participation?
• The act or state of participating, or sharing in common with others; as, a participation of joy.
• Community; fellowship; association.
• Distribution; division into shares.
BackgroundBackground
What is Participation?
• The redistribution of power that enables “have-nots” excluded in the political and economic processes to deliberately be included in the future.
• The conception of Empowerment: the ability to make decisions that control your own future.
Arnstein, Sherry R. 1969. A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners. 35 (4): 216-224.
BackgroundBackground
Foundational Assumptions: A participatory democratic process is fundamental
in a collective shift towards sustainability. (Principle of Democratic Change)
Those affected by a decision should participate in the decision making process. (Politics of Inclusion)
Roseland, Mark. 1998. Toward sustainable communities. New Society
Publishers, Stony Creek, CT.
QuestionsQuestions
Based on these democratic principles: How should grades be assigned for this course?
– What should the extent (level) of participation be throughout the decision making process?
– What kind (type) of participation should be involved ?– When (in which stages) should you or others participate?– What would facilitate participation?– What are the risks and barriers to broadening the extent of direct
participation in grading decisions?– (Also think about the participatory process you propose versus the
process you use you within your group.)
Classroom ResponsesClassroom ResponsesExtent? Type? When? Facilitation? Barriers? Risks?
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Relationship with SustainabilityRelationship with Sustainability
Thering and Doble (2000) suggest:– Sustainability is an emerging paradigm associated with
a post-industrial worldview.– This worldview perceives the social structure as a non-
hierarchical, web-like network.– Within this network, decisions are guided by
participatory processes and behavior. – Thus, as a paradigm, sustainability represents a shift in
our sciences, views, values, goals, and behaviors.
Thering, Sue and Doble, Cheryl. 2000. Theory and practice in sustainability.
Landscape Journal 19 (1+2): 191-200.
Relationship with SustainabilityRelationship with Sustainability
Post-Industrial Paradigm
ScienceEcology
BehaviorParticipatory
WorldviewWebs & networks
Values and GoalsSustainability within a context of
growing social & ecological concerns
Relationship with Social CapitalRelationship with Social Capital
This paradigm shift, which relies on participatory foundation, multiplies the importance of social capital (Roseland 1998).
However, this shift also implies a shift in type of behavior (Thering and Doble 2000).
Declining forms of Social Capital (Putman 1995)
Increasing Forms of Behavior (Inglehart 1995)
Election Turnout
Political Party Affiliation
Social Group Affiliation
Campaigning
Neighborhood Projects
Grassroots Organizations
Direct Action Activism
“Visioning” Projects
ImplicationsImplications
Medieval hierarchies, traditional methods, and existing educational programs are unable to meet the needs of today’s communities centered of environmental and social thought of a post-industrial society.
Toady’s community needs include:– Multi-disciplinary approaches– Informed citizenry– Methods of sustainable evaluation– Processes of participatory decision making
ImplicationsImplications
Therefore, there is a need to develop a framework to evaluate existing decision making processes.
Evaluation concepts include:– The level of participation– The educational objective of participation– The type of participation– The stages of the participatory process
The Levels of ParticipationThe Levels of Participation
Citizen Control – Obtain the majority of decision making seats, full managerial power.
Delegated Power
– Citizens hold the significant cards to assure accountability.
Partnerships – Citizens share planning and decision making power
Placation – Select citizens are “given” the right to advise but, power-holders maintain their right to decide.
Consultation – Voices are heard but, not heeded. People are perceived as statistics.
Informing – A one way flow of information, from officials to citizens with no direct (or indirect) feedback loop.
Therapy – Power-holders “cure” participants with social therapy or self help programs to adjust “their” values.
Manipulation – Officials educate, persuade and advise the citizens, not the other way around.
Arnstein, Sherry R. 1969. A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American
Institute of Planners. 35 (4): 216-224.
The Objective of ParticipationThe Objective of Participation
Evaluation – Criteria appraisal and judgment of value
Synthesis – The combination of parts to reveal a pattern or structure
Analysis – The breaking down of information into parts and relationships
Application – The application of information in appropriate situations
Comprehension – Responses which represent an understanding of the information received
Knowledge – Remembering information received in a learning situation
Bloom, Benjamin S. 1956. Taxonomy of cognitive objectives. New York,
David McKay Co.
The Type of ParticipationThe Type of Participation
Whitmore, Elizabeth. 1998. Understanding and practicing participatory evaluation.
Jossey-Bass Publishers. San Francisco.
Practical
Participation
- Focuses on involvement and decision making within programs and organizations- Empowerment may be a by-product of the process or problem solving exercise- Individual thinking towards collective a collective action
Transformative Participation
- Process begins with the existing power structure- Empowerment, is a central goal invested within the ‘vision’- Collective social action towards change
Stages of ParticipationStages of Participation
Seaman, Corrintha. 1998. Bioregional communication: Watersheds, community
participation and synchronicity. Thesis, Iowa State University.
Stages of Sustainability ReportingStages of Sustainability Reporting
Maclaren’s stages of developing indicators:– One; Define urban sustainability goals– Two; Define the scope– Three; Choose an appropriate framework (i.e. issue based,
sector base, etc.)– Four; Define selection criteria– Five; Identify potential indicators– Six; Evaluate and select final set– Seven; Collect and analyze data– Eight; Prepare and present report– Nine; Asses indicator performance
Maclaren, Virginia. 1996. Urban sustainability reporting. Journal of the American Planning Association. 62(2); 184-202
A Ladder of Participatory EvaluationA Ladder of Participatory Evaluation
Indicators Participatory Methods Objectives
Self- Mobilization
– Facilitator Training, Committee/ Stakeholder Empowerment, Consensus Building Activities
Evaluation
(Interaction)
Interactive Participation
–Community Partnerships, Workshops, Advisory Groups, Individual Interviews, VisioningVisioning
Synthesis
(Problem Based)
Functional Participation
– Key Contacts, Opinion Leaders, Public Meetings, Focus Groups, Material Incentives
Analysis
(Product Based)
Consultation – Traditional Presentations, Public Reports, Expert Services
Comprehension
(Issue Based)
Passive Participation
– Mass Media Release, Information Dissemination, and Analysis
Knowledge
(Public Relations)
Information Giving
– Mail Survey Techniques, Questionnaires, Outside Reports
Compliance
Visioning as a Participatory ProcessVisioning as a Participatory Process
A Visioning process can be conceived as interactive participation with in a context of sustainability:• Bottom-up methods of participation promote
dialogue and information diffusion. (Level of participation)
• Participatory communication is interpreted as the means towards collective action. (Type of participation)
• Citizen participation takes place throughout the entire planning process. (Degree of participation throughout the stages)
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ConclusionsConclusions
Within a paradigm of Sustainability, participation is not a one-dimensional process or goal.
As a result, several aspects need to be considered including; the level, type, and stages of participation. As well as, the existing power structure within communities.
More importantly, as a guiding behavior, participation also needs to be considered outside of the planning process and thus includes the evaluation of traditional educational objectives.