The first humans believed to have appeared over 2M years ago
Hunters and Gatherers Simple tools and weapons from stone, bone,
and wood Development of Farming The Neolithic Revolution Gave up
their nomadic way of life Early civilizations developed in river
valleys Developed systems of government, social structures, and
belief systems Migration, trade, and warfare helped ideas mover
from one culture to another Cultural Diffusion
Slide 5
Hunters and Gatherers The Old Stone Age also known as the
Paleolithic Age Known as Nomads Moved from place to place to hunt
and gather their food Simple social structures people who traveled
together Adapting to the Environment Made simple tools and weapons
from wood, bone, and stone Developed languages to communicate
Animal skin for clothing
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Spiritual Beliefs Towards the end of the Old Stone Age, began
to bury their dead with care Believed in the afterlife Buried tools
and weapons with dead Migration Lived in East Africa Spread to all
parts of the world Land Bridge Migration led to Cultural
Diffusion
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Demographic Patterns and Migration Demography the study of
human populations Demographics patterns, or changes in populations
over time, are often influenced by geographic features such as
rivers. Rivers also served as highways for the transport of people
and goods Bantu Migrations The Bantus originally lived in W. Africa
Skilled farmers and herders Migrated to the south and east in
search of fertile land after the Sahara dried up 500BCE and 1500
CE, they spread their knowledge of farming and ironworking, as well
as their language, across the continent. Today, about 1/3 of all
Africans speak a language that includes a dialect of the Bantu
Slide 25
Demographic Patterns and Migration Summarizing Early Peoples
Who were they When Where Contributions Government Religion and
Beliefs The Spreading of Ideas is known as what?
Slide 26
Mandate of Heaven FeudalismQinHan Dynasty Maurya Dynasty
BureaucracyAsokaPolisAristocracy Direct Democracy
HellenisticRepublicSenatePatricianPlebeian Pax Romana Laws of the
Twelve Tables AqueductSilk Road Cultural Diffusion Key IDs
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Limited Democracy in Athens Pericles (460BCE-429 BCE) Direct
Democracy large number of male citizens took part in the day-to-
day running of government Women were inferior Slaves did not
participate Athens became the cultural center of Greece Great
Thinkers, writers, and artists Alexander the Great Macedonia
mountain kingdom north of Greece 300BCE, Philip of Macedonia
conquered Greece Alexander succeeds his father Built empire, which
included the Nile Valley, Persia, and parts of India Spread Greek
culture Hellenistic culture blended aspects of Greek, Persian,
Egyptian, and Indian life More rights and opportunities to women,
who gained some political power
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Athens Limited Democracy Laws made by assembly Males Only Trade
with others Education for boys Women inferior Sparta Monarchy
Military society Trade and travel not allowed Military training for
boys Women obey men Women own property Language Shared heroes
Olympics Same gods and religious beliefs
Slide 42
SocratesPlatoAristotle Developed Socratic method; learning
about beliefs and ideas by asking questions Believed government
should control lives Believed one strong and good leader should
rule Government put him to death Divided society into three
classes: workers, philosophers, and soldiers Believed people
learned through reason Greek and Hellenistic Contributions An
enduring legacy Philosophy Greek thinkers tried to use observations
and reason to understand why things happened Arts and Architecture
beauty, balance, and order. Greek paintings and statues were
lifelike; building (Parthenon). Architects today still continue to
use ancient Greek ideas. Science and Math earth rotates on its axis
and moves around the sun; Hippocrates studied the causes of illness
and looked for cures; Pythagoras developed a formula to measure the
sides of a right triangle.
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Octavian or Augustus grandnephew of Caesar Ruled with absolute
power The Republic ends Roman Empire begins 200-year peace that
began with Augustus is called Pax Romana, or Roman Peace Roman
empire spread stability over a large area of the world, including
parts of Europe, N. Africa, and S.W. Asia
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AnimismBuddhaHijraBrahmanNirvanaQuran
ReincarnationMonotheisticShariaKarmaTorahMissionary
DharmaMessiahDiasporaUpanishadsBible Cultural Diffusion Questions
to consider during this section What are the specific
characteristics of the major religions and beliefs systems? How are
they the same? How are they different? How do they affect culture?
How did they spread from one region to another?
Slide 57
Development religious beliefs developed during very early
cultures/civilizations Animism Every living and nonliving thing in
nature has a spirit The primary belief of early people Early
religious systems would combine animism with reverence to their
ancestors Shang China believed that the spirits of deceased
ancestors could affect life in either a positive or negative
manner
Slide 58
Hinduism One of the oldest religions and one of the most
complex No single founder Developed over 3500 years ago Developed
in India The Sacred Text Upanishads & Vedas Unifying Spirit
Believed in one unifying spirit Brahman, the unifying spirit is too
complex for humans to understand; Hindus worship gods that give a
more concrete form to Brahman The three gods Brahma the Creator,
The Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer Believers goal is to achieve
union with Brahman
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Reincarnation Achieving union with Brahman occurs when people
free themselves from the selfish desires that separate them from
the universal spirit Most people cannot achieve this union in one
lifetime Rebirth rebirth of the soul in a new body allows people to
continue their journey People get closer to this union by being
born higher and higher level of existence Karma and Dharma obeying
karma gets you closer to Brahman All deeds affect his or her
existence in the next life Dharma follow good deeds; the moral and
religious duties that is expected Gender, class, age, and
occupation all affect dharma Castes Social Groups Good Karma =
Higher Caste; Bad Karma = Lower Caste
Slide 60
Hinduism Caste System The caste system is an important part of
Hinduism. Caste are social groups into which people are born and
out of which they cannot move during a lifetime. In Next Life In
This Life A Person Is born into a caste If good and obeys caste
rules If bad and breaks caste rules Higher Caste Lower Caste
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Buddhism 500 BCE Also in India Founder Siddhartha Gautama or
Buddha Buddha the Enlightened One Sacred Text Three Baskets of
Wisdom The Four Noble Truths All life is suffering Suffering is
caused by desire for things that are illusions The way to eliminate
suffering is to eliminate desire Following the Eightfold Path will
help people overcome desire
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Eightfold Path right views, right intentions, right speech,
right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness,
and right meditation Buddhism accepts karma, dharma, and
reincarnation. Rejects the many Hindu gods Rejects caste
system
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Confucianism Confucius enlightened thinker Born 551 BCE
Developed during the Zhou Dynasty troubled times; wars, economic
hardship, social issues Sacred Text The Analects Taught people to
accept their given place in society Place in society is determined
through five key relationships SuperiorSubordinate RulerRuled
HusbandWife ParentChild Elder BrotherYoungest Brother Friend
Confucius believed all people are naturally good Education should
be the road to advancement in society The individual must find and
accept his or her proper place in society
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Taoism Another Chinese philosophy Taoism or Daoism Help people
live in harmony with nature Founder Laozi Tao = The Way of the
universe Yielding and acceptance Rejected the world and human
government and withdrew to become hermits, mystics, or poets
Balance between yin and yang Yin Earth, darkness, and female forces
Yang Heaven, light, and male forces Peace and well-being of
universe depends on harmony between yin and yang
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Legalism Emerged during the same time period as Confucianism
and Taoism Legalists assume human nature was evil and that people
must be restricted by laws Promoted a strong central government
Strong central government was necessary to maintain peace and order
Believed in harsh punishment; people would obey if harsh punishment
was the rule of law Believed that the ruler should have
unquestioned authority Believed that there should only be tow
occupations: farmers and soldiers Examples: slap my face, I cut off
your hand; kick my butt, lose your foot
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Judaism God made a covenant, or binding agreement, to be the
God of the Hebrews Believed that God gave them the 10 Commandments
through Moses; laws that describe how people should behave toward
God and each other The Old Testament of the Bible includes the
Torah The Torah also sets out many other laws that establish the
moral basis for Judaism The Prophets writing from spiritual leaders
(scriptures) urged people to act accordingly Strong influence on
Christianity and Islam
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Judaism Hebrews nomadic group that came from the Fertile
Crescent Hebrews were enslaved in Egypt, and God helped them escape
slavery 1000 BCE Hebrews establish the Kingdom of Israel Believed
God had promised them the land Belief in one God monotheistic
Sacred Text The Torah
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Christianity Began in Palestine Teachings of a Jew named Jesus
30 CE Became official religion of the Roman Empire by 392 CE
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Christianity Jesus Mary told that Jesus would be the Messiah
(savior sent by God) Jesus worshiped God and followed Jewish Law
Traveled preaching and teaching new beliefs Romans considered him
dangerous Arrested, tried, and crucified After death, followers
said he had risen from the grave Followers continued to spread his
teachings Romans persecuted Christians Constantine ended the
persecutions Sacred Text the Bible
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Islam 622 CE Believe in one God Muhammad Born in Mecca Troubled
by the idol worship of the Arabs Angel Gabriel commanded Muhammad
to spread the message of Islam Meccan merchants threatened to kill
him; journeyed to Medina
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Islam Hijra the journey Beliefs Followers are called Muslims
Five Pillars Sacred Text Quran Sharia body of laws developed by
Muslim scholars; a system designed to unite Muslims of different
backgrounds
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Pillar One All Muslims must confess their faith It affirms
oneness to an all powerful God (only believe in Allah) Respect
Christians and Jews Second Pillar Muslims must pray five times a
day Must be facing Mecca, using the same set of words and motions
Third Pillar giving to charity It reflects Islamic view that
wealthy people should assist the poor and week Fourth Pillar
Fasting or giving up food occurs in the ninth month of the Muslim
calendar during Ramadan No eating or drinking sun up till sun down
during this month Fifth Pillar Pilgrimage to Mecca, once in a
lifetime
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Expansion of World Religions Buddhism Mauryan Ruler Asoka sent
messengers to spread Buddhist beliefs Traders and Missionaries
spread Buddhism far beyond India Judaism Romans expelled the Jews
from Palestine in 135 CE Diaspora scattering of people Wherever
Jews settled, they lived in close-knit societies Christianity
Christian Missionaries Through the Roman Empire Islam Islam spread
after the death of Muhammad through military conquests Cultural
Diffusion
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Part Two The World Expands
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The Gupta Empire India 320 CE 520 CE Gave power to local
leaders United most of the India subcontinent Promoted peace and
prosperity Hinduism played a big role Geography Remember the Maurya
Dynasty? Geography helped in many ways. Mountains protected from
foreign invasion; Indus and Ganges Rivers provided water and
fertile soil Influence of Hinduism The Gupta Dynasty adopted and
promoted Hinduism Affected social life of the Gupta villages
through the caste system Role of Government Gupta emperors ruled
Gave great power to local leaders; elected by merchants and
artisans Each village, a local council made decisions Most
respected people served on the council
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The Gupta Empire Role of Women Early time women served on
councils; Hindu law would change this role greater restrictions on
women Role of Hinduism Hindu concepts dominate Caste System People
could not change their caste in one lifetime, but.. Life During the
Gupta Empire Village was the center Villages ran their own affairs
and faced little resistance from the central govtas long as they
paid their taxes Village governed by caste rules Higher the caste
the stricter the rules; designed to keep them from being
contaminated by people within the lower castes The Untouchables
outcasts who lived harsh lives; given jobs that were considered
impure such as cleaning the streets or digging graves; had to live
apart from the other members of Gupta society; people who violated
social norms were punished by being made Untouchable; outside the
caste system;
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Scientific and Artistic Contributionswhat makes the Gupta
important Education at all religious institutions Students learned
math, medicine, physics, and languages Math = Developed the concept
of zero and the decimal system; developed the system of writing
numerals that we use today Medicine use of herbs to treat
illnesses; plastic surgery; vaccination (small pox).1000 years
before the practice began in Europe Architecture stone temples for
Hindu worship; stupas large dome-shaped shrines that contained the
remains of holy people Literature Poets and Playwrights End of
Gupta After 200 years, the Gupta empire declined because of weak
rulers and foreign invaders.
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Tang and Song Dynasties Tang DynastyTributary StateSong
DynastyPorcelain CalligraphyPagodaGentry The fall of the Han
Dynasty, 200 CE China was divided for 400 years 600s, Tang Taizong,
a young general established the Tang Dynasty Ruled from 618-907
Vast Empire Forced Vietnam and Korea to become Tributary States
Remained independent, but had to acknowledge Chinas greatness and
send tribute (payment) Government and Society Confucianist beliefs
guided the government and society Stressed social order; based on
duty, rank, and proper behavior Strict social order: Gentry,
peasantry, and the merchants Gentry wealthy landowners, study
Confucian ideas, some become civil servants Peasants majority of
population; farmers Merchants Lowest status; can become wealthy;
lived off the skills of others
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Tang and Song Dynasties Achievements Land Reform Tang, land
reform redistributed land to the peasants Large landowners had less
power Peasants could contribute to government through taxes
Expanded Trade Foreign Trade Trade with India, Persia, and the
Middle East Became expert ship builders and became a naval power
Issued paper currency the worlds first Canals; The Grand Canal,
links the Huang He and Yangzi Calligraphy fine handwriting Pagoda a
temple with a roof that curved up at the corners Porcelain type of
pottery Influence on Japan 600-700, Japanese used China as a model
Cultural Diffusion Adopted language, food, dress, music, dance, and
gardens.with their own flare 800s stopped traveling to China
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Tang and Song Dynasties
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The Byzantine Empire and Russia JustinianAutocratJustinians
Code SchismKievIcon PatriarchCzarMosaic Geography Late 200s, Roman
Empire divided 330, Emperor Constantine built a new capital in
Constantinoplethe Byzantine Empire begins Constantinople = the New
Romebearer of Roman heritage Byzantine Empire stretched from Rome
to Asia Minor, included S.E. Europe, Egypt, parts of Spain, and N.
Africa Spreading Culture Situated within the Mediterranean, the
Byzantine Empire was able to spread a blend of Greek, Roman,
Christian influence throughout the region Russia thriving economic
relationship with Constantinople, allowing Kiev to become the
center of Russia
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Byzantine Empire Reached its peak under the emperor Justinian
Reigned from 527-565 CE Autocratic Ruler a single rule with
complete authority Hoped to reclaim the western Roman empire that
invading tribes has seized Able to recover parts of the west, but
at an expensevery expensive A political and cultural force for
nearly 1000 years after the fall of Rome Justinians Code of Law
Civil Law Included Roman laws, legal writings, and a student
handbook Would become the basis of law for both the Roman Catholic
Church and medieval rulers Today, international law is influenced
by the code Icons holy images of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, or saints
of the Orthodox Christian Church The Orthodox Christian Church
Divisions had grown between he Church in Rome and the Byzantine
Church Imperial authority over the Church controlled the business
of the Church and appointed the patriarch the highest church
official in Constantinople The emperor was considered Jesus
co-ruler on earth Byzantine Christians did NOT believe that the
pope in Rome had supreme authority over them
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Difference with the West Other divisions widen the gap between
the Church in the East and the Roman Church; priests could marry,
Greek, not Latin was the language, Use of icons many believed that
the emphasis placed on Icons by the Byzantines bordered on idolatry
Christian Schism 1054, the final split; (schism = split) between
the Orthodox Christian Church in the East and the Roman Catholic
Church Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire Reached its height
under Justinian After his reign, the empire lost land to invading
armies Weakened by internal court struggles and constant
warfare
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Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire Weakened by internal
court struggles and constant warfare 4 th Crusade (early 1200s),
Western Christians took Constantinople and ruled it for 50 years
The Final Blow The Ottoman empire, in 1453 took Constantinople
(Instanbul) Russian and Eastern Europe Russian state established in
the 800s Kiev, major city (Ukraine) Located on the Dneiper River
States, such as Poland, Hungary, and Serbia were establish in
Eastern Europe Settlers from the West Trade with the Byzantines
helped bring Eastern Europe into the sphere of influence Bible
translated into Slavic languages The alphabet, called the Cyrillic
alphabet (after a monk named Cyril)
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Orthodox Christianity Byzantine missionaries brought Orthodox
Christianity to Russia Faith remains a powerful force today Close
relationship between church and empire Church became an important
arm of state power Autocratic Government Autocracy became the norm
in Russia Rulers were known as Czars (Czar = Caesar)
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Islam Civilizations Key IDs CaliphShiiteShariaSunni Abbassid
DynastyAverroes Umayyad Dynasty Cultural Diffusion The Spread of
Islam Early 600s Arabian peninsula Founder Muhammad Abu Bakr the
first Caliph; the first successor to Muhammad Caliphate period of
time when Muslims were ruled by calpihs (unit the 900s)
Slide 92
The Spread of Islam Islam spread rapidly Abu Bakr was
successful in uniting Arabs in the Islam faith Military campaign to
conquer lands Conquered the Byzantine Empire, the Persian Empire,
Egypt, and Spain Battle of Tours in 732 when the push by Muslims
into Europe was stopped Middle East Arab armies took control of the
Middle East in the early 600s Syria and Palestine defeated by the
Arabs Egypt and Persia followed North Africa mid-to late 600s
Initially fought against each other Would join forces to conquer
Spain Spain Muslim conquers parts of southern and western Europe,
especially Spain and Sicily 700s, attacked Spain Middle Ages Europe
was weak
Slide 93
The Spread of Islam India Early 700s, conquered the Indus
Valley 100s and 1100s, Turks conquered most of Northern India By
1200, Turks created a Muslim Empire in Delhi S.E. Asia After the
Muslims took control of India in 1200s, Islam spread into Asia
Cultural Diffusion Islam spread through trade Thriving trade
networks established Reason for Success Skilled Fighters
Overwhelmed their opponents Up against weak empires Byzantine and
Persia weak from fighting each other United in the belief in Islam
Treated conquered people fairly Often, people in defeated by
Muslims welcomed the change; the change from harsh rulers Many
converted to Islam
Slide 94
The Spread of Islam Islamic Law System of laws to help people
understand the Quran Sharia the Islamic system of law Regulated
moral behavior, family life, business, government, and other areas
of community life Acted as a uniting force for Muslims The Quran
applied to all aspects of life Divisions within Islam Sunnis and
Shiites Divisions grew among Muslims about who should be Muhammads
successor Sunnis believed that the caliph should be chosen by
Muslim leaders Sunni Muslims did not view the caliph as a religious
authority Shiites believed that only the descendants of the prophet
Muhammad should be his successors Descendants were divinely
inspired The split continues today
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Societal Patterns Muslim society allowed more social mobility
than did medieval European society Arabs considered themselves
superior to non-Arabs would decline over time Possible to move up
the social ladder; especially through religious, scholarly, or
military achievements Special tax on non-Muslims Allowed to
practice their own faiths Slavery continued slaves from Spain,
Greece, Africa, India, and Asia Slaves worked as house servants and
craftspeople Possible to buy freedom Convert and children would be
free Muslim Empires Umayyad Empire (661) Ruled the Muslim world
until 750 Abbassid Dynasty (mid 1200s)
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Umayyad Dynasty Umayyad Empire (661) Muslim world grew under
the Umayyad Dynasty Capital Damascus NOT Mecca Conquests brought
wealth Challenges ruling large cities and territories Relied on
local officials to help their growing empire Cultural Diffusion
allowing local officials from Byzantine and Persia to continue to
monitor their local areas, traditions from each government
influenced Islamic leaders Conquests slowed in the 700s Tensions
developed between rich and poor Non-Arabs complained they fewer
rights than Arab Muslims Shiites opposed the Umayyads because the
Umayyads had killed a descendent of Muhammad
Slide 97
Abbassid Dynasty Unhappy Muslims found a leader in Abu al-Abbas
750, captured Damascus Ruled until the mid-1200 Ended Arab
domination of Islam Ruled from Baghdad Enjoyed great wealth and
power Experienced a Golden Age Baghdad exceeded the wealth and size
of Constantinople Political Divisions 850, experienced a slow
decline Independent dynasties began to rule separate states 900s,
Seljuk Turks adopted Islam and built their own empire Took control
of Baghdad 1200s, the Mongols destroyed Baghdad Muslim religion to
link people over 3 continents
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The Golden Age Under the Abbassids, the Muslim world was
composed of people from many cultures Arabs, Persians, Egyptians,
and Europeans Muslims absorbed and blended customs and traditions
Cultural Diffusion Emphasis on learning, achievements in the arts
and sciences, and flourishing economies base on trade Translated
the works of many of the Greek scholars. Advancements in
mathematics, astronomy, and medicine The prophet Muhammad taught a
respect for learning that continued to flourish
Slide 99
Arts and Architecture Mosques and Palaces Influenced by the
Byzantine domes and arches Muslim religious leaders forbade artists
to portray God or human figures in religious art Calligraphy
Literature and Philosophy Economic Achievements Trade Manufacturing
Agriculture
Slide 100
Medieval Europe Key IDs MedievalCharlemagneSerfSecular
ManorialismMonastery Anti-SemitismGothic ChivalryExcommunicatePope
InnocentCultural Diffusion
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Europes geography had a powerful effect on the development of
the area Europe lay at the western end of the Eurasian landmass
(present-day Portugal to China) Roman Empire parts of G.B., Spain,
France, Italy, Greece, and other areas of Eastern Europe Roman
roads had allowed Roman and Christians customs to spread Germanic
tribes overran Europe from about 400-700, ending the Roman Empire
Frankish Empire The Germanic people who overran the Roman Empire
were warriors, farmers, and herders Culture differed greatly from
the Romans Governed by unwritten laws and customs and ruled by
elected kings
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Frankish Empire 400-700, warrior tribes divided Europe The
Franks emerged as the most powerful and successful of the tribes in
Gaul (France) Clovis, king of the Franks Converted to Christianity,
which gained him a powerful ally in the church Battle of Tours
Muslims moved into Spain Attempt to move into France 732, Battle of
Tours, the Franks defeated the Muslim army Muslim advanced no
further than Spain
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Charlemagne 800s, Charlemagne, Frankish king, built and empire
that stretched across modern-day France, Germany, and Italy Answers
the call from the Pope; 800, Pope Leo III called for help against
the rebellious nobles in Rome Charlemagne defeated the Romans Pope
Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans The crowning
helped revive the ideal of a united Christian church and empire
Charlemagne strengthened his rule and attempted to create a united
Christian Europe Spread of Christianity throughout the empire
Government appointed nobles to rule local areas; gave them land,
and in return, expected them to help with the defense of the Empire
Learning set up schools to ensure the education of government
officials; established libraries 814, Charlemagne dies quickly the
empire falls apart heirs battled for control 845, Charlemagne's
grandson signs the Treaty of Verdun, which divided the empire into
three separate kingdoms, one for each grandson Lasting Legacy
strong government was a model for future medieval rulers; helped
spread Christianity
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Feudalism and Manorialism During the early part of the Middle
Ages, kings were too weak to keep invaders out People would leave
town and cities, banding together in the countryside for protection
and survival Medieval Society everyone had a well-defined place
Born into their social positions, and there was little change of
moving up Nobility consisted of the kings, queens, lords, and
knights Nobles controlled the land and power Lower class, the
peasants, worked the land and served the nobles Clergy was highly
respected Christian Church dominated
Slide 107
Feudalism political system in which powerful lords (nobles)
owned large sections of land Divided their land into estates called
fiefs Fiefs given to lesser lords called vassals Vassals pledged
their loyalty and military support to their lords in return for the
land Knighthood War was commonplace during the Middle Ages thus
many nobles trained to become knights Knights were bound by a code
of conduct known as Chivalry, code charged them to be brave, loyal,
and true to their word. The code also required them to protect
women
Slide 108
Feudalism Role of Noblewomen assumed an active role in feudal
society A lad was in charge of her husbands estate while he was
away serving his lord in battle Responsible for all household
affairs, including raising the children Girls received training in
household arts such as spinning, weaving, and the management of
servants. Had limited inheritance rights most possessions went to
the eldest son
Slide 109
Manorialism The economic force Manorialism structured around a
lords manor, or estate included one or more villages and the land
surrounding them each group in society had a place; each also had
certain rights and responsibilities Peasants and Lords most of the
peasants who lived on the estate were serfs Serfs were not slaves,
but they were bound to the land They could not leave without the
lords approval Farmed the lords land The lord provided the serfs
with several acres of land to farm Lord protected the serfs
Peasants worked long hours and died young (few lived past 35)
Common thread kept them together Christianity Loved their holidays
center of the Christian Church
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The Role of the Church Two Churches emerge Orthodox Christian
Church (East) and Roman Catholic (West) Permanent split in 1054
Roman Catholic Church was a stabilizing force in Western Europe
Provided religious leadership Secular Church (see below) Pope head
of church; spiritual leader; representative of Jesus Archbishops,
Bishops, and local priests Everyday life for peasants was tied to
local priests Responsibility of Church spiritual needs;
instruction; taught that all men and women were sinners Could
achieve salvation or eternal life through faith in Jesus, good
works, and participation in sacraments
Slide 113
The Role of the Church Secular role of Church Secular or
worldly Economic Power vast landholder; significant power; wealth,
which was gained through the tithe (a tax Christians were required
to pay that equaled a % of their income) Political Power Own Laws
or Cannon Laws; own courts and justice Claimed authority over
monarchs not all agreed and there were frequent struggles for power
Popes believed they had power over kings Excommunication challenge
or threaten the Church and you may be excluded from the Church
Monastic Orders monks and nuns Centers for Learning monks and nuns
preserved ancient writings by copying ancient texts; taught Latin
and Greek Missionary Work spread the message of Christianity
Slide 114
Jews in Medieval Europe Jews in Muslim Spain and northern areas
of Europe were tolerated Overall, most Christians persecuted Jews
Church bars Jews from owning land and practicing their occupation
Anti-Semitism prejudice against Jews Christians blamed the Jews for
all types of misfortunes (famines to disease) The Role of Usury and
the expulsion of Jews from Europe Jews migrated to Eastern Europe
to escape persecution Medieval Contributions Literature began to
appear in everyday languages (not just Latin) Authors Dante and
Chaucer Architecture and Art Roman influence around 1000, stone
building Gothic Traditions 1100s New building that soared upward.
Characterized by pointed arches
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The Crusades 1050, Turks, who were Muslim invaded the Byzantine
Empire and conquered Palestine Christian Church called for a
movement to drive the Muslims out of Palestine 200 years,
Christians fought a series of religious wars The Crusades The wars
failed left a legacy of ill will and distrust between Christians
and Muslims The positive side of war trade increased and European
economy expanded Feudal monarchs gained more power Europeans
learned of the existence of lands beyond their borders Cultural
Diffusion learned from Islam The Start of the Crusades 1050, Turks
invaded the Byzantine Empire 4 decades, the Turks overran most of
the Empire, Asia Minor, and Palestine Byzantine asks the Pope (Pope
Urban) for help Council of Clermont Pope asks for all Christians to
help take back the Holy Land People who answered the call from the
Pope were called Crusaders
Slide 117
Why The Crusades Happened Religion and Secularism The pope
believed that the Crusades would increase his power Christians
believed that their sins would be forgiven for participating Nobles
hoped to gain wealth and land Adventurers saw it as a chance to
travel and excitement Serfs hoped to escape feudal oppression The
Four Crusades As mentioned, the Crusades last for 200 years The
First Crusade was the ONLY Crusade that came close to achieving its
goals 1099, the Christians captured the city of Jerusalem; followed
up with massacres of both Muslim and Jewish inhabitants Saladin and
Muslim Victory During the 1100s, Saladin united the Muslims
Respected by both Muslims and Christians March to Jerusalem
Christians prepare to fight back Saladin wins back Jerusalem;
forbade his soldiers from killing or harming the defeated
Crusaders
Slide 118
Richard the Lion-Hearted 1189, King of England Determined to
take back Jerusalem from Saladin Third Crusade Unable to take back
Jerusalem End of the Crusades Fourth Crusade Again, attempt to
retake Jerusalem Defeated Byzantine trade rivals Looted
Constantinople War had changed from a war that started as a war of
Christian vs. Muslim Ended in a battle between rival Christian
factions Impact of the Crusades Failed to attain their main goal of
retaking the Holy Land Left behind a deed divide a legacy of hatred
between Christians and Muslims Why? Each group committed terrible
acts of violence against each other Not all bad! European economies
grew; expanded view of the world Cultural Diffusion expanded Ships
built for the purpose of carrying Crusaders now moved product
Europeans exposed to advancement in math, science, literature, art,
geographical knowledge
Slide 119
Impact of the Crusades Changes within the Church Temporarily
increased the power of the pope Conflicts with feudal monarchs in
Europe would lessen the power Eastern and Western churches affected
the gap widens Changes in Feudal System Crusades increased power of
monarchs; gained the right to increase taxes Feudal Monarchs were
the leaders of the Crusades thus their prestige increases Feudalism
weakens An economy based on money, not land, took hold
Slide 120
Council of Clermont
Slide 121
DBQ Practice For your brethren who live in the east are in
urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid
which has often been promised them. Forthe Turks and Arabs have
attacked themThey have occupied more and more of the lands of those
ChristiansIf you permit them to continuethe faithful of God will be
much more widely attacked by them. On this account I, or rather the
Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere
and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and
knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians
and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends.Christ
commands it. Fulcher of Chartres, 1095 Contemporary account of
Urban IIs speech at the Council of Clermont What does the speaker
want Christians to do in response to his words?
______________________________________________________________________________
Global Contact Early Japan and Feudalism Key IDs
ShintoSamuraiKamiBushido Zen Buddhism ShogunDaimyoKabukiHaiku
Cultural Diffusion TTYN: Describe Feudalism
Slide 125
Japan Geography Major Physical Features Japan is comprised of a
chain of mountainous islands (archipelago) Pacific Ocean Off the
coast of mainland Asia Part of the Ring of Fire vulnerable to
earthquakes and volcanoes Underwater earthquakes may cause Tsunamis
Impact of Geography Land difficult to farm (mountainous) Largest %
of people live near coast Use of Sea as a source for food and
transportation Unsettled natural environment developed a deep
respect for the forces of nature
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Japan Shintoism Traditional Japanese religion Shinto = the way
of the gods Worship of the Kami, or spirits found in all living and
nonliving things Believed that Kami control the powerful forces of
nature Shared belief of Shinto helped to unite the country
Slide 128
Japan Cultural Diffusion: Korea and China Japanese culture
features a blend of its own original traditions and ideas adopted
from Korea and China Contact with Korea and China result of war and
trade Interest in Chinese culture peaked around 600 Japan sends
scholars to China to learn China influences Japanese writing
Koreans bring Buddhism to Japan Chinese sect of Buddhism develops
Zen Buddhism Value peace, simple living, nature, and beauty
Confucianism emphasis regarding family loyalty, educations, and
educated class
Slide 129
Japan The Imperial Tradition Early society was organized into
clans with separate rulers and religious customs The Yamato Clan
gained control over the largest island of Japan (500 BCE) Extended
their rule and established themselves as the royal family of Japan
Claim to be direct descendants of the sun goddess Heian Period
(700-1100 BCE) an era of elegance and sophistication Feudal Japan
1100s, Authority of the Japanese emperor declined Local Warlords
fought for control Feudal System emerges all members had a defined
place
Slide 130
Japan Feudal Japan Landowners and Warriors Emperor still ruled
in name only Powerful warrior nobles controlled the country Shoguns
real power lay in the hands of the shoguns, or top military
commanders Europe nobles distributed lands to vassal lords Japan
Shoguns distribute lands to daimyo; in exchange for a promise to
support the shogun with their armies Samurai Daimyo granted lands
to lesser warriors called Samurai, those who serve Bushido strict
code of conduct for the Samurai; to be loyal, brave, and honorable;
ritual of suicide (seppuku)
Slide 131
Japan Feudal Japan Peasants and Artisans peasants farmed the
land, and artisans made the weapons for the Samurai in exchange for
protection Merchants Usually had more wealth than the upper
classes, merchants were the lowest social class. Women Early Feudal
period, women sometimes became warriors or ran estates Over time,
status declined Inheritance was passed to sons only Tokugawa
Shogunate 1603, Tokugawa shogunate emerges brings peace and
stability to Japan for 300 years
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Japan Tokugawa Shogunate Centralized Feudal Government
eliminated fighting between powerful daimyo by forcing them out of
their country estates and into Edo (Tokyo) Economic Prosperity new
seeds, tools, and techniques for farming Population grew Towns
linked by roads Trade increased Wealthy merchants emerged Culture
Growth of Zen Buddhism Tea Ceremony and Gardening
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Japan Tokugawa Shogunate Culture Growth of Zen Buddhism Tea
Ceremony and Gardening Kabuki theater; actors wore colorful
costumes and acted out stories Haiku Chinese-influenced poetry
Comparison with Europe Feudalism was similar Both evolved desire
for stability; Emperors and Kings were too weak to prevent
invasions or halt internal wars Feudalism provided a method for
ruling classes to preserve law and order Everyone had a
well-defined place in society
Slide 136
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The Mongols Key IDs Genghis KahnGolden HordeKublai Kahn Yuan
DynastyMughal DynastyAkbar the Great Pax MongoliaMarco PoloIbn
Battuta Rise of the Mongols Nomadic Herders who roamed the
grasslands with their horses and sheep Skillful riders Fierce
fighters and raiders
Slide 138
The Mongols Genghis Khan born Temujin (1100s) Earned the title
Genghis Kahn (World Emperor) Courageous warrior and skilled leader
Supreme ruler of the Mongol Clans Very organized and disciplined
armies Took most of Asia from Korea to the Caspian Sea Advanced
into Persia, India, and northern China Borrowed new technology for
warfare from China and the Turks (cannons) Expansion to West
Invaded Eastern Europeattacked Russia, Hungary, and Poland
Grandson, Batu, led armies into Russia between 1236-1241 Golden
Horde the armies of Mongols were known as the Golden Horde because
of the color of their tents.
Slide 139
The Mongols Expansion to the West Ruled Russia from the capital
on the Volga River for 240 years Fierce warriors Relatively
tolerant rulers Late 1300s, Timur (Tamerlane) led the Mongols into
the Middle East Conquered areas of Persia, Mesopotamia, Russia, and
India Descendants of Tamerlane would establish the Mughal Dynasty
in India Mongols in China 1279, Kulai Kahn, grandson of Genghis,
completed the job of conquering China Ruled China, Korea, Tibet,
and parts of Vietnam Created the YUAN Dynasty Best govt jobs to
Mongols and only Mongols could serve in military
Slide 140
The Mongols Mongols in India Babur, descendant of Tamerlane,
established the Mughal Dynasty 1526 1857 Akbar the Great (grandson
of Babur) greatest Mughal ruler Muslim, but very tolerant Mongol
Impact Mongol power and influence reached its greatest extent by
1300 Stretched from Central Asia and China, into Russia and Europe,
and into S.W Asia and India
Slide 141
The Mongols Destruction and Conquest Fierce Mongol warriors
spread terror and destruction Devastated China; looted and burned
Kiev; killing countless inhabitants Despite the brutality that
reigned down, Mongols were very tolerant Genghis respected
academics, artists, and artisans ; listened to ideas of scholars of
many religions Genghis heirs would continue this tradition and
tolerant policies Conquered peoples were allowed to live as before
as long as they paid a tribute Lasting Effects on Russia Absolutist
Govt served as model for later Russian leaders who also expected to
rule w/o interference from the Church Isolation Cut Russia off from
Western Europe; deprived Russia of many advancements in the arts
and sciences of the later Middle Ages and Renaissance
Slide 142
The Mongols Pax Mongolia Period of stability. Political
stability; allowed for an exchange of goods and ideas between the
East and the West The Silk Road Trade route that linked China to
the Middle East had become dangerous Mongols provided safe passage;
trade flourished For example, gunpowder, porcelain, papermaking,
and the use of windmills spread west Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta
Marco Polo, Italian merchant traveled to the court of Kublai Kahn
(late 1200s) His writings introduced Europeans to the beauty of
China
Slide 143
The Mongols Pax Mongolia Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta Ibn
Battuta, scholar from Morocco late 1200s Traveled to Mecca and
through Asia Minor, Persia, India, Indonesia, and China Decline of
Mongol Power Mongols lands were too large and diverse Had little
experience governing ; depended on other people to do this job;
many were incompetent or corrupt Death of strong leaders; i.e.
death of Kublai marked the decline of the Yuan Dynasty Resentment
of the Mongols; desire for independence from foreign rule
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Expansion of Chinese Trade Key IDs Zheng HeCairoHanseatic
League Bubonic PlagueVeniceCanton MogadishuTrade FairEpidemic Major
Trade Routes Trade routes enabled people and goods to move across
Asia, Africa, and Europe Indian Ocean allowed easy trade between
Asia and East Africa Trading Centers emerged
Slide 147
Major Trade Routes Mogadishu and Great Zimbabwe thrived on
trade across the Indian Ocean European ships on their way to Asia
often stopped at East African coastal cities Overland Overland
trade routes linked Asia with the Middle East, N. Africa, and
Europe Trade from China followed the Silk Road and entered Europe
through Russia and Constantinople Goods also traveled between
Constantinople and India Mediterranean Sea Middle East; Muslim
traders brought goods to ports in Egypt, Syria, and Turkey Ports
included Cairo and Alexandria
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European Trade Europeans became more and more interested in
trade with the East Improved methods of agriculture during the
Middle Ages Population grows Impact of the Crusades Increase in
trade; interest in the East Returning Crusaders brought back goods
Ships once used to carry Crusaders now used for trade Italian
City-States Late 1300s, Italian cites become centers for trading
and industry Venice, Genoa, Florence grow Spread throughout
Europe
Slide 151
European Trade Trade Fairs Took place in towns where trade
routes met; usually near rivers Contributed to the growth of cities
throughout Europe New craftworks Population increases Large cities
developed Wealthiest cites were at end of trade routes Hanseatic
League Northern Germany, traders and merchants began to join
together in the 1100s 1300s, German towns were members of the
Hanseatic League monopolized trade in the Baltic and North Sea The
League worked to make navigation safer by controlling piracy,
building lighthouses, and training sailors
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European Trade Spice Trade Spices, such as pepper and cinnamon
were extremely valuable during the Middle Ages Used to preserve
meat and perfumes, medicines Ottoman Empire disrupts trade Portugal
looks for new routes Early 1400s, Portugal explores the coast of
Africa Discover a new route around the tip of Africa 1500s,
establish ports in Africa, India, Japan, and China Brought great
wealth to Portugal
Slide 155
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European Trade The Plague Bubonic Plague or the Black Death
Spread by fleas that lived on rates Within days of infection, most
people died No cure Global Epidemic 1100s, trade helped the plague
spread Mid-1300s, plague reached Spain and France.then the rest of
Europe Effects of the Plague Devastation throughout the world
Population Declines; early 1300s, 35M Chinese die At its peak, the
plague killed 7K people per day 1/3 of the world population
dies
Slide 157
European Trade Effects of the Plague Economic Decline Destroyed
economies Farm and industry decline The people who were left were
in a position to demand higher wages and prices rose When
landowners and merchants responded, peasant revolts occurred Social
and Political Change Feudalism declines as result of peasant
revolts As a result, growth of new political systems Monarchs
gained power and began to build more powerful nations People began
to question their faith and the Church Jews were blamed; poison in
the wells, thousands were murdered
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Slide 159
Europe Comes Alive IDs GuildHumanismIgnatius LoyolaApprentice
CapitalismMichelangeloCommon LawMagna Carta Commercial Revolution
Leonardo da Vinci95 ThesesParliament Renaissance Protestant
Revolution IndulgencesMartin Luther
Slide 160
Commercial Revolution 1000 -1300 Expansion of trade and the
growth of cities brought new ways of thinking and doing business
Money grew in importance New social class emerged Urban Centers
based on trade gave new power to a rising new class middle class
middle class merchants, traders, and artisans Middle ranked between
the older feudal classes of nobles and peasants Guilds trade
associations emerge Checked of quality of goods hospitals and aid
to widows and children Regulated hours of work and price of goods
Apprentices training of new artisans
Slide 161
Commercial Revolution Capitalism Feudalism in decline New
system emerges Capitalism Based on trade and capital When the
demand for a product is great, prices rise, and traders profit
Traders can lose everything if demand falls New Business Practices
Partnerships and Joint Stock Companies Merchants joined together in
partnership; pooling capital, they could finance ventures that no
single merchant could afford to do alone Joint Stock Company
allowed many merchants to pool their funds for business ventures.
Invested in trading ventures around the world. i.e. The Virginia
Company of London
Slide 162
Commercial Revolution Capitalism Banking grew duirng this
period Merchants borrowed from moneylenders, who developed systems
of banking Bill of Exchangeno more coins Merchants deposited money
with a baker in his hometown, banker gave him a bill of exchange;
merchant exchange this bill for cash in the city where he would be
exchanging in trade Social Changes The Commercial Revolution
reshaped medieval society Use of money undermined serfdom and led
to the decline of feudalism Peasants began to sell their products
and began paying their feudal lord with money instead of
product.
Slide 163
The Renaissance and Humanism 1300s 1500s A period of great
creativity and change in Europe Renaissance = Rebirth Golden age in
the arts, literature, and sciences Began in Italy in the mid-1300s
and then spread northward Why Italy? Thriving centers of trade and
manufacturing. Merchants had new-found wealth and were willing to
use it to promote the arts and education
Slide 164
The Renaissance and Humanism New Ways of Thinking - Humanism
During the Middle Ages, people (philosophers and writers) began to
think about life after death Humanists began to focus more on the
present Emphasis on individual; instead of religious issues,
humanists examined subjects that the ancient Greeks and Romans had
studied Humanists wanted to increase knowledge about their own
times
Slide 165
The Renaissance and Humanism Artistic Achievements Renaissance
produced some of the greatest paintings, sculptures, and
architecture Good-bye Medieval architecture, hello (hello again) to
Greek and Roman styles for columns, arches, and domes Paintings
often included contemporary figures not limited to religion
3-dimensional imagery Study of the human anatomy often used as live
models, with great detail Michelangelo and di Vinci Literature
Dante, Cervantes, Shakespeare, Machiavelli The invention of the
printing press 1456 the Bible Literacy increased and ideas spread
rapidly
Slide 166
Michelangelo
Slide 167
The Creation of Adam is a section of Michelangelo's fresco
Sistine Chapel
Slide 168
di Vinci
Slide 169
Reformation and Counter-Reformation By the 1500s, religious
life was changing in Europe: The Protestant Reformation and
Counter-Reformation Cause for Reformation The Renaissance Humanism
led people to question Church authority Placed increasing faith in
human reason Strong Monarchs strong monarchs were beginning to
emerge Problems within the Church people began to believe that
Church leaders were acting more like kings fighting for power and
wealth, than like representatives of God Objection to fees for
marriages, baptisms, and selling of indulgences (pardons for
sins)
Slide 170
Reformation and Counter-Reformation By 1500s, many Christians
looking to reform the Church Martin Luther Disgusted over the sale
of indulgences 1517, 95 Theses, which were 95 arguments against
indulgences; sparked the Protestant Reformation Protestant
Reformation period when many Europeans broke away from the Catholic
Church and formed new Christian Churches Luther believed: people
could only reach heaven through faith in God and that the pope
could not grant a pardon for sins The Bible was the only source of
religious truth
Slide 171
Reformation and Counter-Reformation John Calvin another
reformer Like Luther, believed that people could only reach heaven
through faith Predestination belief that God had determined before
the beginning of time who would gain salvation Calvinists lived a
strict, disciplined, and frugal lives LutherCalvin Did not believe
in the sale of indulgencesBelieved Christians reached heaven only
through faith in God Believed people are born sinners Did not
believe that priests had special powers Preached Predestination
Ideas spread to northern Germany and Scandinavia Ideas spread to
Germany, France, Holland, England, and Scotland Followers later
called themselves Protestants Led a community in Switzerland
Slide 172
Reformation and Counter-Reformation The Counter Reformation
Response to the Protestant Reformation Reform movement within the
Catholic Church Purpose to strengthen the Catholic Church as well
as to keep Catholics from converting to Protestantism Council of
Trent Pope Paul III; 1545 Led reform movement reaffirmed
traditional Catholic beliefs worked to end abuses in the Church set
up schools to assure that the clergy would be well educated
Slide 173
Reformation and Counter-Reformation Ignatius Loyola Found the
Society of Jesus Called on the Jesuits defenders of the Catholic
faith Jesuit missionaries spread Catholicism to Asia, Africa, and
the Americas Teresa of Avila Spanish noblewoman Religious order of
nuns called the Carmelites Disturbed by the lack of severity within
the order Established a convent Catholic Church asked Teresa to
reorganize and reform Carmelite monasteries and convents Saint
Teresa
Slide 174
Reformation and Counter-Reformation The Effects of the
Reformation Religious and Political Division Loss of religious
unity in Western Europe Rulers would select a religion for their
nation Religious wars would emerge Catholics battled Protestants
The Thirty Years War (1600s) Anti-Semitism Witch Hunts
Slide 175
Long-Term CausesShort-Term Causes Roman Catholic Church becomes
more worldly Humanists urge return to simple religion Strong kings
emerge and resent power of the Church Indulgences are sold in
Germany Martin Luther writes 95 Theses Luther translates Bible into
German Printing press helps spread ideas Reformers call for change
Long-Term EffectShort-Term Effects Religious wars break out in
Europe for more than 100 years Catholic Reformation takes place
Inquisition becomes stronger Many Jews forced into Eastern Europe
Peasants revolt Lutheran, Calvinists, Anglican and Protestant
churches emerge Holy Roman emperor weakened The Protestant
Reformation
Slide 176
Reformation and Counter-Reformation Rise of Nation-States
Middle Ages, kings, nobles, and the Church struggled for power
Feudalism was on the decline Kings slowly began to increase power
First shift in power England and France (somewhat different) Birth
of Nationalism Growth of power in France Hugh Capet (987) At first,
not a threat The Capetians slowly increase power; gained land;
played nobles against each other Royal Power leads to the 100-Years
War; France defeats England Joan of Arc stirs up nationalism
Slide 177
Reformation and Counter-Reformation Nationalism and the Limited
Monarchy in England Anglo-Saxon king Edward dies (1066) Duke
William of Normandy claims the thrown; William the Conquerer Common
Law created Magna Carta (1215) - placed limits on the kings power
Parliament (1200s) As English Church Nationalism grows
Slide 178
Add to their lands Set up organized government Collect Taxes
Create a royal treasury Set up royal courts and royal law Decide
who can build castles and where Force vassals to obey the King
Establish common law so that all people are treated the same
Collect records of who owns land Make throne hereditary Becomes
allies with the Church Organize army Take French lands from English
king Kings of EnglandKings of France Kings Increase Their
Power
Slide 179
African Civilizations Keys IDs SavannaAxumMaliMansa Musa
GhanaDesertSonghaiSwahili Geography 2 nd largest continent ; 1/5 of
land surface Variety of climates and terrains Savanna grassy plains
Large part of Africa is made up of desert Sahara worlds largest
desert (maybe not see Antarctic)
Slide 180
Geography Africa has few good natural harbors Small belt of
rain forests Difficult travel because of barriers Despite barriers,
early Africans traveled within and beyond continent Travel linked
to trade; gold, salt, iron, copper, and other raw materials
Traditional Society Village Govt power was shared among members of
the community rather than exercised by a single person/leader
Family was basic unit of society in traditional Africa Religious
Beliefs identified the forces of nature with divine spirits and
worshiped many gods and goddesses Departed ancestors were present
on earth
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Rise and Fall of African Kingdoms Ghana (800 BCE) the rulers of
many farming villages united to create the kingdom of Ghana
Powerful king Gold Trade Large army of foot soldiers and Calvary
Muslim merchants brought religion and ideas king had Muslim
officials cultural diffusion Most people of Ghana maintained their
traditional values
Slide 183
Rise and Fall of African Kingdoms Mali (1200-1450) was also
ruled by powerful kings, called mansas Mansa Musa, the most
powerful ruler Mali extended its borders and dominated W Africa
Large army kept order Most people were farmers and herders Ran and
efficient govt; appointing governors to rule particular areas Mansa
Musa converted to Islam Based he system of justice on the Quran
Made the city of Timbuktu a center for Muslim learning Empire
declined in the 1400s when the people could not agree on who should
rule
Slide 184
Rise and Fall of African Kingdoms Songhai Depended on a strong
army Emperor Sonni Ali built Songhai into the largest state that
had ever existed in W Africa Established an efficient bureaucracy
to govern the kingdom Expanded trade to Europe and Asia Prospered
until the late 1500s Civil War broke out Invaders from the north
defeated the disunited forces of Songhai
Slide 185
Role in Global Trade The Mediterranean and the Red Sea linked
Africa to the Middle East and Europe Indian Ocean linked E Africa
to India and other Asian lands Products from the interior were
transported overland to the coasts Hausa -1300s, the Hausa people
built city-states (Nigeria) Benin Rain forests on the Guinea coast;
traded ivory, pepper, and eventually slaves Developed trade with
Portugal
Slide 186
Role in Global Trade East African City-State around 600,
city-states along the coast developed Asian and Persian merchants
traded By 1000, E African ports cites such as Mogadishu, Kilwa, and
Sofala emerged; trade with India Trade led to cultural diffusion
New language emerges Swahili, in which words were mixed with Bantu,
an African language
Slide 187
Part Four The First Global Age
Slide 188
Mesoamerica Key Ids Geography Ice Age resulted in a land bridge
between Siberian and Alaska Paleolithic Era Nomads (hunters) in
Asia followed herds of bison and mammoths into North America Nomads
migrated east and south
Slide 189
Geography 8500 2000 BCE, Hunters-Gatherers assimilated to their
new surroundings Learned to cultivate crops, domesticate animals
Crops corn, beans, potatoes, peppers, tomatoes, and squash This
first Agricultural Rev. resulted in an increase in population
Farmers began to settle areas; major cities would emerge; large
religious centers would develop Mesoamerica the first great
American civilization developed Region includes Mexico and Central
America
Slide 190
Slide 191
Olmecs Olmec Empire 1400 500BCE First American Civilization
Mexico tropical rain forest along the Gulf of Mexico Olmecs built
ceremonial centers pyramid-shaped temples and other buildings
Invented a calendar and developed a system of writing made up of
carved inscriptions Religion honored their priests
Slide 192
The Mayas The Mayas influenced by the Olmecs 300 900 CE
Developed a complex agricultural Established large city-states in
southern Mexico and throughout Central America Farming and Trade
Farmers made up most the population Men grew the food and women
turned into food Farmers paid taxes, in the form of food, to
supports cities and temples Profitable trade system across Central
America
Slide 193
Religion Priests occupied an exalted place in the social
hierarchy Priests conducted elaborate rituals that the Mayas
believed would ensure bountiful harvests and victorious battles
Social Structure Each city had a ruling chief Next, the nobles who
served as city officials and military leaders On occasion, women
would obtain power Majority of the population were farmers
Slide 194
Contributions Agriculture grew enough food to provide for a
growing population Cleared dense fields throughout the rain forest
Built raised fields designed to withstand heavy rains Learning and
Science Developed hieroglyphic system of writing Mayan Priests
developed a complex and accurate 365-day calendar Used a number
system and understood the concept of zero before Europe Decline
900CE historians speculate that warfare or overpopulation may have
caused agriculture to decline Possible revolts by lower
classes
Slide 195
Aztecs Late 1200s Migrated from the north into the Valley of
Mexico Fierce warriors Used conquests and alliances to build a
large empire Tenochtitlan (capital) city with temples, palaces,
gardens, and zoos Aztec Expansion Early 1400s, formed alliances
with neighboring states Military conquests over hundreds of smaller
states Each conquered state was given and Aztec governor wealthy
from tributes By 1500, Aztec empire covered most of Mexico; 30M
people
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Social Structure Ruled by a single ruler/emperor Emperor was
chosen by a council of nobles and priests Nobles- officials,
judges, and governors Warriors and Traders warrior might rise to
noble Traders carried goods over long distances to exchange
products from peoples who lived beyond the empire; scouted lands to
conquer Farmers and Slaves most people were farmers Slaves mainly
criminals or enemy soldiers; still had certain rights guaranteed by
Aztec law; some slaves owned land and eventually bought their
freedom
Slide 200
Religion Very important Priests gained significance because
they led rituals that were believed to appease the gods, who would
prevent disasters Built huge pyramids to honor their chief deity,
the sun god Human sacrifices to please their gods usually enemy
soldiers Contributions Accurate calendar Schools and recorded
historical events Medical practices set bones and dental
Slide 201
Contributions Architecture Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) Built on
tow small islands; engineers filled in parts of the lake and built
stone causeways to connect the city to the mainland Huge pyramid
temples, elaborate emperors palace 200K lived in city largest and
most populated city in Mesoamerica Agriculture Fertilizers
Chinampas, artifical islands made of earth pile on reed mats that
were anchored to shallow bed of Lake Texcoco famers raised corn,
squash, and beans Produced and abundance of food, which was a major
factor in the success of the empire
Slide 202
Incas 1400s Emerged from the Andes Mtns Centralized Govt first
emperor was a warrior who led his armies through many successful
conquests The emperor held absolute power and owned all of the
people, land, herds, and mines Emperor was also chief religious
leader and claimed divine status of the sun Strong Central Govt -
nobles ran the provinces along with local chieftains Collected
taxes, enforced laws, and routine govt business Incan govt strictly
controlled the lives of the people Everyone had to speak the same
language and practice the same religion
Slide 203
Empire linked by roads Remarkable road system Allowed the
emperor to keep a close attention of his empire If necessary, Incan
armies could move quickly over the raods to crush rebellions
Religion Affected all phases of life worshiped many gods related to
forces of nature as well as guardian spirits in the home Chief
Incan deity was the sun god Powerful priests conducted rituals and
led monthly religious festivals that featured sports and games
Slide 204
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Contributions Roads stand out as a major accomplishment;
extended 12,000 miles Included bridges and tunnels to pass through
mountainous terrain The Temple of the Sun huge stone blocks and
inner walls lined with gold; able to withstand earthquakes
Agriculture Cultural Diffusion borrowed ideas from other societies
Farmers used stone walls to improve terraces held strips of land in
place on steep hillsides and prevented rain from washing away the
soil Quipus system of knotted, colored strings used to keep
records; may have been used to record dates and events Calendar,
but not as advanced as the Mayans
Slide 207
Terraces
Slide 208
The Ming Dynasty 1368, after 90 years of Mongolian rule,
Chinese rule restored Under the Mongols, trade and transportation
had improved Chinese resented foreign rule Led by a peasant farmer,
Zhu Yuanzhang, a successful rebellion overthrew Mongol Rule the
beginning of the Ming Dynasty The Middle Kingdom Ming leaders
sought to restore the countrys greatness and its supremacy in the
region China thought of itself as the Middle Kingdom the center of
the earth and the source of civilization
Slide 209
Slide 210
The Ming Dynasty During the early 1400s, Zheng He, Chinese
Admiral established trade links 1433, after the death of Zheng He,
China banned the building of ships End of voyages and exploration
Reasons: Economic and Cultural Voyages not profitable and fleets
were costly to maintain Confucian scholars believed that China had
the most advanced civilization, therefore limiting contact with
foreign influences was the best way to preserve ancient
traditions
Slide 211
Zheng He Expeditions
Slide 212
The Ming Dynasty Economic and Cultural Contributions Better
fertilizations methods Different crops introduced (corn and squash)
New technologies to increase manufacturing production Porcelain,
tools, and paper thrived Repaired the neglected canal system New
styles of landscape paintings Chinese silks were much admired
Classical poetry
Slide 213
The Ming Dynasty China and the West 1500s, Portugal and other
European merchants reach East Asia Europeans very excited about
what China had to offer silks and porcelain Excited about the
Chinese production of gun powder The Ming restricted foreign trade
believed Europeans to be inferior Allowed limited trade at one
outpost Macao (Guangzhou) Chinese interested in learning about new
technologies, had little interest in the religious beliefs of
Europeans (Christinainty)
Slide 214
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The Ming Dynasty Chinas impact with Asia Exerted control and
cultural influence over its Asian neighbors Korea, Japan, SE Asia
At one point, took political control of Korea; maintained cultural
control Japan, Korea served as a cultural bridge 500s strong
interest in China; its traditions, culture, technology, etc
Interest would wane over the yeas
Slide 216
The Ottoman Empire 1400s, Byzantine empire in decline; faced a
growing threat from the Ottomans The Ottomans nomadic
Turkish-speaking group that had migrated from central Asia into
Asia Minor 1453, Ottoman armies surrounded the Byzantine capital of
Constantinople Two-month siege, pounded the walls, and broke
through and captured the city Constantinople changed to Instanbul
Christian city now the capital of the Ottoman Muslim empire
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The Ottoman Empire Expansion Expanded and grew quickly
Well-armed forces and effective military strategies; used new
technologies such as the musket. Conquered lands south of Mecca as
well as along the Nile Expanded into the Balkans and into Russia
Failed to capture Vienna By the 1500s, The Ottomans had built the
largest, most powerful empire in the Middle East.reached three
continents (Europe, Middle East, and N. Africa)
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The Ottoman Empire New Trade Routes As the Ottoman influence
and dominance in the Med interefered with Western Europes trade
with East Asia Europe forced to look for new routes
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The Ottoman Empire Achievements and Impact Cultural Diffusion
absorbed many influences from the conquered Byzantine empire
Byzantine (Greco-Roman and Middle East) Ottomans blended Byzantine
culture with Muslim culture; govtt, social life, and architecture
Golden Age Suleiman the Magnificent Ruled from 1520-66 Sultan name
Turks gave to their rulers Effective leader, modernized the army,
added new territories
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The Ottoman Empire Golden Age Strengthened the govt improved
the system of justice Muslim based his law of the Sharia (Islamic
code of Law) Suleiman the Lawgiver He had absolute power, but did
consult with advisor and coucil Had officials to manage the
empire
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The Ottoman Empire Diverse Society Because the Ottomans had
such a vast empire and help onto for so long, Islam became the
dominant cultural force throughout the region Social Classes Men of
Pen (the educated, scientists, lawyers, judges, and poets) Men of
the Sword (high-ranking leaders) Men of Negotiation (business
people, moneychangers, tax collectors, artisans) Men of Husbandry
(farmers and herders) Top two classes were made up of almost
entirely Muslims helped Islam dominate
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The Ottoman Empire Diverse Society Millets non-Muslims; allowed
to maintain their own religion and traditions Janissaries Muslim
influence rested on the backs of the Janissaries strong military
and govt officers from conquered groups required to turn their sons
over to the govt Converted to Islam Members of an elite force in
the Ottoman army Arts and Literature Palaces and places of worship,
the Mosque
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The Ottoman Empire The Decline Survived into the 20 th century;
decline began much earlier though Nations were able to break free
of Ottoman rule Corruption and poor leadership European advances
major reason for the decline 1571, Spain and Italy defeat the
Ottoman fleet at Lepanto Even though the empire spread, it was cut
out of global trade European commercial and military advancements
European economies had become stronger
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Exploration Key Ids The Eve of Remember the Ottomans, Europeans
were looking for new routes to the riches of Asia Portugal and
Spain took the lead Both had tech., resources, and political unity
to support sea travel Both had struggled with Muslim rule
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Exploration Reconquista and Expulsions 1469, Marriage of
Ferdinand of Aragon to Isabella of Castile brought together two
powerful Spanish kingdoms 1492, they forced the Muslims from
Granada, which complete the Reconquista a campaign to recapture
Spain from the Muslims (began in 700) Isabella launched a brutal
crusade against Muslims and Jews (pro- Christtianity) Approx 150K
were forced into exile
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Exploration Reasons to Explore Ottoman Empire interference
1400s, seek new routes to the Asian spices Italian and Muslims
merchants controlled the routes between Asia and Europe Muslims
bring goods to the Med and the Italians brought it the rest of the
way it became very expensive time to cut out the middleman Time to
look for new oceanic routes
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Exploration Impact of Technology The Printing Press mid 1400s,
Gutenberg invents the press Enabled people to make books quickly
and cheaply; became more available Access to new ideas and info,
including geography Gunpowder - Arab traders brought gunpowder to
Europe in the 1200s Late 1400s, Portugal were equipping ships with
cannons Help Portugal win control of the Indian Ocean trade network
Naval Tech Cartographers (mapmakers) created better maps and charts
Astrolabe compass used to determine direction, perfected by the
Arabs Europeans built bigger and better ships; sails and masts
perfected
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Exploration Early Exploration Africa to Asia 1415, Henry the
Navigator (son of Portuguese king), fleet of ships that explored
the coast of W Africa 1488, Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope
(southern Africa) da Gama follows Dias route, across the Indian
Ocean Lost half his ships Returned home with Asian spices
Established a successful trade route and would expand their empire
1492, Columbus reaches the Americas 1493, Spain and Portugal claim
land in the Americas Imperialism compete for colonies in the
Americas
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Exploration Imperialism 1400s, Africa, established a string of
forts in the west and capturing several port cities in the east
Unsuccessful in their attempt to push inland mid-1600s, Dutch s.w.
tip of Africa, established Cape Town The Dutch farmers who settled
in Cape Town were called the Boers; ousted or enslaved many
Africans, whom they considered inferiors Asia, 1500s, Portugal took
control of the trade networks from the Muslims Malacca on the Malay
Peninsula in the Indian Ocean
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Exploration Imperialism The Dutch Spain, England, and France
The Dutch, the first to challenge Portuguese domination of the
Asian spice trade Established trade links with Asia Formed the
Dutch East India Co. in the early 1600s 1641, Dutch seized Malacca
from Portugal; began trading with China; dominated the Asian trade
routes Spain, established colonies in SE Asia in the 1500s
Magellan, complete the first circumnavigation of the world; claimed
the islands of the Philippines (1521) named for King Philip of
Spain Used to trade with China and spread Catholic teachings
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Exploration Imperialism The Dutch Spain, England, and France By
the 1700s, England and France became competing forces in the Asian
trade network, concentrating in India Mughal Rulers (India) weak
and civil wars lead to British and French East India Companies
making alliances with local rulers. Each organized their own army
of sepoys, (Indian Troops) 1750s, British East India Company and
sepoys push the French out Forced the Mughal emperor to allow it to
collect taxes Would become the real power in the region
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Exploration Triangular Trade and Slavery 1500s, Europeans came
to view African slaves as the most valuable African trade goods
Purchased slaves to work in order to satisfy the labor shortage in
the Americas Slavery evolved in a huge and profitable business The
Triangle Trade Europe, Africa, and Africa The Middle Passage the
voyage from Africa to the Americas conditions were terrible
Hundreds on people crammed onto a shingle ship Millions of Africans
dies on the way from disease, brutal treatment, or suicide
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Exploration The Spanish Empire 1500s, the empire stretched from
California to So. America Brought great wealth to the Spanish Govt
Govt maintained strict control over its empire King an the colonial
govt through representatives, or viceroys, who ruled provinces
Religion Catholic Church spread Christianity Encomienda System
Spanish law allowed the colonies to only trade with Spain; Under
this system, a conquistador, was granted land along with permission
to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans Culture Colonies
developed a new culture that combined European, Native American,
and African traditionseverything was affected (art, literature,
life)
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Exploration The Spanish Empire Social Classes Spanish-born at
top, known as peninsulares. Creoles was the name given to those
Europeans who were born in the colonies. Mestizos, people of mixed
Native American and European descent, Mulattoes, mixed African and
European descent The Columbian Exchange Global exchange of people,
plants, animals, ideas, and technology began during this time,
leading to profound changes for people in Asia, the Americas,
Africa, and Europe
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Exploration European Capitalism Mercantilism increased trade
with the colonies encouraged European capitalism (the investment of
money to make a profit) Emergence of Joint Stock Companies allowed
Europeans to gather the capital necessary to finance overseas
voyages (see Virginia) Mercantilism policy involved building up
national wealth by exporting more goods than the nation
importedColonies supported the parent nation with raw materials and
served as a market for its exports Nobles became less powerful
because their wealth was based on the land they owned Merchants
made the money and gained the power; emergence of the middle
class
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Absolutism Keys Ids Global Absolutism 1500s -1600s monarchs in
Europe in Asia looked to centralize their power, which led to
Absolutism autocratic rulers had complete authority over the
government and the lives of the people in their nation.
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Absolutism 1500s, India, Mughal Empire Akbar the Great
strengthened the central govt and made his empire stronger and
larger than any in Europe at the time Modernized his army,
encouraged trade, introduced land reform Recognized India's
diversity and promoted religious tolerance Successors were not as
strong and less tolerant allowed France and England to spread their
influence
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Absolutism Spain 1500s, Spain became the most powerful nation
in Europe Wealth from its empire helped the empire grow Charles V
(1519-1556) King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor Faced military
threats from the French and the Ottoman Empire Philip II wanted to
control all aspects of govt, believing that he ruled by divine
right according to this thinking, the king is an agent of God, and
his authority to rules come directly from God
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Absolutism France Late 1600sm France replaced Spain as the most
powerful The Sun King, Louis XIV, from the age of 5 he ruled France
for 72 years Took the sun as the symbol of his power and commanding
complete loyalty from his subjects Bishop Jacques Bossuet argued
that as Gods represented on Earth, the king was entitled to
unquestioning obedience Persecuted the Protestant Huguenots
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Absolutism Russia 1400s, Moscow became the center of power in
Russia Ivan the Great - ruled from 1462-1505 Built the framework
for absolute rule in Russia Ivan the Terrible Czar Ivan centralized
royal power and extreme absolute power Harsh ruling style Organized
a personal police force; agents of terror slaughtered rebellious
nobles and destroyed towns suspected of disloyalty Peter the Great
1682-1725 brought all of Russia under his control; reduced the
power of the nobility and gained control of the Russian Orthodox
Church Westernized Russia Strong foreign policy largest army in
Europe in the late 1600s, expanded Russian territory, fought the
Ottoman Turks to gain a warm-water port he lost
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Absolutism England Stuart Monarchs James 1 used divine right,
conflicted with the Puritans The Leviathan, Thomas Hobbs wrote that
people were nature selfish and greedy and would fall into chaos
unless ruled by a strong govt that could suppress rebellionbelieved
that an absolute monarchy was needed to maintain order 1500-1600s,
England moved to a parliamentary system The English Civil War or
the Puritan Revolution King Charles and the Cavaliers vs.
Parliament forces, the Roundheads Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell
Roundhead win, capture king, and beheaded him; signified that
absolutism would not last in England
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Absolutism England 1660,The Restoration parliament invited
Charles II to become king of England The Glorious Revolution -
Parliament overthrows James II became to absolutist Feared the
return of Catholic dominance Jamess daughter, Mary and her Dutch
husband William take the English throne Both Protestant Bloodless
transfer of power Nonviolent overthrown is known as the Glorious
Revolution 1500-1600s, England moved to a parliamentary system
English Bill of Rights king must work regularly with Parliament
House of Commons has financial control Toleration Act granted
Protestant dissentes (Puritans and Quakers) limited toleration.not
Catholics.
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Part Five The Age of Revolutions
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Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment Key IDs New
Ideas Middle Ages, scholars believed the earth was the center of
the universe. This idea came from Roman-Greco thinking and the
teachings of the Church.
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New Ideas European scientist began to think differently in the
1500s. The renaissance scholars began to question old ideas about
the world - - this period is known as the Scientific Revolution
Copernicus challenged the idea that the earth was the center of the
universe; he argued that the universe was heliocentric, or
sun-centered; that the planets revolved around the sun Most
scholars rejected Copernicuss theory Early 1600s, Galileo would
argue in favor of heliocentric theory; would observe the skies
through a telescope, which would contradict the teachings of the
Church; put on trial and forced to recant his ideas
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Newton built on Copernicus and Galileo; used math to prove the
existence of a force that kept planets in their orbits; called the
force gravity, the same force that made objects fall toward Earth
New Ways of Thinking Scientific Method - 1600s, this method relied
on experimentation and observation Descartes and Human Reasoning
challenged the idea that new knowledge should be made to fit
existing traditional ideas; emphasized the power of human reason;
believed that reason, rather than tradition, should be the way to
discover truth. Descartes ideas paved the way for other
changes.
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Science and the Enlightenment Scientist would use reason to
explain why things happened in the physical universe. 1700s,
scholars and writers would reason to discover natural laws, or laws
that govern human behavior; applied the scientific method of
investigation and observation in order to solve the problems of
society Enlightenment -1700s, people would reject traditional ideas
and supported a belief in human reason; logical thought can lead to
truth is called rationalism; Enlightened Thinkers introduced new
ways of viewing authority, power, government, and law
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Enlightened Thinkers John Locke, 1600s; believed that all
people possess natural rights. These rights include the rights to
life, liberty, and property; if a government does not protect these
rights, people have the right to overthrow it. Montesquieu, 1700s,
argued that powers of government sho