The First The First EuropeansEuropeans• The first The first

Europeans were Europeans were huntershunters and and gatherersgatherers..

• As they learned As they learned how to how to domesticatedomesticate plants and plants and animals, animals, Europeans began Europeans began to settle in small to settle in small communities.communities.

Early CivilizationsEarly Civilizations

• GreeceGreece was the site of one of Europe’s was the site of one of Europe’s earliest and most advanced civilizations.earliest and most advanced civilizations.

• Many Greeks lived in a number of powerful Many Greeks lived in a number of powerful city-statescity-states..– A self-governing city and its surrounding A self-governing city and its surrounding

area.area.– AthensAthens and and SpartaSparta were two of the most were two of the most

famous city-statesfamous city-states– The city-states were home to early forms of The city-states were home to early forms of

democracydemocracy

History and History and GovernmentGovernment

The Development of The Development of European CivilizationsEuropean Civilizations

•The Greeks made great contributions to The Greeks made great contributions to the arts, government, philosophy, the arts, government, philosophy,

science, and sports.science, and sports.

Aegean IslandsAegean Islands

The Roman EmpireThe Roman Empire• Along with Greece, Along with Greece, RomeRome was home to one was home to one

of the earliest significant European of the earliest significant European civilizations.civilizations.

• Rome grew from a small city to one of the Rome grew from a small city to one of the most powerful most powerful empiresempires in history. in history.

• At its peak, the Roman Empire stretched At its peak, the Roman Empire stretched across much of across much of Europe, North Africa, and Europe, North Africa, and Southwest AsiaSouthwest Asia..

• The Romans would eventually help spread The Romans would eventually help spread ChristianityChristianity throughout Europe throughout Europe

City-StatesCity-States

What are examples of city-states in What are examples of city-states in Europe today?Europe today?

Why are city-states so rare?Why are city-states so rare?

The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages Feudalism: a system in which powerful Feudalism: a system in which powerful

lords gave land to nobles and the lords gave land to nobles and the nobles would have control over the nobles would have control over the people on their land. Nobles would use people on their land. Nobles would use their people for wars and for taxes on their people for wars and for taxes on goods. goods.

Roman Catholic church became most Roman Catholic church became most powerful force in Europe.powerful force in Europe.

IslamIslam Preached by the prophet Muhammad.Preached by the prophet Muhammad. Followers known as Muslims.Followers known as Muslims.

Spread Chinese inventions of gunpowder, paper Spread Chinese inventions of gunpowder, paper and Hindu system of numerals.and Hindu system of numerals.

Expanded mathematics, medicine and astronomy.Expanded mathematics, medicine and astronomy.

The CrusadesThe Crusades

In the early 1000s, Christians from In the early 1000s, Christians from Western Europe tried to take back Western Europe tried to take back Palestine (Jerusalem) from Muslim rule. Palestine (Jerusalem) from Muslim rule.

Both sides fought to hold the land, but Both sides fought to hold the land, but Christians eventually lost all control and Christians eventually lost all control and left the area in Muslim control. left the area in Muslim control.

Both sides were fighting for it because it Both sides were fighting for it because it had important places in the origin of had important places in the origin of their religions. their religions.

Exploration (Age of Exploration (Age of Discovery)Discovery)1400-16001400-1600

Began funding explorations to find shorter Began funding explorations to find shorter trade routes to Asia.trade routes to Asia.

Set up colonies-land equaled power.Set up colonies-land equaled power. Bartholomew Dias – first to reach Africa’s Cape Bartholomew Dias – first to reach Africa’s Cape

of Good Hope. of Good Hope. Chris Columbus – heads west to look for Chris Columbus – heads west to look for

western route to Asia.western route to Asia. Vasco da Gama – Rounds Cape of Good Hope Vasco da Gama – Rounds Cape of Good Hope

and reaches India.and reaches India. Magellan – 5 ships and 270 men set off to Magellan – 5 ships and 270 men set off to

circumnavigate the globe. Magellan dies on circumnavigate the globe. Magellan dies on the trip. Eighteen of his crew and one ship the trip. Eighteen of his crew and one ship make it back to port. Took ~ 3 years.make it back to port. Took ~ 3 years.

The RenaissanceThe RenaissanceFrench word meaning “rebirth”French word meaning “rebirth”

Renaissance 1450-1600Renaissance 1450-1600 Reformation-lessened power of Roman Reformation-lessened power of Roman

Catholic Church and led to beginning of Catholic Church and led to beginning of Protestantism.Protestantism.

300 year period of learning the arts.300 year period of learning the arts. Brought about great advancements in Brought about great advancements in

European civilization.European civilization. The Renaissance was a “rebirth” in art, The Renaissance was a “rebirth” in art,

literature, and thinking.literature, and thinking. People became more focused on human life, People became more focused on human life,

rather than human afterlife.rather than human afterlife. Considered the start of Modern HistoryConsidered the start of Modern History

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

Began in Britain in 1700’sBegan in Britain in 1700’s Developed steam power and metal Developed steam power and metal

machine toolsmachine tools Transformed Europe from Transformed Europe from

agricultural to industrial society.agricultural to industrial society. East Europe lags behind West East Europe lags behind West

Europe because of its isolation.Europe because of its isolation. Paris and London are two of the Paris and London are two of the

worlds largest urban areas.worlds largest urban areas. Allowed for much quicker production of Allowed for much quicker production of

goods and made them much cheapergoods and made them much cheaper

ColonizationColonization

During the 1800s, more than ¼ of During the 1800s, more than ¼ of the world’s land was ruled by the the world’s land was ruled by the British EmpireBritish Empire Colonies provided raw materials, and Colonies provided raw materials, and

markets for finished goodsmarkets for finished goods Result of colonization included the Result of colonization included the

spread of the English language, spread of the English language, Christianity, British law, sports, and Christianity, British law, sports, and British customs around the world.British customs around the world.

Independence at a priceIndependence at a price

As a result of the revolutionary As a result of the revolutionary war, the colonies in the U.S. war, the colonies in the U.S. declared independence in 1776.declared independence in 1776.

Ireland wins independence in 1921 Ireland wins independence in 1921 after War and the Anglo-Irish after War and the Anglo-Irish treaty.treaty.

1947 India achieves independence.1947 India achieves independence.

Former British coloniesFormer British colonies AustraliaAustralia BotswanaBotswana BVIBVI BruneiBrunei BurmaBurma EgyptEgypt FijiFiji GambiaGambia GhanaGhana GibraltarGibraltar GrenadaGrenada GuyanaGuyana IndiaIndia IrelandIreland JamaicaJamaica

KenyaKenya KuwaitKuwait LesothoLesotho MalawiMalawi Malaysia Malaysia MaldivesMaldives New ZealandNew Zealand NigeriaNigeria PakistanPakistan QatarQatar

Why would it be appropriate to say Why would it be appropriate to say “The Sun never sets on the British “The Sun never sets on the British Empire”?Empire”?

Conflict and DivisionConflict and Division

World War I- “The Great War”World War I- “The Great War” Assassination, competition for colonies, Assassination, competition for colonies,

economic power, the desire for economic power, the desire for independence, and secret military independence, and secret military alliances are all causes of the war.alliances are all causes of the war.

Allies (Great Britain, France, & Russia) Allies (Great Britain, France, & Russia) VS. Central Powers (Germany & Austria)VS. Central Powers (Germany & Austria)

Lasted from 1914 to 1918 ending with Lasted from 1914 to 1918 ending with the Treaty of Versaillesthe Treaty of Versailles

Conflict and DivisionConflict and Division World War IIWorld War II

German unrest with the Treaty of Versailles led to German unrest with the Treaty of Versailles led to World War II (in 1939) and the rise of Adolf Hitler World War II (in 1939) and the rise of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussoliniand Benito Mussolini

The Holocaust was one of the horrors of WWII; it The Holocaust was one of the horrors of WWII; it involved the mass killing of 6 million European involved the mass killing of 6 million European Jews and others by Nazi leaders.Jews and others by Nazi leaders.

Ended in 1945, bringing the downfall of Western Ended in 1945, bringing the downfall of Western Europe as the center of world power.Europe as the center of world power.

Eastern Europe fell under the control of the communist Eastern Europe fell under the control of the communist Soviet UnionSoviet Union

The western world was led by the democratic United The western world was led by the democratic United StatesStates

The Cold WarThe Cold War

Between the U.S. and USSR.Between the U.S. and USSR. It was a period of conflict between the It was a period of conflict between the

world’s superpowers over an arms world’s superpowers over an arms race.race.

A race to build nuclear bombs and A race to build nuclear bombs and better weapons and the space race.better weapons and the space race.

USSR was trying to spread USSR was trying to spread communism, and US was trying to communism, and US was trying to stop it from doing so. (Domino Theory)stop it from doing so. (Domino Theory)

Cooperation and UnityCooperation and Unity

East EuropeEast Europe In the 1980s Eastern Europe began In the 1980s Eastern Europe began

demanding more freedom from the demanding more freedom from the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

In 1989 and 1990, free elections ended In 1989 and 1990, free elections ended communist control in Eastern Europecommunist control in Eastern Europe

In 1990, East and West Germany were In 1990, East and West Germany were united with the fall of the Berlin Wallunited with the fall of the Berlin Wall

Cooperation and UnityCooperation and Unity Western EuropeWestern Europe

In 1958, In 1958, BeBelgium, lgium, NeNetherlands, therlands, LuxLuxembourg, embourg, France, Italy, and West Germany joined France, Italy, and West Germany joined together to form the European Community (EC)together to form the European Community (EC)

The EC was an effort to create an economic unit The EC was an effort to create an economic unit forming a single market for their resourcesforming a single market for their resources

By 1990, Denmark, Ireland, the United Kingdom, By 1990, Denmark, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and the united Germany Greece, Portugal, Spain, and the united Germany joined the EC to form the European Union (EU)joined the EC to form the European Union (EU)

The EU worked to create a new Europe in which The EU worked to create a new Europe in which goods, services, workers, and money could goods, services, workers, and money could move freely among countries.move freely among countries.

These efforts have helped the countries of the EU to These efforts have helped the countries of the EU to strengthen their economiesstrengthen their economies