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PART I Chapter 18
Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
Chapter 18. 1 Learning Targets:Prokaryotes are diverse organisms that
live in nearly all environments.
Differentiate among archaea and bacteria and
their subcategories.
Describe survival mechanisms of bacteria at both the individual and population levels.
Describe ways that bacteria are beneficial to humans.
Archaea
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W25nI9kpxtU
7:16 min
Phylogeny
Characteristics• First living evidence on earth • Unicellular• Prokaryotes (No membrane-bound organelles)• Cell wall with internal plasma membrane• Found everywhere
Bacteria
Bacteria Structures• Cell wall – provides support and protection to
the cell
• Plasma membrane – flexible, selectively permeable boundary that controls what enters and leaves the cell
• Cytoplasm – semi-fluid material inside the cell’s plasma membrane
• Ribosome – organelle that helps to manufacture proteins
• DNA - stores and communicates genetic information for the cell
Bacteria Structures
• Pilus/pili - hairlike protrusion– to stick to surfaces– a bridge for sexual reproduction
• Flagellum - long, whiplike protrusion, for moving
• Capsule - sticky layers around cell wall
• Toxin - a powerful poison
• Endospore – found in some bacteria - resists harsh environments
Flagella
Capsules
Endospores Survival of Bacteria
Endospores
Classification:Three Basic Shapes
Cocci -Spheres
Bacilli -Rods
Spirilli -Spiral
Classification:
• Gram stain – Cell wall type
• Thick – Purple Stain = “Gram Positive”
• Thin - Pink Stain = “Gram Negative”
Growth Patterns
Diplo- pairsStaphylo- clusters Strepto- chains
Pneumonia
Streptococci
Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria
Methanogens
Live in:Oxygen-free environment
Produce methane gas
Halophiles
Live in:Salt water
Acidophiles:
Live in:Hot, acidic
water
Bacteria
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-z9-9OOWC4
11:04 min.
Eubacteria - “True” bacteria
Heterotrophs
Photosynthetic
Autotrophs
Chemosynthetic
Autotrophs
Saprophytes (decomposers)
Need sunlight to make food
Need sulfur & nitrogen to make food
Parasites (cause disease)
Example: Cyanobacteria
Nitrogen fixation
(FIX the nitrogen)
Live in more habitable environments
Cyanobacteria - “blue-green bacteria”Algae + Bacteria
Beneficial Bacteria• Nitrogen fixation
– Converts nitrogen into ammonia
– a form that plants can use
• Nodules – A symbiotic relationship
between bacteria and plants
(Beneficial Bacteria)
Saprophytes (decomposers) – Breaks down dead organisms and
decaying matter– Returns nutrients to soil
(Beneficial Bacteria)
Make food:– Cheese– Pickles– Yogurt– Vinegar– Sauerkraut
Cellular Respiration
Obligate Aerobes
Obligate Anaerobes
Need Oxygen Die from Oxygen
Pathogenic Bacteria – disease-causing bacteria
• Pathogen – an organism that causes disease
• Produce toxins
• Damage host’s tissues
• Enter through openings in body (via air, food, water)
Antibiotics:~ Destroys cell wall of bacteria~ Creates holes in the cell walls
Sir Alexander Fleming1928 - discovered Penicillium notatum
Air-Born
Air-Born Bacteria
Sulfur Bacteria
Reproduction
Asexual• Binary Fission
– Cell division
• Rapid - 20 min.
Sexual• Conjugation –
exchange genetic material
• Pili/pilus - bridge
Binary Fission: Asexual Reproduction
Conjugation - Sexual Reproduction
PART IIChapter 18
Ecology
10 Leading Causes of Death in South Dakota (1991 – 2011)
• Heart Disease 2,324
• Cancer 1,524
• Stroke 466
• Chronic Lower Respiratory 324
• Influenza/Pneumonia 310
• Accidents 305
• Diabetes 137
• Suicide 99
• Aortic Aneurysm 74
• Kidney Disease 69
• All other 1,004
South Dakota 2011 Deaths. 7,271 total
• Cancer 1,656
• Heart Disease 1,615
• Chronic Lower Respiratory 485
• Stroke 442
• Alzheimer’s 423
• Accidents 407
• Diabetes 267
• Influenza/Pneumonia 178
• Suicide 125
• Dementia 117
• All other 1,556
Old & Odd: Archaea, Bacteria & Protists - CrashCourse
Biology #35
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAR47-g6tlA