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PARAPHRASING USING NOMINALS by A. Suzan Öniz. PARAPHRASING USING NOMINALS. Paraphrasing is a necessary skill in academic writing when you want to refer to or borrow other people’s ideas. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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PARAPHRASING USING NOMINALSPARAPHRASING USING NOMINALS
byby
A. Suzan ÖnizA. Suzan Öniz
PARAPHRASING USING PARAPHRASING USING NOMINALSNOMINALS
ParaphrasingParaphrasing
is a necessary skill in academic writing when you want to refer to or borrow other people’s ideas.
expresses what you understand from what you read & involves changing someone else’s ideas into your own words.
is NOT copying the exact words or quoting a person directly.
Prepared by A. Suzan Öniz, PhD
THREE STEPS IN PARAPHRASING: THREE STEPS IN PARAPHRASING:
Original Sentence:Original Sentence:
Reading about a topic and taking part in discussions are
two ways that can help students to produce ideas.
VERB VERB NOMINAL: USING A NOMINAL INSTEAD OF THE VERB FORMNOMINAL: USING A NOMINAL INSTEAD OF THE VERB FORM
1. Replace the verb with a nominal, if possible:
production of ideas.
production
Reading about a topic and taking part in discussions are two ways that can help studentswith the
2.2. Find synonyms and change the order of the Find synonyms and change the order of the ideas:ideas:
for learners if
be easier
of ideas
will a. The production
they have read
about a theme and
discussed it.
b. The production of ideas is ...generally the resultof reading about the subject
andhaving
discussions about it.
c. Producing ideas is
easier for learners
afterreading about a subject
anddiscussing it.
Original Sentence:Original Sentence:Reading about a topic and taking part in
discussions are two ways that can help students to produce ideas.
d. When learners read about
e. Learners can easily
f. Learners can produce ideas by
g. Reading about and
h. Reading about a theme
a topic and
participatein discussions, then
theycan easily produce ideas.
produce ideas when they
discussing an issue enable learners
and discussing it make it
read about a topic and participate in discussions.
reading abouta subject and participating in
discussions.
to produce ideas.
easy for learners to find ideas.
Original Sentence:Original Sentence:Reading about a topic and taking part in
discussions are two ways that can help students to produce ideas.
3.3. Now dNow decide which sentence is betterecide which sentence is better.. What’s the focus in What’s the focus in each? each?
a. will be easier for learners if they have read about a theme and discussed it.
b. is generally the result of reading about the subject and having discussions about it.
c. is easier for learners after reading about a subject and discussing it.
d. When read about a topic and participate in discussions, then they can easily produce ideas.
e. can easily produce ideas when they read about a topic and participate in discussions.
f. can produce ideas by reading about a subject and participating in discussions.
g. an issue enable learners to produce ideas.
h. about a theme and it make it easy for learners to find ideas.
The production of ideas
Producing ideas
learners
Learners
Learners
Reading about and discussing Reading
discussing
The production of ideas
Which sentence is better???
All sentences are fine but the focus is different in some.
The focus in the original sentence: “reading … & taking part …”
The focus of Paraphrases a, b, c: “the production of ideas” “producing ideas”
The focus of Paraphrases d, e,f: “ learners”
The focus of Paraphrases g, h: “reading & discussing”
So???
Original Sentence:Original Sentence:Reading about a topic and taking part in
discussions are two ways that can help students to produce ideas.
Paraphrases g & h and the original
sentence are closest
because they have the same focus.
Original Sentence:Original Sentence:
The selection of a suitable topic sentence can be done after carefully thinking about
the message of the paragraph.
NOMINAL NOMINAL VERBVERB : USING THE VERB FORM INSTEAD OF A NOMINAL : USING THE VERB FORM INSTEAD OF A NOMINAL
1.1. Replace the nominal with the verb, if possible:
To select or selecting
To select OR Selecting a suitable topic sentence can be done after
carefully thinking about the message of the paragraph.
What are some synonyms
for the underlined words in the original sentence?
Original Sentence:Original Sentence:
The of a topic sentence can be done
after carefully the message
of the paragraph.
2.2. Find synonyms and change the order of the Find synonyms and change the order of the ideas:ideas:
selection
suitablethinking about
What are some verbs that you can use with the following??
The selection can be done
Selecting ???
Choosing ???
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Selecting
Choosing
An appropriate topic sentence
Learners
Students
that they
first consider the message
an appropriate topic sentence
is easier when want to
express/
on the contents of the paragraph.
consideration
generally follows
reflection
an appropriate topic sentence
writersstate/give
in the paragraph.
after careful
can be written
the contents of the paragraph.
about
careful
can
following the
produce an appropriate topic sentence careful consideration of the paragraph
contents. can
write
an appropriate topic sentence considered the contents of the
paragraph.
when they have
CHANGING THE FOCUS: Can you start each paraphrase in a different way?
Original Sentence:Original Sentence:
The selection of a suitable topic sentence can be done after carefully thinking about the message of the
paragraph.
3.3. Decide which sentence is better:Decide which sentence is better:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Selecting that
they
first consider the message
an appropriate topic sentence
is easier when want to
express/
writersstate/give
in the paragraph.
Choosing
consideration
generally follows
an appropriate topic sentence the contents of the
paragraph. abo
ut
careful
An appropriate topic sentenceon the contents of the
paragraph.reflectio
n
after careful
can be written
Learners
can
following the
produce an appropriate topic sentence careful consideration of the paragraph
contents. Studen
tscan
write
an appropriate topic sentence considered the contents of the
paragraph.
when they have
Find the focus in each & decide.
Original Sentence:Original Sentence:
of a suitable topic sentence can be done after carefully thinking about the message of the
paragraph.
The selection
Decide which sentence is better:
All of the sentences are fine but again there are differences in focus.
The focus in the original sentence: “to select/selecting …”
The focus of Paraphrases a, b: “choosing” “the selection…”
The focus of Paraphrase c: “an appropriate topic sentence”
The focus of Paraphrases d, e: “learners/students”
So????So????Paraphrases a & b and the original sentence have the same focus.
PARAPHRASING PRACTICEPARAPHRASING PRACTICE
byby
A. Suzan ÖnizA. Suzan Öniz
IN BRIEF:IN BRIEF:
CHANGE THE SENTENCECHANGE THE SENTENCE..
Chop it up into two sentences or totally change the form.
Reverse the word order.
Use synonyms and other forms of the same word.
BUTBUT Keep technical or jargon words!
Don’t change the meaning!
Check the focus:
Does the paraphrase have a new focus?
Is this OK? Look at the context (the other sentences around this sentence) and try to match the focus.
EXERCISE: EXERCISE: PARAPHRASINGPARAPHRASING
OLR 1 Unit 5 Reading 4OLR 1 Unit 5 Reading 4
The boomerang The boomerang two curved two curved wingswings
What are synonyms for the underlined words?
looks looks likelike
connected connected together.together.
Now paraphrase it.
The boomerang looks like two curved wings connected The boomerang looks like two curved wings connected together.together.
Possible Paraphrases:Possible Paraphrases:
The boomerang __________ two curved wings ________ attached.
is similar to resembles
which arewhich are joined together.
resembles two curved and attached wings.
The shape of the boomerangis similar to two curved wings
that have
been joined together.
It It in the curved or turning flight of the boomerang.in the curved or turning flight of the boomerang.
What are some alternatives that signal result?
How do you need to change this sentence
when you replace ‘results’ ???
resultresultss
Possible Paraphrases:Possible Paraphrases:
As a result, the boomerang flies in a curved or turning way.
Therefore,
This leads to a curved or turning flight of the boomerang.
This causes the boomerang to fly in a curved or turning manner.
The boomerang, therefore, flies
The flight pattern of the boomerang then is curved or turned.
It It results results in the curved or turning flight of the in the curved or turning flight of the boomerang.boomerang.
OLR 1 Unit 6 Reading 1OLR 1 Unit 6 Reading 1
A study done with university students found that, after A study done with university students found that, after listening to loud rock music, students had increased heart listening to loud rock music, students had increased heart rates.rates.
For which words do you know synonyms?
Can you replace the folowing?
to do a study
after doing sth
to have an increased heart rate
OLR 1 Unit 6 Reading 1OLR 1 Unit 6 Reading 1
A study done with university students found that, after A study done with university students found that, after listening to loud rock music, students had increased heart listening to loud rock music, students had increased heart rates.rates.
Possible Paraphrases:Possible Paraphrases:
Research conducted with university students showed that
carried out illustrated
performed demonstratedstudents’ heart beats increased after they listened to loud rock music. went up when climbed rose
Research conducted with university students demonstrated that loud rock musiccaused students’ heart rate to rise. led to a rise in heart beats. resulted in
Playing music at home, in the office, or in school Playing music at home, in the office, or in school
can help a person to focus.can help a person to focus.
Find alternative expressions for the following:
playing music
can help a person to do sth
to focus on sth
Playing music at home, in the office, or in school Playing music at home, in the office, or in school
can help a person to focus.can help a person to focus.
Possible Paraphrases:Possible Paraphrases:
Listening to music in your house, at work, or in school mayenable a person
The ___________ of people who play music in their houses, at work, or in school
to concentrate.
concentrationschool may improve.
increase.
get better.
Nowadays, dentists often offer headphones to their patients.Nowadays, dentists often offer headphones to their patients.
Find synonyms for as many words as possible.
Can you also find an alternative grammatical structure?
Paraphrase this sentence starting with
These days/Currently/...
Headphones
Nowadays, dentists often offer headphones to their patients.Nowadays, dentists often offer headphones to their patients.
Possible Paraphrases:Possible Paraphrases:
These days, patients are frequently offered headphones in their dentist’s office.
Headphones
These days, it Presently, Currently,
is common for (dental) patients to be offered headphones widespread
in their dentist’s office.
are commonly used in dentists’ offices these days.
It is not uncommon It is not uncommon
to see patients listening to soft music while having an to see patients listening to soft music while having an operation.operation.
Can you change the focus?
In how many different ways can you start this sentence?
It is not uncommon to see patients listening to soft music It is not uncommon to see patients listening to soft music
while having an operation.while having an operation.
Possible Paraphrases:Possible Paraphrases:
Soft musicfor patients during surgery is quite common.
It is not
It is quite common
unusual to see people under medical treatment listening to gentle music
during surgery.
Listening to soft music
for surgery patients to listen to gentle music
during the operation.
during surgery is quite common for patients.
to see patients listening to gentle music during surgery.
It is possible
By slowing the tempo of the music you are By slowing the tempo of the music you are listening to, listening to,
you can contribute to your own calmness.you can contribute to your own calmness.
Reword this sentence by using double comparatives:
The ...er, the ...er.
By slowing the tempo of the music you are By slowing the tempo of the music you are listening to, listening to,
you can contribute to your own calmness.you can contribute to your own calmness.
Possible Paraphrases:Possible Paraphrases:
The slower the speed of the music you are listening to, the more your calmness.
If you the music you are listening to, you can your calmness.
decrease the speed ofincreas
e
Decreasing
By slowing the tempo of the music you are By slowing the tempo of the music you are listening to, listening to,
you can contribute to your own calmness.you can contribute to your own calmness.
the tempo of the music you are listening to can
calm down.
help
enable
you to become more calm.
OLR 1 Unit 6 Reading 2OLR 1 Unit 6 Reading 2
Generalizations from these would befindings
premature.
Find synonyms for the underlined words.
OLR 1 Unit 6 Reading 2OLR 1 Unit 6 Reading 2
Generalizations from these findings would be Generalizations from these findings would be premature.premature.
Possible Paraphrases:Possible Paraphrases:
Generalizations
It would
from these results would be possible later.
be too early
to generalize from these results.
More research is needed.More research is needed.
What are synonyms for
more
to be needed
More research is needed.
Possible Paraphrases:
Additional
necessary.
essential.
Further
conducted.
research should
be
is
needs to bemust be
has to be
carried out.
performed.
OLR 1 Unit 6 Reading 3OLR 1 Unit 6 Reading 3
Jazz is a of music that was
by the African slaves
kind sung or played
on the plantations.
Can you replace the highlighted words?
Jazz is a ______ of music that was _________
by the African slaves _____ fields.
Jazz is a kind of music that was sung or played Jazz is a kind of music that was sung or played
by the African slaves on the plantations.by the African slaves on the plantations.
Possible Paraphrases:Possible Paraphrases:
in the
sort
which African slaves
type
performed
sang or played
in the fields.
Jazz music in the 1800s thus grew from Jazz music in the 1800s thus grew from
a combination of African folk music and dance a combination of African folk music and dance rhythms.rhythms.
Now you try on your own.
Remember
to find synonyms,
to change the word order, and then
to decide which is the best in terms of matching focus.
Jazz music in the 1800s thus grew from a combination of Jazz music in the 1800s thus grew from a combination of
African folk music and dance rhythms.African folk music and dance rhythms.
Possible Paraphrases:Possible Paraphrases:
Therefore, the jazz music of 200 years ago developed from a
________ , the jazz music of the 1800s developed when
mixture of
African folk music and dance rhythms.
evolved
Consequently,
African folk music
was combined with dance rhythms.
Therefore, As a result,
For this reason,
As African-Americans migrated north, As African-Americans migrated north,
they brought jazz and the blues with them.they brought jazz and the blues with them.
Find synonymous structures and reword this sentence.
Hints:
when...
during
starting with the nominal for ‘to migrate’
As African-Americans migrated north, As African-Americans migrated north,
they brought jazz and the blues with them.they brought jazz and the blues with them.
Possible Paraphrases:Possible Paraphrases:
When African-Americans moved north, they introduced jazz and the blues there.
The migration of African-Americans
During
to the north took jazz and the blues there.
was taken to that region.
the migration of African-Americans to the north,
jazz and the blues
spread there.
Due to
People People were buying jazz records were buying jazz records
faster than they could be recorded.faster than they could be recorded.
A more specific word for ‘people’
Instead of ‘buying’ & ‘faster’ ????
People were buying jazz records faster People were buying jazz records faster
than they could be recorded.than they could be recorded.
Possible Paraphrases:Possible Paraphrases:
Jazz records were
People were
The recording of jazz records could not keep up
sold more quickly thancould record
them.
the artists
purchasing jazz records more rapidly thanCustome
rs
they could be recorded.
with their sales.
Fans
The boomerang looks like two curved wings connected together.
It results in the curved or turning flight of the boomerang.
A study done with university students found that, after listening to loud rock music, students had increased heart rates.
Playing music at home, in the office, or in school can help a person to focus.
Nowadays, dentists often offer headphones to their patients.
It is not uncommon to see patients listening to soft music while having an operation.
By slowing the tempo of the music you are listening to, you can contribute to your own calmness.
Generalizations from these findings would be premature.
More research is needed.
Jazz is a kind of music that was sung or played by the African slaves on the plantations.
Jazz music in the 1800s thus grew from a combination of African folk music and dance rhythms.
As African-Americans migrated north, they brought jazz and the blues with them.
People were buying jazz records faster than they could be recorded.