W4_Summarising Paraphrasing

7/25/2019 W4_Summarising Paraphrasing

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and

Paraphrasing

TWO SIDES OF THESAME COIN


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Learning outcomes

At the end of this lesson, you should beable to :

Understand the techniques of summarising

Apply the techniques of summarising

Understand the techniques of paraphrasing

Apply the techniques of paraphrasingUnderstand the importance of paraphrasing

Introduce an outside source


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What is a summary?

A shorter ersion o! a piece o!in!ormation which

Presents the main ideas or most importantinformation

Demonstrates understanding of the material in acondensed form

eports without personal interpretation or opinion

In!ol!es Writing, eading and "ritical #hin$ing


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%etting started

ead until you understand the te&t and feelyou can e&plain in your own words

ecall the information using the ' question

words: Who? What? Where? When? Why?(ow?

emember to cite the writer of the te&t e)g)

(anlon * +-./ states00 or

According to (anlon *+-./


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1anguage use

Write in the present tense and omit personalpronouns e)g) 2I3 and 2me3

Use !erbs to indicate summari4ed information

e)g) suggests, states, writes, argues, etc)Use transitional words for a smooth, logical

5ow of ideas)

Paraphrase using your own !ocabulary and

sentence structure) 6a$e the tone and styleyour own)

If quotations are used, remember quotationmar$s


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7ummary 8 e&ample +

7ource:

Amphibians, which is the animal class or frogsand toads, were the 9rst creatures to crawl

from the sea and inhabit the earth)

7ummary:The frst animals to leave the seaand live on dry land were amphibian.


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7ummary 8 e&ample

7ource:

People whose professional acti!ity lies in the9eld of politics are not, on the whole,

conspicuous for their respect for factualaccuracy)

7ummary : Politicians often lie)


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7ummary 8 e&ample ;

7ource:


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7ummary 8 e&ample .

7ource:

#he climatic conditions pre!ailing in the =ritishIsles show a pattern of alternating and

unpredictable periods of dry and wet weather,accompanied by a similarly irregular cycle oftemperature change

7ummary: =ritish weather is changeable)

7 i h h i l i


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7ummari4e the short article on sa!ingboo$s

Authors: >li4abeth ohnson, dinburgh BB;

7ome people sa!e boo$s to ma$e a goodimpression) 7ome thin$ that a library full of theliterary classics, dictionaries, and boo$s about art,science, and history ma$es them loo$ well read andtherefore, sophisticated) Cf course, this impressionmay be inaccurate) 7ome ha!e ne!er bothered toread the maority of those boo$s at allE In fact, a few

people e!en ha!e libraries with fa$e boo$s) Also,some people li$e to re!eal to !isitors their widerange of tastes and interests) #hey can subtlyre!eal their interests in economics, art, politics,

philosophy, or animals without saying a word)


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Paraphrasing


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1earning outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, youshould be able to


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De9ning paraphrase

estate what has been said, orwritten, in a diFerent way)

Use your own words to e&press

another writerGs words or ideas)


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paraphrasing

#o a!oid plagiarism

#o report ideas andinformation which belongto someone else

As an alternati!e toquoting


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paraphrase

#he use of diFerent words to con!ey the sameideas and information as the original writing)

#he grammar and !ocabulary are not thesame with the e&ception of technical terms)

#he use of multiple paraphrasing techniques

simultaneously)


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paraphrasing

Use

synonyms

Use !ariedsentence

patterns

"hange theorder of

ideas

=rea$ longsentences

into shorterones

7implify

abstractideas


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synonyms

Criginal

7tress

Primaryapplication

At least 'BB

Paraphrased

An&iety

6ain use

About si&hundred


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#echnique arying sentence structure

Criginal

Although at least'BB of the de!icesare used in the U7,there areapparently only

three in =ritain)

Paraphrased

=ritain has ustthree de!ices,whereas Americauses around 'BB)

#echnique ; changing the order of


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#echnique ; changing the order ofideas

Criginal

De$tor claims that themuscle tightening

occurs !ery quic$ly,and can change fromone word to the ne&t,so that it is possible

to pic$ out a word orphrase that causesstress)

Paraphrased

An an&ietyHinducingword or phrase may

be ob!ious, as themuscles can tightenbetween words,according to De$tor


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#echnique . =rea$ing long sentences intoshorter ones

Criginal

In the U7, the P7> de!ice isused for preHemploymentinter!iews, with questions such

as 2(a!e you e!er usedmariuana?3 and for monthlychec$s with branch managers,as$ing questions li$e, 2Do yoususpect any present employeesof cheating the company?3 8

which at least pre!ents amanager from setting his ownpace to in!estigate possiblesuspicious beha!ior)

Paraphrased

#he P7> de!ice is used inAmerica to as$

prospecti!e employees ifthey ha!e a!er ta$ennarcotics and to question9nancial managers aboutpossible fraud in the

company) #his is apre!ention against branchmanagers conductingtheir own in!estigations)


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#echnique : simplifying abstract ideas

Criginal

Jormally, but notunder stress, these

!oluntary muscles!ibrate at -H+ (4,and this adds aclearly noticeable

frequencyHmodulatedcomponent to the!oice) #he P7> wor$sby analy4ing this

infrasonic analyses!ibrations of muscles

in the mouth andthroat which usually!ibrate at -H+(4)(owe!er, under

stress, these musclestighten and the P7>can identify thechange in the !oice)


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Introducing an outside source

Always ac$nowledgethe writer of the te&te)g)

(anlon *BBB/ states Kwrites K maintains K

According to (anlon

*BBB/ the P7>00Cr

#he introduction of theP7> *De$tor/ to =ritain

is a cause for concernas no law e&ists toprohibit its use *(anlon,BBB/)


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>&ample of a good summary

An accepta"#e summar$%

When writing the 9nal

research paper, studentsare ad!ised to limit directquotations ta$en fromsources *1ester, +L'/)

Origina# te&t% 7tudentsfrequently o!eruse directquotation in ta$ing notes, and

as a result they o!erusequotations in the 9nalMresearchN paper) Probably onlyabout +BO of your 9nalmanuscript should appear asdirectly quoted matter)#herefore, you should stri!e tolimit the amount of e&acttranscribing of sourcematerials while ta$ing notes*1ester, +L'/)

A p#agiari'ed ersion%7tudents often use too many directquotations when they ta$e notes,resulting in too many of them in the9nal research paper) In fact, probablyonly about +BO of the 9nal copy

should consist of directly quotedmaterial) 7o it is important to limitthe amount of source material copiedwhile ta$ing notes)


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A good paraphrase

1esterGs *+L'/ ad!ise is forstudents to limit directquotations and a good

guide is to only ha!e atleast +BO of quoted te&t inthe 9nal paper)

Origina# te&t% 7tudentsfrequently o!eruse directquotation in ta$ing notes,and as a result theyo!eruse quotations in the9nal MresearchN paper)Probably only about +BO ofyour 9nal manuscriptshould appear as directlyquoted matter) #herefore,you should stri!e to limitthe amount of e&act

transcribing of sourcematerials while ta$ingnotes *1ester, +L'/)


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Cn a 9nal note:

Use a !ariety of paraphrasing

techniques)

Always ensure informationparaphrased is true to theoriginal)


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"onclusion

THIS IS THEEND OF

TODA()SLECT*+E

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W4_Summarising Paraphrasing