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F Gymt`hymtyzfm ^yz~kxi ckz ICM Tifhl`eb `e Mfebyfbi Xhlkkmx

^ftz`h`f di Fvy`ek ^zydieti6

Ft tli tyze kc tli :6xt% hietyzp- Iebm`xl `x tli gkxt xtyd`id ckzi`be mfebyfbi

`e Jzf`m% Fctiz tli ied kc tli Hkmd Rfz- tli YX lfsi ixtfjm`xlid tligximsix ihkekg`hfmmp

fx tli gkxt ~krizcym eft`ke `e tli rkzmd- fed- r`tl tli pifzx- Iebm`xl lfx jihkgi tli aip

mfebyfbi ckz hkggye`hft`ke- jyx`eixx fed idyhft`ke `e f bmkjfm`id rkzmd% @e fdd`t`ke-

Iebm`xl mfebyfbi tifhl`eb `x ~fzt kc xhlkkm hyzz`hymygx fed `x fmxk ~zixiet `e gkxt

mfebyfbi xhlkkmx x~zifd ksiz tli hkyetzp% Fmtlkybl `t `x tfyblt tlzkyblkyt xhlkkm m`ci `e

Jzf`m- Iebm`xl `x- gkxt czivyietmp- mifzet ft mfebyfbi xhlkkmx% Tli a`ed kc hkehi~t`ke gkxt

kc tlixi xhlkkmx lfsi kc rlft ICM tifhl`eb `x- fed tli zifxkex tlip hmf`g ckz mifze`eb tlimfebyfbi gyxt ji hfzicymmp d`xhyxxid fed fefmpid%

C`zxtmp- xhlkkmx f~~zkfhl mfebyfbi fx f gifex kc hkggye`hft`ke fed fx f

a`ed kc fj`m`tp kei hfe fhvy`zi fed gfxtiz fx rimm fx eft`si x~ifaizx% @e liz xtydp-

Bz`bkmittk ,:>>>) xtftix tlft gkxt xtydietx rlk ~fzt`h`~ftid `e liz zixifzhl tlkyblt tlft

gfxtiz`eb f mfebyfbi rfx tk ji fjmi tk x~ifa `t rimm- tk yedizxtfed `t- fed tk aekr `t cymmp

fx eft`si x~ifaizx dk% Xli i|~mf`ex tlft xyhl fe fmmibft`ke `x f a`ed kc gptl tlft m`g`tx tli

`dif kc rlft mfebyfbi `x- fed `bekzix m`eby`xt`h hkg~itiehi `e `tx eisiz'cymmp'zifhl`eb

misim% Jfz`eb tl`x g`xmifd`eb hkehi~t`ke `e g`ed- xtydietx eisiz ciim tktfmmp xft`xc`id r`tl

tli`z hkg~itiehi- fed aii~ digfed`eb czkg tligximsix f cfmxi ~izciht m`eby`xt`h

hkg~itiehi `c tlft fhtyfmmp i|`tx ft fmm fed hkg~fzi tli`z mifze`eb ~zkhixx tk tli kei

eft`si x~ifaizx bk tlzkybl- rl`hl hfe ji i|tzigimp `eicciht`si%

Fektliz f~~zkfhl hkggkemp yxid jp mfebyfbi xhlkkmx xiix Iebm`xl fx f

gftiz`fm fhvy`x`t`ke- xkgi a`ed kc ~kxxixx`ke tlft fmxk zi~zixietx xtftyx `e xkh`itp1 fx f tkkm

yxid ckz x~ih`c`h f`gx- xyhl fx ielfehigietx kc zxygx kz hketfht r`tl xkyzhix kc

`eckzgft`ke fed idyhft`ke% Fhhkzd`eb tk Lfzakt'di'mf'Tf`mmi ,:>>3)- xtydietx fed mifzeizx

f~~zkfhl mfebyfbi fx yxizx ckz sizp x~ih`c`h fed ~zfht`hfm eiidx- r`tlkyt ji`eb fjmi tk

fhhixx fep m`eby`xt`h `ehmyx`ke fed hymtyzfm frfzieixx% Tlip xii mfebyfbi fx m`g`tid tk `tx

~zfht`hfm yxix%

6 Yedizbzfdyfti xtydiet ft tli Ye`sizx`tp kc Xk ^fymk%

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@t `x ekt`hifjmi tlft gkxt zifxkex ckz mifze`eb Iebm`xl fx f ckzi`be mfebyfbi

kccizid jp xhlkkmx zimfti tk ihkekg`h `etizixtx fed tk f hf~`tfm`xt s`ir kc tli rkzmd- rl`hl

xiix Iebm`xl fx f hkggkd`tp tlft f`gx ft hkexygiz`xg ,@fzzf- :>>2- ~%28)%

Fx f zixymt- gkxt Iebm`xl xhlkkmx ckhyx ke jktl+i`tliz Fgiz`hfe fed+kz

Jz`t`xl Iebm`xl xtfedfzdx `e tli`z hkyzxi jkkax fed gitlkdkmkb`ix- `e tlft tlip d`xzibfzd

tli bzift sfz`it`ix kcIebm`xlix x~kaie `e ksiz c`ctp Iebm`xl'x~ifa`eb hkyetz`ix `e tli

rkzmd% Tlip yxyfmmp digfed tlft tifhlizx fed xtydietx c`t `etk kei kc tli trk xtfedfzdx kc

~zkeyeh`ft`ke fed bzfggfz- fed tlizijp `g~kxi i`tliz kei kz jktl hymtyzfm fx~ihtx xyhl fx

himijzft`kex- rfpx kc m`ci- fed- gkxt `g~kztfetmp- `dikmkb`hfm s`irx%

Lkrisiz- tlixi xtfedfzdx fzi d`xhz`g`eftkzp ckz jktl dkg`efet hymtyzix fed

xyjkzd`efti hymtyzix% Rl`mi Fgiz`hfe fed Jz`t xl hymtyzix fzi `g~kxid ke Jzf`m fex rlk

lfsi tk hkexygi tlig r`tlkyt fep ~zk~iz zihkbe`t`ke kc tli`z kre hymtyzi- xtfedfzdx fzifmxk d`xhz`g`eft`si r`tl tli dkg`efet hymtyzix jihfyxi tlip gfai ~ik~mi jim`isi tlft

dkg`efet hymtyzix fzi isie- fx Fgiz`hfex- ckz `extfehi- rkymd c`t `e tli dixhz`~t`kex kc

xlfmmkreixx fed hkexygiz xg xlkre jp gfep gks`ix% Tli hzift`ke kc `dikmkb`hfm

xtfedfzdx xlf~i dkg`efet hymtyzix `etk f xgfmm czfgi rl`hl xyzimp dkix ekt zi~zixiet fmm

jilfs`kzx- ftt`tydix fed jim`icx `e tlixi hkyetz`ix%

Cyztlizgkzi- gkxt Jzf`m`fex fxxkh`fti xtydp`eb fed mifze`eb Iebm`xl

d`zihtmp r`tl tli YX fed Iebmfed% Rl`mi- ke tli kei lfed- tlip ciim ietlyx`fxt`h fjkyt

fhhixx`eb tli zifm`tp kc tlixi trk z`hl hkyetz`ix fed tli`z hymtyzix- ke tli ktliz lfed- tli

d`ziht fxxkh`ft`ke kc Iebm`xl r`tl tlixi hkyetz`ix l`edizx gfep ~ik~mi czkg mifze`eb tli

mfebyfbi dyi tk tli sfxt i|~mk`tft`ke fed `g~iz`fm`xg tlip `g~kxi y~ke Jzf`m tkbitliz

r`tl tli xiexi kc xkh`fm `eoyxt`hi tlft tl`x `g~m`ix% Tlyx- tiex`ke `e tli Iebm`xl mifze`eb

~zkhixx ~zisf`mx? ft tli xfgi t`gi tlft tlizi `x f ckzhi r`mm`eb tk jimkeb tk tli hietz`h

hkyetz`ix- tlizi `x fmxk fe i|'hietz`h ckzhi gks`eb kytrfzdx- fed ciim`eb yeoyxt`c`id jp

tlig%

Tk jittiz yedizxtfed xyhl tiex`kex- Afhlzy- `e l`x fzt`hmi Rkzmd Iebm`xlix

fed Hymtyzi Rfzx ,600

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H`zhmi zi~zixietx hkyetz`ix xyhl fx Hl`ef- Of~fe- fed Akzif rlizi tli d`ccyx`ke kc Iebm`xllfx hkgi fjkyt zimft`simp zihietmp%

Jzf`m `x f hkyetzp `e tli I|~fed`eb H`zhmi rlizi tlizi `x ~zixxyzi

xyccizid czkg tli @eeiz H`zhmi% Afhlzy xfpx tlft tlkxi r`tl tli kreizxl`~ kc tli

hkggkd`tp rfet tk xfcibyfzd `t fed ~zixizsi `t ,@j`d)% Tlizickzi- Iebm`xl `x xtzkebmp

hketzkmmid jp tlixi hkyetz`ix xk tlft tlip hfe ~zktiht `t fx sfmyfjmi hf~`tfm- rl`hl hfe ji

yxid tk hzifti `dikmkb`hfm s`irx `e kzdiz tk gf`etf`e tli`z ~km`t`hfm fed ihkekg`h ~kriz%

S`ir`eb tli mfebyfbi `e `tx ~myzfm ckzg- fx Iebm`xlix- `x hkex`dizid f tlzift tk tlixi

hkyetz`ix ~kriz kc dkg`efehi fed `diet`t`ix- fmtlkybl `t rkymd g`e`g`i tiex`kex `e tli

Iebm`xl mifze`eb ~zkhixx%

Fx f gfttiz kc cfht- xtydietx `bekzi tli r`di sfz`itp kc a`edx kc Iebm`xl

x~kaie `e tli rkzmd- tli d`sizxi hymtyzfm i|hlfebix- fed xkh`fm zix`xtfehi tlip g`blt kcciz

rlie mifze`eb ICM% Fmtlkybl gyhl `x ji`eb tlkyblt fjkyt ~myzfm``eb tli mifze`eb kc

Iebm`xl- kei c`zxt `dif gyxt xt`mm ji ai~t `e g`ed? fjksi fmm- xtydietx `e Jzf`m- `e tli`z

gfokz`tp- rfet tk mifze tli mfebyfbi jihfyxi kc ihkekg`h zifxkex% @c tli Fgiz`hfe fed

Iebm`xl ihkekg`h ~kriz d`d ekt i|`xt- xtydietx gkxt m`aimp rkymd ekt ji xk `etizixtid `e

mifze`eb tli mfebyfbi% Tk hlfebi tli mifzeizx ~izhi~t`ke- czkg tli ihkekg`h fed+kz

~km`t`hfm s`irx tk f jzkfdiz s`ir bf`eid tlzkybl gymt`hymtyzfm i|~iz`iehi- `x ekt fe ifxp

tfxa- fed gfp mifd tk cf`myzi fed zioiht`ke%Tli c`zxt ~kxx`jmi fttig~t tk jzifa r`tl tl`x ixtfjm`xlgiet `x tk xlkr

xtydietx f d`cciziet ~k`et kc s`ir kc Iebm`xl- r`tl rl`hl tlip r`mm hketfht f r`diz zfebi kc

hlk`hix ckz tli mfebyfbi- fed d`xhksiz lkr hymtyzix czkg tli Kytiz h`zhmi fed Tli

I|~fed`eb H`zhmi difm fed `etizfht r`tl tli mfebyfbi%

Kei ~kxx`j`m tp- `e tizgx kc ~idfbkb`hfm gitlkdx ~zixietid jp @fzzf ,@j`d)-

`x mifze`eb Iebm`xl jp gifex kc f hz`t`hfm ~idfbkbp ~izx~iht`si- rl`hl fmmkrx d`fmkbyi r`tl

gymt`~mi ~kxx`j`m`t`ix kc lygfe `etizfht`kex% Gkxt mfebyfbi xhlkkmx ekzgfmmp mfha xyhl fe

`etizfht`ke- fed ~zks`di xtydietx r`tl c`|id hmfxxix fed gitlkdkmkb`ix- r`tlkyt ~kxx`j`m`t`ix

kc hlfebi% Tlip ~zixiet f ye`mftizfm s`ir kc tli rkzmd- rl`hl d`xxig`eftix Fgiz`hfe fed

Jz`t`xl `g~iz`fm`xt hymtyzix%

Tli hz`t`hfm ~idfbkbp ~izx~iht`si bf`eid r`tl ICM tifhl`eb hfe xlkr

xtydietx tlft tli mifze`eb ~zkhixx `x ekt f kei'rfp d`ziht`ke- czkg tifhliz kz xhlkkmx tk

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xtydietx1 zftliz- `t `x f trk'kz'gkzi'rfpx d`ziht`ke tlft hketzfxtx d`cciziehix- i|~mkzix f

g`ddmi bzkyed- fed jy`mdx f hz`t`hfm `diet`tp kc tli rkzmd% @t `x tli `dif kc d`fmkbyi fed

~myzfm`xg tlft hfe jzkfdie xtydietx fed mifzeizx i|~iz`iehi kc rlft mifze`eb ICM `x- fed

hfe d`cciz czkg tli a`ed kc mifze`eb tlft `x gkxtmp ~zk~kxid jp mfebyfbi xhlkkmx hlf`ex%

@e l`x fzt`hmi- Afhlzy h`tix f xietiehi jp Czfeh`xhk X`ke`m Okx- f ^l`m`~~`ei

rz`tiz rlkxi hkyetzp riet tlzkybl f ~zkhixx kc dkg`efehi x`g`mfz tk Jzf`mx? Iebm`xl lfx

ekt hkmke`id yx jyt ri lfsi hkmke`id tli mfebyfbi ,K~% H`t)% Tl`x `x f jmied`eb ~zkhixx

rlizi zix`xtfehi `x rkza`eb fed tlizi `x ek xy~iz`kz dkg`efehi- jyt `etizfht`ke- rl`hl

gifex xtydietx mifze tli mfebyfbi fx mkeb fx `t c`tx `e tli`z hymtyzfm hketi|tx%

Tl`x hz`t`hfm s`ir r`mm ekt kemp jy`md `diet`t`ix fed k~ie tli mifze`eb ~zkhixx

tk d`xhyxx`ke fed hkexh`kyxeixx jyt r`mm fmxk hketz`jyti bziftmp tk tli fhvy`x`t`ke kc mi|`hke

xyhl fx `d`kgx- rl`hl fzi hymtyzfm ~fztx kc f mfebyfbi fed hfe kemp ji yedizxtkkd `cxtydietx fzi frfzi kc tli hymtyzfm fx~ihtx kc tli mfebyfbi tlip fzi mifze`eb%

Okzdk `e liz fzt`hmi F Mebyf @ebmixf hkgk Hkggkd`tp? D`zi`tk ky

Kjz`bfk di Tkdkx; `etzkdyhix f eir `dif hfmmid Idyhft ke tlzkybl Mfebyfbix

,Idyhfk ~imfx Mebyfx) rl`hl- fhhkzd`eb tk liz- ~zks`dix xtydietx fed tifhlizx r`tl eir

~kxx`j`m`t`ix kc `etiz~zit`eb tli rkzmd% Tlizickzi- xtydietx xlkymd ekt mifze tli mfebyfbi jyt

mifze tlzkybl `t- fed d`xhksiz tli eir rkzmd `t jz`ebx%

Fe `g~kztfet gifex @fzzf ,@j`d) ~zk~kxix tk f~~mp hz`t`hfm ~idfbkbp fed tk

bk tlzkybl tli i|~iz`iehi dixhz`jid fjksi `x tlzkybl m`tizftyzi tifhl`eb fxxkh`ftid r`tl

ICM tifhl`eb%

,) Zifdizx jihkgi fbietx kc f ~zkhixx kc i|hlfebi fed tzfexckzg tli`z kre hketi|t zi'gf~~`eb eir czket`izx fed zixlf~`eb hymtyzfm diet`t`ix% ,@j`d- ~%22)

Tlzkybl m`tizftyzi- xtydietx hfe hketfht f d`cciziet rkzmd- r`tl gymt`~mi

hymtyzix- ekt kemp tli `g~iz`fm`xt Fgiz`hfe fed Jz`t`xl keix jyt fmxk tlkxi kc tli sfz`kyx

ktliz Iebm`xl'x~ifa`eb hkyetz`ix% Tlip hfe i|~iz`iehi s`ir`eb tli rkzmd tlzkybl ktliz

~k`etx kc s`ir xyhl fx tlkxi hlfzfhtizx `e tli m`tizfzp ti|tx lfsi fed czkg rl`hl tlip timm

tli`z xtkz`ix% M`tizftyzi hfe f~~zkfhl zifdizx tk x~ft`fm- tig~kzfm- ~km`t`hfm- xkh`fm- ihkekg`h

d`cciziehix- fed zifm`t`ix tlft ek ktliz gifex hfe zifhl fed zi~zixiet%

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Ektr`tlxtfed`eb- hfeke`h hlk`hix xlkymd ji f~~zk~z`fti tk tli ~yz~kxi kc

hz`t`hfm ~idfbkbp% Afhlzy xfpx? tli ~iz`~liz`ix lfsi tzfd`t`kefmmp jiie `bekzid jp m`tizfzp

l`xtkz`fex rl`hl gifex m`tizfzp hlk`hix kc tli hfeke ixtfjm`xl jittiz a`edx kc m`tizftyzi `e

ditz giet kc ktlizx- yxyfmmp hkec zg`eb tli `g~iz`fm`xt s`ir fed gf`etf`e`eb

d`xhz`g`eft`ke% Hfeke`h hlk`hix xlkymd hkg~z`xi d`cciziet a`edx kc m`tizftyzi czkg d`cciziet

hkyetz`ix `ehmyd`eb ~iz`~lizfm keix ,K~% H`t%)%

C`efmmp- `t `x s`tfm tk yedizxtfed tlft ek tlikzp r`mm gfai fep d`cciziehi `c ekt

fm`beid r`tl ~zfht`hi fed i|`xt`eb mifzeizx eiidx% @c xhlkmfzx tlikz`i fjkyt ICM idyhft`ke-

hz`t`hfm ~idfbkbp fed idyhft ke tlzkybl mfebyfbix jyt dk ekt jy`md f jz`dbi tlft hkeeihtx

tli fhfdig`f r`tl tli tifhl`eb `e xhlkkmx- ek zixymt r`mm fhtyfmmp ji zifhlid%

Fctiz ~zks`d`eb xtydietx r`tl rlft r`mm `e`t`fmmp cymc`mm tli`z eiidx- tli ei|t

xti~ `x tk `etzkdyhi tk xtydietx ktliz s`irx ke ICM% Jp dk`eb xk- `e f cytyzi fed hket`eykyxhketfht r`tl f gymt`hymtyzfm f~~zkfhl kc Iebm`xl- eir `etizixtx r`mm fz`xi fed xtydietx r`mm

ji fjmi tk hlkkxi fed jy`md tli`z kre fed ye`vyi s`irx ke mifze`eb f CM fed dic`ei tli`z

kre `diet`t`ix%

Tl`x fzt`hmi f`gx ft jy`md`eb tl`x jz`dbi% @tx ~yz~kxi `x ekt tk ji fbf`ext tli

rfp mfebyfbi xhlkkmx tifhl Iebm`xl jyt tk ji ckz f gymt`~mi rfp kc tifhl`eb rl`hl dkix ekt

xkmimp fcc`zg fed gf`etf`e Fgiz`hfe fed+kz Jz`t`xl hymtyzix- jyt `extifd- jzkfdiex mifzeizx

s`ir kc tli rkzmd fed kc tligximsix% @e cfht- tl`x ftt`tydi bieizftix zix`xtfehi `e xyhl f rfp

tlft tlip hfe lfsi hz`t`hfm tlkybltx fed hlk`hix tk hzifti tli`z `diet`t`ix `e f hkg~mi| fed

bmkjfm`id rkzmd- ft tli xfgi t`gi tlft tlip zihkbe`i fed yedizxtfed ktliz ~k`etx kc s`ir%

J`jm`kbzf~l`hfm ziciziehix

BZ@BKMITTK- Gfz`xf- :>>>% Zi~zixietfk- @diet`dfdi i F~zied`fbig di Mebyf Ixtzfebi`zf% Hmfz`tfx-

Xk ^fymk? ^YH- e%3%

LFZAKT'DI'MF'TF@MMI- :>>3% Im`fjitl% Yxkx kmt`hkx df Mebyf i ^kmt`hfx M`ebxt`hfx%Hmfz`tfx- Xk

^fymk? ^YH- s% 6:- e% :%

@_FZZF- Mfyzf ^% _% # D@ HFED@F- G`hlimf Zkxf ,Kzbx)- :>>2% Iex`ek di Mebyf @ebmixf Ftzfsx dk

Ti|tk M`tizz`k% Xk ^fymk? Lygfe`tfx% OKZDK- Hmfz`xxf G% f Mebyf @ebmixf Hkgk Hkggkd`tp?

D`zi`tk ky Kjz`bfk di Tkdkx; @e?

RRR%HIX%YH%^T+MFJ:>>4+@EXHZ@HFK+^DCX+BZY^KD@XHYXXFK8:+HMFZ@XXFOKZDFK%^DC

AFHLZY- Jzfo J% Rkzmd Iebm`xlix fed Hymtyzi Rfzx% @e?

ltt~?++rrr%`eck%bks%la+xcff+ckzg+xbm+gfeyxhz`~tx+4:>'afhlzy%dkh

http://www.info.gov.hk/sfaa/form/sgl/manuscripts/4%20-kachru.dochttp://www.info.gov.hk/sfaa/form/sgl/manuscripts/4%20-kachru.doc