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Okeenel Ok` Hkelvklf Vsf7 Ovnh`nel Ekpndekh N`fepnp~ o~ Kepkldenwnel

|npm Dpmfrefss

Hf`k _d`rnlvfs'

Kosprkcp7 Pmns krpnchf hddis nepd rfzrfsfepkpndes da pmf Zdrpvlvfsf hkelvklf ne kszfcnkhnwf` bklkwnef ke` nepd pmf nbzhnckpndes pd pmf cdesprvcpnde da k ekpndekh n`fepnp~

da qnf|nel hkelvklfs ks neprnesnckhh~ zvrf( `nscrfpf ke` cdbzhfpf fepnpnfs% \f svllfsppmkp pmf n`fks `nszhk~f` ne pmf kekh~wf` pf}ps mfhz crfkpf ke nbklf da pmf hkelvklf ks k

ekpndekh kssfp pd of `fafe`f` ardb cdrrvzpnde% \f `nscvss md| svcm rfzrfsfepkpndes

bk~ cdeprnovpf pd pmf cdesprvcpnde ke` bknepfekecf da k ekpndekh n`fepnp~ ke` kp pmfskbf pnbf rfhflkpf pmf kcpvkh lfevnef hnelvnspnc zrd`vcpnde da nps szfkifrs$|rnpfrs pd k

zdsnpnde da ve`fsnrf` dpmfrefss%If~|dr`s7 `nscdvrsf kekh~sns( hkelvklf( n`fepnp~( dpmfrefss%

;% Neprd`vcpnde

Cdbbde sfesf spkpfbfeps kodvp pmf hkci da cdbzfpfecf da pmf Orkwnhnke

szfkifr da Zdrpvlvfsf mkqf dapfe of|nh`frf` vs% Np bk~ of pmkp pmf cdepkcp |npm

sdcndhnelvnspncs |ks ne akcp |mkp mks bk`f svcm spkpfbfeps sdve` sd doqndvsh~

akhhkcndvs pd vs( ovp( na np ns bdsp nbzrdokohf pmkp |f cke kssvbf pd of kohf pd prkcf okci

pmf zkppfre da dvr d|e n`fepnanckpndes |npm zrfcnsnde( np bnlmp of vsfavh pd pr~ ke` hddi

nepd md| pmns zdnep da qnf| bk~ of kohf pd svspkne npsfha sd ordk`h~ ne dvr cdvepr~bfe

-ke` |dbfe.s bne`s%

Ofkrnel ne bne` pmf sprfelpm da pmf bf`nk ne pmf bdh`nel da cvhpvrkh

n`fepnpnfs( pmf ekpndekh cvhpvrfs nepd |mncm |f krf odre ofnel def da nps zrnecnzkh

sdvrcfs -Mkhh( ;>>0.( |f mkqf sfp dvp pd f}kbnef ke krpnchf ne pmf cvrrfep nssvf da pmf

bklkwnef Helvk Zdrpvlvfsk( Vb zhvrkh neqksnqd% \f nepfe` pd hddi nepd nps

kzzrknskh da sdbf Orkwnhnke Zdrpvlvfsf szfkifrs ke` |rnpfrs nekonhnp~ pd kzzh~ sd"ckhhf`

cdrrfcp lrkbbkr rvhfs |npm rflkr` pd pmf vsklf da pmf zhvrkh%

Pkinel nepd cdesn`frkpnde Mkhhs kccdvep da Okimpnes `nkhdlnc qnf| da

hkelvklf( ekbfh~( pmkp |f eff` `naafrfecf ofckvsf |f cke deh~ cdesprvcp bfkenel

pmrdvlm k `nkhdlvf |npm pmf Dpmfr -;>>0736( mns npkhncs.( |f |dvh` hnif pd szfcvhkpf

kodvp md| svcm eflkpnqf rfzrfsfepkpndes da k ekpndekh hkelvklf cdeprnovpf ne pmf

cdesprvcpnde da k ekpndekh n`fepnp~ pmrdvlm dpmfrefss%

' Ve`frlrk`vkpf spv`fep kp pmf Venqfrsnp~ da Sd Zkvhd%

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?% Pmf bklkwnef

Helvk Zdrpvlvfsk mks offe de pmf bkrifp snecf ?::6% De pmf

bklkwnefs snpf( ve`fr pmf mfk`nel Sdorf k _fqnspk( |f cke spnhh ane` |mkp sffbs pd

mkqf offe nps anrsp f`npdrnkh% Np oflnes o~ spkpnel pmkp pmf Zdrpvlvfsf hkelvklf ns vb

venqfrsd `fscdemfcn`d ke` pmkp zdvcks qfwfs zfeskbds efhk `nrfnpd( |mncm cdvh`

nbzh~ pmkp |f fnpmfr `d edp lnqf np sfrndvs fedvlm pmdvlmp dr pmkp |f krf edp kohf pd

pmnei cdrrfcph~ ne np( k cvrndvs kbonlvnp~ adr k adve`nel pf}p svcm ks k anrsp f`npdrnkh%

\f ofhnfqf svcm kbonlvnp~ ns ne akcp cdesnspfep |npm pmf cdepfep da pmf bklkwnef( |mncm

dapfe smd|s krpnchfs pmkp sffb nepfep de `fb~spna~nel spfrfdp~zf` qnf|s da Zdrpvlvfsf

ke` pmf n`fk da hkelvklf npsfha svcm ks @flfefrkd f bfhmdrnk `ks helvks( o~ Gds

Hvnw Andrne( ne pmf skbf nssvf ks pmf pf}ps kekh~wf` mfrf ( ovp khsd mks sfcpndes svcm ks

Hnd `f Cksk( |mncm vsvkhh~ zrfsfeps ke dzfeh~ zrfscrnzpnqf qnf|%

Na |f klrff pmkp k helvk {vf vskbds rfqfhk {vfb sdbds( f efb sfbzrf

eds `kbds cdepk spnhh kccdr`nel pd nps anrsp f`npdrnkh ( |f ve`frspke` pmkp ne

spkpfbfeps svcm ks d n`ndbk vb venqfrsd kbzhd( zdrb kcfssqfh( pmf vsf da pmf

`fanenpf krpnchf ofadrf n`ndbk ke` nps zrf`nckpnde ks k dr def venqfrsf |mncm ns

kccfssnohf bk~ hfk` pd k rfzrfsfepkpnde da hkelvklfs ks venanf` ke` zrf`ncpkohf( ks na

bfkenels |frf an}f` ne pmfb;%

Pmf f`npdrnkh cdechv`fs ne k sffbnel `fafesf da `nqfrsnp~7 kd akhkr( d

orksnhfnrd f}zrfssk svk n`fepn`k`f( {vf eveck venadrbf( f d zks rfsznrk svk

`nqfrsn`k`f( {vf nesnspf fb eds venr% Md|fqfr( pmf qfr~ n`fk da cdvepr~ ns ne npsfha

mdbdlfenwnel ne pmkp np ovnh`s ke n`fk da venp~ `fsznpf khh pmf cdeahncpnel lrdvzs pmkp

bnlmp smkrf pmf skbf zm~snckh dr rfzrfsfepkpndekh szkcf ke ve`nszvpkohf scfekrnd ne

pmf cksf da dvr cdvepr~% Kccdr`nel pd Bfefwfs `f Sdvwk( ed|mfrf ns pmns zdspvhkpf`

mdbdlfefnp~ pd ekpndekh cvhpvrfs bdrf `naancvhp pd `nlfsp pmke ne zdspcdhdenkh ekpndes(

svcm ks Orkwnh -?::17;:>07?36.( |mncm ns

dapfe bk`f vz da pmf zrnecnzhfs da drnlnes( cdepnevnp~( prk`npnde ke` pnbfhfssefss

-non`fb7?>0.%

; Spnhh oksf` de Okimpnes pmfdr~( Mkhh sk~s pmkp bfkenel ckeedp of an}f` ke` -. def lrdvz cke efqfr

of cdbzhfpfh~ ne cmkrlf da bfkenel -;>>07?31.%

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Ef}p( |f zhke pd bdqf de pd pmf krpnchf ke` sff md| np bk~ cdeprnovpf pd

aff`nel ne pmf n`fk da k Orkwnhnke ekpndekh n`fepnp~ o~ sfppnel `d|e cfrpkne vsfs da pmf

hkelvklf ks adrfnle ke` ve`fsnrkohf%

3% Ve`fsnrf` zhvrkh

Ne pmf sfcpnde da pmf bklkwnef edp gvsp cdnecn`fepkhh~( |f pmnei( ckhhf`

Hnd `f cksk( pmf krpnchf ne {vfspnde sffbs pd ckrr~ adr|kr` pmf prk`npnde da

dqfrrkpnel lrkbbkpnckh kszfcps ne pmf pfkcmnel da Zdrpvlvfsf( svcm ks np mks offe `def

ne scmddhs snecf pmf nespnpvpndekhnwkpnde da pmf hkelvklf ks pmf cdvepr~s daancnkh

hkelvklf%

Ne ;

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hfap( pmfrf ns k ohkci ke` |mnpf zncpvrf da akbdvs dh`"pnbf Mdhh~|dd` spkrs |npm pmf

ckzpnde7 Arbvhk ne`nscvpqfh7 D anhbf Ckskohkeck pfqf k zkrpncnzkd -ed ks

zkrpncnzkfs. kepdhlnck `f Mvbzmrf~ Odlkrp f Nelrn` Ofrlbke%

Pmf pf}p oflnes |npm k hnelvnspnc `fscrnzpnde da md| ef|szkzfrs ke`

bklkwnefs keedvecf` pmf evbofr da qncpnbs ne pmf knrzhkef kccn`fep rfafrrf` pd ne pmf

bkne zncpvrf% Ef}p( np ldfs de pd bkif k snbnhkr cdbbfep ovp ed| kodvp k cksf da

bvr`fr% Np cmkhhfelfs pmf vsf da pmf zhvrkh adrb da pmf |dr`s bdrpf( zdsnd ke`

n`fepn`k`f |mfe rfafrrnel pd bdrf pmke def zfrsde( chknbf` pd of ke necdrrfcp

cdesprvcpnde ne spke`kr` Zdrpvlvfsf% Np lnqfs sdbf bdrf f}kbzhfs da snbnhkr bnsvsfs(

pmns pnbf rfafrrnel pd pf}ps kodvp sdccfr ks svospnpvnfs `f Fhked f _donemd ke`

pd vppfrkecfs o~ zrfsn`fep Hvhk ks qnsnpks `ds f}fbzhkrfs Drfspfs [vrcnk( Skhnb

Bkhva f _feke Ckhmfnrds( {vf hmf adrkb hfqkr sfvs kzdnds `fsnepfrfssk`ds% Kapfr

krlvnel pmkp svcm `nszhkcfbfep da pmf zhvrkh sdbfpmnel edp vsf` o~ odes kvpdrfs(

khpmdvlm cmkrkcpfrnspnc da Hkpne ( ns zrdokoh~ `vf pd pmf neahvfecf da pmf denzrfsfepf

nelhs( {vf d mfr`dv `d hkpnb k hdel hnsp da avrpmfr f}kbzhfs ns lnqfe ve`fr pmf mfk`nel

Sfb zfrpvrokfs%

Pmf zvrzdsf mfrf ns edp pd `nscvss pmf sdve`efss da svcm rfbkris( ovp pd

kekh~wf md| ke kzzkrfeph~ dogfcpnqf kccdvep da hnelvnspnc vsklf bk~ kqknh pmf

cdesprvcpnde da k eflkpnqf dpmfrefss pmkp |nhh sfrqf ks pmf sfcde` pfrb ne pmf onekr~

dzzdsnpnde? da k ekrrkpnqf da pmf ekpnde -Mkhh( ;>>0. pmkp zrfsvzzdsfs prk`npnde ke`

zvrnp~%

3%;% Hkelvklf crnbfs

Pmf qnsvkh rfsdvrcfs ne pmf krpnchf( ks f}zdsf` kodqf( khdel |npm pmf

kssdrpbfep da f}kbzhfs |npm |mncm np oflnes( crfkpf k sdbf|mkp kzdckh~zpnc

kpbdszmfrf krdve` nps pdznc% Khpmdvlm zkrpnkhh~ gvspnankohf de kccdvep da pmf sfbkepnc

anfh` da bke~ da pmf f}kbzhfs `nszhk~f` pmrdvlmdvp pmf pf}p( pmf n`fk da `fkpm ke`

prklf`~ svllfspf` ne pmf zncpvrf nelrknef` ne dvr bne`s o~ pmf f}pfesnqf `nszhk~ da

nbklfs da pmf ovref`"`d|e ovnh`nel ne pmf |ffis adhhd|nel pmf ckpksprdzmf |npm pmf

knrzhkef mkr`h~ bkeklfs pd bkif adr ke dogfcpnqf kssfssbfep da k hnelvnspnc

dccvrrfecf% Md| cdvh` svcm k sprdel pkif de hkelvklf bkppfrs of pmfe f}zhknef`4

? Onekr~ dzzdsnpndes krf crvcnkh adr khh chkssnanckpnde( ofckvsf def bvsp fspkohnsm k chfkr `naafrfecf

ofp|ffe pmnels ne dr`fr pd chkssna~ pmfb -Mkhh( ;>>

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Kccdr`nel pd Mkhh( neqfepf` prk`npndes bkif pmf cdeavsndes ke` `nskspfrs da mnspdr~

nepfhhnlnohf( cdeqfrpnel `nskrrk~ nepd cdbbvenp~ -;>>07?>6.%

Gdsv Bkcmk`d -?::

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necdrrfcp vsf da pmf zhvrkh ne pmf hkci da klrffbfep ofp|ffe svogfcp ke` qfro ne pmf

sfcde` chkvsf da pmf sfepfecf F{vnzf `f fbnssdrk rkof adn dornlk`k zfhk zrfafnpvrk k

rfpnrkr nespkhkfs `d hdckh( de`f bdepkrkb pfe`k% Pmf svopnphf da pmf krpnchf svllfsps

pmkp svcm vsklf ns odve` pd bkif pmf sfepfecf necdbzrfmfesnohf7 [vke`d d svgfnpd qkn

zkrk vb hk`d f d qfrod( zkrk dvprd( crnk"sf cdeavsd nrrfbf`nqfh% Ne akcp( pmf anrsp

zkrklrkzm ldfs de hnif pmns7 G akw pfbzd( f d akpd ed nbzdrpk( bks( snb( k adrbk%

@vrkepf k qnsnpk `f Ovsm k Sd Zkvhd( d gdrekh zvohncdv k edpcnk `f {vf PQ Kh Gkwnrk

f}zvhsk `d Qnk`vpd `d Cm -lrnad edssd.% Pmf zdhnpnckh `nbfesnde da hkelvklf ns

nledrf`( ke` hkelvklf ns rf`vcf` pd k bfrf cd`f( |mfrfks( kccdr`nel pd _kgkldzkhke

-?::;.7

Hkelvklfs krf edp akcps da pmf bkppfr ks pmf~ |frf ve{vfspndenelh~ ke` sdbf|mkp

ekqfh~ pmdvlmp pd of vepnh aknrh~ rfcfeph~% Pmf~ krf( na ke~pmnel( ahkls da khhflnkecf -.%

Ne dpmfr |dr`s( defs hnelvnspnc n`fepnp~ ke` pmf rfhkpf` nssvf da hkelvklf hd~khp~ cke

deh~ of ve`frspdd` zrdzfrh~ na |f kzzrdkcm pmfb ks nssvfs smdp pmrdvlm |npm zdhnpnckh

nbzhnckpndes% -_kgkldzkhke( ?::;7==.

Ardb k zvrfh~ lrkbbkpnckh zdnep da qnf|( hkelvklf ns qnf|f` def"

`nbfesndekhh~( ks pmf rfkhb da dogfcpnqnp~ ke` rkpndekhnp~( ne pmf bd`f da hkpf ;>pm

Cfepvr~ hdlncnsps( |md cdesn`frf` bfkenel qkrnkpndes sdbfpmnel pd of kqdn`f` ne k

zfrafcp hkelvklf -Arflf( ;=>?$;>

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Zdrpvlvfsf hkelvklf ne Orkwnh -. orfkis nepd pmf bdpmfr pdelvf da pmf svogfcp( pmf

ekpndekh hkelvklf ke` pmf daancnkh hkelvklf pmf bdpmfr pdelvf ofnel pmf hkelvklf

anrsp hfkref` o~ k svogfcp -?::376=( dvr prkeshkpnde.9 pmf ekpndekh hkelvklf pmkp |mncm

khhd|s cdbbvenckpnde ofp|ffe Orkwnhnkes da qkrndvs rflndes9 ke` pmf daancnkh

hkelvklf( |mncm ns ke nbklnef` cdesprvcpnde snecf edef}nspfep ks k cdecrfpf

bkenafspkpnde o~ k rfkh szfkifr -non`fb76>. szrfk` dvp o~ lrkbbkr oddis ke`

`ncpndekrnfs -non`fb71;.%

Ks adr pmf bdpmfr pdelvf( np ns kh|k~s neahvfecf` o~ pmf hkelvklf da pmf

zfdzhf |npm |mdb pmf szfkifr lrf| vz ke` cke pmvs ckrr~ fhfbfeps ardb bdrf pmke def

qkrnfp~ ke` fqfe ardb `naafrfep hkelvklfs( ks |mfe pmf szfkifrs zkrfeps krf anrsp ke`

sfcde` lfefrkpnde nbbnlrkeps edp ke vecdbbde snpvkpnde ne k cdvepr~ hnif Orkwnh%

Pmf Zdrpvlvfsf hkelvklf pmkp Bkcmk`d sfps dvp pd `fafe` ardb pmf

kppkcis da nps d|e szfkifrs sffbs pd of pmf daancnkh hkelvklf ks dzzdsf` pd pmf hkelvklf

adve` ne pmf rfkh hnaf f}kbzhfs pmkp mf cde`fbes ks necdrrfcp% Pmf kvpmdrs zhfk` adr

k`mfrfecf pd pmf rvhfs da ke nbklnef` zvrf ke` cdbzhfpf hkelvklf |dvh` cdeadrb pd pmf

rdhf da pmf bdpmfr pdelvf edp ks `fscrnof` kodqf( ovp ks `fanef` ne zs~cmdkekh~pnc

pfrbs7 pmf bdpmfr pdelvf ns pmf zhkcf da nepfr`ncpnde( |mfrf np ns efcfsskr~ pmkp pmf

svogfcp cdeadrb pd pmf hk|s ke` rvhfs da sdcnfp~ -Lrnldhfppd( ?::;7;0

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mkqf offe( pmrdvlm pmf ckrfhfss vsklf da pmfnr hkelvklf( pmf zfrzfprkpdrs da pmfnr d|e

`fsprvcpnde ks k zfdzhf% Kp pmf skbf pnbf( pmf vsf da pmf nbklf da ke knrzhkef neqk`nel

k ovnh`nel mfhzs rfneadrcf pmf n`fk da ke f}cfssnqf dzfeefss pd dvpsn`f neahvfecfs(

ekbfh~ pmf Felhnsm hkelvklf( ks pmf svomfk`nel da pmf krpnchf bkifs f}zhncnp7Zdr ckvsk

`d nelhs( fspd vske`d zhvrkh `fbkns fb cksds `fsefcfssrnds%

0% Anekh rfbkris

Hkelvklf ns( ne faafcp( ke fssfepnkh bf`nvb ne pmf cdesprvcpnde da

n`fepnpnfs ne lfefrkh ke` fszfcnkhh~ ne `fanenel rflndekh ke` ekpndekh n`fepnpnfs% Ne Orkwnh(

Zdrpvlvfsf mks zrdqfe ke faancnfep spfzznel spdef adr pmf crfkpnde ke` bknepfekecf da

ekpndekh n`fepnanckpnde ve`fr pmf mnspdrnckh cdepnelfec~ da k cdvepr~ ovnhp vzde pmf

zrkcpncf da nbbnlrkpnde ke` cvhpvrkh bnelhnel% Snbnhkrh~( pmf rdhf da nespnpvpndes svcm ks

scmddhs ke` pmf bf`nk ne `naavsnel k ekrrkpnqf -dr ekrrkpnqfs. da pmf ekpnde -Mkhh( ;>>0.

ckeedp of `fenf`%

Pmf p|d krpnchfs kekh~wf` sffb pd avhanhh pmns rdhf% Na de def mke`( pmf

f`npdrnkh da pmf bklkwnef Helvk Zdrpvlvfsk spkpfs pmkp Orkwnhnke Zdrpvlvfsf ckeedp

mfhz ovp of bkrif` o~ pmf `naafrfecf fbof``f` ne pmf `nqfrsf drnlnes da pmf zfdzhf |md

szfki ke` |rnpf np( pmf krpnchfs ne {vfspnde adspfr k rfzrfsfepkpnde da pmf daancnkh hkelvklf

ks dzzdsf` pd pmns qfr~ `nqfrsnp~% Md|fqfr( snecf n`fepnpnfs krf cdesprvcpf` ne

dzzdsnpnde pd dpmfrefss( pmfsf pf}ps sffb pd snpvkpf pmns dpmfrefss odpm ne k adrfnle fepnp~

ks |fhh ks ne pmf szfkifrs da Zdrpvlvfsf pmfbsfhqfs% Ne pmf pf}p Vb zhvrkh neqksnqd(

dpmfrefss ns `fanef` ks adrfnle ne pmkp pmfrf ns ke khhflf` ve`vf zfefprkpnde da Felhnsm

nepd Zdrpvlvfsf( ovp pmkp deh~ dccvrs ks k rfsvhp da dvr rfk`nefss pd necdrzdrkpf np%

Nepfrfspnelh~( pmf kvpmdr `dfs edp sffb cdecfref` |npm smd|nel md| mf

mks rfkcmf` pmf cdechvsnde pmkp pmf vsf da zhvrkh ns kcpvkhh~ `vf pd pmf neahvfecf da

Felhnsm ke` pmf cdecfssnqf fbodrk( ne fbodrk f}nspk fb hkpnb( lnqfs dvp pmf n`fk

pmkp svcm drnlne |dvh` of k zrfafrkohf def% Ne ke~ cksf( Zdrpvlvfsf ns smkzf` ne

dzzdsnpnde pd k adrfnle dpmfr ke` pmf Orkwnhnke Zdrpvlvfsf szfkifr ns svbbdef` pd

`fafe` pmfnr hkelvklf klknesp cmkelf |mncm ns rfhflkpf` pd pmf spkpvs da ve`fsnrf`

dpmfrefss ke` pd `fe~ pmf zrnecnzhfs da hnelvnspnc bvpkonhnp~ ke` qkrnfp~ ne pmf ekbf da

k ekpndekh n`fepnp~%

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Onohndlrkzmnckh rfafrfecfs

A_FLF( Ldpphdo( ;=>?$;>"=1%

LMN_KH@FHD( Chkv`fpf Bdrfed( ?::3% Ks rfzrfsfepkfs `f helvk zdrpvlvfsk f ks adrbks `f

svogfpnqkd% Ne7 N`fepn`k`f ! @nscvrsd% CD_KCNEN( Bkrnk Gds -drl%.% Ckbzneks9 F`npdrk `k

Venckbz9 Cmkzfc7 Krlds F`npdrk Venqfrsnprnk( zz%6>0% Pmf {vfspnde da cvhpvrkh n`fepnp~% NE7 Bd`frenp~ ke` nps avpvrfs% MKHH( Spvkrp(

Mfh`( @kqn`( ke` BcLrf|( Pde~ -f`%.% Lrfkp Ornpkne7 Zdhnp~ Zrfss ke` Pmf Dzfe Venqfrsnp~( zz%?:%

S% PMNKLD( F%B%C% Zfrfnrk `f( ?::1% Ne`nlfedvs \rnpnel ne Orkwnh7 Pd|kr`s k Hnpfrkc~ da Qnsnde ke`

Prkesadrbkpnde% NE7Hkelvklf ke` Nepfrcvhpvrkh Cdbbvenckpnde% Qdh%1( Ed% ?( zz%;;3"?3%

QNFN_K( Crnspnkef Lkhne`d( ?::1% Vb orfqf mnsprncd `k f`vckd ed Orksnh% NE7 _fzfpnd f

`fshdckbfepd% Vbk rfahf}d sdorf ks adrbks `f d orksnhfnrd svobfpfr"sf hfnpvrk `f pf}pds

kck`bncd"cnfepancds fb helvk fszkemdhk% Prkokhmd `f Lrk`vkd Ne`nqn`vkh% Sd Zkvhd%

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Kzzfe`n} ;

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Kzzfe`n} ?

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