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Panel 3: Security, Terrorism, and Justice Issues in a Changing World
Tuesday November 15 (1:00- 2:15)
12th Symposium on
Development and Social Transformation
The United Nations Security Council’s Post September 11 Response to Terrorism
Veronica Reeves
Panel 3: Security, Terrorism, and Justice Issues in a Changing World
12th Symposium on
Development and Social Transformation
Resolution 1373
passed September 28, 2001
binding for all member-states
focused on freezing terrorist assets
created the Counter-terrorism Committee
The Counter-terrorism Committee (CTC)
first-of-its kind group
made up Security Council members
monitors implementation of Resolution 1373
CTC Successes
received reports from all 192 states within one year
has provided assistance to states
energized IOs like the EU and IMF
Future Challenges
declining momentum as time passes
tension between CTC and UN Secretariat
lack of enthusiasm from United States
Recommendations
continue working with states to identify sources of terrorist financing
develop measures requiring states to close-off porous borders
explore terrorism-drug link more thoroughly
continue working on definition of ‘terrorism’ (UN as a whole)
Money Laundering: An Indian Perspective vis-à-vis the USA
Sanjiv Srivastava
Panel 3: Security, Terrorism, and Justice Issues in a Changing World
12th Symposium on
Development and Social Transformation
Money Laundering: Definition
“Any act or attempted act to disguise the source of money or assets derived from criminal activity” – United Nations
Hide & DisguiseTrue origin of the criminal
proceeds.To derive the profits on
continuing basis from criminal activity.
To delete the trail of criminal origin of money
Predicate Offences•Drug trafficking•Counterfeiting•Smuggling •Theft•Embezzlement•Racketeering•Tax evasion•Kidnapping•Illegal arms sales •Bribery•Illegal trade
Stages in Money Laundering
Placement
Layering
Integration
Economic Impacts
Unpredictable flow in and out of funds from the jurisdiction.
Improper assessment of the present and future incomes.
Negative Co-relation with GDP (IMF study)
Encourages Tax evasion and Corruption.
Corrupts and brings disrepute to Banks and Financial Institutions.
Money Laundering Estimates
‘…Global money laundering has been estimated by the IMF as the equivalent of between 2 and 5 per cent of world output which could amount to $500 billion a year. Such an estimate applied to the UK would imply money laundering of £18-45 billion annually. It would be unwise to place great reliance on any of these estimates but it is undeniable that money laundering involves huge sums of money and that, as long as there are criminal proceeds there is going to be money laundering…’ HM Treasury Money Laundering Strategy Policy Document June 2003
FATF 500b -1.5 trillion
IMF 2-5% World GDP
KPMG 500b- 1 trillion
International EffortThe Vienna Conventinon-1988
Financial Acton Task Force-1989 made 40 recommendations for counter money laundering regime in 1990, these recommendations were thoroughly revised in 2003
Basle Committee Statement of Principles-1988 has published best practice base standards for customer identification, know your customer (KYC) activity, and corporate governance.
European Union Directive-1991 & EU Second Money Laundering Directive provides a specific focus and sets minimum standards for European Banks.
Wolfsberg Principles for Private Banking
IOSCO-1992
The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have incorporated AML issues into their country assessments. They provide technical assistance to member countries to develop counter money laundering regime.
Legislation USA
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report on Money Laundering Offenders 1994-2001 by Mark Motivans, Ph.D. BJS Statistician
Anti Money laundering Legislation
Criminalization of Laundering as per Vienna Convention.Determining Predicate OffencesEstablishing Of a FIU or other mechanism for exchange of information with other jurisdictionsReporting, Identification, Recording, Verification
of Transactions Etc.Civil &Criminal LiabilitiesCo-ordination Mechanism between various agencies.
Analysis & ExperiencesUS Counter-Money Laundering Legislation "Virtually Dead", 14 September 2000: "I
am glad that the bill appears headed for defeat," Sen. Paul stated. "My office opposed the earlier version of this very dangerous legislation, and we will generate massive public opposition to any further attempts by the federal government to invade private banking records”
US Attorney-General Pitches In On Money-Laundering, 14 August 2001: ‘Efforts to kick-start an anti-money laundering initiative follow embarrassing revelations that US banks have been used to launder billions of dollars from drug trafficking, fraud, and organised crime activities. Senator Levin estimated that over $500 billion was being laundered through US financial institutions each year, and called the existing anti-money laundering laws 'out-of-date and inadequate'.
US Senate Banking Committee Approves Money Laundering Law, 08 October 2001: ‘On Friday the US Senate Banking Committee unanimously approved broad legislation to combat money laundering that would require banks and other financial institutions to make a serious effort to determine the source of deposits from foreign countries, and would authorize the Treasury Department to take various actions against dubious foreign banks, including prohibiting American banks from dealing with them. The administration had opposed further legislation on money-laundering before the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. But the International Money Laundering Abatement and Anti-Terrorist Act of 2001, moved quickly through the committee after a hard push from the chairman.’
Source: Taxnews.com
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US Banks Escape Strictest Anti-Money Laundering Rules, 30 October 2001: Although the Senate passed the new anti-money laundering bill placing new regulatory restrictions and responsibilities on banks based in the United States last Thursday, it is becoming increasingly clear that as a result of pressure from lobbyists, some of the more powerful rules have been watered down or amended significantly. The onus will be on foreign banks doing business in the US, and on non-banking institutions which handle large sums of money, and that US banks will not, in fact, have to make too many changes. For the time being, banks have succeeded in holding off complete regulation here.
Source: Taxnews.com
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“…We have developed the international financial equivalent of law enforcement’s most wanted list and it puts the financial world on notice. If you do business with terrorists, if you support or sponsor them, you will not do business with the United States…”, President USA
“…In the weeks after Sept. 11, Justice and Treasury officials compiled a list of some two dozen alleged al-Qaeda operatives and financiers. The officials asked that Secretary of State Colin Powell pass the list on to the Saudi foreign minister with a request that the bank accounts of the individuals be frozen.
A State Department official with knowledge of the episode said the list amounted to a bunch of nicknames, Arabic versions of mobster handles such as "Vinny the Chin.“ When the State Department passed on the list, the Saudis greeted the request with laughter. They said the "names" were of no help in finding terrorist bank accounts, the official said…” US Today 1st July 2002
Some Observations
"…Governments have already lost the war against financial economic crime, and they’ve left it up to financial institutions to solve the problem. We have had new regulations after 11 September 2001. We have to obey them, and only because the governments didn't know what to do about financial crime...In the Netherlands, we have to chart all the names relating to domestic payments. All the banks together have rebelled. It's impossible to do and there’s no point. These stupid laws get us nowhere..."
AML prior to and after Patriot Act
PriorCurrency Transaction ReportsFunds Transfers and Transmittals reportsSuspicious Activity Reporting-Red Flags
AfterSEC 312 Private Banking AccountSEC 313 Correspondent AccountSEC 314 Financial Institution Cooperation ProvisionSEC 319 Domestic and Foreign Bank Records ProductionSEC 352 Anti Money Laundering ProgramsSEC 356 Suspicious Activity Report by the Securities and futures Industry SEC 256 Customer Identification and Verification
Indian Experience
No Strict Counter Money Laundering Regime.Implemented through various legislations as Income Tax Act, 1961,
Customs Act, 1962, Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substance Act, 1985, Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999, The Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance XXXVIII of 1944 etc.
Reserve Bank of India issued guidelines to bank for implementing KYC.Was not part of any international body recently has joined Asia Pacific
Group on Money Laundering.Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 has been made effective from
1st July 2005.Created an FIU in Ministry of Finance in November 2004, but no work
undertaken by FIU till now.RBI has directed all the Banks in India to become Bessel compliant by
2007.
Suggestion & Recommendations
- India’s FIU should be operationalized immediately & become the Member of EGMONT group.
Know your Customer guidelines issued by RBI should be given legal status and implemented in proper perspective.
PMLA, 2002 should be aligned with US Patriot Act, 2001 and revised FATF recommendations 2003.
Creation of a data bank for suspicious transactions and circulation of indicative list of suspicious activities to assist banks in detecting suspicious patterns of behavior by their customers.
Close scrutiny is required of business transactions with countries that do not conform with international anti money laundering standards.
Effective coordination between regulatory and enforcement authorities and various agencies which are regulating economic entities and where scope exists for money laundering and frauds to take place.
More formal inter-regulatory arrangements also need to be considered to ensure the applicability of FATF recommendations across banks, non banks, other financial institutions and such businesses or professions which are not financial institutions but conduct financial activities as a commercial undertaking
Port Security: Analysis of New Initiatives Taken By U.S. Post 9/11 and Lessons for Gujarat State, India
Rajnish Kumar Rai
Panel 3: Security, Terrorism, and Justice Issues in a Changing World
12th Symposium on
Development and Social Transformation
Aspects of port security
Security of port area, ships/vessels, personnel calling or leaving the port and or physical security of cargo
Prevention of infiltration of unauthorized persons and smuggling and dumping of contrabands
Why Ports are Vulnerable?
Port facilities Size and accessibility Surrounded by metropolitan areas having
infrastructure of urban life Amount of flow of goods Legitimate pathways can be exploited
Ships, oil tankers can be target Container shipments Maritime crimes
Pre 9/11 Port Security Scenario
Different attitudes towards seaport security-Belief in the sanctity of US shores
Different perceived threats Cargo theft Drug Smuggling Stowaways and alien smuggling Export Crime
Threat of terrorism discussed in the Graham Commission report
FBI considered the threat to US Seaports as low Recognized the vulnerability to be high Potential damage high Lack of information provided to local entities was
significant
Post 9/11 initiatives Identifying and reducing vulnerabilities of
the facilities, infrastructure and vessels security audit of ports & vessels, TWIC, etc.
Securing the cargo ATS. CSI, OSC, C-TPAT, etc.
Developing greater maritime domain awareness AIS, analysis of information and intelligence,
dissemination of information and intelligence, etc.
Does US has a policy?
Pushing the borders outwards Hardening the border Making the border more accessible for
legitimate trade and travel Strengthening the border through more
effective use of intelligence Multiplying intelligence through the
engagement of other actors
Challenges in making initiatives successful
Balancing security and commerce Funding issues
Funding port security Sources of funds Allocating resources
Standard vs. Site specific measures Defining roles and responsibilities Program design and implementation Threat of terrorist nuclear attack using oil
tankers
Problem faced in Implementation
Security related issues Vessel Identification System Port Security Assessment Vessel Security Plans Transportation Worker’s Security Cards
Operational and efficiency issues Duplication of Maritime Intelligence System
Weakness in the policy response Agencies acting without sufficient information
regarding the impact on the private sector Significant financial burden on industry Security regimes created without consideration
for practical implementation Creating future operational problems Airport security analogies
Hasty implementation Lack of equipments – lack of personnel
Airport delays impact passengers – Cargo delays will stop commerce
How to make the initiatives more effective? Setting performance goals and measures and
assessing risk Enhancing security measures against potential
nuclear attack using oil tankers Enhance international cooperation Enhance maritime security capability
Maximize domain awareness Embed security into commercial practices to reduce
vulnerabilities and facilitate commerce Deploy layered security Ensure coordination of the marine transportation
system Enhance maritime security capabilities of key
nations
Lessons for Gujarat Creation of a department on the pattern of
DHS Desired policy framework – layered security
Discovery and interdiction of terrorist action emanating from abroad
Interdiction at the border and in the transportation sector
Defending against catastrophic terrorism inside Gujarat State and India
Protection of critical infrastructure and populations
Emergency preparedness and response
Challenges Lack of adequate resources Lack of experienced personnel Lack of technological advancement Shared responsibility hinder effective
communication and coordination Implementing uniform security standard
Leaders and Laggards: How beliefs help us understand the formation of the ICC.
Braden Smith
Panel 3: Security, Terrorism, and Justice Issues in a Changing World
12th Symposium on
Development and Social Transformation
The International Criminal Court
Treaty creating the ICC signed in 1998, ratified 2002.
Developed to prosecute crimes against humanity, genocide, and war crimes.
First 18 judges sworn in on March 11, 2003. Still many states who have either failed to
ratify or refused to sign.
Do beliefs influence participation?
States develop intersubjective beliefs about the international system and other states.
These beliefs influence the likelihood that states will participate in cooperative behavior.
If this is true, states with different beliefs should exhibit different patterns of behavior during the process of regime formation.
How do we measure beliefs?
Type A – Follower Type C – Leader
Type DEF -- Laggard Type B -- Oppose
Control over events
.00 .25 .50 .75 1.00
Natu
re of th
e Intern
ation
al System
1.00
.50
0.0
-.50
-1.00
Measuring levels of particiation
Country Friends Sign Ratify Sign Ad. Support
Canada Yes 1998 Yes Yes Yes
China No No No No Res.
France No 1998 Yes Yes Yes
Germany Yes 1998 Yes Yes Yes
India No No No No No
Israel No 2000 No No Res.
Russia No 2000 No No Res.
U.K. No 1998 Yes Yes Yes
U.S. No 2000 No No Res.
Tentative Conclusions
There does appear to be a link between a state’s belief structure and their participation in the ICC.
However, a more complicated process of persuasion and strategic calculation is occurring during the negotiations.
Does it matter who is leading? Who is following? How powerful both groups are?
Panel 3: Security, Terrorism, and Justice Issues in a Changing World
Tuesday, November 15 (1:00- 2:15)
Veronica Reeves The UN Security Council and 9/11
Sanjiv Srivastava Money Laundering: US and India
Rajnish Kumar Rai Port Security: Analysis
Braden Smith Leaders and Laggards: the ICC
12th Symposium on
Development and Social Transformation