Panduan Penulisan APA

REFERENCING PROCEDURES

CONTENTS

INSTITUT PERGURUAN BAHASA-BAHASA ANTARABANGSAINTERNATIONAL LANGUAGES TEACHER TRAINING INSTITUTE

Source: American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Australian Centre for Educational Studies.(2004). Referencing procedures. Sydney: Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.

GENERAL COMMENTS

2 IN-TEXT CITATIONS 3-7

CITATIONS IN REFERENCE LIST ORBIBLIOGRAPHY

8-12

SOME GUIDELINES 13

Handout I

GENERAL COMMENTS: REFERENCING AND BIBLIOGRAPHY PROCEDURES

In academic writing, authors are expected to acknowledge their sources of information. There are several reasons why this is required. Among the reasons:

it provides evidence that a thorough examination of the field in which one is writing has been undertaken, it provides support for the arguments one makes, it shows the quality of one’s support, it allows one to share one’s sources of information, it enables other writer’s to easily identify, locate and retrieve the sources of information in one’s writing, and to prevent plagiarism.

The act of identifying one’s sources of information in academic writing is usually referred to as referencing. Generally, one should differentiate between the skills in writing in-text references (Referencing Skills) and the skills in writing references for the bibliography (Bibliography Skills). In-text referencing refers to the citation of references within the body of the text while bibliography referencing refers to the citation of references in the Reference List or Bibliography at the end of the text.

There are several accepted systems for referencing. Students in colleges and universities are generally expected to follow one of these systems in all their formal written work. This document is based on the system as recommended by the American Psychological Association (APA). It provides examples on how to cite sources based on the APA system. While the APA system is not the only referencing procedure accepted internationally, it is noteworthy that the APA style is widely used by educators and other professionals in their publications.

In the International Languages Teacher Education Institute (IPBA), the referencing procedures in use run parallel with that as laid out in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) (2001). All students are expected to follow the referencing procedures for all their written work. In addition, at least 20% of all references for all students’ work should be no later than the previous five years.

The referencing procedures are as laid out in the following pages. The contents of this document were sourced from the “Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.)” by the American Psychological Association (2001) and from the document “Referencing Procedures” by the Australian Centre for Educational Studies (2004), Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. However, it is to be noted that there are one or two differences between the APA system and that practised in IPBA.

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IN-TEXT CITATIONS

All references to journals, books and other sources are to be identified at an appropriate point in the text by the name of author and year of publication. Several different procedures are available to cover different categories.

Category Notes Example

Single author If the author's name is in the text:

If the author’s name is within brackets:

Throughout the study, Wong (2000) has shown...

The education system in Malaysia supports independent learning (Choy, 2006).

Two authors If the authors’ names are in the text:

If the authors’ names are within brackets:

Note the use of the ampersand “&” in place of “and” for names in brackets

Reports by Harton and Smith (1995) suggest that...

Students in IPBA have been found to be multi-talented (Boon & Aeria, 2005).

Three, four or five authors: If the authors’ names are in the text:


Note the use of “et al.” for second and subsequent citations

Wood, Bruner and Ross (1992) (first citation). Wood et al. (1992) (second and subsequent citations).

The schools in the Klang Valley out-performed the other schools in Malaysia (Brickwall, Purdue & Mohan, 2003). (first citation)The schools in the Klang Valley are generally schools with a long history (Brickwall et al., 2003). (second and subsequent citations)

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More than five authors: If the authors’ names are in the text:


Beishuizen et al. (2001) when the reference is actually Beishuizen, Van Putten, Bowmeester, Asscher, Bochner, O'Brien and McLean (2001).

IPBA students are better at language games than physical ones (Grady et al., 2005) when the reference is actually (Grady, O’Hara, Lim, Mustakim, Patrick, Warner & Ronstadt, 2005).

Author is a body (e.g. government agency, corporation):

If the author’s name is in the text:


Note: Use of abbreviation is encouragedif name is very long; abbreviation to be used in subsequent citations

Ministry of Education [MOE] (2003) mentioned that …

Subsequent citation: MOE (2003) advocated …

A number of important issues have been covered, drawing on data from a Government source (Ministry of Education [MOE] , 2005).

Subsequent text citation:The education system received a welcome boost (MOE,2005).

No author Anonymous author

If the author’s name is in the text:


Use the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Double quotation marks are used for an article title or chapter; italics are used for the title of a periodical, book, brochure or report

“Implications of KBSR” (1989) stated that …

…the implementation of both curriculums (Cohort 3 Annual Report ,1989)

Only a limited number of teachers are thoroughly trained with the skills required in the classroom (Anonymous,2006).

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Same surname authors Include the authors’ initials in all text citations

H. W. Gomez (1997) and K. Gomez (1990) also found …

Citing multiple worksat one place in the text:

For citations in the text:

For citations within brackets:Separate each citation with a semicolon.

Citations arranged alphabetically rather than chronologically

Goromon (2003), Hector (2001) and Victor and Michael (2006) mentioned that …

As numerous studies on the use of journals have shown (for example, Francis, 1995; Garmon, 1998; Goon & Koh, 2003)...

Two or more works in the same year by same author(s)

Use a, b, c, etc. to differentiate the works Studies by Abel (1995a; 1995b) showed that

Secondary source Cite both the primary and secondary sources; however, only secondary source to be cited in Reference List

The Malaysian education system is too exam-orientated (Man, 1982, as cited in Lim, 1990).

According to Man (1982, as cited in Lim, 1990), the Malaysian education system is too exam-orientated.

Citing same source in oneparagraph more than once

For second and subsequent citations,omit the year unless citation is in brackets

Note that for a new paragraph, the year has to be cited again

Mohana (2001) asserted that the Malaysian economy is fairly robust. However, 1997 was an unusual year (Mohana, 2001). There were other undercurrents at work then. Mohana further adds that…. Mohana also noted that …

Mohana (2001) also mentioned that …

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No date Use “n.d.” in place of the date Azhar (n.d.) rebutted the arguments by …

Personal Communications (e.g. phone conversations, emails, interviews)

Cite only in the text; do not cite in Reference List; also provide initials and other details

In a phone conversation with K. Elizabeth (personal communication, July 6, 2006)...

Paraphrasing from specific page(s)

Include page numbers apart from the name of author and year

Recent findings on the characteristics of portfolio as a tool for assessment (Teacher Education Division, 1996, pp. 4-6) show that...

Hamachek (1981, as cited in Machargo, 1991, p. 24)XXX explained that...

Quotations As far as possible, paraphrase rather than quote;

All quotations should be accompanied by page number(s) apart from author’s name and year

Quotations of 40 or more words shouldbe indented 5 spaces from the left margin and left in a free-standing block; no quotation marks to be used

Quotations should not be in italics;

It was concluded (John, Maliki & Van-Huizen, 1998, p. 99) that "high self-concept students are more popular, cooperative, and persistent in class work."

Fidelis (1998) reported that "the 'Domino theory', which had been frequently raised was found to be untenable” (p. 159).

Fidelis (1998) stated that: The "Domino theory", which had been frequently debated in the past has a number of weaknesses. One of the main weaknesses was its inability to explain how any of the countries could easily lose out in a war of attrition. Another was its simplistic nature, not taking into account the various ramifications. (p.159)

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Internet, with author

Internet, without author

Internet, no date

Same as with other sources

Same as with other sources:Use the title of the article

Same as with other sources:Use “n.d.”

Kirkland (2005) mentioned that …The world is round (Kirkland, 2005).

“Malaysia Boleh” (2004) mentioned that … Malaysian sportsmen are getting better by the day (“Malaysia Boleh,” 2004)

Kirkland (n.d.) mentioned that …..Malaysian sportsmen are getting better by the day (“Malaysia Boleh,” n.d.)

Asian names Malay name

Chinese name

Indian name

In the Reference List, the full nameof the author is provided for Malay and Indian names; for Chinese names only the surname and initials are provided.

Note that the APA system does not cater specially for Asian names;

Mohd. Ali (2005) stated that …The party was weak then (Mohd. Ali, 2005).

Lim (2006) asserted that …The prime minister has the final say (Lim, 2006).

Krishnan (2003) verified that …The political party has forged ahead (Krishnan, 2003).

Reference List:

Mohd. Ali Mohd. Bakar. (2005). The perils of one party rule. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Fajar Intelek Sdn. Bhd.

Lim, C. B. (2006). Political hegemony. Kuala Lumpur: Arus Bakti Sdn. Bhd.

Krishnan Thambipillay. (2003). Where to go? Kuala Lumpur: Maha Publications.

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CITATIONS IN REFERENCE LIST OR BIBLIOGRAPHY

Special attention should be paid to the use of italics and periods. The second and subsequent lines should be indented five spaces from the left margin. Reference List should be arranged alphabetically by author and should not be separated according of the type of source of reference. Please note that some of the entries below are fictitious and merely serve as examples.

Category Examples Notes

Book, one author Arends, R. I. (2001). Learning to learn. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Title of book in italics; all small caps except first letter. Note use of the periods.

Book, two or more authors: Matthews, K., Bologna, S., & Franks, S., Jr. (2003). Educational psychology for learning and teaching mathematics. Southbank VIC: Prentiss.

Note use of ampersand

Edited papers Richard, J., & Nunan, D. (Eds.). (2000). Second language teacher education handbook. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Note use of “Eds.”

Book, revised edition Judge, J., & Harrison, A.K. (1986). Informed teaching processes (Rev. ed.). Sydney: Prentice-Hall.

Note “Rev. ed.” not in italics

Chapter in an edited book:

Bailey, K. L. (1990). The use of diary studies in teacher education programs. In J. Richard & D. Nunan (Eds.), Second language teacher education handbook (pp. 281-295). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Title of book is italicized, not the article; use of the word “In”. Initials of authors of book come before their names; page numbers should be provided; use of comma after (Eds.)

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Book, Bahasa Melayuor language other than English

Fatimah Wagiman. (2006). Bagaimana mengajar imbuhan [How to teach prefixes and suffixes]. Kuala Lumpur: Preston Bakti Sdn. Bhd.

Translation in square brackets is needed; Translation is not italicized.

Book, specific edition Hill, W. F . (1994). Learning through observation (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

Secondary source Woodward, H. (1998). Reflective journals and portfolios: XXX Learning through assessment and evaluation. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 23, 415-423.

In the text you wrote: Lowe (1993, as cited in Woodward, 1998) mentioned that …

In Reference List you cite only Woodward’s not Lowe’s work.

Journal article Young, J. P., Mathews, S. R., Kietzmann, A. M., & Westerfield,T. (1997).Getting disenchanted adolescents to participate in school literacy activities: Portfolio conferences. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 40 (5), 348- 360.

Title of journal is italicized, not the title of the article; use of caps in title of journal but not title of article; italics used for volume no. but not issue no.; page nos.

Journal article in Bahasa Melayu

Chua, L. P. (2005). Gaya pembelajaran pelajar IPBA [Learning styles of students in IPBA]. Jurnal Akademik IPBA, XI, 23-35.

Translation required for title of article not title of journal.

Theses, doctoral Kang, W.C. (1995). The effects of internet sessions on students’ attitudes towards the internet: A case study. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Title of thesis italicized

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Theses, master’s Suseela Malakolunthu. (1994). A study of teacher stress and its correlates. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Government Department Teacher Education Division. (l997). Curriculum policy and examination system. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Education, Malaysia.

Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Documents

Samuelson, R. L. (1982). Cognitive conceptions of learning (Report No.CSOS-R-387). Baltimore. MD:Johns Hopkins University, Centre for Social

Social Organisation of Schools. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 197482).

Conference Papers Kamal Ismail. (1996). The effectiveness of computer instruction. In K. W. Lim (Ed.), Proceedings of the National Symposium on Computer Education (pp. 546-576). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Council for Education in Computers.

Name of Proceedings italicized; page numbers provided.

Unpublished paper presented at a meeting

Shirley Marimuthu. (2004, February). Early childhood experiences. Paper presented at the meeting of the Malaysian Society for Child Care, Kuala Lumpur.

Newspaper article Paandiyan, M.V. (2006, June 13). Using satellite technology to enhance life. The Star, p. N8.

Title of newspaper italicized

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Government Report Malaysian Examination Council. (1999). SPM performance for all subjects for 1998. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Examination Syndicate.

Motion picture Yasmin Ahmad. (Producer/Writer/Director). (2006). Sepet [Motion picture]. Malaysia: MHz Film Production.

Video Recording Loganathan Subramaniam., & Chin, Y. K. (1995). Free at last [Videorecording]. Kuala Lumpur: Sarikata Productions.

CD-ROM Malaysian encarta [CD-ROM]. (2005). Kuala Lumpur: MHI Productions in association with Ministry of Education, Malaysia.

Internet newspaper article Ee, L.T. (2006, June 1). Quality education.The Star Online. Retrieved June 16, 2006, from http://thestar.com.my

Title of newspaper in italics

Internet periodical Owston, R.O. (1997, March 7). The world wide web: A technology to enhance teaching and learning?

Educational Researcher, 26 (2). Retrieved June 16 , 2006, from http://links.jstor.org/ journals/0013189x.html

Title of periodical in italics

Break URL at appropriateoblique “/”, if the URL is too long

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http://links.jstor.org/

http://the/


Internet document Trochim, W. M. K. (1996). Evaluating websites. Retrieved November 11, 1997, from

http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/webeval/webintro.htm

Internet document,no author, no date

Constructivism bares its head. (n.d.). Retrieved January 16, 2004, from http://www.constructivist.com.my

Title of article in italics

Internet document,chapter or section

IPBA. (2005, June 6). Action research. In Research for all IPBArians (chap. 3). Retrieved August 16, 2006 from http://www.ipba.com.my

XXX

Message posted to a newsgroup

Mohd. Firdaus Mohd. Amin (2002, June 30). Who is responsible for the economic ruckus? [Msg 234]. Message posted to news://soc.culture.malaysia

Internet Database James, K. L., & Williams, P. D. (1995). The dissection of the human mind. Journal of Psychic Psychology, 256, 567-590. Retrieved February 16, 2003, from the PsychicARTICLES database

XXX

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http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/webeval/

SOME GUIDELINES ON WRITING ASSIGNMENTS

As far as possible, there should be at least three different sources of references, for example, web-sites, theses, books and journals

Use font size 12, Arial or Times New Roman

Double spacing should be used with an extra double-spaced blanked line between paragraphs

Avoid having paragraphs which are too long or too short; perhaps a useful gauge is to have two paragraphs per page.

Use subheadings to organize your writing

There should be uniformity in all formatting throughout the writing

Leave a left, right, top and bottom margin of at least 3 cm.

Right justify your work; however ensure that there are no strange spacing between words

Use quotations sparingly

Avoid breaking (i.e., hyphenate) words at the end of a line, unless the word is hyphenated one

Your References List should begin on a new page at the end of your text, with a centred underlined heading labeled References; the References List entry should begin aligned with the left-hand margin while the second and subsequent lines should be indented five spaces

All tables and figures should be numbered and titled at the top; the source for the table or figure can be written as a footnote at the bottom; the title should be brief but self-explanatory; avoid using vertical lines in tables

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Use italics for statistical tests, for example, t-test, r, p.

When using abbreviations, always give the full name the first time the abbreviation is cited; for example, Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI)

Visit the APA website at: http://www.apastvle.org/elecref.html

Prepared and compiled by:

Dr. Boon Pong Ying

Dr. Lawrence Aloysius Aeria

International Languages Teacher Training Institute,Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur.

June 2006

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