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JUNE 2017
PANCHESHWAR DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (PDA)
Consultant:
76-C, Institutional Area, Sector – 18, Gurgaon – 122015, Haryana (INDIA)
Telephone: 0124-2342576, Fax: 0124-2349187 [email protected]
Website: http://www.wapcos.co.in
VOLUME-I : ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Ministry of Water Resources,
River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL Ministry of Energy
CONTENTS
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sub Heading Heading Page No.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 THE MAHAKALI TREATY -1996 2
1.3 PANCHESHWAR DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY 3
1.4 HISTORY OF THE PROJECT 4
1.5 PROJECT LOCATION 7
1.6 MAHAKALI RIVER BESIN 8
1.7 ACCESS 9
1.8 PROJECT FEATURES 10
1.9 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK 11
1.10 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT 12
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 GENERAL 1
2.2 PANCHESHWAR DAM PROJECT 3
2.3 RUPALIGAD DAM AND POWER PLANT 11
2.4 LAND REQUIREMENT 17
2.5 QUARRYING OPERATIONS 17
2.6 MUCK GENERATION 19
2.7 CONSTRUCTION OF NEW ROADS AND BRIDGES 19
2.8 PROJECT COLONIES AND CONSTRUCTION FACILITIES
22
2.9 ORGANIZATION AND MANPOWER PLANNING 30
CHAPTER 3: CONSTUCTION SCHEDULE, METHODOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT PLANNING
3.1 INTRODUCTION 1
3.2 PANCHESHWAR DAM 2
3.3 RUPALIGAD RE-REGULATING DAM 32
CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE EIA STUDY
4.1 INTRODUCTION 1
4.2 STUDY AREA 1
4.3 SCOPING MATRIX 3
4.4 DATA COLLECTION 5
4.5 SUMMARY OF DATA COLLECTION 9
4.6 IMPACT PREDICTION 10
4.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND COST ESTIMATES
12
4.8 CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT PLAN 13
4.9 DAM BREAK ANALYSIS AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
14
4.10 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILIATATION PLAN 14
4.11 LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN 14
4.12 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME 14
4.13 COST ESTIMATES 14
CHAPTER 5: HYDROLOGY
5.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAHAKALI BASIN 1
5.2 PROJECT CATCHMENT 2
5.3 HYPSOMETRIC CURVE 4
5.4 LONG TERM WATER AVAILBILITY AT 6
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
ii
PANCHESHWAR DAM SITE
5.5 RUNOFF DOWNSTREAM OF PANCHESHWAR AT RUPALIGAD AND PURNAGIRI
10
5.6 PROBABLE MAXIMUM FLOOD (PMF) 15
5.7 DESIGN FLOOD HYDROGRAPH 16
5.8 FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS FOR PANCHESHWAR SITE
17
5.9 DIVERSION FLOOD FOR CONSTRUCTION OF COFFER DAMS AT RUPALIGAD DAM SITES
17
CHAPTER 6: GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS
6.1 INTRODUCTION 1
6.2 REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS 2
6.3 REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KUMAON HIMALAYAS AND ALMORA KLIPPE AND ADJOINING PARTS OF WESTERN NEPAL
3
6.4 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF PANCHESHWAR DAM SITE AREA
9
6.5 GEOLOGY OF RUPALIGAD PROJECT 14
6.6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 20
CHAPTER 7: IRRIGATION PLANNING
7.1 INTRODUCTION 1
7.2 EXISTING IRRIGATION FACILITIES 1
7.3 AGRICULTURE ASPECTS 4
7.4 IRRIGATION BENEFITS IN INDIA 12
7.5 ASSESSMENT OF IRRIGATION BENEFITS 31
7.6 FLOOD CONTROL BENEFITS 36
7.7 TOTAL IRRIGATION & FLOOD CONTROL BENEFITS
36
CHAPTER 8: BASELINE STATUS – PHYSIO CHEMICAL ASPECTS
8.1 INTRODUCTION 1
8.2 METEOROLOGY 1
8.3 SOIL QUALITY 3
8.4 SURFACE WATER QUALITY 13
8.5 WATER QUALITY IN COMMAND AREA 23
8.6 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY 25
8.7 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 37
8.8 LAND USE PATTERN 40
CHAPTER 9: FLORAL ASPECTS
9.1 GENERAL 1
9.2 INTRODUCTION 1
9.3 FLORA 2
CHAPTER 10: FAUNAL ASPECTS
10.1 INTRODUCTION 1
10.2 FAUNAL AFFINITIES 1
10.3 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE STUDY 1
10.4 BIODIVERSITY 2
10.5 ASKOT WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 16
CHAPTER 11: AQUATIC ECOLOGY
11.1 INTRODUCTION 1
11.2 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED 1
11.3 BIOTIC COMMUNITIES 3
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
iii
11.4 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 4
CHAPTER 12: FISHERIES
12.1 INTRODUCTION 1
12.2 METHODOLOGY 1
12.3 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 2
12.4 CONSERVATION STATUS 5
12.5 SUSTENANCE FISHING 5
12.6 MIGRATION AND SPAWNING 6
CHAPTER 13: PREDICTION OF IMPACTS
13.1 INTRODUCTION 1
13.2 IMPACTS OF LAND ENVIRONMENT 1
13.3 IMPACTS OF GEOLOGY 16
13.4 IMPACTS ON WATER RESOURCE 17
13.5 IMPACTS ON WATER QUALITY 20
13.6 IMPACTS ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY 24
13.7 IMPACTS OF NOISE ENVIRONMENT 28
13.8 IMPACTS OF TERRISTERIAL ECOLOGY 32
13.9 IMPACTS OF FAUNA 37
13.10 IMPACTS OF AQUATIC ECOLOGY 41
13.11 INCREASED INCIDENCE OF WATER-RELATED DISEASES
48
13.12 LOSS OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS
51
13.13 IMPACTS ON MINERAL RESOURCES 51
ANNEXURE
Annexure Heading
1 Terms of Reference
2 Soil quality in the command area
3 Water quality in the command area
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table-1.1 Composition of Governing Body of PDA 4
Table-2.1 Salient Feature of Pancheshwar Dam Complex (4800 MW) 5
Table-2.2 Salient Features of Rupaligad Re-regulating Dam
Complex (240MW)
13
Table-2.3 Land Required for Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project 17
Table-2.4 Construction Material Requirement for Pancheshwar Complex and Rupaligad Complex
18
Table-2.5 Length of Haul Roads for Pancheshwar dam 19
Table 2.6 Length of Haul Roads for Rupaligad dam 20
Table-2.7 Length of Service Roads for Pancheshwar dam 20
Table-2.8 Length of Service Roads for Rupaligad dam 21
Table-2.9 Total land required for office accommodation for Pancheshwar
23
Table-2.10 Total land required for residential accommodation for Pancheshwar
24
Table-2.11 Details of Other Utility Accommodation 24
Table-2.12 Details of Construction Facility Buildings 25
Table-2.13 Details of Construction Facility Areas 25
Table-2.14 Total land required for office accommodation for Rupaligad
26
Table-2.15 Total land required for residential accommodation for Rupaligad
26
Table-2.16 Details of Other Utility Buildings for Rupaligad Dam 27
Table-2.17 Details of Construction Facility Buildings for Rupaligad Dam
27
Table-2.18 List of Infrastructure Facilities for Pancheshwar and
Rupaligad dam sites
28
Table-2.19 Total employees required during peak construction 31
Table-3.1 Scheduled working hours annually 1
Table-3.2 Construction schedule for each tunnel 4
Table-3.3 Requirement of Equipment for Diversion Tunnel 5
Table-3.4 Requirements of Excavation & Fill Materials for Upstream Coffer Dam
5
Table-3.5 Schedules of Construction of U/S Coffer Dam 6
Table-3.6 Requirement of Equipment for Construction of Upstream Coffer Dam
7
Table-3.7 Requirements of Excavation & Fill Materials for D/S Coffer Dam
8
Table-3.8 Schedule of Construction of D/S Coffer Dam 9
Table-3.9 Requirement of Equipment for Construction of Downstream Coffer Dam
9
Table-3.10 Requirements of Excavation & Fill Materials for Main Dam 10
Table-3.11 Proposed Schedule of Foundation Excavation & Treatment of Main Dam
11
Table-3.12 Probable Requirement of Equipment for Foundation
Excavation and Treatment
12
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
v
Table-3.13 Requirement of Equipment for Placement of Impervious
Core Material
13
Table-3.14 Requirement of Equipment for Placement of Filter Materials
14
Table-3.15 Requirement of shell and riprap materials 15
Table-3.16 Equipment for Shell and Riprap Materials 16
Table-3.17 Quantities of Major Item of Works 17
Table-3.18 Schedules of Activities for Major Item of Works of Spillway
System
17
Table-3.19 Probable Requirement of Equipment for Spillways
Construction
18
Table-3.20 Quantity of excavation and concreting 19
Table-3.21 Schedules of Activities for Major Item of Works of Power
Intake
19
Table-3.22 Probable Requirement of Power Intake Construction 20
Table-3.23 Requirement of Equipment for Construction of Gate Shafts 22
Table-3.24 Time required for completion of HRTs 23
Table-3.25 Probable Requirement of Equipment for each HRT 24
Table-3.26 Estimated Quantities for Construction of Drop Shafts 24
Table-3.27 Requirement of Equipment for Drop Shafts 25
Table-3.28 Size of Different Tunnels 27
Table-3.29 Critical Activities Vs Hourly Progress Rate 28
Table-3.30 Critical Activities Vs Hourly Progress Rate 29
Table-3.31 Requirement of Equipment for PH and TR 29
Table-3.32 Time required for construction of two Diversion Tunnels 34
Table-3.33 Probable Requirement of Equipment for Diversion Tunnel [for 2 faces]
35
Table-3.34 Construction Activities for Coffer Dams 36
Table-3.35 Construction Schedules for U/S and D/S Coffer Dams 36
Table-3.36 Probable Requirement of Equipment for Construction of Coffer Dams
38
Table-3.37 Construction Activities for Main Dams 38
Table-3.38 Construction Schedules for Main Dam 39
Table-3.39 Requirement of Equipment for Construction of Rupaligad Dams
41
Table-3.40 Schedules of Activities for Major Item of Works for Power
Intake and Intake Portal
42
Table-3.41 Requirement of equipment for Construction of Power
Intake & Portal for HRT
43
Table-3.42 Time Required for construction of HRTs 44
Table-3.43 Probable Requirement of Equipment for each HRT 45
Table-3.44 Size of Access Tunnels 46
Table-3.45 Work Schedule for Construction of the Access Tunnels 47
Table-3.46 Critical Activities with proposed Hourly Progress Rate 48
Table-3.47 Hourly Progress Rate of critical activities 49
Table-3.48 Requirement of Equipment for TR and PH 50
Table-4.1 Scoping Matrix for CEIA study for the proposed
Pancheshwar Multipurpose Dam
3
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
vi
Table-4.2 Details of field studies conducted as a part of CEIA studies 5
Table-4.3 Water quality parameters analyzed as a part of the field
studies
7
Table-4.4 Summary of data collected for the Comprehensive EIA
study
9
Table-5.1 Characteristic Mahakali Basin First and Second Order Sub-
basins
1
Table-5.2 Pancheshwar – Mean Monthly Flows (1962-1992) 6
Table-5.3 Pancheshwar – Observed Mean Monthly Flows (1993-
2012)
7
Table-5.4 Pancheshwar runoff series (m3/s) Catchment area=12276
km2
8
Table-5.5 Intermediate Contribution from Pancheshwar to Rupaligad 10
Table-5.6 Intermediate Contribution for Pancheshwar to Purnagiri 11
Table-5.7 Intermediate contribution from Pancheshwar to Rupaligad (1214 km2)
12
Table-5.8 Intermediate contribution from Pancheshwar to Rupaligad (1214 km2)
13
Table-5.9 Intermediate contribution from Pancheshwar to Purnagiri (2646 km2)
14
Table-5.10 Calculated PMP and PMF for Different Storm Locations 16
Table-5.11 Floods for various return periods at the Pancheshwar site 17
Table-5.12 Floods for various return periods at the Rupaligad site 18
Table-6.1 Stratigraphic Correlation of Indian and Nepalese Geology around site (Modified after Deva, &Kumar 1994)
4
Table 6.2 Foliations and other Discontinuities in outcrops of spillway domain (Modified after Sinha & Srivastava 2002)
14
Table 6.3 Stratigraphic sequence of the project area 17
Table 6.4 Details of discontinuities 19
Table-7.1 Present Land Use 4
Table-7.2 Anticipated crop yield in the command areas under “with project condition”
5
Table-7.3 Existing uses of Nepal 7
Table-7.4 Cropping Pattern, Intensity and Area under each crop (CCA – 93,000 ha)
8
Table-7.5 Crop Water Requirement 9
Table-7.6 Water requirement at Canal Head Work (Diversion Requirement) in m3/s for 93,000 ha CCA
9
Table-7.7 Future Irrigation Requirement of Nepal in m3/s 11
Table-7.8 Command area covered by additional (future) water use 12
Table-7.9 Storage in Sarada Command 14
Table-7.10 Cropping pattern in Sarada Command (CCA 1.462 Mha) 15
Table-7.11 Month wise withdrawal series from Banbasa Barrage to India in m3/s
17
Table-7.12 Month wise withdrawal series from Banbasa Barrage to Nepal in m3/s
19
Table-7.13 Water requirement of SaradaSahayak system 21
Table-7.14 Total Existing Water Requirement of India in m3/s 22
Table-7.15 Total Water Requirement of India and Nepal including 25
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
vii
River Eco-System
Table-7.16 Water available for additional irrigation in India during dry season (in m3/s) – 75% Dependable year 1977-78
26
Table-7.17 Demand table for additional irrigation in India 28
Table-7.18 Total Water Requirement including Local Community use and Releases for River Eco-System at Banbasa Barrage
29
Table-7.19 Estimated Value of Produce in Nepal before Irrigation (Rainfed)
32
Table-7.20 Estimated Cost of cultivation in Nepal before Irrigation
(Rainfed)
32
Table-7.21 Estimated value of Produce in Nepal after Irrigation 33
Table-7.22 Estimated Cost of cultivation in Nepal after Irrigation 33
Table-7.23 Estimated Value of Produce in India before Irrigation (Rainfed)
34
Table-7.24 Estimated Cost of cultivation in India before Irrigation(Rainfed)
34
Table-7.25 Estimated value of Produce in India after Irrigation 34
Table-7.26 Estimated Cost of Cultivation in India after Irrigation 35
Table-7.27 Computation of agriculture benefits 35
Table-7.28 Assessment of Irrigation Benefits to India and Nepal 36
Table-7.29 Assessment of Irrigation and Flood Control Benefits 36
Table-8.1 Average meteorological conditions at the Pancheshwar Meteorological Station
2
Table-8.2 Computed Average Monthly Temperature at Pancheshwar Site (Unit:0C)
2
Table-8.3 Average Monthly Rainfall at the Pancheshwar Dam site (Unit: mm)
3
Table-8.4 Details of Soil Sampling locations in Project & Catchment Area
4
Table-8.5A Soil quality in the Project & Catchment Area for summer season
7
Table-8.5B Soil quality in the Project & Catchment Area for summer season
7
Table-8.6A Soil quality in the Project & Catchment Area for monsoon season
8
Table-8.6B Soil quality in the Project & Catchment Area for monsoon season
9
Table-8.7A Soil quality in the Project & Catchment Area for winter season
10
Table-8.7B Soil quality in the Project & Catchment Area for winter season
10
Table-8.8 Details of Soil Sampling Locations in Command Area 12
Table-8.9 Details of Water Sampling Location in Project & Catchment Area
13
Table-8.10A Surface Water Quality in the study area during summer season
16
Table-8.10B Surface Water Quality in the study area during summer season
17
Table-8.11A Surface Water Quality in the study area during monsoon season
18
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
viii
Table-8.11B Surface Water Quality in the study area during monsoon season
19
Table-8.12A Surface Water Quality in the study area during winter season
20
Table-8.12B Surface Water Quality in the study area during winter season
21
Table-8.13 Drinking water quality standards 22
Table-8.14 Details of Locations of Water Sampling 23
Table-8.15 Details of Location of Ambient Air Quality Sampling
Stations
26
Table-8.16 Ambient Air Quality monitoring for summer season 29
Table-8.17 Ambient Air Quality monitoring for monsoon season 31
Table-8.18 Ambient Air Quality monitoring for winter season 33
Table-8.19 Summary of ambient air quality monitoring (Unit: µg/m3) 35
Table-8.20 National Ambient Air quality Standards (NAAQS) 36
Table-8.21 Hourly equivalent noise levels in the study area for summer season
38
Table-8.22 Hourly equivalent noise levels in the study area for monsoon season
38
Table-8.23 Hourly equivalent noise levels in the study area for winter
season
39
Table-8.24 Day time Equivalent noise levels 39
Table-8.25 Ambient Noise Standards 39
Table 8.26 Land use pattern of the study area of Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project based on satellite data
40
Table-9.1 Study sites for terrestrial ecology w.r.t. Project
Appurtenances
6
Table -9.2 Vegetation composition of the study area in various
seasons
11
Table 9.3 Percentage composition of floristic elements in the study
area
12
Table-9.4 List of plants recorded from the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project Area in various seasons
12
Table -9.5 Vegetational attributes of woody vegetation at various sampling sites
22
Table-9.6 Vegetational attributes of herbaceous vegetation of Pancheshwar multipurpose project in Monsoon Season
32
Table-9.7 Vegetational attributes of herbaceous vegetation of Pancheshwar multipurpose project in winter season
39
Table-9.8: Vegetational attributes of herbaceous vegetation of Pancheshwar multipurpose project in Summer Season
45
Table-9.9 List of lower plant species recorded from the study sites 52
Table-9.10 Some important medicinal plants of the project area 54
Table-10.1 List of Mammalian species observed influence area along with their conservation status
3
Table-10.2 Avi-faunal species recorded from the study area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project during primary survey in various seasons
7
Table-10.3 Herpetofaunal species inhabiting the study area of 11
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
ix
Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
Table-10.4 Butterfly species recorded from the Study Area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project during field studies
14
Table-11.1 Description of sampling sites for aquatic ecology in the influence area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
1
Table-11.2 Density of biological communities at the different sampling sites of influence area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in monsoon season
3
Table-11.3 Density of biological communities at the different sampling sites of influence area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in winter season
3
Table-11.4 Density of biological communities at the different sampling sites of influence area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in summer season
4
Table-11.5 Average relative abundance of planktonic diatom taxa from different river stretches during monsoon season
5
Table-11.6 Average relative abundance of planktonic diatom taxa from different river stretches during winter season
7
Table-11.7 Average relative abundance of planktonic diatom taxa from different river stretches during summer season
9
Table-11.8 Average relative abundance of benthic diatom taxa from different river stretches of study area during monsoon season
12
Table-11.9 Average relative abundance of benthic diatom taxa from different river stretches of study area during winter season
15
Table-11.10 Average relative abundance of benthic diatom taxa from different river stretches of study area during summer season
17
Table-11.11 Macro-invertebrate diversity and density in the Sarju and Maha kali rivers within influence area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in monsoon season
20
Table-11.12 Macro-invertebrate diversity and density in the Sarju and Maha kali rivers within influence area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in winter season
21
Table-11.13 Macro-invertebrate diversity and density in the Sarju and
Maha kali rivers within influence area of Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project in summer season
22
Table-12.1 Fish species composition in Sarju and Mahakali river in
the study area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
4
Table-13.1 Construction Material Requirement for Pancheswar Complex and Rupligad Complex
2
Table-13.2 Land Required for Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project 9
Table-13.3 Land Required for Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (Indian Portion)
9
Table-13.4 Ownership status of land to be acquired for various project appurtenance on Indian portion
10
Table-13.5 Details of land to be acquired for the project 10
Table-13.6 Details of private land to be acquired in Fully Affected Villages of Pancheshwar Dam
10
Table-13.7 Details of private land to be acquired in Partially Affected 11
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
x
Villages of Pancheshwar Dam
Table-13.8 Details of private land to be acquired in Partially Affected Villages of Rupalugad Dam
13
Table-13.9 Details of forest land acquisition 13
Table-13.10 Inflows and outflows at Pancheswar MPP (for 90% Dependable Year)
17
Table-13.11 Summary of releases from Rupaligad dam in monsoon
season
18
Table-13.12 Summary of releases from Rupaligad dam in non-
monsoon non-lean season
18
Table-13.13 Summary of releases from Rupaligad dam in lean season 18
Table-13.14 Water availability in pre-project and post-project scenario 19
Table-13.15 Increase in hydrocarbon concentration due to vehicular
movement
26
Table-13.16 Noise level due to operation of various construction
equipment’s
28
Table-13.17 Increase in noise levels due to operation of various
construction equipment
29
Table-13.18 Transmission loss for common construction materials 29
Table-13.19 Increase in noise levels due to increased vehicular
movement
31
Table-13.20 Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA 31
Table-13.21 Noise generated due to drilling 32
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure-1.1 Index Map of the project 8
Figure-2.1 Mahakali River Upstream and downstream development
2
Figure-2.2 General Layout Plan of Pancheshwar Dam Complex 4
Figure-2.3 General Layout Plan of Rupaligad Re-regulating Dam Complex
12
Figure-2.4 Location of Quarry sites 18
Figure-4.1 FCC of the Study Area 2
Figure-5.1 DEM of the Pancheshwar Project Area 2
Figure-5.2 Google Map of the Pancheshwar Project Area 3
Figure-5.3 Catchment Area Map of Pancheshwar and Rupaligad dam site
4
Figure-5.4 Hypsometric Curve for Pancheshwar Catchment Area 5
Figure-5.5 Hypsometric Curve for Intermediate Catchment between Pancheshwar and Rupaligad
5
Figure-5.6 Plot of Modified runoff series (1962-2012) at Pancheshwar site
9
Figure-6.1 A generalized Geological Map of Himalayan Arc 2
Figure-6.2 A generalized Section Across Himalayas showing six Geo-morphic zones and thrust sheets (after RasoulSorkhabi, 2010 Himalayan Journal Volume 66)
3
Figure-6.3 Regional Geological Map of Project Area 6
Figure-6.4 Regional Geological Map of Pancheswar Dam Complex
8
Figure-6.5 Geological Map and cross section of Pancheshwar area showing the thrust slices NAT is referred as NDT in this illustration (after Dhital 2015)
10
Figure-6.6 Slope Map of Chamtada Landslide Area 12
Figure-6.7 Photo illustrating the Spillway Domain on Southern Slope on Water Divide between Mahakali and Rollegad Nallah
13
Figure-6.8 Tectonic Framework in west of project on India Side 15
Figure-6.9 Tectonic Framework in east of project on Nepal Side 15
Figure-7.1 Command areas in India on River Sarada 16
Figure-7.2 Existing Uses of Mahakali waters in India 23
Figure-8.1 Soil Sampling Location Map 6
Figure-8.2 Water Sampling Location Map 15
Figure-8.3 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations 28
Figure-8.4 Classified Image of Study Area 42
Figure-9.1 Floristic composition of different life forms in the study area
12
Figure-13.1 Location of Quarry site 3
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
xii
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACCRONYMS
AEE Assistant Executive Engineer
ASI Archaeological Survey of India
CCA Culturable Command Area
CEA Central Electricity Authority
CEIA Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment
COD Chemical Oxyegen Demand
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
CSMRS Central Soil and Materials Research Station
CWC Central Water Commission
CWPRS Central Water and Power Research Station
CWR Crop Water Requirement
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DHM Department of Hydrology & Meteorology
DMP Disaster Management Plan
DPR Detailed Project Report
DG Diesel Generating Sets
DO Dissolved Oxygen
EC Electrical Conductivity
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
E&M Electro Mechanical
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPABX Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange
EPC Engineering Procurement Construction
ERDAS Earth Resources Data Analysis System
FRL Full Reservoir Level
GIS Geographical Information System
GOI Government of India
GON Government of Nepal
GSI Geological Survey of India
GWh Gigawatt hours
HEP Hydroelectric Project
HFAF Himalayan Front Active Fault System
HRT Head Race Tunnel
IDA International Development Agency
IDC Interest During Construction
IMD India Meteorological Department
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
IVI Importance value index
IWPA International Wood Products Association
JCWR Joint Committee on Water Resources
JGE Joint Group of Experts
JS Joint Secretary
KVA Kilo Volt Ampere
LADP Local Area Development Plan
LHAF Lower Himalayas Active Fault System
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
MAT Main Access Tunnel
MBF Main Boundary Fault
MCAF Main Central Active Fault System
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
xiii
MCT Main Central Thrust
MDDL Minimum Drawdown Level
MIP Mahakali Irrigation Project
MIV Main inlet Valve
MoEn Ministry of Environment
MEA Ministry of External Affairs
MOWR Ministry of Water Resources
MW Mega Watt
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NDT North Dudheldhera Thrust
NEA Nepal Electricity Authority
NRSA National Remote Sensing Agency
O&M Operation & Management
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PDA Pancheswar Development Authority
PDR Project Definition Report
PMF Probable Maximum Flood
PMP Pancheswar Multipurpose Project
RPM Respirable Particulate Matter
R&R Resettlement & Rehabilitation
SIA Social Impact Assessment Study
SPL Sound Pressure Level
SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
SYI Silt Yield Index
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TR Transformer Room
TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
TRT Tail Race Tunnel
UPID Uttar Pradesh Irrigation Department
UHHP Uri Hydro Power Project
WR Water Resources
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 1: Introduction Page 1
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
The Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) has been envisaged on the
Mahakali River (known as Sarada in India) where the river forms the
international boundary between India and Nepal, dividing the Far Western
Development Region of Nepal from the Uttrakhand State in India. The main
dam at Pancheshwar is proposed across the Mahakali River, 2.5 km
downstream of the confluence of river Sarju with Mahakali River and, about 70
km upstream of the Tanakpur town (India).
It is a bi-national scheme, primarily aimed at energy production. In addition,
the Project aims to enhance the food grains production in both the countries
by providing additional irrigation resulting from the augmentation of dry
season flows. Due to moderation of flood peaks at reservoir(s), incidental
flood control benefits are also envisaged from the project.
View of Pancheshwar Dam Site
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1.2 THE MAHAKALI TREATY-1996
Recognizing that the Mahakali River is a boundary river on major stretches
between the two countries, a treaty (known as the “Mahakali Treaty”) was
signed on February 12, 1996 between His Majesty’s Government of Nepal and
the Government of India concerning the integrated development of the
Mahakali River including Sarada Barrage, Tanakpur Barrage and
Pancheshwar Project. The center-piece of the treaty was “Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project” which both sides agreed to implement in accordance
with the Detailed Project Report jointly prepared by them.
The main principles enshrined in the Treaty, on which the Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project is to be designed and implemented, are summarized as
under:
Both Parties have equal entitlement in the utilization of the waters of the
Mahakali River without prejudice to their respective existing
consumptive uses of the waters of the Mahakali River.
Water requirements of Nepal shall be given prime consideration in
utilization of the waters of the Mahakali River. Both the parties shall be
entitled to draw their share of waters of the Mahakali River from the
Tanakpur Barrage and/or other mutually agreed points.
The Project shall be designed to produce the maximum total net
benefit. All benefits accruing to both the Parties with the development
of the Project in the forms of power, irrigation, flood control etc., shall be
assessed.
The P roject shall be implemented as an integrated project including
power stations of equal capacity on each side of the Mahakali River
and the total energy generated shall be shared equally between the
Parties.
Cost of the project shall be borne by the parties in proportion to the
benefits accruing to them. Both the Parties shall jointly endeavour to
mobilize the finance required for the implementation of the Project.
A portion of Nepal’s share of energy shall be sold to India. The
quantum of such energy and its price shall be mutually agreed upon
between the Parties.
Further, in the letters dated 12 February, 1996 exchanged by the two
Governments along with the Mahakali Treaty, the principles for assessment of
project benefits during the preparation of the Detailed Project Report of the
Project are also deliberated as under:
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Net power benefit shall be assessed on the basis of, inter alia, saving
in costs to the beneficiaries as compared with the relevant alternatives
available,
Irrigation benefit shall be assessed on the basis of incremental and
additional benefits due to augmentation of river flow
Flood control benefit shall be assessed on the basis of the value of
works saved and damage avoided (to both sides of the river).
Besides the above, Nepal is entitled to draw 1000 cusec of water in
monsoon season and 150 cusec in the dry season from Sarada Barrage
(through its irrigation canal) at Banbasa under Article-1 of the Treaty. This
water drawn from Banbasa barrage provides irrigation to a command area of
11,600 ha; known as Mahakali Irrigation Project (stage-I & II) in Nepal. In
addition, another 1000 cusec of Mahakali water in the wet season and 300
cusec of water in the dry season has been committed under Article-2 of the
Treaty from the Tanakpur Barrage.
Under Article-1 (2) of the Treaty, it was further agreed that India shall maintain
a flow of not less than 10 m3/s (350 cusecs), downstream of the Sarada
Barrage, into the Mahakali River, to maintain and preserve the river eco-
system.
Further, local communities living along both sides of the Mahakali River shall
be entitled to use of the waters of the Mahakali River, not exceeding five (5)
percent of the average Annual flow at Pancheshwar under Article-7 of the
Treaty.
The Pancheshwar DPR has been prepared keeping the above guiding
principles in consideration and the benefits from the Project which are likely to
be accrued to each Party, are assessed clearly in accordance with the letters
dated 12.02.1996 exchanged by the two Governments along with the Mahakali
Treaty.
1.3 PANCHESHWAR DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
Pursuant to the Article-10 of the Mahakali Treaty, it was agreed that, both the
Parties may form project specific joint entity for the development, execution
and operation of new projects including Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in
the Mahakali River for their mutual benefit. Accordingly, at the 3rd meeting of
the Joint Committee on Water Resources (JCWR) headed by the water
resources secretaries of India and Nepal, held in November 2009, it was
decided to set up the Pancheshwar Development Authority, an independent
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autonomous body, to finalize the Pancheshwar Detailed Project Report and
expedite the implementation of the Project.
The Authority was set up in August 2014, having two Co-Chairpersons, one
from each side, and twelve Members (six Members from each side), which
would be working as a Governing Body of the Authority. Among others, the
Ambassadors of Nepal to India and India to Nepal shall be permanent invitees
at the meeting of the Governing Body. The Composition of Governing Body of
Pancheshwar Development Authority (PDA) is given in Table-1.1.
Table-1.1: Composition of Governing Body of PDA
Indian side Nepalese side
1. Secretary , MOWR, GOI Co-Chairman Secretary, MoEn, GON
2. Secretary/ Joint Secretary
(Hydro), MOP
Member Joint Secretary, MoEn
3. Joint Secretary (North), MEA Member Joint Secretary, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
4. Commissioner (Ganga),
MOWR
Member Director General,
Department of Electricity
Development
5. JS & FA, MOWR Member Joint Secretary, Ministry of
Finance
6. Principal Secretary (Energy),
Govt. of Uttarakhand
Member Director General,
Department of Irrigation
7. Chief Executive Officer/
Additional Chief Executive
Officer, PDA
Member
Secretary/
Joint Secretary
Chief Executive Officer/
Additional Chief Executive
Officer, PDA
8. Ambassador of India to Nepal Special Invitee Ambassador of Nepal to
India
9. Chairman, Central Water
Commission
Special Invitee
10. Principal Advisor (WR),
Planning Commission
Special Invitee Joint Secretary, Water and
Energy Commission
11. Principal Secretary/ Secretary
(WR), Govt. of UP
Special Invitee Managing Director, NEA
Source: DPR
1.4 HISTORY OF THE PROJECT
The Pancheshwar dam site was first identified during the hydroelectric survey
of potential sites on the Mahakali River conducted by the erstwhile Central
Water and Power Commission of India in 1956. A storage type development for
power generation was envisaged at that time.
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In the year 1962, State Government of Uttar Pradesh carried out preliminary
field investigations with the assistance of the Survey of India and Geological
Survey of India. Based upon the field investigations carried out and data
collected by U.P. Irrigation Department, a project report of the scheme was
prepared by WAPCOS INDIA LIMITED in November 1971. The report
suggested a concrete gravity dam with a crest at an elevation 638 m a s l or a
height from the river bed of about 232 m.
In order to develop the feasibility study of the scheme and to decide about
further investigations to be carried out, a Joint Group of Experts (JGE) of India
and Nepal was constituted in the year 1978. Detailed investigations on Indian
side to formulate the scheme were initiated by Central Water Commission
(India) in July, 1981.
During the 3rd JGE meeting held in April, 1984, it was decided that the
feasibility report would be prepared jointly but the investigations required for the
study be carried out independently by India and Nepal in their respective
territories. The Nepal side appointed consultants with the financial assistance
of the International Development Agency (IDA) to carry out field investigation
works at feasibility level. On the Indian side these investigations were carried
out by Central Water Commission (CWC) with the help of Survey of India,
Geological Survey of India (GSI), Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Central
Soil and Materials Research Station (CSMRS), New Delhi and Central Water
and Power Research Station (CWPRS), Pune.
During 5th meeting of the Joint Group of Experts (JGE) held in March, 1991,
field data collected by both sides were exchanged and data gaps were
identified. It was decided to prepare and finalize a mutually acceptable Project
Definition Report (PDR) to outline the project parameters. Based on the data
collected by both sides, draft Project Definition Report(s) identifying the basic
characteristics of the project, its preliminary benefits and costs was prepared
by both India and Nepal independently and made available to either side for
further discussions.
During the goodwill visit of the Nepalese Prime Minister to India in December
1991, an understanding was reached between the two Countries to prepare a
Joint Detailed Project Report, at Feasibility level.
The 6th meeting of Joint Group of Experts of India and Nepal (JGE) on
Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project was held in February 1992 to discuss the
data gaps in field investigations and modalities for preparation of the Detailed
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Project Report. An action plan was drawn and the work of preparation of
Detailed Project Report was assigned by distributing the subject chapters
between the two sides. The additional field investigations that were identified in
the 6th meeting of JGE were completed in December 1993. These field
investigations comprised mainly of topographical surveys, geological
explorations, seismological studies, in-situ rock tests, construction material
surveys, etc. The Indian side completed the assigned chapters and sent to His
Majesty's Government of Nepal (HMG/N) in 1994 for review. Based on the
information contained therein, a draft Detailed Project Report (DPR) was
prepared by HMG/N in 1995 and forwarded to Government of India in July/
August 1996 for their comments. After examination of the draft DPR, three
meetings of Joint Group of Experts followed by two meetings at the level of
Technical officials were held and the contents thereof were discussed to arrive
at a mutually agreed solution.
In the 11th JGE meeting held in March 1999, it was agreed in principle to
establish a Joint Project Office - Pancheshwar Investigation (JOP-PI) at
Kathmandu along with Field Offices, as required, to conduct additional field
investigations for the Re-regulating dam and studies for preparation of Detailed
Project Report jointly. Accordingly, the JPO-PI was established at Kathmandu
in December 1999. The Division office at Tanakpur and three sub-division
offices viz. at Pancheshwar for main dam, at Tamli for Rupaligad site and at
Thuligad for Purnagiri site were established in May 2000. The personnel from
both India and Nepal were deployed to conduct additional field investigations
and studies for preparation of Detailed Project Report jointly.
Due to submergence of Rangun khola valley in Nepal, the Govt. of Nepal did
not agree to locate the re-regulating dam at Purnagiri site and insisted to
construct the regulating dam at Rupaligad only to store the Pancheshwar
powerhouses’ releases during peak hours and release them from Rupaligad
round the clock, to meet the irrigation water requirement downstream. To
resolve the issue pending for last more than ten years, the Indian side agreed
to the Nepalese request to locate the re-regulating dam at Rupaligad site in the
3rd meeting of the Joint Committee on Water Resources (JCWR) held in
November, 2009 at Pokhara (Nepal).
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Rupaligad dam site- downstream axis
1.5 PROJECT LOCATION
The Pancheshwar main dam site is proposed about 2.5 km downstream of the
confluence of Sarju with the Mahakali River, a primary tributary of the
Mahakali from India. Here, the Mahakali river flows in a narrow V -shaped
gorge, flanked by 45 degree slopes rising more than 1,000 m above the river
bed. A re-regulating dam is proposed downstream of main dam to even out
peaking out flows from Pancheshwar power houses for meeting irrigation water
requirement and to exploit hydro potential of the basin below Pancheshwar. For
this purpose, two alternative locations were identified; one at Rupaligad, 25 Km
downstream of main dam and other at Purnagiri, 61 Km downstream main
dam. Finally, the Rupaligad site has been selected for re-regulating dam.
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An Index Map showing location of main dam and re-regulating dam is
presented in the Figure-1.1.
Figure-1.1: Index Map of the Project
The project structures, including the reservoir area, lie in Champawat,
Pithoragarh, Bageshwar and Almora districts of Uttaranchal state in India and
in Baitadi and Dharchula districts of Far Western Development Region in
Nepal. The entire area directly covered by the project structures and the
proposed reservoir is located between 29°25'0" and 29°47'30" latitude N and
79°55'0" and 80°35'0" longitude E.
1.6 MAHAKALI RIVER BASIN
The Mahakali River originates from the Lipulekh glacier at an elevation of about
7,820 m in the Himalayas. The river flows steeply through a complex sequence
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of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the High and Inner Himalayan
physiographic provinces and then passes through the Lower Himalayan
province (Mahabharat and Siwalik ranges) before emerging onto the Gangetic
plain in the Terai region.
The Mahakali (Sarada) basin up to the Pancheshwar dam site has a total
catchment area of 12,276 km2, located between 29°20'30" and 30°35'30"
latitude N and 79°20'30" and 81°9'45" longitude E. Out of the total catchment,
an area of 9,720 km2 of the river catchment lies in India, and 4,456 km2 in
Nepal.
During its course, the river carries the flows from several major tributaries
including the Dhauli Ganga (catchment 1357 km2), Gori Ganga (catchment
2300 km2) and Sarju (catchment 4019 km2) from India and the Chamaliya
(catchment 1572 km2) from Nepal. Other minor tributaries joining the Mahakali
River below Pancheshwar dam site are Lohawati & Ladhiya Rivers from India
and Surnayagad, Rupaligad, Sirsegad & Ragun Khola from Nepal before the
river emerges onto the Gangetic plains below the Purnagiri temple near
Tanakpur town. The total drainage area up to Purnagiri temple has been
worked out to be around 14,922 sq km, out of which 10,884 sq km area lies in
India and 4,038 sq km area in Nepal.
The upper reaches of the Mahakali River and its various tributaries are
characterized by very steep drops. For instance in the first 100 km reach, the
river drops over 4900 m. In its middle and lower reaches it flows through
relatively gentle gradients providing favorable terrain for storage projects.
1.7 ACCESS
At present, the only access by road to the project area is through India. The all
weather 40 km long road from Lohaghat to the Mahakali River at Pancheshwar
was constructed by the State Public Works Department in 1971 to facilitate the
field investigations of the dam project taken up by the Indian side.
It is proposed to use the existing Tanakpur – Lohaghat - Pancheshwar road
(about 130 km) as the main access through India, for the pre- construction
activities of the project. The last portion of this road, approaching the actual
dam site that would eventually be submerged by the reservoir would be
suitably relocated according to the requirement of the permanent project
structures and of the construction planning.
At present, access to the site from Nepal is possible only by helicopter or by a
two-day, 60 km trek from the Patan village. The only existing vehicular access
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to the far western development region of Nepal from the rest of the country is
the East - West Highway. The Dhanghari - Dadeldhura - Patan - Baitadi feeder
road connects the project area to the East- West highway.
In order to gain access through Nepal for the transportation of construction
equipment, machinery, materials, etc. for the project; and for transport of
generating equipment to the Pancheshwar and Rupaligad Re-regulating dam
sites, a new road from Brahmdev to Pancheshwar along the left bank of
Mahakali River has been envisaged and detailed field investigations including
cost estimates have been undertaken by the Project Authority.
1.8 PROJECT FEATURES
As presently conceived, the project includes the following main structures:
A main rock fill dam at Pancheshwar, 315 m high from the deepest
foundation level, forming about 80 km long reservoir, with a surface area
of 116 km2 and a total gross storage volume of about 11.35 billion m3;
Spillway on the left bank (Nepal side of the river), designed to safely
discharge the estimated maximum river flow;
Two underground powerhouses, one on each bank, having a total
installed capacity of 4800 MW (2400 MW capacity on each bank);
A re-regulating dam downstream at Rupaligad site to even-out main dam
releases to achieve continuous river flow conditions;
Two Underground power houses at re-regulating dam having a total
installed capacity of 120 MW each.
The project will generate a total of 7678 GWh dependable power every
year at main dam complex; that will meet a substantial part of the energy
and peak power demand of the Northern India. The project would also
simultaneously cover the medium and long term energy requirements of
Nepal. In addition, 1438 GWh of dependable power would be generated
annually at Rupaligad dam power stations.
At the same time, the project will regulate the natural river flow, allowing
year round irrigation of agricultural land in the Kanchanpur District in
Nepal, and meeting the existing and future water requirements of the
Indian irrigation systems. It is expected that an additional irrigation
potential of 1.70 lakh hactare in Nepal and 2.59 lakh hactare in the
Indian side would be created with augmented river flows in the post-
Pancheshwar scenario.
In addition, the project will have an incidental flood mitigation effect, reducing
risk of flooding along the lower course of the Mahakali (Sarada) river, both in
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the Nepalese and Indian territories. It is expected to protect low lying areas in
Chandani-Dodhara villages along the west bank of Mahakali River in Nepal.
Further, around 10,000 hectare of area of district Pilibhit and 90,000 hectare in
the district Lakhimpur Kheri in Uttar Pradesh (India) are inundated almost every
five years in the Sarada basin due to floods in a stretch of 60 km of the river
which would get protection from floods of 25 years frequency, in the post-
Pancheshwar scenario.
1.9 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK
Under the Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1986, various
rules/notifications/acts have been promulgated to control pollution and manage
environmental issues. EIA Notification, 2006 imposes certain restrictions and
prohibitions on new projects or activities, or on the expansion or modernization
of existing projects or activities based on their potential environmental impacts.
These project categories are listed in the notification and clearance process
defined based on their capacities to obtain prior environmental clearance. State
Pollution Control Boards issue NOCs and “Consent” under Air and Water Act
for various projects.
1.9.1 Environmental Clearance
The proposed Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (4800+240 = 5040 MW) is a
Category A project (> 50 MW), as per item 1 (c) of Schedule attached to EIA
notification of September 2006 and requires Environmental Appraisal from the
Ministry of Environment,Forest & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of
India.
The appraisal process involves three stages:
Scoping
Public Consultation
Appraisal
Scoping: An application for scoping was submitted to MoEF&CC in the month
of March, 2015 for issuance of Terms of Reference (TOR) to undertake EIA
study. Subsequently, a presentation was made before Expert Appraisal
Committee (EAC) for River Valley and Hydroelectric Projects of Ministry of
Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEF&CC) for Prior Environmental
Clearance (Scoping) on 24. 04.2015 and 02.05.2016 and same was accorded
by Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MOEF&CC) in 93rd EAC
(River Valley & Hydroelectric Projects) meeting held on 2nd May, 2016. A copy
of the approved Terms of Reference is enclosed as Annexure-I.
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Public Consultation: On completion of Draft EIA report and its executive
summary, Public consultation is to be organized by Uttarakhand Environment
Protection and Pollution Control Board(UEP&PCB). The outcome of the Public
Consultation process in the form of report detailing the proceedings and video
of the entire event shall be submitted to MoEF&CC by UEP&PCB.
Appraisal: On completion of Public Consultation process, incorporation of
suggestions, if any during the public consultation, final report alongwith the
integrated EIA Report covering India& Nepal portion is to be prepared,
submitted and presented to the Expert Appraisal Committee for River Valley
and hydroelectric projects at MoEF&CC for final approval.
1.9.2 Forest Clearance
As per the Indian Forest Conservation Act, 1980, in case the diversion of forest
land is more than 40 ha the MoEF&CC is empowered to give the forest
clearance on the basis of recommendations of Forest Advisory Committee
(FAC). The forest land to be acquired for submergence of Pancheshwar
Multipurpose dam and Rupaligad Dam is about 1521.68 ha and 61.23 ha
respectively. The total forest land required for the project is 182.89 ha or 1583
ha. Hence, Forest Clearance is required to be obtained from the MoEF&CC.
1.9.3 Wildlife Clearance
As per the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, in case distance of project or
project appurtenances are coming within the 10 km distance from the boundary
of wild-life sanctuary, a wildlife clearance is required to be obtained from the
competent authority. The project is located around 80 km away from the Askot
Musk Deer Wildlife Sanctuary; however, the distance from the tip of the
submergence in Pithoragarh district are coming within 300 m from Askot Musk
Deer Wildlife Sanctuary. Hence, the Wildlife Clearance is required to be
obtained from the National Board for wildlife (NBWL).
1.10 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT
The document for the Comprehensive EIA study for the proposed Pancheshwar
Multipurpose project has been presented in three volumes as listed below:
Volume-I: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study Report
Volume-II: Social Impact Assessment Study (SIA) Report
Volume-III: Environmental Management Plan.
The present document (Volume-I) outlines the findings of the EIA study for the
proposed Pancheshwar Multipurpose project, based on the findings of three
seasons studies.
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The contents of the document are organized as follows:
Chapter-1: Delineates an overview of the need for the project. The policy, legal
and administrative framework for environmental clearance has been
summarized. The objectives and need for EIA study too have been covered.
Chapter-2: Provides a brief description of the proposed Pancheshwar
Multipurpose project.
Chapter-3: Outlines the construction Methodology to be adopted for the
project.
Chapter-4: Presents the methodology adopted for conducting the CEIA Study
for the project.
Chapter-5: Covers the hydrological aspects of the proposed Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project.
Chapter-6: Presents the geological aspects of the proposed Pancheshwar
Multipurpose project. This is an abstract of the geological studies conducted in
the DPR prepared for the proposed Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project.
Chapter-7: Outlines the irrigation planning of the project.
Chapter-8: Covers the environmental baseline conditions covering physical
aspects of environment. The baseline study involved both field work and review
of existing documents, which is necessary for identification of data which may
already have been collected for other purposes. The Chapter outlines the
findings of the field studies conducted for three seasons.
Chapter-9: Presents the aspects related to vegetation/flora for the Study Area.
The study is based on collection of data from various secondary data sources.
As a part of the Comprehensive EIA study, detailed field studies was conducted
for three seasons. The findings of the survey were analysed and have been
described in this Chapter.
Chapter-10: Presents the information related to faunal aspects of the Study
Area. The study is based on collection of data from primary as well as various
secondary sources.
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Chapter-11: Delineates information pertaining to aquatic ecological aspects of
the Study Area. The findings presented in this Chapter are based on three
season field studies and review of data from various secondary sources.
Chapter-12: Presents information on fisheries in the Study Area. The findings
presented in this Chapter are based on three season field studies and review of
data from various secondary sources.
Chapter-13: Describes the anticipated positive and negative impacts as a
result of the construction and operation of the proposed Pancheshwar
Multipurpose project on physico-chemical and ecological aspects of
environment. The impact prediction exercise is essentially a process to forecast
the future environmental conditions of the project area that might be expected
to occur as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project.
An attempt was generally made to forecast future environmental conditions
quantitatively to the extent possible. But for certain parameters, which cannot
be quantified, general approach has been to discuss such intangible impacts in
qualitative terms so that planners and decision-makers are aware of their
existence as well as their possible implications.
CHAPTER-2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
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CHAPTER-2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 GENERAL
The Pancheshwar dam project is a bi-national project, primarily aimed at energy
production. In addition, it would enhance the food grains production in both the
countries by providing additional irrigation resulting from the augmentation of
dry season flows. Due to moderation of flood peaks at reservoir(s), incidental
flood control benefits are also envisaged from the project.
The Pancheshwar dam site is located near the Pancheshwar temple which is
about 2.5 km downstream of the confluence of River Mahakali with the Sarju
River. A re-regulating dam is also proposed downstream of the main dam to even
out peaking flows released from Pancheshwar power houses for meeting
downstream irrigation water requirement. For this purpose, two alternative
locations were identified; one at Rupaligad, 27 km downstream of the main dam
and another at Purnagiri, 61 km downstream of main dam. Finally, the Rupaligad
site was agreed by the two sides for locating the re-regulating dam in the 3rd
meeting of Joint Committee of Water Resources (JCWR) held in November 2009
at Pokhara (Nepal). The project includes the following main structures:
A main Rockfill 311 m high dam across the Mahakali river, forming an a
submergence area of around 116km2 (at El 680 m) with a gross storage
volume of about 11355 Mm3;
Spillway on the left bank, designed to safely discharge the estimated
Probable Maximum Flood (PMF=23,500 cumec);
Two underground power houses at Pancheshwar dam site, one on each
bank;
A re-regulating dam downstream to re-regulate the power releases from
Pancheshwar dam to meet irrigation water requirement in the downstream.
Two underground powerhouses at Rupaligad re-regulating dam.
The entire project will generate about 9116 GWh per year that will meet a
substantial part of the energy and peak power demand of the Northern India. The
project can also simultaneously cover the medium and long-term energy
requirements of Nepal.
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At the same time, the project will regulate natural river flow, allowing year round
irrigation of agricultural land in the Kanchanpur District in Nepal, and meeting the
future water requirements of the irrigation systems in India fed through Lower
Sarada Barrage. In addition, project will have a significant flood mitigation effect,
reducing the risk of flooding along the lower course of the Mahakali (Sarada) river,
both in the Nepalese and Indian territories.
It is also stipulated under the Article -1 (2) of the Treaty that, India shall maintain a
flow of not less than 10m3/s (350 cusec) downstream of the Sarada Barrage
(Banbasa) in the Mahakali River to maintain and preserve the river eco-system.
Further, under the Article-7 of the Treaty, local communities living along both sides
of the Mahakali River shall have the right use to the Mahakali waters, not
exceeding five (5) percent of the average annual flow at Pancheshwar. In addition,
India shall supply 10 m3/s (350 cusecs) of water for irrigation of Dodhara-Chandani
area of Nepalese Territory, under the Article-4 of the Treaty.
The cascade development of projects in Mahakali river is depicted in Figure-2.1.
Figure-2.1: Mahakali River Upstream and downstream development
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2.2 PANCHESHWAR DAM PROJECT
Mahakali River - Main dam at Pancheshwar and Re-regulating dam 27 km further
downstream near Tamli. The Pancheshwar envisages to construct 311 m high,
814.0 m long rock fill dam across Mahakali river gorge 2.5 km d/s of Saryu-
Mahakali confluence near Pancheshwar, with two underground powerhouses
(Installed capacity 6X 400 MW each with total generation of 4800 MW) on either
bank. Rupaligad Re-regulating Dam would consist of 95 m high concrete dam with
two underground powerhouses on either bank (Installed capacity 2X60 MW each
with total of 240 MW).
The two underground powerhouse cavities (59.00m H x 23m W x 290.00m L) are
located in the left and right abutments.
A re-regulating dam downstream of the main dam is also proposed to even out
powerhouse releases to achieve continuous river flow conditions to meet irrigation
water demands in the downstream. The re-regulating dam has been envisaged at
Rupaligad site, of a height of around 95 m from the deepest foundation and having
two power houses, one on each bank, of a total installed capacity of 240 MW.
The Project will generate more than 7678 GWh of dependable power energy at
main dam complex and 1438 GWh at Rupaligad dam site.
The Project will regulate the natural river flow, allowing the year round irrigation of
agriculture land in the existing Sarada command in India and the Kanchanpur
District in Nepal, meeting the existing and future water requirements of Indian and
Nepal irrigation system.
In addition, the project will have an incidental flood mitigation effect, reducing the
risk of flood along the lower course of the Mahakali (Sarada) River, both on the
Nepalese and the Indian territories.
The salient features of Pancheshwar Dam Complex are given in Table-2.1. The
layout map is enclosed as Figure-2.2.
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Figure-2.2: General Layout Plan of Pancheshwar Dam Complex
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Table-2.1: Salient Feature of Pancheshwar Dam Complex (4800 MW)
A. LOCATION
1. Country India and Nepal
Champawat / Uttrakhand
Baitadi / Nepal
2. River Mahakali
3. Main Pancheshwar dam Near Pancheshwar Temple
Longitude L/B, Nepal 80o 15’ 5”
R/B, India 80o 14’41”
Latitude L/B, Nepal 29o 25’ 40”
R/B, India 29o25’53”
4. Re-Regulating dam at
Rupaligad
27 km downstream of Pancheshwar
dam
Longitude L/B, Nepal 80o 12’ 6.15”
R/B, India 80o 12’ 14.63”
Latitude L/B, Nepal 29o 07’ 38.81”
R/B, India 29o 07’ 55.78”
B. HYDROLOGY
1. Drainage area of the river at
Pancheshwar dam Site
12,276 km2
9861 km2 (India)
2415 km2 (Nepal)
2. Average Annual Rainfall 1996.5 mm ( 1962-2012)
3. Average Annual Yield 582 m3/s (Pancheshwar)
4. 75% Dependable Annual
Discharge
16128 Mm3 (Pancheshwar)
5. Probable Maximum Flood
(PMF)
23,500 m3/s (Pancheshwar)
6. Design Flood for diversion
(1000-year return period)
16,652 m3/s (Pancheshwar)
7. Annual sediment Load 58.18 Mm3/year
C. PANCHESHWAR DAM
1. Main Dam Rockfill with clay core
a. River bed level E.L. 410.00 m
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b. Deepest Foundation Level E.L. 380.00 m
c. Top of dam E.L. 691.00 m
d. Height of dam 311.00 m
e. Length of dam at top 814.00 m
f. Upstream slope 3.5 (H):1 (V)
g. Downstream slope 2 (H) : 1 (V)
h. Top Width 20.00 m
i. Full Reservoir Level E.L. 680.00 m
2. Coffer Dams
a. Type Rockfill
b. Crest level of upstream
Coffer dam
461.00 m
c. Crest of downstream Coffer
dam
436.00 m
d. Height of U/S Coffer dam 81 m from Bed Rock
e. Height of D/S Coffer dam 56 m from Bed Rock
3. Spillway
a. Type Gated Chute
b. Crest length 185.5 m
c. Crest level E.L. 658 m
d. Invert level of Plunge Pool E.L.347.00 m
e. Energy Dissipater Trajectory Bucket Type
4. Diversion Tunnels
a. Numbers Six (3 on each side)
b. Diameter & Shape 14 m, Circular
c. Inlet level 410.00 m
d. Outlet level 397.00 m
5. Main Reservoir
a. Full Reservoir Level 680.00 m
b. Minimum Draw Down Level 615.00 m
c. Dead Storage 5317 Mm3
d. Submergence area of
Pancheshwar reservoir
116 km2 (Total)
76 km2 (India)
40 km2 (Nepal)
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e. Gross capacity 11355 Mm3
f. Live Storage 6038 Mm3
g. New Zero Elevation after
100 year
El. 511 m
h. Submergence due to
Pancheshwar dam
Villages 123 villages (In Pithoragarh, Almora &
Champawat Districts of India)
25 VDCs and one Municipality in
Darchula & Baitadi Districts in Nepal
6. Power Intake
a. Numbers Six ( 3 on each bank)
b. No. of gates 12 (Service gate) + 12 (Emergency
Gate)
c. Size 7.2 m (W) x 8.7 m (H)
d. Invert level EL. 587.40 m
e. Center line of intake EL. 600.0 m
7. Down Stream Surge
Galleries
a. Numbers Four (2 nos. on each side)
b. Size 90 m (L) X 20 m( W) X 60 m (H)
8. Pressure Tunnels (Vertical +
Horizontal)
a. Number Six (3 nos. on each side)
b. Type Steel Lined
c. Finished Diameter 8.70 m
d. Invert level at inlet EL 596.00.m
e. Design Discharge 368 m3/s of each tunnel
9. Power Houses
a. Number & Type Two (one on each side), Underground
b. Size 290 m (L) x 23 m (W) x 59 m (H) on
each bank
c. Installed capacity 12 x 400 MW
d. Transformer cavern 224 m (L) x18.5 m (W) x32 m (H) on
each bank
e. No. of Vertical drop shafts Six (3 on each side)
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Diameter 8.70 m
Height 188.2 m each
f. Maximum Tail Water Level
(at PMF)
El. 435.00 m
g. Normal Tail Water Level El.420.70 m
h. Minimum Tail Water Level El.419.30 m
10. Tail Race Tunnels
a. Numbers, Diameter & Type Four – two on each side; of dia10m,
Circular
b. Invert level at outlet EL 397.00 m
11. Draft Tube Tunnels
a. Numbers, Diameter & Type 12 (six on each side) of dia 7.00 m,
Circular Elbow
b. Invert Level EL 402.00 m
12. Main Generating Plant
12.1 Turbines
a. Type of turbines Francis
b. Rated Output 406 MW
c. Net rated / design head 235 m
d. Synchronous speed 166.67 rpm
e. Efficiency at Rated head &
output
94.5 %
f. Specific speed 134.5 m-kW
g. Design discharge 184 m3/s
h. Normal / Min. TWL EL. 420.7 m / 419.3 m
i. Type of Draft tube Cylindrical
12.2 Main Inlet Valves
a. No.& Type of valve Six- Bi-plane Butterfly on each side
b. Diameter 5.00 m
c. Design head 375 m
d. Max. operating flow 184 m3/s
13. Generator
a. No. & Type Six - Semi-umbrella on each side
b. Rated Output 400 MW
c. Max. output 440 MW
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d. Short circuit ratio 1.1
e. Terminal Voltage 21 KV
f. Power Factor 0.85
g. Efficiency at Rated full load 98.5 %
h. Stator Diameter 9.68 m
i. Stator Height 8.60 m
j. Rotor Diameter 7.80 m
k. Rotor weight 763 T
l. Generator F.P. System Water
13.1 Isolated Phase Bus Duct
a. Rating 24/16000 kV/Amp.
b. Generator Circuit breaker
rating
Not provided
14. H.V. Equipment
14.1 Generator Transformers
a. No. & Type 40, 1-Phase
b. Rated capacity 519 (3x173) MVA
c. Cooling ODWF/OFWF
14.2 H.V. Switchgears
a. Type SF6 GIS Double bus bar
b. Voltage Rating 400 KV
c. No. of GIS bays 11 on each bank
14.3 H.V. Cables /GITL
a. Means of power evacuation GITL
b. No. of Circuits, voltage
rating
3, 400 KV
14.4 Reactor
a. No. & Type 2 nos., 3-phase
b. Capacity & Voltage rating 80 MVAr, 400 KV
15 Mechanical Aux. Systems
15.1 EOT Cranes
a. Nos. & capacity of cranes
for PH
2 no. of 400 / 80/10 T on each bank
b. Span 21 m
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c. Nos. & capacity of cranes
for MIV cavern
1 no.,150 T on each bank
15.2 Lifts
a. No. & capacity of lifts in
P.H. & Tr. Hall caverns
5 nos. of 10 persons capacity each
16. Power Benefits
a. Pancheshwar Power Plant
i. Firm Power 767.27 MW
ii. Load Factor 18.26%
iii. Annual Generation (90%
dependable year)
7678 GWh
b. Rupaligad Power Plant
i. Firm Power 133.80 MW
ii. Load Factor 68.42 %
iii. Annual Generation (90%
dependable)
1438 GWh
17. Estimated Cost of the Project
(2015 price Level)
a. Pancheshwar Dam
i. Civil Works INR 241,492 Million
ii. E-M Works INR 53,338 Million
iii. Total Cost INR 294830 Million
b. Rupaligad Dam
i. Civil Works INR 31,250 Million
ii. E-M Works INR 5,000 Million
iii. Total Cost INR 36,250 Million
c. Combined
i. Total Cost INR 331,080 Million
ii. Cost Chargeable to Power INR 264,825 Million
iii. Cost Chargeable to
Irrigation
INR 66,225 Million
Source: DPR
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2.3 RUPALIGAD DAM AND POWER PLANT
As per the provisions in Mahakali treaty, the proposed power stations at the
Pancheshwar would be operated as peaking station to maximize power benefits to
the power system of India and Nepal. To even out the fluctuations in the releases
due to peaking operation of the Pancheshwar power Stations, a downstream re-
regulating dam with adequate storage capacity needs to be constructed to provide
continuous river flows downstream. A re-regulating structure at Rupaligad with
adequate pondage has been proposed.
As per the DPR, based on the updated survey & investigations, a new dam site
was selected d/s of the earlier site. The FRL for Rupaligad re-regulating dam has
been adopted as 420m considering tail water level of Pancheshwar dam. In
addition to topographical and geological considerations, the dam axis is selected
at the nearest possible location from the Pancheshwar dam where it can provide a
live storage of 56.43 Mm3 for at least 4 hr peaking corresponding to 4800 MW
plants.
2.3.1 Rupaligad Concrete Gravity Dam
The Rupaligad dam intercepts a total catchment area of 13,490 km2 and
envisages construction of a concrete gravity type dam of 95 m high above the
deepest foundation level and 265 m long at the top of dam. The overall length of
the non-overflow section of the dam is 73.50 m extending on both the flanks of the
spillway. The overflow section of the dam is 192m long. The dam top has been
kept at EL.428.00m.
The dam would provide a gross pondage of 81.25 Mm3 and live pondage of 56.43
Mm3 between MDDL +400.00m and FRL +420.00m to enable the re-regulation
envisaged under the project.
The salient features of Rupaligad regulating dam are given in Table-2.2. The
project layout map is enclosed as Figure-2.3.
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Figure-2.3: General Layout Plan of Rupaligad Re- Regulating Dam Complex
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Table-2.2: Salient Features of Rupaligad Re-regulating Dam Complex (240MW)
A. LOCATION
a. Countries India and Nepal
b. Districts Champawat, Uttrakhand, India, Baitadi,
Nepal
c. River Mahakali
d. Dam Axis 1070 m downstream of Rupaligad Nalla
confluence
e. Power House Two nos. powerhouse – one on each
bank
f. Rupaligad Dam Longitude, L/B 800 18' 25.07'' (Nepal)
R/B 800 18' 15.75'' (India)
Latitude, L/B 290 16' 55.761''
(Nepal)
R/B 290 16' 55.711'' (India)
B. HYDROLOGY
a. Catchment area up to Dam
site
13,490 km2
b. Average annual rainfall 1938 mm
c. Average Annual Discharge 618.60 m3/s
d. Probable Maximum
Flood(PMF)
27700 m3/s
e. Annual Sediment Load 5.83 Mm3 (95% Trap Efficiency at
Pancheshwar)
C. RUPALIGAD RESERVOIR
a. Full Reservoir Level (FRL) EL 420.00 m
b. Minimum Draw Down
Level (MDDL)
EL 400.00 m
c. Submergence Area 396.00 Ha.
d. Gross Capacity 81.25 Mm3
e. Live Storage 56.45 Mm3
f. Dead Storage 24.80 Mm3
g. Maximum Water Level
(MWL)
EL 424.00 m
D. RE-REGULATING DAM
a. Type Concrete Gravity dam
b. Average river bed level EL 361.00 m
c. Deepest foundation level EL 333.00 m
d. Crest Level (Top of the
Dam)
EL 428.00 m
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e. Height of Dam 95 m
f. Length of Dam at top 265 m
g. Width of Dam at top 8.00 m
E. SPILLWAY
a. Type Sluice Spillway with Bucket Trajectory
b. Length of spillway portion
(Overflow)
192.00 m
c. Crest Gates 12 Nos Radial of 9.50 m (W) x 14.50 m
(H) each
d. Design Discharge 27700 m3/sec
e. Crest level EL 386.00m
f. Full Reservoir Level EL 420.00 m
F. INTAKE STRUCTURES
a. Type Bell Mouth
b. No. Of Intake 4 No. (2 on each bank)
c. No. Of Openings 8 No. (4 on each bank)
(2 openings converge into one HRT)
d. No. of Gates 8 No. (4 on each bank)
e. Size of Opening 3.0 m (H) X 5.53 m (W)
f. Centre Line of Intake EL 392.00 m
g. Invert Level of Intake EL390.50 m
G. DIVERSION TUNNELS
a. Number Two no.(1 on each bank)
b. Design flood for Diversion 2000 m3/s (1000 m3/s on each side)
c. Shape and size Circular, 12.00m
d. Invert Level at Inlet EL.366.00m
e. Invert Level at outlet EL.361.00m
H. COFFER DAMS
Upstream Coffer Dam
a. Type Concrete
b. Top Width 6 m
c. Top Level EL.385.00m
d. Foundation Level EL.361.00 m
e. Height 24 m
f. Length at top 163 m
Downstream Coffer dam
a. Type Rockfill
b. Top Width 7 m
c. Top Level EL.377.00m
d. Foundation Level EL.360.00m
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e. Height 17 m
f. Length at top 110 m
I. HRT (Steel Lined)
a. No. of HRT 4 No. (2 on each side)
b. Design Discharge 150.00m3/s each
c. Shape and size Circular, 6.5 m dia.
d. Centre Line of HRT at
Intake
EL392.00m
e. Invert Level at Inlet EL 390.50m
J. POWER HOUSE CAVERNS
a. No. and Type Two nos.(1 on each bank), Underground
b. Size 24.00 m (W) x 49.50 m (H) x 112.00 m
(L)
c. Service Bay Level EL 366.00 m
d. Type of Draft Tube gate Bonneted type
e. Size of Draft Tube Gate 7 m (H) X 6 (W)
K. TRANSFORMER CUM GIS HALL CAVERN
a. Type Underground
b. Size 19.00 m (W) X 31.00 m (H) X 75.00 m(L)
L. GENERATING EQUIPMENT
a. Type of turbine Kaplan
b. No. of Turbines Four ( Two on Each Side)
c. Unit Spacing 28.00 m
d. Net rated / design head 44.00 m
e. Rated Output 60 MW
f. Synchronous speed 150 rpm
g. Max. / Min net head 50.70m / 30.70 m
h. Runner throat diameter 4.80 m
i. Efficiency at Rated head &
output
95 %
j. Normal Operating / Min.
TWL
367.00m/ 363.00m
k. Design Discharge 150 m3/sec.
MAIN INLET VALVE
a. No.& Type of valve Two nos., Bi-plane butterfly
b. Diameter 5.5 m
GENERATORS
a. No. & Type Four (Two nos. on each bank),
Semi-umbrella type
b. Rated Output 60 MW/ 71 MVA
c. Max. output 66 MW/ 78 MVA
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d. Terminal Voltage 11 kV
e. Power Factor 0.85
f. Efficiency at Rated full load 98.5 %
TRANSFORMER CUM GIS
a. No. & Type of Transformer 2 nos., 3 F
b. Rated capacity 78 MVA
c. Voltage Ratio 11/220 kV
M. TAIL RACE TUNNEL
a. Design Discharge 150.00m3/s each
b. Numbers Four nos. (2 on each bank)
c. Size and Shape 7.0m dia, Circular
d. Invert Level at outlet Portal EL 362.0m
N. POTHEAD YARD
a. Area 85m X 32.5m
b. Elevation EL 420.00m
O. CABLE TUNNEL
a. Type Underground
b. Size and Shape 6.5 m X 6.5 m, D-shaped
P. ENERGY GENERATION
a. Installed Capacity & Type 240 MW, Base Load
b. Annual Generation 1438 GWh
c. Annual Load Factor 68.42 %
Q. ESTIMATED COST
Civil Works INR 31,250 Million
E & M Works INR 5,000 Million
Total INR 36,250 Million (Say)
Source: DPR
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2.4 LAND REQUIREMENT
The Pancheshwar MPDP and Rupaligad Re-regulated Dam involve two-nations,
viz., India and Nepal. Thus, about 9,100 ha and 5000 ha of land is likely to be
acquired in India and Nepal respectively, for various project appurtenances.
Hence, a total area of 14,100 ha will be required for construction of various project
appurtenances of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project. Table- he break-up of total
land required in both the nations is given in Table-2.3.
Table- 2.3: Land Required for Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
S. No. Description of Area’s Pancheshwar (ha) Rupaligad (ha) Total
(ha) India
Nepal
India
Nepal
1 Muck Disposal Area 50 17 20 5 92
2 Quarry site Area
a) Clay 500 0 0 0 500
b) Shell Material 150 210 0 0 360
c) Coarse Aggregate 0 0 30 0 30
3 Infrastructure facilities 310 295 20 20 645
4 Project components 100 150 30 30 310
5 Road & stockpiling 70 55 20 10 155
6 Reservoir Area 7,600 4,000 200 208 12008
Total 8,780 4,727 320 273 14,100
Source: DPR
2.5 QUARRYING OPERATIONS
The construction material requirement for Pancheshwar Complex and Rupaligad
Complex are given in Table-2.4. The location of Quarry Areas is shown in Figure-
2.4.
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Table-2.4: Construction Material Requirement for Pancheshwar Complex and
Rupaligad Complex
S. No. Type of Material Quantity
Required (Mm3)
Source of Material
A. Pancheshwar Complex
1. Impervious Core 13.18 Harkhera area (Indian side)
2. Filter Material 4.69 Common Excavation
3. Shell Materials 120.00 River bed material
4. Concrete- coarse and fine
aggregates
2.88 Leopard Quarry
Tiger & Little Elephant Quarry
Rock excavation - 47.862 Mm3
B. Rupaligad Complex
1. Concrete- coarse and fine
aggregates
1.8 Birmola
U/s of dam axis
D/s of Dam axis
Source: DPR
Figure-2.4: Location of Quarry sites
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2.6 MUCK GENERATION
The total quantum of muck to be generated as a result of various project related activities, construction of dam, HRT and Powerhouse is 53.98 Mm3 and 2.91 Mm3
for Pancheshwar and Rupaligad projects respectively. For Pancheshwar Dam Complex, about 85% of the muck (0.85*53.98x1.4) 64.26 Mm3 generated shall be used and about 11.33 Mm3 of muck shall be disposed for which an area of 79 ha has been earmarked. The capacity of the muck disposal site is 11.6 Mm3. For Rupaligad Dam Complex, about 25% of the muck (0.25*2.91 x 1.4) 1.02 Mm3 of muck generated shall be used and about 3.05 Mm3, (considering swelling factor of 40%) of muck shall be disposed for which an area of 20.5 ha has been earmarked. The capacity of the muck disposal site is 3.05 Mm3.
2.7 CONSTRUCTION OF NEW ROADS AND BRIDGES
2.7.1 Construction of Haul Roads
For transportation of excavated materials to muck disposal areas, transportation of
fill material to project site from borrow areas/quarries, transportation of various
equipment and other materials. The length of haul roads for Pancheshwar dam
and Rupaligad dam are given in Table-2.5 and 2.6 respectively.
Table-2.5: Length of Haul Roads for Pancheshwar dam
S. No. Parameters Length of Haul roads
(km)
1. Tiger Quarry to dam site 7
2. Clay Borrow area to dam site 14
3. Binayak Borrow area to dam site 8
4. Muck disposal areas to dam site 5
5. Haul road for aggregate processing plant 3
6. Haul road for spillway 2
7. From main access road to other areas on left
& right bank
5
8. Dam site to Batching Plant & Workshops etc. 6
Total 50
Source: DPR
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Table 2.6: Length of Haul Roads for Rupaligad dam
S. No. Parameters Length of Haul Roads
(km)
1. Road from dam site to various quarry sites 4
2. Road from dam site to muck disposal area on Indian
side
4
3. Road from dam site to muck disposal area on Nepal
side
2
4. Other miscellaneous road to various work site 5
Total 15
Source: DPR
2.7.4 Service Roads
The service roads shall connect the various residential colonies, office complexes,
contractor’s camps and other service utilities in the project area including re-
regulating dam site.
The service roads to be constructed for Pancheshwar and Rupaligad dams are
given in Tables-2.7 and 2.8 respectively.
Table-2.7: Length of Service Roads for Pancheshwar dam
S. No. Parameters Length of roads (km)
1. Office complex at Nidil (India) 5
2. From main access road on right bank to various
structures of the project
3
3. Road for Gajwal (India) 4
4. For Residential complex at Gureli 5
5. For Residential complex at Siunori (Nepal) 5
6. Road for construction facility area at Kaikot (India) 4
7. Road for construction facility area at Shalla (India) 4
8. Road for construction facility area at Chamtada (Nepal) 4
9. Road for construction facility area at Dhamkani (Nepal) 4
10. Road for office complex at Lek (Nepal) 5
11. Road for residential complex at Paladi (Nepal) 5
12. Road for schools, police station, fire station etc. 5
13. Road for water supply scheme sites 8
14. Road from main access road on left bank to
various structures & bridge site
7
Total 73
Source: DPR
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Table 2.8: Length of Service Roads for Rupaligad dam
Sr. No. Parameters Length (km)
Right Bank
1. Link road from Brahmadev – Rupaligad Road 2
2. Roads for office complex & residential complex
at Bajkot
1
Left bank
3. Link road from Brahmadev – Rupaligad Road 2
4. Roads for office & residential complex at
Sukalikhet village
2
5. Roads for construction facility area upstream of
dam
2
6. Misc. roads to various structures on both sides
and to water supply scheme etc.
6
Total 15
Source: DPR
2.7.3 Construction of New Bridges
Keeping in view the magnitude of project, the following five bridges will be
constructed for facilitating smooth construction, transportation of men, materials
and equipment and later on for operation & maintenance of the project.
2.7.3.1 Permanent Bridges
(a) At Pancheshwar : A permanent bridge will be constructed across the Mahakali
river of 150 m span below downstream of coffer dam at Pancheshwar for
transportation of E&M equipment from the left bank road to the right bank Power
House with 70R specifications.
(b) At Rupaligad: A permanent bridge will be constructed across the Mahakali
river of 150 m span below downstream of coffer dam at Rupaligad for
transportation of E&M equipment from the left bank road to the right bank with 70R
specifications.
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2.7.3.2 Bailey Suspension Bridges
(a) At Pancheshwar: A temporary bridge of 150 m span is proposed across
Mahakali River just upstream of the upstream coffer dam at Pancheshwar for
construction stage only and shall be dismantled after the dam construction is over
before reservoir filling.
(b) At Rupaligad: Another temporary bridge of 150 m span is proposed across
Mahakali river just upstream of the upstream coffer dam at Rupaligad for
transportation of men and materials during construction of the project and shall be
dismantled after the dam is completed before reservoir filling.
2.7.3.3 Bailey Suspension Bridge across River Sarju
A temporary bridge of 120 m span may also be required during construction
across river Sarju near its confluence with river Mahakali for connecting the
construction facility area/ contractor’s colony on the left bank of Sarju River. This
bridge shall also be dismantled before reservoir filling.
2.8 PROJECT COLONIES AND CONSTRUCTION FACILITIES
The Project Colonies shall comprise of the offices, residential and non-residential
accommodation.
2.8.1 Project Colonies and Construction Facilities at Mahendra Nagar
The Head Quarter of Pancheshwar Development Authority (PDA) is kept at
Mahendra Nagar (Nepal). It is estimated that floor area 800 m2 of permanent and
320 m2 of temporary office accommodation shall be required for 50 officers and
their office staff.
In addition, residential colony for Pancheshwar Development Authority (PDA) at
Mahendra Nagar shall be built comprising of permanent quarters (4400 m2),
temporary quarters (2100 m2) and bachelor’s accommodations with 600 m2 area to
accommodate the officers and staff posted at Mahendra Nagar. The total land
required shall be of the order of 4.0 ha.
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2.8.2 Project Colonies and Construction Facilities at Pancheshwar dam
2.8.2.1 Office Complexes
a) Office complex at Nidil Village (Right Bank)
The project office on right bank shall be established at Nidil village where in floor
area 2800 m2 of permanent and 1220 m2 of temporary office accommodation shall
be constructed to accommodate 207 officers and their office staff.
b) Office complex at Lake Village (Left Bank)
The office complex on left bank is proposed to be established at Lake village
where in 2800 m2 of permanent and 1200 m2 temporary office accommodation
shall be constructed to accommodate 204 officers and other office staff.
The total office accommodation and land required at the Pancheshwar dam site is
summarized in Table-2.9.
Table 2.9: Total land required for office accommodation for Pancheshwar
S. No. Place Permanent Temporary Total Land (m2)
A. Nidil village 2800 m2 1220 m2 7000 + 6100 = 13100
B. Lake village (Nepal) 2800 m2 1220 m2 7000 + 6000 = 13000
Total 26100 m2 say 3 ha
Source: DPR
2.8.2.2 Residential Colonies
a) Residential Colony at Pancheshwar site on Right Bank
It is proposed to establish residential colonies at right bank at the places i.e. at
Gureli/ Banga and at Gajwal. At Gureili/ Banga area 50 no (2000 m2) bachelor
accommodation, 75 no. permanent quarters with an area of 15000 m2 permanent
quarters and 47 no. with an area of 9200 m2 temporary quarters shall be
constructed for accommodating of 206 officers and their office staff.
At Gajwal village, 40 no. bachelor accommodations with 1250 m2 area, 57 no.
permanent quarters with an area of 7000 m2 and 36 no. with area of 4400 m2 of
temporary quarters shall be constructed for accommodation of 156 no. employees.
b) Residential colony at Pancheshwar site on Left Bank
It is also proposed to establish similar colonies at left bank where in the colonies
shall be kept at Paladi and Suinani. At Paladi, 53 no. with 2000 m2 area bachelor
accommodation, 73 no. with an area of 14400 m2 and 48 quarters of 9400 m2 area
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 2: Project Description Page 24
temporary accommodation shall be constructed to accommodate 205 offices and
staff.
At Siunani village, 40 no. bachelor accommodations with an area of 1250 m2 area,
57 no. with an area of 7000 m2 permanent quarters and 36 no. with an area of
4400 m2 temporary accommodation shall be constructed for accommodating of
155 no. employees.
The total residential accommodation and land required at Pancheshwar is
summarized in Table-2.10.
Table 2.10: Total land required for residential accommodation for Pancheshwar
S. No. Place Permanent (m2) Temporary Land Required (m2)
1. Gureli/ Banga
village (India)
2000 + 15000
= 17000
9500 10000 + 75000 +47500
= 132500
2. Khaikot/ Gajal
village (India)
1250 + 7000 = 8250 4400 6250 + 35000 + 22000
= 63250
3. Paladi village
(Nepal)
2000 + 14400
= 16400
9400 10000+72000+47000
= 129000
4. Siunani/ Abtiar
Kharak village
(Nepal)
1250 + 7000 = 8250 4400 6200+35000+22000
= 63200
Total 387950 say 40 ha
Source: DPR
2.8.2.3 Other Utility Accommodation
In addition, following utility accommodation shall also be constructed for facilitating
the employees posted at the project site. The accommodation shall be constructed
at designated areas for residential accommodation on either banks depending
upon the requirement. Since this accommodation shall also be useful during
operation and maintenance of the project hence this accommodation shall be of
permanent type. The details of other utility accommodation are given in Table-
2.11.
Table-2.11: Details of Other Utility Accommodation
S. No. Type of Utilities Floor area (m2)
1. Guest Houses 3500
2. Hospitals 4800
3. Schools 4000
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S. No. Type of Utilities Floor area (m2)
4. Commercial Centre 6000
5. Police Station 3600
6. Fire Station 3600
7. Community Centre 4000
8. Others/Misc. Buildings 6500
Total 36000
Source: DPR
2.8.2.4 Construction Facility Buildings
For facilitating the construction of the project it is proposed that following building
shall be constructed which can be semi-permanent/temporary type buildings. The
details of construction facility buildings are given in Table-2.12.
Table- 2.12: Details of Construction Facility Buildings
S. No. Type of Facility Floor area (m2)
1. Workshops for Fabrication, Heavy equipment, Light
Vehicles, Electrical, Battery, Plumbing, Denting &
Painting, Carpentry etc.
13000
2. Stores & Ware House and POL Stations 10000
3. Laboratories 2500
4. Explosive Magazines 1000
Total 26500
Source: DPR
In addition, sufficient open land shall be required for storing heavy equipment
Electro-Mechanical Equipment, Hydro-Mechanical Equipment and other machinery
etc. The total requirement of said land shall be about 50 hectare. Since plain land
is not available at both the banks, terraces/ platforms shall have to be created by
excavating, benching and constructing the retaining/breast walls. The river banks
shall also be utilized for the purpose and appropriate protection measures shall be
taken against floods etc. The above accommodation shall be constructed on both
the bank depending upon the requirement.
2.8.2.5 Construction Facility Areas
The areas designated for construction facility areas at Pancheshwar on both the
banks are given in Table-2.13.
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Table-2.13: Details of Construction Facility Areas
S. No. Construction Facility Area (ha)
Right Bank
1. Khaikot village 83
2. Salla village 64
Left bank
3. Chamtada village 12
4. Dhamkudi village 45
5. Santola village 63
Total 267
Source: DPR
These areas shall be used by the contractor’s for their offices, stores, workshops,
utility area, residential accommodation, labour camps etc.
2.8.3 Project Colonies for Rupaligad Re-Regulating Dam
It is proposed that both the office complex and residential complex shall be located
only at one place on both the banks.
a) Office cum Residential complex at Bajkot (Right Bank)
It is proposed that 1100 m2 of permanent and 500 m2 of temporary office
accommodation shall be constructed for 75 officers and staff. In addition, 11150
m2 of permanent and 6200 m2 of temporary residential accommodation shall be
constructed at this location to accommodate 187 officers and staff.
b) Office cum Residential Complex at Sukaliket (Left Bank)
The office complex at Sukaliket would comprise of 1100 m2 of permanent and 400
m2 temporary accommodations to accommodate officers and staff. It is also
proposed to construct 11100 m2 permanent and 5700 m2 temporary residential
accommodation at this location to accommodate officers & staff posted for
construction of Rupaligad complex. The total land required at Rupaligad for office
accommodation and residential accommodation are given in Tables-2.14 and 2.15
respectively.
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Table 2.14: Total land required for office accommodation for Rupaligad
S. No. Place Permanent
(m2)
Temporary
(m2)
Land Required
(m2)
1. Bajkot 1100 500 2800+2500=5300
2. Sukaliket 1100 400 2800+2000=4800
Source: DPR
Table 2.15: Total land required for residential accommodation for Rupaligad
S. No. Place Permanent (m2) Temporary
(m2)
Land Required
(m2)
1. Bajkot 11150 6200 7550+48000+31000=86550
2. Sukaliket 11100 5700 7500+48000+28500=84000
Source: DPR
2.8.3.1 Other Utility Buildings for Rupaligad Re-regulating Dam
For facilitating the employees posted at Rupaligad, additional accommodation of
permanent type shall also be constructed at Bajkot village and Sukalikot village
which shall be useful during O&M stage. The details are given in Table-2.16.
Table 2.16: Details of Other Utility Buildings for Rupaligad Dam
S. No. Type of Utilities Floor area (m2)
1. Guest Houses 2000
2. Hospitals 1500
3. Schools 1500
4. Commercial Centre 500
5. Police Station 500
6. Fire Station 500
7. Community Centre 3000
8. Others/Misc. Buildings 6000
Total 15500
Source: DPR
2.8.3.2 Construction Facility Buildings
For facilitating the construction of Rupaligad project, various buildings proposed to
constructed which can be Semi-permanent/Temporary type are given in Table-
2.17.
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Chapter 2: Project Description Page 28
Table 2.17: Details of Construction Facility Buildings for Rupaligad Dam
S. No. Type of Facility Floor area (m2)
1. Workshops for Fabrication, Heavy equipment, Light
Vehicles, Electrical, Battery, Plumbing, Denting &
Painting, Carpentry etc.
10000
2. Stores & Ware House and POL Stations 3500
3. Laboratories 1500
4. Explosive Magazines 500
Total 15500
Source: DPR
Sufficient open land shall be required for parking heavy equipment electro-
mechanical equipment, hydro-mechanical equipment and other heavy equipment.
The total requirement of land for construction facility buildings has been estimated
as 30 hectare at site and proposed to be developed by excavation / benching and
construction of retaining/ breast walls.
2.8.3.3 Construction Facility Areas
Various areas have been identified for the use of construction facilities which shall
be used by the contractor’s for their offices, residential complex, workshops,
fabrication yards etc.
Polapban 9 ha.
Area upstream of dam 6 ha.
2.8.4 Location of Infrastructure Facilities
The list of various Infrastructure facilities identified on both banks for Pancheshwar
and Rupaligad Dam Complexes are given in Table-2.18.
Table 2.18: List of Infrastructure Facilities for Pancheshwar and
Rupaligad dam sites
S. No. Name of Project Component Scale C.I.
1. Roads & Infra Facilities at Pancheshwar 1:15000 5m
2. Project Road Plan Champawat- Pancheshwar 1:25000 20m
3. Alternative Roads & Bridges due to submergence of Sarju
River & Tributaries
1:5000
5m
4. Alternative Roads & Bridges due to submergence of
Mahakali River at Jhulaghat
1:5000 5m
5. Alternative Roads & Bridges due to submergence of 1:5000 5m
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Chapter 2: Project Description Page 29
S. No. Name of Project Component Scale C.I.
Goriganga River at Joljibi
6. Alternative Roads & Bridges due to submergence of
Chamaliya River
1:5000 5m
7. Roads & Infra Facilities at Rupaligad 1:7500 5m
Source: DPR
2.8.5 Rail Head Siding at Rudrapur/ Tanakpur
Depending upon the decision of locating the railway siding at Rudrapur / Tanakpur
a full-fledged rail head complex shall be established comprising of office
accommodation, residential accommodation, store, and open space for storage of
equipment and material. The provision for the same shall be made against
provisions made in the overall estimate of infrastructure facilities.
2.8.6 Tele-Communications
As the project is located in the two countries, it shall be difficult if the project
management depends upon the existing facilities of any one country. Hence, it is
proposed that an independent telecommunication system exclusive for
Pancheshwar and Rupaligad sites is established by installation of V-Sets at
Pancheshwar and Rupaligad each. In addition, a 500 lines EPABX system at
Pancheshwar & 200 Lines EPABX system at Rupaligad may be established. Other
communication systems, like Inmarset, Wireless, Internet, etc. may also be
provided.
2.8.7 Water Supply
The total population during peak construction stage for Pancheshwar dam is
estimated as 30,000 including local population and construction workers. The total
water requirement is estimated @ 2800 m3/day. It is proposed to tap the water of
Sarju River near Walchur and lift the same from 425 m to an elevation of 1500 m
at Kalimati village and then treat the water and distribute the same by gravity flow
on Indian side. For Nepal side, the water of Mahakali River at Dunnala would be
lifted from 400 m to 1450 m and then treated and distributed by gravity.
The water for construction activities will be tapped from Pancheshwar by making
arrangement for lifting having pumping stations of adequate capacity. These
arrangements shall be within the scope of Contractor’s.
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Chapter 2: Project Description Page 30
For Rupaligad dam, the total population at peak construction stage shall be about
15000 including local population and construction workers. Hence the water of
Mahakali shall be tapped separately for domestic purpose and separately for
construction purpose by pumping the water near the colonies and construction
sites.
2.8.8 Construction Power
The requirement of construction power for Pancheshwar and Rupaligad dam
complexes approximately 35 MW in which 8-10 MW would be required at the
Rupaligad site. The entire power of 35 MW can be drawn from suitable 132 kV grid
points of the state’s network of Uttarakhand (i.e. UPTCL).
Back-up Diesel Generating (DG) Sets
A back-up power source is also envisaged for supply of construction power and for
emergency supply, both at the Indian and Nepalese territories. A total of 15 sets of
500 kVA capacity are therefore, proposed.
2.9 ORGANIZATION AND MANPOWER PLANNING
The Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project has been planned to be constructed in 10
years including two years for development of infrastructure facilities including pre-
construction activities viz. pre-construction stage investigations, construction of
roads, bridges & colonies besides inviting tenders for implementation of the
Project. The Project is envisaged to be constructed through contract after breaking
the project activities into manageable contract packages on item rates / EPC
mode.
In addition, the project organization is also required for planning, quality control,
monitoring, construction & maintenance of main access roads, permanent bridges,
project road network, project colonies, stores, workshops, etc. and other related
works like R&R, Environment, Geology, Human Resources, Finance/ Accounting
etc.
The Project Management shall be looked after by the Executive Committee of the
Pancheshwar Development Authority which is being headed by a Chief Executive
Officer and assisted by six Executive Directors of various disciplines viz.
Technical, Environment, R&R, Administration, Legal and Finance.
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Accordingly, respective works will be looked after by each Executive Director who
will be assisted in turn, by the Chief Engineers/ Chiefs during implementation. The
Chief Engineers/ Chiefs will be supported by Superintending Engineers, Executive
Engineers/ Sr. Officers, AEE/ Section Officers, Jr. Engineer and other Non-
Executives of various disciplines.
It is also proposed that the works of main contracts, procurement, administration,
finance, legal, land acquisition, R&R for both complexes at Pancheshwar and
Rupaligad would be dealt by the Authority and only field organization for carrying
out day to day construction works be positioned at the Project sites.
2.9.1 Phasing of Organization Structure
The requirement of staff during initial two years shall be very small and will be
enhanced during the main construction period. Hence, the organization set up has
been divided into following two phases.
Organization during pre-construction stage.
Organization during peak construction stage.
2.9.2 Manpower Requirement
The total employees required during peak construction at Pancheshwar as well as
at Rupaligad dam sites have been estimated and details are given in Table-2.19.
Table-2.19: Total employees required during peak construction
S. No. Category of Staff Pancheshwar Dam Rupaligad Dam
1. Executives 185 70
2. Supervisory staff 200 80
3. Non-Executives 400 220
Total 785 370
Source: DPR
Initially PDA may take the officers and staff on deputation from the Government of
Nepal and Government of India, and afterwards the management could decide
for the recruitment of staff. Group-D employees may be recruited on Contract on
consolidated salary depending upon the prevailing situation and requirement
during construction stage and O&M stage of the project.
CHAPTER-3 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE,
METHODOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT PLANNING
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Chapter 3: Construction Schedules, Methodology and Equipment Planning Page 1
CHAPTER-3
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULES, METHODOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT
PLANNING
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The project implementation schedules are drawn with a view to complete all the
works and commission the project in the shortest possible duration, so that the
construction cost in terms of IDC is minimum and the project benefits are
accrued early, Mechanized construction has been planned for all
components of the project to achieve consistent quality with faster progress.
Construction activities in different parts of the project will be so sequenced as to
optimize the use of construction equipment and machinery. Access to the
various work sites and all the basic infrastructure facilities will be provided
in advance, before taking up of the main civil structures.
Major assumption considered while making the construction schedule are as
below:
Overall construction time of the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project has
been considered for eight years in accordance with the Mahakali Treaty-
1996, besides two years for pre-construction activities.
Annual working seasons are adopted for 9 months [excluding 2nd
fortnight of June to 1st fortnight of September] for surface works and 10
months [excluding July & August] for underground works due to the fact
that movement of heavy earth moving machineries during July and
August may be more difficult and risky as well during rains in the rugged &
steep terrain.
25 working days in a month, total working hours for different shifts.
The scheduled working hours annually have been adopted is given in Table-3.1.
Table-3.1: Scheduled working hours annually
Single Shift per day 25 x 9 x 6 hrs 1350 hrs
Two Shift per day 25 x 9 x 11hrs 2475 hrs
Three Shift per day
a. For underground works 25 x 10 x 20 hrs 5000 hrs
b. For surface works 25 x 9 x 15 hrs 3375 hrs
Source: DPR
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Chapter 3: Construction Schedules, Methodology and Equipment Planning Page 2
Construction schedules, methodology and equipment planning is carried out
based upon the following assumptions:
Overall Construction Period v/s Available Working Period
Nearby Sources of Embankment Materials
Selected Disposal/ Stockpiling Areas
Parallel Construction of all Components in each Side
Provision of a Central Adit at Mid-Alignment of DTs from River Sides and
Excavation by Drill & Blast Method
Preferred Transportation of Embankment Materials using Excavation/
Loader-Dumper combination to minimize cost & time against Conveyor
Belt / Shaft Conveyance System due to adverse Terrain, Mobility in
Operation, Available metalled Road from Harkheda for Transport, etc.
Similarly, Equipment Planning has been undertaken with the following
considerations:
Identification of Major Construction Activities vis-à-vis Corresponding
quantities
Assessment of Logistic Construction schedules
Assessment of Hourly Productivity of Work Specific Equipment
Identification of Interfaces between Civil/Mech. & Elec. Works, etc.
Maximum Use of same capacity equipment for a particular Component of
works.
The methodology proposed to be adopted for construction of various project
appurtenances is summarized in the following sections:
3.2 PANCHESHWAR DAM
3.2.1 River Diversion: Diversion Tunnels & Cofferdams
River Diversion System comprises of:
Six Diversion Tunnel (DTs), 14.0 m diameter each one of average length
of 2390 m with inlet and outlet levels at EL 415.5 m and El 407.5 m
respectively, to pass flood peak corresponding to 1 in 1000 year return
period.
81m high x 250m long Rockfill U/S Coffer Dam with crest level at El
461.0m, located at about 845 m upstream of dam axis and
45m high x 275m long Rockfill D/S Coffer Dam with crest level at El 436.0
m, located at about 880 m downstream of dam axis.
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3.2.1.1 Diversion Tunnels [DT]
Construction of each diversion tunnel would be carried out from four faces
[inclusive of the end portals] simultaneously, each face being about 600m long.
It is proposed to introduce a construction Adit [8mx 9m size, D-shaped]
appropriately in around mid- alignment of each tunnel from the river banks at El
420 m – 425 m. The bottom of the Adit will be around at El 417.26 m at the
junctions with DTs. The length of these tunnels would be 180m in the left bank
and 400m in the right bank with an average length of about 300m in each side.
Thereby, after accounting of 100mm thick shotcrete and 500mm thick concrete
lining, excavated diameter of each diversion tunnel will be 14.76 m.
Construction of four diversion tunnels will involve:
Portal Construction :
(i) Excavation: 174740 cum
Tunnel Construction :
(i) Excavation with Over breaks: 3320100 cum
(ii) Concrete: 949390 cum
DTs are proposed to be constructed with the following considerations:
Parallel construction of four DTs in each side
Excavation of each DT to be carried out by Drill and Blast Method in two
stages namely, top heading with 9m depth and 3m pull length, followed
by benching with bench width of 3m and an average depth of 3.75m.
Heading operations in a cycle time of about 18.0 hours, followed by
subsequent stage of benching operation in about 10.00 hrs, depending
upon the class of rocks encountered
Concreting in three stages namely, Kerb, Overt and invert. Concrete
over kerb may be placed first and thereafter Rails on kerb may be
installed for movement of the 12m long steel folding travelling form for
overt concreting. Lastly, invert concreting can be done with same system
of travelling steel form work.
Temporary dumping of excavated materials (common soil & rock) at the
designated piling areas in both banks for later use while building the
coffer dams, located at about 5 km distance.
Total volume of concreting for 600m length is taken as 29670 m3. Concreting in
overt may be done with 12m long steel folding forms travelling on rails fixed
over kerb as discussed above through 2x 38m3/hr capacity concrete pumps
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with 25m boom, fixed over carrier. Construction schedule for each tunnel is
given in Table-3.2.
Table-3.2: Construction schedule for each tunnel
1. Excavation of 300m long Adit (8mx9m), D-shaped,
simultaneously with approach road and end portals with
Inlet –Outlet structures
3 months
2. Excavation of DTs 12 months
3. Concreting 3 months
4. Plugging of Adit at Junction with DTs 3 months
Total 21 months
Source: DPR
It is expected that construction of all the DTs could be completed within 2
working seasons during the 3rd and 4th year.
Equipment Planning
For simultaneous excavation from four faces of each tunnel, 4 sets of
independent equipment will be required for a single DT as proposed below:
Open Excavation & loading of soft materials with 2.0 m3 capacity Hydraulic
Excavators and Ripping with 180hp Dozer and transportation with 28t RE
Dumpers
Drilling of 38mm dia. holes @ 1.5m c/c with heavy duty Jack Hammers in
the very steep slopes and Drilling in accessible areas with Hyd. Crawler
Drills with 76mm bits and hole patterns with spacing of 2.75m c/c for rock
excavation in open areas
Drilling of blast holes for the tunnels with 3-Boom Jumbo Drill
Loading of blasted rocks with 2.0 m3 capacity Hyd. excavator, assisted with
320hp Dozer for pushing and transportation in 28 t capacity Rear End
Dumpers
Shotcrete with 10 m3 capacity wet Shotcrete Machine with robot arm
Rock bolting with fully mechanized Rock Bolting Rig
Transportation of concrete in 6 m3 capacity Transit Mixers
Concreting from 38 m3 / hr capacity Concrete Pumps
Travelling steel Form, 12m long for concreting
Piling / Stacking of mucks at disposal yard with 180HP Dozer.
Accordingly, probable requirement of equipment for completion of one diversion
tunnel from 4 faces with 30% standby is listed in Table-3.3.
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Table-3.3: Requirement of Equipment for Diversion Tunnel
S. No Name & Capacity of Equipment No of Equipment
required*
1 Hyd. Excavator,2m3 capacity 5
2 2-boom Jumbo drill 1
3 3-Boom Jumbo Drill 5
4 Dozer, 320hp for pushing mucks 5
5 Dozer, 180hp at disposal site 3
6 RE Dumper,28 t 134
7 Shotcrete Machine,15cum /hr 5
8 Rock bolting Machine 5
9 Concrete Pump,38cum/hr 20
10 Transit Mixer, 6cum/hr 36
11 Grout Pump 5
12 Steel Folding Traveller Form,12m long 8
* includes 30%
Source: DPR
3.2.1.2 Coffer Dams
a) Upstream cofferdam
The details of requirement of construction material for upstream cofferdam is
given in Table-3.4.
Table-3.4: Requirements of Excavation & Fill Materials for Upstream Coffer Dam
Particulars Quantity in m3
[Bank]
Quantity in m3
[Compacted]
U/S Coffer Dam
Common Excavation 185860
Rock Excavation 1050180
Consolidation & Curtain Grouting 15300 m
Placement of :
Impervious Core 263110
Filter Material(Sand) 167000
Filter Material (Coarse) 162420
River bed Material 1575000
Total 2167530
Source: DPR
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Methodology and Schedule for Coffer Dams
Construction of the cofferdams is proposed to be completed in two working
seasons during 4th and 5th year with the following sequence of operations.
Construction of the coffer dams simultaneously from each bank in
general
Excavation of the U/s coffer dam to commence from the 3rd year
Diversion of river water immediately after completion of construction of
DTs with temporary dykes to start with placement of fill materials
Materials from common excavation to be used as core of the dam
Materials excavated in river bed and common excavation to be used as
filters after processing, screening and crushing as per requirements
Materials borrowed from Binayak Borrow area also to be used as shell
materials
Building of the core of the upstream coffer dam to be done in two stages
namely, 1st stage to be built up by dumping excavated materials upto El
420 m and the 2nd stage, from El 420m to the dam top (El 461m), to be
constructed in dry, using conventional rockfill dam construction methods.
Consolidation grouting and curtain grouting for u/s coffer dam to be
continued simultaneously from the built up platform at El 420m from
each bank dam.
Accordingly, construction schedules for each activity with the hourly output are
given in Table-3.5.
Table-3.5: Schedules of Construction of U/S Coffer Dam
Particular Time
(Month)
No. of
Shift
No of Work
Front
Hourly Progress
Rate (m3/hr)/Face
Common Excavation 3 2 2 113
Rock Excavation 6 2 2 318
Grouting with 4
machines
4 3 2 3.5 m
Core material 9 2 1 106
Sand Filter 9 2 1 67
Coarse Filter 9 2 1 66
Riverbed Material 9 2 1 636
Source: DPR
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Chapter 3: Construction Schedules, Methodology and Equipment Planning Page 7
Equipment Planning for Coffer Dams
With the above sequence of construction, deployment of the equipment is
proposed as follows:
Excavation & loading of soft materials with 1.5 m3 capacity Hydraulic
Excavators and Ripping with 180 hp Dozer and transportation with 28t
RE Dumpers
Drilling of 38mm dia holes @ 1.5m c/c with heavy duty Jack Hammers
in the very steep slopes and Drilling in accessible areas with Hyd.
Crawler Drills with 76mm bits and hole patterns with spacing of 2.75m
c/c for rock excavation
Loading of blasted rocks with 3.0 m3 capacity Wheel Loaders , assisted
in pushing blasted rocks with 320 hp Dozers and transportation in 35 t
RE Dumpers
Drilling of Grout holes with Percussion Rotary Drills and grouting with
Grout Pumps
Loading of Fill materials at stockpile sites with 2.0 m3 and 3.0 m3
capacity Wheel Loaders, transportation in 28 t and 35t capacity RE
Dumpers
180 HP Dozer at stockpiled sites
320hp Dozer at Embankment for rough spreading of fill materials
Motor Grader, 145 hp
Compaction with Vibratory Compactor, 10t / 12t capacity with smooth
drum / pad foot roller
Water Tanker, 15000 l capacity for Moisture control.
Accordingly, the probable requirement of equipment for construction of both
cofferdams is estimated in Table-3.6.
Table-3.6: Requirement of Equipment for Construction of Upstream Coffer Dam
S. No Name & capacity of Equipment No. of Equipment required*
1. Hyd. Excavator, 1.5 m3 capacity 2
2. Wheel Loader,1.5 m3 2
3. Wheel Loader, 3 m3 10
4. RE Dumper,28 t 92
5. RE Dumper,35 t 70
6. Dozer,320hp 10
7. Dozer,180hp 105
8. Hyd. Crawler Drill 7
9. Jack Hammer, 120 cfm, Heavy Duty 14
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S. No Name & capacity of Equipment No. of Equipment required*
10. Percussion Rotary Drill 4
11. Grout Pump 4
12. Water Pump, 10hp 5
13. Motor Grader,145hp 3
14. Vibratory Compactor, 10t cap., smooth
drum
3
15. Vibratory Compactor,12t, with pad foot
drum
3
16. Water Sprinkler,15000 l 3
Source: DPR
b) Downstream Coffer Dam
The details of requirement of construction material for downstream cofferdam
are given in Table-3.7.
Table: 3.7: Requirements of Excavation & Fill Materials for D/S Coffer Dam
Particulars Quantity m3 [Bank] Quantity m3
[Compacted]
U/S Coffer Dam
Common Excavation 73500
Rock Excavation 45230
Consolidation & Curtain
Grouting
7400 m
Placement of :
Impervious Core 118700
Filter Material(Sand) 28650
Filter Material (Coarse) 28650
River bed Material 149050
Source: DPR
Construction of the downstream cofferdam is proposed to be completed in one
working season during 5th year. A like construction of the upstream cofferdam,
sequence of construction operations for the downstream coffer dam is
proposed to be the same, but with working schedule as outlined in Table-3.8.
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Table-3.8: Schedule of Construction of D/S Coffer Dam
Particular Time
(Month)
No. of
Shift
No of
Work
Front
Hourly Progress
Rate (m3/hr)/Face
Common Excavation 2 2 2 67
Rock Excavation 1 2 2 82
Grouting with
3machine
3 2 2 3.0 m
Core material 4 2 1 108
Sand Filter 4 2 1 26
Coarse Filter 4 2 1 26
Riverbed Material 4 2 1 136
Source: DPR
Equipment Planning
Deployment of equipment for construction of the downstream coffer dam would
be as in Table-3.9.
Table-3.9: Requirement of Equipment for Construction of Downstream Coffer
Dam
S. No Name & capacity of Equipment No. of Equipment
1 Hyd. Excavator, 1 m3 capacity 2
2 Wheel Loader,1.5 m3 2
3 Wheel Loader, 3.5. m3 2
4 RE Dumper,28 t 28
5 Dozer,320hp 2
6 Dozer,180hp 5
7 Wagon Drill 3
8 Jack Hammer, 120 cfm, Heavy Duty 6
9 Percussion Rotary Drill 3
10 Grout Pump 3
11 Water Pump, 10hp 5
12 Motor Grader,145hp 3
13 Vibratory Compactor, 10t cap., smooth drum 3
14 Vibratory Compactor,12t, with pad foot drum 3
15 Water Sprinkler,15000 l 3
Source: DPR
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3.2.2 Main Dam
The Pancheshwar main dam comprises of an Earth & Rockfill Dam, 311 m
high, 20m wide and 814m long along the crest at El + 691m. Construction of
the dam will involve more than 9.74 Mm3 [bank volume] excavation and 107.88
Mm3 [compacted volume] of embankment materials as detailed in the Table-
3.10.
Table-3.10: Requirements of Excavation & Fill Materials for Main Dam
Particulars Excavation
[Bank Vol.(m3)]
Embankment fill
[Compacted Vol. (m3)]
Excavation
Common Excavation in bank 1947000
Rock Excavation in bank 7788000
Total 9735000
Drilling
Drilling & Consolidation Grouting, 91700 m
Concrete in Foundation Gallery 26000
Curtain Grouting 65200 m
Embankment Fills
Impervious Core 10544770
Sand Filter 2253750
Coarse Filter 2005980
River bed Material 37318960
Rockfill Material 54870720
Rip Rap material 883100
Total 107 7 300
Source: DPR
a) Foundation Excavation and Treatment
Foundation excavation and treatment of the main dam is proposed to be
completed in 3-working seasons during 3rd to 5th year with the following
sequence of operations and work schedule with proposed hourly progress
rates:
Simultaneous excavation and treatment in foundation from both banks
Common excavation followed with rock excavation in both banks
Consolidation grouting also from both banks
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Curtain grouting from inside the foundation gallery on completion of
foundation gallery such that placement of fill materials could be
continued without any interruption during curtain grouting.
The proposed Schedule of Foundation Excavation & Treatment of Main Dam is
given in Table-3.11.
Table-3.11: Proposed Schedule of Foundation Excavation & Treatment of Main
Dam
Particular Time
(Month)
No. of
Shift
No of Work
Front
Hourly Progress
Rate (m3/hr)
Excavation
Common Excavation 8 2 2 442
Rock Excavation 25 2 2 566
Consolidation Grouting
with 4 machines
20 2 2 5.0 m
Construction of
Foundation Gallery
6 2 1 16
Curtain Grouting with
2macines
24 3 2 4.0
Source: DPR
Equipment planning for Excavation and Treatment of main dam
Following equipment are proposed for foundation excavation and treatment of
the Main dam:
Excavation & loading of earth & alluvium with 2.0 m3 capacity Hydraulic
Excavators
Excavation & piling of decomposed rock with 320hp Bulldozer equipped
with single shank ripper and transported in 28T RE Dumpers
Rock excavations by Drilling & Blasting with Jack hammers in the steep
slopes and Hyd. Crawler Drills in the accessible areas
Loading of blasted rocks with 3.0 m3 capacity Wheel Loaders duly
assisted with 320 hp Dozers and transportation in 35t RE Dumpers
180hp Dozers at disposal / stockpiled areas for spreading of unloaded
materials
Percussion Rotary Drills for drilling Grout Holes and Grout Pumps for
grouting
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Tower Crane, 10t /40m and Concrete Pump,20 m3 /hr for concreting in
Foundation Gallery
Transportation of concrete in 6 m3 capacity Transit Mixtures
Accordingly, probable requirement of various equipment for foundation
excavation and treatment of main dam is estimated as in Table-3.12.
Table-3.12: Probable Requirement of Equipment for Foundation Excavation and
Treatment
S. No Name & capacity of Equipment No. of Equipment
1 Hyd. Excavator, 2 m3 capacity 4
2 Bull Dozer,320hp 4
3 RE Dumper, 28t capacity 104
4 RE Dumper,35 t capacity 200
5 Hyd. Crawler Drill 14
6 Jack Hammer, Heavy Duty 30
7 Percussion Drill with 80m drilling capacity 4
8 Grout Pumps 4
9 Bull Dozer,180hp at disposal site 3
10 Tower Crane, 10t / 40m 1
11 Concrete Pump, 20 m3 capacity 2
12 Transit Mixture, 6 m3 5
Source: DPR
b) Placement of Impervious Core Materials
More than 10.53 Mm3 [compacted] impervious materials would be required for
the core of the dam. Availability of almost all such material is proposed from
Harkheda Borrow areas, which are situated at about 10 km away from dam
axis. Shortfall, if any could be met with processing of earth content from
common excavation or otherwise from Pulhindola Borrow area. It is proposed
that excavation of the required core materials can be commenced in the
beginning of the 3rd year and continued till completion of placement by end of
mid of 10th year. Due to paucity of sufficient space in near vicinity of the Dam
site, it is also proposed that the processing plants of 2 x 300TPH capacity may
be installed in near vicinity of the borrow areas so that after processing /
screening and moisture control, the core materials may be stockpiled there and
transported directly at the placement site as per requirement with the
advancement of the dam height.
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Equipment Planning
Following equipment are proposed for borrowing, processing, transportation
and placement of impervious core material at site:
Excavation & loading of core materials at Borrow Areas with 3.0 m3
capacity Hydraulic Excavator assisted with 320 hp Dozer and
transportation of excavated materials from borrow area to processing
plant in 28t RE Dumpers
Processing Plants ( 2x 200TPH)
Stockpiling with 180hp Dozer after processing & screening
Loading of stockpiled material with 3.0 m3 Hyd. Excavator and
transportation to placement site in 35t RE dumpers
Rough Spreading in Embankment with 180hp Dozer
Fine spreading to 25cm layers with Motor Grader, 145 hp
Moisture adjustment with 28000 l Water Sprinkler
Compaction with 10/12t Pad foot Drum Vibrating Roller
Accordingly, probable requirement of equipment for collection & placement of
impervious core materials are estimated as in Table-3.13.
Table-3.13: Requirement of Equipment for Placement of Impervious Core
Material
S. No Name & Capacity of Equipment No. required with20% standby
At Borrow Areas
1. Hyd. Excavator, 3 m3 capacity 8
2. Bull Dozer,320hp 6
3. RE Dumper 28t cap 20
4. Processing Plant (400 TPH) 2
5. Dozer,180 hp at Processing / Stockpiling
Areas
2
For Placement from Stockpiling to site
6. Hyd. Excavator, 3 m3 capacity 5
7. RE Dumper,35t 106
8. Dozer,180hp at Embankment for spreading 2
9. Motor Grader, 145 hp 2
10. Water Tanker, 15000 l cap 4
11. Vibrating Roller, 10/12t pad foot Drum 5
Source: DPR
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c) Placement of Filter Materials
About 5.0 Mm3 [loose] filter materials comprising of sand & coarse filter would
be required. These materials are proposed to be obtained from materials
obtained from common excavation and alternately from Binayak Borrow Area,
after processing, screening and crushing of the borrowed materials as per
requirement at nearby vicinity of Binayak borrow area.
One processing plant having capacity of 400TPH may also be installed at the
suitable locations in Binayak Borrow area. Alike transportation of the core
materials, combination of hydraulic excavator with RE dumpers is considered
for transportation of filter materials from the designated stockpiling area at
Binayak borrow area.
Equipment Planning
Excavation and Loading with 3.0 m3 capacity Hyd. excavators assisted
with 320hp Dozers
Processing by crushing & screening in Processing Plant (400TPH)
Loading at stockpiling site with 3 m3 capacity wheel loaders
Transportation to placement site in 22tRE Dumpers
Spreading in layers of 50cm by 180hp Dozer with flywheel
Compaction with 10-12 t smooth drum vibrating roller
Accordingly, probable requirement of equipment for collection & placement of
impervious core materials are estimated as in Table-3.14.
Table-3.14: Requirement of Equipment for Placement of Filter Materials
S No Name & Capacity of Equipment No. required with20% standby
1 Hyd. Excavator, 3.0 m3 capacity 3
Loader,3 m3 capacity 5
2 Bull Dozer, 320hp 3
Bull dozer, 180 hp 4
3 RE Dumper28t cap 100
4 Processing Plant (400PH) 2
6 Motor Grader, 145 hp 2
7 Water tanker, 28000 l capacity 2
8 Vibrating Roller, 10-12t pad foot Drum 2
Source: DPR
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d) Placement of Shell and Riprap Materials
Requirement of shell and riprap materials will be about 93.00 Mm3 as detailed
in Table-3.15.
Table-3.15: Requirement of shell and riprap materials
River bed Material 37318960 m3
Rockfill 54870720 m3
Rip Rap 883100 m3
Total [compacted] 93072780 m3
Source: DPR
The total requirement of shell materials for the main dam being about 93 Mm3,
about 47.5 Mm3 rocks need to be obtained equally from Tiger quarry and Little
Elephant quarry. Collection of such materials can be started from the beginning
of the 5th year to the middle of the 10th year (50 months) so that placement can
be continued from the 1st month of the 6th year to the end of the 10th year (45
months) with 2-shift working. River bed materials are proposed to be carried
from three sources whereas the rock fills will be carried from four sources, each
from average distance of 6km.
Equipment Planning
Drilling and Blasting with 82kw and 125kw hydraulic type crawler
mounted drills with bit size of 76mm and 102mm size respectively
Loading of blasted rock materials with 3.5 cum crawler Loader, pushing
rocks along quarry benches with 320 hp Dozers and transportation of
rock materials in 53t capacity RE Dumpers
Loading of excavated materials at stockpiled area with 3.5 cum Wheel
Loaders, assisted with 320hp Dozer for pushing & transportation in 53t
RE Dumpers at stockpiling sites
Spreading of the unloaded materials in about 100cm thick layers with
320hp Dozers
Compaction with 15t capacity smooth drum Vibrating Rollers
Accordingly, probable requirement of equipment for placement of shell
materials and riprap is estimated as listed in Table-3.16.
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Table-3.16: Equipment for Shell and Riprap Materials
S. No. Name & Capacity of Equipment No. of Equipment
1. 125 kW Hyd. Crawler mounted Drill 12
2. 125 kW Hyd. Crawler mounted Drill 12
3. Crawler mounted Loader,3.5m3 capacity 72
4. Bull Dozer,320hp 8
5. RE Dumper,53t capacity 614
6. Vibrating Roller, 15t smooth Drum 6
7. Water Tanker, 28000 l 6
Source: DPR
e) Belt Conveyor System for Main Dam
Considering very large volume of fill materials required for the Pancheshwar
dam and the distance of borrow area/ rock fill quarry areas, it has been
considered to provide the belt conveyor system at Pancheshwar dam for
transportation of the embankment material. The clay will be transported from
Harkhera village to dam site which is around 10 km away and around 800 m
high from the dam site. Similarly, the quarry for shell material has been
identified 5 km downstream of the dam site on Nepal bank.
To complete the dam construction within 42 months after the foundation
treatment work is over; the hourly rate of placement of clay core material has
been estimated 915 m3/hr. To achieve this progress of placement of core
material, two conveyors belts system of 800 mm width would be required at
site. To negotiate the difference in levels of Harkhera village to riverbed at dam
site, conveyor system has been designed for the extreme case of 12 degree of
declination as per maximum allowed declination and for 20 degree of inclination
based on the material it would carry. The belt speed has been assumed 2.35
m/s and trough angle as 35 degree for transportation of clay material.
For transportation of rock fill material from tiger quarry on Nepal bank to the
dam site, a single belt conveyor system of 1500 mm width would be sufficient
having belt speed of 2.62 m/s and trough angle of 25 degree, to place around
3200 ton per hour.
f) Spillway System
The spillway system comprises a chute Spillway containing 7 bays of 11.5m
each, located on the left abutment with 15.5m height above crest and 177.50 m
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width. Main activities to be undertaken for construction of these components
are surface excavation and concreting with the quantities listed in the following
Table-3.17.
Table-3.17: Quantities of Major Item of Works
Item of Works Quantity
Common Excavation 7200000
Rock Excavation 28800000
Concrete 624815
Source: DPR
Schedules & Methodology
Immediately after diversion of the river water through the diversion tunnels,
excavation work of the spillway system may be resumed independently in the
Approach channel, side channel, spillway chute and plunge pool. Common
excavation is proposed to be completed in 24 months with 2-shift working from
4-work fronts simultaneously. Similarly, rock excavation is proposed to be
completed in 54 months with 2-shift working from 4-working fronts. Concreting
is proposed to be carried out in 27 months with 2-shift working from 3 –work
fronts. Proposed construction schedules along with the hourly progress rate for
each of the above activities are detailed in Table-3.18.
Table-3.18: Schedules of Activities for Major Item of Works of Spillway System
Particular Time
(Month)
No. of
Shift
No of Work
Front
Hourly Progress
Rate (m3/hr)
Common Excavation 24 2 4 273
Rock Excavation 54 2 4 485
Concrete 27 2 3 28
Source: DPR
Equipment Planning
The following equipments are planned for the above sequence operations and
construction activities:
- Excavation & loading of soft materials with 3.0 cum capacity Hydraulic
Excavators and Ripping with 180hp Dozer and transportation with 35 t
RE Dumpers
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- Drilling of 38mm dia holes @ 1.5m c/c with heavy duty Jack Hammers
in the very steep slopes and Drilling in accessible areas with Crawler /
Wagon Drills with 76mm bits and hole patterns with spacing of 2.75m c/c
for rock excavation
- Loading of blasted rocks with 3.5 cum capacity Wheel Loaders assisted
with 320hp Dozer and transportation of blasted rock materials in 35 t
capacity Rear End Dumpers
- Placing of concrete with Tower cranes, 10t/ 40m/ Crawler crane
- Concrete pumps, 10 m3/hr
- Concrete transportation in Transit Mixtures of 6.0cum
Accordingly, probable requirement of equipment for spillway construction is
listed in the Table-3.19.
Table-3.19: Probable Requirement of Equipment for Spillways Construction
S. No. Name & capacity of Equipment No. of Equipment
1. Hyd. Excavator, 3.0 cum capacity 6
2. Bull Dozer,180 hp 6
3. RE Dumper, 35t capacity 360
4. Wagon Drill 20
5. Jack hammer 40
6. Wheel Loader,3.5 cum 28
7. Bull Dozer,320hp 28
9. Transit Mixture, 6cum 25
10. Tower Crane 10t,40m / Crawler crane 4
11. Concrete Pump, 20 cum /hr 8
12. Shotcrete Machine,15 cum/hr 2
Source: DPR
3.2.3 Water Conductor System: Power Intake, Headrace Tunnel & Vertical
Drop Shafts /Pressure Shafts
The Water Conductor System at Pancheshwar dam comprises of:
Intake structure: 3nos open gravity type intakes equipped with trash
racks and stop logs in each side , having 12 gates of size 6m x10.75m
each with invert level at El 587m and deck level at El 617.0m and 3nos
Vertical Gate Shafts, each of size 18m x 4m with 2 gates of size 6m x
10.75m
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Head Race Tunnel: 6nos (3nos on each side)x 13.0 m dia each with
lengths of 820m-1100m in India & 620m -840m in Nepal to convey
maximum design discharge of 340.0 m3/s. Each HRT will have to serve
two units on either side. The centre line of the HRTs is kept at El 600.0m
at its start at intake with a downward slope of 1:300 to connect vertical
drop shaft at El597.5m.
Vertical Drop Shafts/ Pressure Shafts: 3 nos in each side , each of 9.0
m dia x 194.5m height,
Alike the other components, construction of each of the above components is
proposed to be carried out simultaneously on both sides of India and Nepal.
(a) Power Intake
Construction Schedules & Methodology
The quantity of excavation and concreting in power intakes is given in Table-
3.20.
Table-3.20: Quantity of excavation and concreting
Item Quantity
Common Excavation 36000 cum
Rock Excavation 204000 cum
Concrete,M-25 90000 cum
Source: DPR
The activities listed in Table-3.20 are proposed to be undertaken during first
fourteen months with following work schedules with simultaneous work in each
side. The schedule is given in Table-3.21.
Table-3.21: Schedules of Activities for Major Item of Works of Power Intake
Particular Time
(Month)
No. of
Shift
No of Work
Front
Hourly Progress
Rate (m3/hr)
Common Excavation 2 2 1 65
Rock Excavation 3 2 3 82
Concrete 3 2 3 36
Source: DPR
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Equipment Planning
The above sequence of operations shall be based upon the following
construction method and equipment:
- Excavation & loading of soft materials with 1.0 cum capacity Hydraulic
Excavators and Ripping with 180hp Dozer and transportation with 18t
RE Dumpers
- Drilling of 38mm dia holes @ 1.5m c/c with heavy duty Jack Hammers
in the very steep slopes and Drilling in accessible areas with Crawler /
Wagon Drills with 76mm bits and hole patterns with spacing of 2.75m c/c
for rock excavation
- Loading of blasted rocks with 3.0 cum capacity Wheel Loaders assisted
with 320hp Dozer and transportation of blasted rock materials in 35t
capacity Rear End Dumpers
- Placing of concrete with Tower cranes /crawler crane and concrete
pumps, 38 m3/hr
- Concrete transportation in Transit Mixtures of 6.0 m3
- Shotcreting with 15 cum/hr capacity Shotcrete Machine with robot arm
- Rock Anchoring with Rock Bolting Machine.
The probable requirement of equipment is given in Table-3.22.
Table-3.22: Probable Requirement of Power Intake Construction
S No Name of Equipment Quantity [Nos]
1 Hydraulic Excavator, 1cum 1
2 Dozer,180hp 4
3 RE Dumpers, 18t 20
4 RE Dumpers , 35t 35
5 Crawler Drill 5
6 Jack Hammer 10
7 Wheel Loader, 3.0cum 5
8 Concrete Pump,10cum/hr 6
9 Tower Crane ,10t/40m 4
10 Transit Mixture 14
11 Shotcrete Machine, 15 cum/hr 3
12 Rock Bolting Machine 3
Source: DPR
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(b) Gate Shafts
Construction Schedules & Methodology
Three Gate shafts in each side are proposed to be constructed simultaneously.
Before taking up excavation of the gate shafts, an inlet tunnel of 13.m dia x75m
length need to be constructed to provide a passage for carrying out excavation
of the Gate shafts. It is presumed to be completed in 2 months. Construction of
each Gate Shaft may be carried out with the following sequence of operations:
At first an appropriate sized chamber will be excavated at the bottom of the
Gate shaft for installation of the Raise Climber with an access from the
Intake. Then a Pilot shaft of 2.5m dia shall be excavated up to ground level
(≈ El 705 m) , using Raise Climber from the bottom of the chamber
Widening of the Pilot shaft to full section [18m x 4m size] will be done by
Drill & Blast Method with benching of 1.5m deep and access from top over
trolley travelling on rails and hauled by Winch at the top. The rails will
continue to be extended as enlargement of the section will progress
Drilling blast holes with Stopper Drills over the platform of the Raise
Climber
Charging holes by the Operators stationed over the platform
Blasting after positioning of the Raise Climber into safe position at the
bottom
Defuming by spraying mixture of air and water carried through mono rail of
the climber
Blasted rocks to be pushed down through the Pilot shaft and removed from
the bottom of the shaft by deploying 2.5 cum capacity Side Dump Loader
with 18t RE Dumpers through the Intake point
Rock supporting system will be installed concurrently as the excavation
proceeds
The total time for completion of construction of the gate shafts including
construction of 13m dia x 75m long inlet tunnel would be about 12 months
including 2nd stage concreting in Gate shafts. Thereby, it is expected that
completion of the Power Intakes and the Gate Shafts could be made during 3rd
& 4th year.
Equipment Planning
Probable requirement of various equipments is tabulated in Table-3.23.
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Table-3.23: Requirement of Equipment for Construction of Gate Shafts
S. No Name of Equipment Quantity [No]
A. Construction of Pilot Shaft
1. Raise Climber 2
2. Stopper drills 2
3. Wheel Loader, 2cum 2
4. RE Dumpers, 18t 6
B. Enlargement of Pilot Shaft up to Full section
1. Winch with Trolley & accessories 2
2. Wagon drill 4
4. Wheel Loader, 2.0cum 2
5. RE Dumper,18t 10
6. Dozer, 180 hp 1
7. Shotcrete Machine, 15 cum/hr 1
8. Concrete Pump, 20cum/hr 2
9. Transit Mixture,6cum 6
10. Air Compressor, 1000cfm 1
Source: DPR
(c) Head Race Tunnel
Finished diameter of the HRTs is required as13.0 m and keeping allowances
for thickness of shotcrete and concrete lining of the tunnels, excavated
diameter of HRTs would be around 14.8m. Before taking up construction of the
HRTs, adits of size 7mx 8m x 300m length will be constructed with its top level
to match with the top level of the HRTs to continue construction of HRTs and
the Vertical Pressure shafts. After completion of heading operation, bottom of
the Adit may be excavated down up to the bottom level of the HRTs, making a
ramp for taking out excavated materials. Construction of the HRTs is proposed
with the following considerations:
Parallel construction of 3-HRTs in each side
Construction of the HRTs may be continued simultaneously from two
end points namely, (i) bottom of the gate shaft moving towards the
Vertical Pressure Shafts and (ii) Adit moving towards the Gate shaft
such that excavation of the HRTs could be continued for about 400m
form each end.
Excavation of each HRT to be carried out by Drill and Blast Method in
two stages namely, top heading with 9m depth and 3m pull length,
followed by benching with bench width of 3m and an average depth of
4.00m.
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Heading operations in a cycle time of about 18.0 hours, followed by
subsequent stage of benching operation in about 12.00 hrs as detailed in
the following table, subject to vary depending upon the class of rocks
encountered
Concreting in three stages namely, Kerb, Overt and invert. Concrete
over kerb may be placed first and thereafter Rails on kerb may be
installed for movement of the 12m long steel folding travelling form for
overt concreting. Lastly, invert concreting can be done with same system
of travelling steel form work.
Temporary dumping of excavated materials (common soil & rock) at the
designated piling areas in both banks with average distance of 6 km.
Total time of completion of the HRTs shall be 15 months (Refer Table-3.24).
Table-3.24: Time required for completion of HRTs
Construction of Adit (9mx8m)x300m 4 months
Excavation of Tunnels 9 months
Concrete 2 months
Total 15 months
Source: DPR
Equipment Planning
The above sequence of operations is proposed to be carried out as follows:
Driving of Heading according to the class of Rocks ( 3.5m for Class I,
3.0m for Class II, 2.5m for Class II and 2m or less for Class IV type
Rocks). Based upon geological investigations, Class I, II & III type’s
rocks are mostly expected to be encountered in the alignments.
Drilling of blast holes with 3-Boom Jumbo Drill with man–baskets [during
Heading] and that with Hyd. Crawler Drills for Benching
Loading of blasted rocks with 3.5 m3 capacity Loader having side dump
bucket, assisted with 320hp Dozer for pushing and transportation in 28
t capacity Rear End Dumpers
Shotcrete with 10 m3 capacity wet Shotcrete Machine with robot arm
Rock bolting with fully mechanized Rock Bolting Rig, wherever required
Transportation of concrete in 6 m3 capacity Transit Mixers
Concreting from 20 m3 / hr capacity Concrete Pumps
Travelling steel Form, 12m long for concreting
Piling / Stacking of mucks at disposal yard with 180HP Dozer
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Air Compressor
Requirement of equipment for construction of the Head Race Tunnels would be
the same in each work front. Probable requirement of equipment for completion
of 4- tunnels with 30% standby is listed in Table-3.25.
Table-3.25: Probable Requirement of Equipment for each HRT
S. No Name & Capacity of Equipment No of equipment required*
1. 2-Boom Jumbo Drill 2
2. Side Dump Loader, 3.5 cum 2
3. Dozer, 320hp for pushing mucks 2
4. FE Dumper,28t 40
5. Shotcrete Machine,15cum /hr 2
6. Rock bolting Machine 2
7. Compressor,1500kwh 2
8. Concrete Pump,38cum/hr 4
9. Transit Mixer, 6cum/hr 20
10. Dozer,180 HP (1x2) at disposal area 3
11. Traveller Form, steel, 12m long 4
Source: DPR
d) Vertical Drop Shafts / Pressure Shafts
Diameter of each Pressure Shaft / Drop Shaft is 8.4m whereas the excavated
dia. would be 9.7m and height of each shaft is 194m. Construction of these
shafts is expected to be completed within 17 months during 4th -6th year.
Quantities likely to be involved for construction of the Drop Shaft / Pressure
Shafts are given in Table-3.26.
Table-3.26: Estimated Quantities for Construction of Drop Shafts
S. No Name of Item Quantity
1 Excavation of Vertical Shafts 240630 cum
2 Concrete 103000 cum
Source: DPR
Excavation of the Pressure Shafts, 3 nos. in each side may be carried out with
the following sequence of operations:
At first an Adit of size 7mx7m x400m would be excavated running
through the bottom of the Pressure shaft at about EL 403.5m.Thereafter
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an appropriate sized chamber will be excavated at the bottom of the
Pressure shaft for installation of the Raise Climber with an access
through the Adit.
A Pilot shaft of 2.5m dia shall be excavated up to the bottom of the Adit
at top at about El 597.5, using Raise Climber from the bottom of the
chamber
Widening of the Pilot shaft to full section will be done by Drill & Blast
Method with benching of 1.5m deep and access from top over trolley
travelling on rails and hauled by Winch at the top. The rails will continue
to be extended as enlargement of the section will progress.
Drilling holes with wagon drills over the platform of the Raise Climber
and Charging holes by the Operators stationed over the platform
Blasting after lifting of the trolley into safe position on top of the shaft
Defuming by spraying mixture of air and water carried through mono rail
of the climber and mucks to be pushed down to the bottom of the pilot
hole
Removal of muck at bottom by deploying 3.0 cum capacity Side Dump
Loader with 28t RE Dumpers
Rock supporting system will be installed concurrently as the excavation
proceeds
Lowering of the Steel liners from top by using the rails and subsequently
concreting to fill around the ferrules
Concreting with 20 m3/hr concrete Pumps and Transit Mixtures,6 m3
capacity.
Total time needed for completion of 194m deep Drop shaft including fixing steel
liners, concreting & grouting, construction of Adit, etc is 17 months.
Equipment Planning
The equipment assessed to be required for construction of each Vertical
Pressure Shaft is given in Table-3.27.
Table-3.27: Requirement of Equipment for Drop Shafts
S. No Name of Equipment No. of Equipment
A. Construction of Pilot Shaft
1 Raise Climber Set 1
2 Jack hammer 1
3 Wheel Loader, 1cum 1
4 RE Dumpers, 18t 4
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S. No Name of Equipment No. of Equipment
B. Enlargement of Pilot Shaft up to Full section
1 Set of Winch with Trolley & accessories 1
2 Jack Hammers 2
4 Wheel Loader, 3.0cum 1
5 Dozer, 180 hp 1
6 Shotcrete Machine, 15 cum/hr 1
7 Concrete Pump, 20cum/hr 1
8 Transit Mixture 4
9 Air Compressor, 500cfm 1
Source: DPR
3.2.4 Access Tunnels: Main Tunnel and Branch Tunnels
The Main Access Tunnel [MAT] and the Branch Tunnels will have different
sizes as detailed in Table-7.2.5. Main Access tunnel to Powerhouse Cavern
connecting to the service bay level of the power house shall be constructed first
by full face drill and blast method and expected to be completed within
15months including construction of the portal. Excavation of the MAT is
proposed to be continued parallel to the construction of the vertical pressure
shaft so as to complete during 4th-6th year. The exploratory adits, branching out
from MAT to the crown of the Powerhouse and the Transformer room shall also
be driven from the off-take points simultaneously within 6 months and 3 months
respectively. The construction methods and equipment for excavation of these
access tunnels shall be as follows:
- Driving of the Main Access Tunnel to Powerhouse cavern by full face
drill & blast method employing 2-boom Jumbo drill and 2.5 cum capacity
side dump Loader with 18t RE Dumpers for mucking operations and
other equipments deployed for construction of the HRTs.
- Driving of the branch tunnels to the crown of Powerhouse and the
Transformer cavern with similar sets of the same type of equipment
deployed for the HRTs.
The size of different tunnels is given in Table-3.28.
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Table-3.28: Size of Different Tunnels
S. No Name of Component Size
1 Main Access Tunnel to PH Cavern 8mx 10m – D-shaped x 900m
long
2 Branch Tunnel to Crown of PH Cavern 7m x7m D-shaped x 350m long
3 Branch Tunnel to Crown of Transformer
Cavern
7m x7m D-shaped x 150long
Source: DPR
3.2.5 Power House Complex and Transformer Cavern
a) Power House Complex
An underground Powerhouse of size 290m (L) x23m (W) x59m (H) has been
proposed to accommodate 6x400MW units with Francis Turbines in each side.
Construction of the Powerhouse will be taken up after completion of
construction of the Main Access Tunnel connecting to the service bay of the
powerhouse at El 428.80 m and the Branch tunnels, with their tops connecting
to the top of crown of the Powerhouse and the Transformer Cavern at El
454.80 m and 460.30m respectively. Thereafter the branch tunnels will be
extended through the entire length of the Powerhouse and the Transformer
cavern to form a central passage to carry out further excavations in later
stages.
After completion of the central passage, the entire width of the power house will
be excavated in parts such that proper supports are left for the crown. At first,
excavation will be completed in both ways of the passage, covering 2/3rd width
of the dome (23m), duly provided with proper rock supports to the dome to
protect against any initial deformation. After completion of excavation of the
2/3rd width of the crown, construction of the remaining 1/3rd portion will be
taken up. Roof supporting and concreting will be carried out appropriately as
roof excavation proceeds. The mucks obtained from excavation of the crown
cavity will be taken out through the ramp, Branch Tunnel and the MAT.
On completion of excavation and supporting of the crown dome of the
powerhouse from El 454.80m to El 448.30m, excavation of the powerhouse
cavity from bottom of the dome (El 448.30m) to the Service bay level (El
428.80m) will be carried out by benching operations in stages. Excavation of
the service bay will be extended up to full width (18.5m) of the Transformer
Room through the Bus Duct Gallery. The blasted material during benching
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operation from the bottom of the dome will be pushed down to the service bay
level (extension of Main access tunnel) through the glory holes. Further
extension of the powerhouse cavity from the service bay to MIV level (El
406.80m) will be carried out in similar fashion and the mucks will be disposed
off through the ramps and the Adit at the bottom of the Vertical Pressure shaft.
Concreting of the side walls will also be carried out concurrently in stages along
with excavation of the powerhouse cavity.
Construction of the Power House complex including Bus Duct gallery will
involve the following critical activities which are intended to be carried out as
detailed in Table-3.29.
Table-3.29: Critical Activities Vs Hourly Progress Rate
Particular Quantity
(m3)
Time
(Month)
No. of Shift Hourly Progress
Rate (m3/hr)
Rock Excavation 501680 12 2 152
Structural Concrete 100150 As and when required
Source: DPR
b) Transformer Cavern
Size of the Transformer cavern will be 224m (L) x18.5m (W) x32m (H). Alike
construction of the Powerhouse, construction of the Transformer cavern will be
carried out from the extended branch tunnel connecting the top of the crown of
the Transformer cavern at El 460.30m.Thereafter dome cavity with the full width
of 18.5m at El 455.30m will be constructed and mucks will be pushed through
the amp and branch tunnel to MAT for onward disposal. Further excavation of
the Transformer Room (TR) from El 455.30m to the TR floor level at El 428.80
will be carried through benching in stages and the mucks will be pushed down
to the service bay level (El428.80m) through the glory holes that will be created
before taking up benching operations in hand. Structural concreting will also be
carried out concurrently in stages along with excavation of the TR cavity.
Construction of the TR will involve the following critical activities which are
intended to be carried out as detailed in Table-3.30. Accordingly, it is expected
that excavation and structural concreting could be completed within three
working seasons during 8th-10th year.
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Table-3.30: Critical Activities Vs Hourly Progress Rate
Particular Quantity
(m3)
Time
(Month)
No of
Shift
Hourly Progress
Rate (m3/hr)
Rock Excavation 194000 6 2 118
Structural Concrete 13190 6 2 As & When required
Construction method and requirement of the equipment for construction of the
Powerhouse and the Transformer Room with construction of extension of the
MAT, Branch Tunnels and the glory holes are proposed to be as follows:
Driving of extension of MAT & Branch Tunnels by drill & blast method
deploying crawler drill and 2.5 m3 capacity side dump Loader with 18t
RE Dumpers for mucking operations
Driving Glory holes with Raise Climbers
Side wall slashing of branch tunnel to form dome of the Powerhouse as
well as th Transformer Room with the same set of equipment
Benching operations by employing crawler drills and jack hammers for
drilling and 180 hp Wheel Dozer for pushing the muck through the glory
holes
Collection and disposition of muck from bottom of glory holes by using
2.5 m3 capacity side dump Loader in combination with 18t capacity RE
Dumpers
Concreting by employing 20 m3/hr capacity concrete pumps, Transit
Mixtures of 6m3 capacity.
The requirement of equipment for PH and TR are given in Table-3.31.
Table-3.31: Requirement of Equipment for PH and TR
S. No. Name of Equipment No of Equipment
1. Crawler Drill 2
2. Jack Hammer, Heavy Duty 4
3. RE Dumper, 18t 54
4. Wheel Dozer,180 HP 3
5. Raise Climber 1
6. Rock bolting Machine, 20 m3/ hr 3
7. Concrete Pump,20 m3/ hr 3
8. Transit Mixture, 6 m3 6
9. Grout Pump 2
10. Air Compressor, 1500/1000 cfm 2
11. Aggregate Processing Plant, 300 TPH 2
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S. No. Name of Equipment No of Equipment
12. B&M Plant, 60 m3/hr 2
13. Travelling Form 4
14. Truck, 8/10t 4
Source: DPR
3.2.6 Supply, Installation and Commissioning of Hydro-Mechanical
Equipment
Supply, installation and commissioning of the hydro-mechanical equipment are
proposed to be carried out as follows:
(i) Positioning and fixing embedded parts during pouring concrete at the
desired locations
(ii) Installation of Gates appropriately after setting of 2nd stage concreting in
the gate grooves at the desired locations.
The schedule of supply and installation / commissioning of the following hydro-
mechanical equipment is proposed as follows:
(i) DT Gates in 6 months during 3rd working season
(ii) Spillway gates in 15 months during 9th-10 th working season
(iii) Power Intake & HRT Gates, etc in 18 months during 5h-6th working
season
(iv) Draft Tubes & TRT Gates in 9 months during 9th-10th working season.
3.2.7 Supply / Manufacture, Installation and Commissioning of Electro-
Mechanical Equipment
It is assumed that supply, installation and commissioning of the electro-
mechanical equipment will be carried out by the EPC Contractor. Preparation of
specifications, processing of tenders, allotment of work and approval to
suppliers drawings, etc is planned to be done during the initial two years.
Various activities related to supply / manufacture, installation and testing is
expected to be completed within 30 months from the date of placing orders for
each side. However, installation and testing of the TG Sets is expected to be
done in 12-15 months during the end of 9th year to the end of 10th year.
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3.2.8 Construction of Pothead/Switch Yard
Construction of Switch yard is proposed to be undertaken in 18 months during
8th and 9th year.
3.2.9 Schedule of Reservoir’s Initial Filling
Initial filling of the reservoir for an earth & rock fill dam depends upon the
following factors:
Rate of base flow and frequency flood event
All water Release facilities
MDDL
Spillway Crest Level and
FRL
Reservoir filling consists of filling in three stages namely, 1st stage up to MDDL,
2nd stage up to Crest level and 3rd stage up to FRL and comprises of the site
specific filling programme as per time to time observations and monitoring of
performance / behavior of the dam body as follows:
(i) 1st Stage filling up to MDDL (El 615.0m) : This filling can be carried out
without any restraint to any potential hazard;
(ii) 2nd Stage filling : to be carried out in two parts like :
Filling above MDDL shall be gradually built up at a rate not
exceeding 3m per fortnight and filling shall be temporarily stopped
at half the height between MDDL and Crest level (El 658.0m) for a
reasonable time in order to assess the behaviour of the dam body
on the basis of observed values and to take a decision for further
storage and remedial measures in case of any distress
After a decision of continuing filling, further building up of the
storage shall be in gradual stages of 2m to 3m per fortnight and
increase in storage capacity. The reservoir shall then be
temporarily held up at the crest of the spillway for a reasonable
time for monitoring and evaluation of the performance of the dam
body and to take a decision to increase further storage.
(iii) 3rd Stage filling consists of filling above the crest of the spillway up to
FRL. At this stage, rate of reservoir filling shall be restricted to sub-
stages of 0.3m in 48hours. The reservoir shall then be temporarily held
at half of the height between Crest Level and FRL (680.0m) for
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sufficient time for monitoring and evaluation of performance of the dam
and to a decision about further storage / remedial measures.
It is expected that the raising of dam height will be sufficient enough above
MDDL by the end of the 8th year and consequently, reservoir filling up to MDDL
could be initiated suitably after in the 8th year. Before such initiation, two sets of
diversion gates are proposed to close the left bank diversion tunnels during the
low flow season. When the closure will be accomplished, two concrete plugs,
separated by a distance of 100m, will be constructed, one upstream and one
downstream of the dam axis in one of the tunnels. The temporary low level
outlet in the left bank diversion tunnel will be incorporated within these plugs.
When the outlet facility would be commissioned, the tunnel will be watered up
and the gates at the diversion tunnel intake structure will be removed and re-
used to seal the right bank diversion tunnels to commence the reservoir
impoundment. The closure operations of the tunnels are scheduled to take
place during the dry season.
3.3 RUPALIGAD RE-REGULATING DAM
The Rupaligad Re-regulating Dam comprises of:
A 95 m high concrete gravity dam, 265m long and 8m wide at top (El
428.0m) with a 192m long central spillway having crest level at EL 386 m
with12 bays, each of 9.5m wide provided with vertical gates, each of
size 9.5m (W) x 14.5m (H).
Two Diversion Tunnels - one on each bank, each with 12m dia, D-
shaped of 1137m length in India and 1077m length in Nepal, having
invert levels of Inlet and Outlet at EL 366.0 m and El 361m respectively,
to pass design flood of 2000 m3/s.
Upstream Coffer dam, colcrete gravity dam with 1.5m thick concrete
wearing course, 34m height x163 m length with 6 m top width at EL 385
m.
Downstream Coffer dam, rock fill dam with 40cm thick concrete face in
the downstream, 17m height x 110 m length with 7m top width at El 377
m.
Power Intake, each one integrated with 8 openings size 5.53m (W)x
3.0m (H) and intake invert level at EL 390.5m to serve two HRTs in each
side
HRT, steel lined, 2nos in each side and each of 6.5m dia of lengths
varying from 260m to 336m & 5.5m dia x 40.0 length, with invert levels at
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Inlets and outlets at EL 390.5m and EL 367.0m respectively, to convey
design discharge of 150 m3/s each.
Main Access Tunnel, D-shaped, 8m x8m size x 319 m length in India
and 8m x8m x 320m length in Nepal.
Two Underground Power House complex, one on each side with size of
24m (W) x 50.0m (H) x112 m (L) with Transformer caverns of size 19.0m
(W) x31 m (H) x 75 m(L) with two Tailrace Tunnels of 7.0m dia x 300 m
length on each bank.
3.3.1 River Diversion: Diversion Tunnels & Cofferdams
(a) Diversion Tunnels [DT]
Diversion tunnels comprises one to each side and each tunnel being 12.0 dia x
average length of 1107 m with inlet and outlet levels at EL 366.0 m and El
361.0 m respectively.
Schedules and Methodology
Construction of each diversion tunnel is proposed to be carried out from the
inlet and outlet portals. After accounting of 100mm thick shotcrete and 150 mm
thick concrete lining, excavated diameter of each diversion tunnel will be12.5
m. Construction of two Diversion tunnels will involve:
Portal Construction
(i) Common Excavation 76560 m3
(ii) Rock Excavation 32810 m3
(iii) Concrete 1320 m3
Tunnel Construction
(i) Excavation 338525 m3
(iii) Concrete 64600 m3
Construction of the Diversion tunnels is proposed with the following
considerations:
Simultaneous construction of the DTs at each side
Excavation of each DT varying in accordance with Class of Rock like
3.5m for Class I, 3.0 m for Class II & III and 2.5m for Class IV & V
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Portal Excavation to be carried out first from both ends
Each DT is proposed to be constructed from the end portals
Excavation of DTs to be carried out by Drill and Blast Method in two
stages namely, top heading with 9m depth and 3m pull length, followed
by benching with bench depth of 3.5 m
Heading operations in a cycle time of about 16.0 hours, followed by
subsequent stage of benching operation in about 10.00 hrs. subject to
availability of type of rock.
Concreting in three stages namely, kerb, overt and invert. Concrete over
invert may be placed first with 12m steel travelling forms, four at a time,
followed with kerb concreting. Lastly, invert concreting can be done with
same system of travelling steel form work.
Construction of two DTs, each from end portals, is expected to be completed
within 15 months with the break up schedules as outlined in Table-3.32.
Table-3.32: Time required for construction of two Diversion Tunnels
Construction of Portals including stabilising slopes &
Ramps for each tunnel
2.5 months
Excavation of Tunnels 10.0 months
Concrete 2.5 months
Total 15 months
Source: DPR
Equipment Planning
For simultaneous excavation of each DT from two end portals, 2 sets of
independent equipment will be required to complete as proposed below:
Open Excavation & loading of soft materials (in portal area) with 0.70 m3
capacity Hydraulic Excavators and ripping with 180hp Dozer and
transportation with 18t RE Dumpers.
Drilling of 38mm dia holes @ 1.5m c/c with heavy duty Jack Hammers
for rock excavation in portal areas and loading with 1.5m3 capacity wheel
loaders.
Drilling of blast holes for the tunnels with 3-Boom Jumbo Drill.
Loading of blasted rocks with 3.0 m3 capacity Loaders having side dump
bucket, assisted with 320hp Dozers for pushing and transportation in 28t
capacity Rear End Dumpers for tunnel excavation.
Shotcrete with 10 m3 capacity wet Shotcrete Machine with robot arm
Rock bolting with fully mechanized Rock Bolting Rig, wherever required
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Transportation of concrete in 4.5 m3 and 8m3 cum capacity Transit
Mixers
Concreting from 10 m3 /hr and 20 m3 / hr. capacity Concrete Pumps
fitted in the carriers
Travelling steel Form, 2m long, for concreting
Piling / Stacking of mucks at disposal yard with 180HP Dozer.
Accordingly, probable requirement of equipment for completion of 1- diversion
tunnels in each side is listed in Table-3.33.
Table-3.33: Probable Requirement of Equipment for Diversion Tunnel
[for 2 faces]
S. No. Name & Capacity of Equipment No of Equipment required
1. Hyd. Excavator,0.7cum capacity 2
2. Jack hammer 7
3. 3-Boom Jumbo Drill 2
4. Wheel Loader, 1.5 m3 2
5. Side Dump Loader, 3.0 m3 3
6. Dozer, 320hp for pushing mucks 3
7. Dozer, 180hp at disposal site 2
8. RE Dumper,18t 16
9. RE Dumper, 28t 22
10. Shotcrete Machine,15 m3 /hr 3
11. Rock bolting Machine 3
12. Concrete Pump, 10 m3/hr 2
13. Concrete Pump,38 m3/hr 10
14. Transit Mixer, 4.5 m3r 2
15. Transit Mixture, 8 m3 8
16. Traveller Form, steel, 10m long 4set
Source: DPR
(b) Coffer Dams
The upstream coffer dam is 33m high x 177.5m long dam whereas the
downstream coffer dam is 17m high x 110m long dam. Upstream coffer dam
will be concrete in 1:3 cement mortar in the core with 1.5m thick wearing course
of M-20 cement concrete all around the surfaces. The downstream coffer dam
will be rock fill with downstream face, finished with concrete of 40cm thickness.
The activities involved in the construction of the cofferdams is given in Table-
3.34.
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Table-3.34: Construction Activities for Coffer Dams
Particulars Quantity in m3
[Bank]
Quantity in m3
[Compacted]
U/S Coffer Dam
Common Excavation 50300
Colcrete in 1:3 cement -mortar 57710
Wearing Coarse Concrete
(M-20)
24730
D/S Coffer Dam
Common Excavation 17800
Random Rockfill 102000
D/S face Concrete 1060
Source: DPR
Schedule and Methodology
Construction of both the cofferdams is proposed to be carried out
simultaneously from both banks after completion of the DTs construction and
diversion of river water by providing dykes. Both the dams are proposed to be
completed during 4th year. Construction schedule proposed for the U/S and D/S
Coffer Dams is given in Table-3.35.
Table-3.35: Construction Schedules for U/S and D/S Coffer Dams
Particular Time (Month) No. of
Shift
No of Work
Front
Hourly Progress
Rate(m3/hr)
Upstream Coffer Dam
Common Excavation 1 2 2 91
Colcrete 2 2 2 52
Concrete 1 2 2 45
Downstream Coffer Dam
Common Excavation 1/2 2 2 65
Random Rockfill 1 2 2 186
D/S face Concrete 1 2 1 4
Source: DPR
Execution of various works is proposed to be carried out as follows:
Rock fragments for concrete and rock fills to be obtained from
excavation of the Diversion Tunnels, stockpiled at about 2km upstream
of dam axis as discussed above.
Raising of the concrete core of the upstream coffer dam to be done in
stages of 1m to 1.5m height. After placing the rock fragments with due
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filling with smaller spawls in position up to the desired lift, cement mortar
(1:3) will be injected inside the fills with sufficient pressure through the
makeshift passages provided for the purpose.
After raising of the concrete dam up to the required height, wearing
coarse of 1.5m thickness may be provided as per drawings and
specifications
As said above, construction of the downstream coffer dam may also be
taken up after diversion of river water
After foundation excavation, raising of the downstream coffer dam may
also be undertaken in stages of 1.5m lifts and / or as per drawings and
specifications and /or directions of the Engineer-in-charge
After completion of raising of the dam up to the required height, gaps in
downstream face of the dam shall be filled up with spawls to bring an
uniform slope and thereafter, layer of 40cm thick concrete may be laid as
per the design drawings and specifications.
Equipment Planning
With the above sequence of construction, deployment of the following
equipment is proposed:
Excavation & loading of soft materials with 1.0 m3 capacity Hydraulic
Excavators and Ripping with 180 hp Dozer and transportation with 18t
RE Dumpers
Drilling of 38mm dia holes @ 1.5m c/c with heavy duty Jack Hammers
for rock excavation
Loading of blasted rocks with 2.0 m3 capacity Wheel Loaders , assisted
in pushing blasted rocks with 180 hp Dozers and transportation in 28 t
RE Dumpers
Col grouting with Grout Pumps
180 HP Dozer at stockpiled site
Compaction with Vibratory Compactor, 12 t capacity with smooth drum
Water Tanker, 15000 l capacity for moisture control
Concreting with 38 m3/hr Concrete Pumps & Tower Cranes with 40m
boom, 8 m 3 Transit Mixtures
Dewatering with Heavy duty water Pumps (10hp)
Accordingly, the probable requirement of equipment for construction of both
cofferdams is estimated and given in Table-3.36.
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Table-3.36: Probable Requirement of Equipment for Construction of Coffer Dams
S. No. Name & Capacity of Equipment No. of Equipment
1. Hyd. Excavator, 1.0 m3 capacity 2
2. Wheel Loader,2.0 m3 2
4. RE Dumper,18 t 10
5. RE Dumper,28 t 6
6. Dozer,180hp 6
7. Grout Pump 5
8. Tower Crane,10t with 40m boom 5
9. Concrete Pump,38 m3/hr 6
10. Transit Mixture ,8m3 6
11. Air Compressor,1000/1500 cfm 2
12. Water Pump, 10hp 10
13. Vibratory Compactor,12t, with pad foot drum 5
15. Water Sprinkler,15000 l 4
*includes 20% standby for 2-shift working
Source: DPR
3.3.3 Main Dam
The main dam comprises of a concrete gravity dam having 192m long central
spillway having 12 bays, each of 9.5m wide. Out of 16 blocks in all, 3-blocks in
the left flank and 1-block in right flank are non-overflow (NOF) blocks. The dam
also conceives three openings like foundation gallery and adits with their bases
at El 381.86m, El 402.50m and 423.50m through the NOF section and at El
335.86m, El 356.86m and El 377.86 through the overflow section. The
construction activities for the Construction of the NOF and OF blocks are given
in Table-3.37.
Table-3.37: Construction Activities for Main Dams
Particulars Quantity in m3
[Bank]
Quantity in m3
[Compacted]
Common Excavation 402900
Rock Excavation 210110
Consolidation Grouting 90000
Curtain Grouting 25000
Dental & Levelling Concrete 215000
Mass Concrete in NOF & OF Blocks 629080
2nd stage Concrete in openings & Galleries 264800
2nd/3rd stage Concrete in End Faces of
sluices, etc
11000
Source: DPR
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Schedule and Methodology
Construction of the main dam is proposed to be carried out simultaneously from
both banks after completion of construction of the coffer dams. Construction of
the dam with the central spillway is proposed to be completed in 37 months
during 4th year to 8th year with overall activities as under:
Foundation Excavation and Treatment in 32 months during 4th-7th year
Concreting in 23 months during 5th-7th year with construction schedules
as in Table-3.38.
Table-3.38: Construction Schedules for Main Dam
Particular Time
(Month)
No. of
Shift
No of Work
Front
Hourly Progress
Rate (m3/hr)
Common Excavation 6 2 2 122
Rock Excavation 3 2 2 127
Consolidation Grouting 24 2 3 4.5
Curtain Grouting 12 2 2 4.0
Dental & Levelling Concrete 4 2 4 49
Mass Concrete in NOF & OF
Blocks
20 2 4 28
Concrete in openings &
Galleries
12 2 4 20
Concrete in End Faces of
sluices, etc
3 2 2 7
Source: DPR
Foundation excavation and building of the dam body are proposed to be carried
out with following sequence of operations:
Excavation and pouring of concrete will be done from both ends in
general
Excavation of foundation rocks will be carried out following common
excavation
Consolidation grouting from both banks and using three set of drilling
and grouting machines
Curtain grouting and drilling of drainage holes from inside the
Foundation gallery so that pouring of concrete will not be interrupted
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After foundation excavation, dental / levelling concrete will be laid over
the entire dam base and thereafter mass concrete will be poured upto
the base of the foundation gallery at El 335.86m inside the spillway.
After erection of the shuttering, pouring of concrete will be resumed and
continued up to the base of the next adit / gallery. Likewise mass
concrete may be poured in stages depending upon the locations of the
adits /galleries.
Concreting is proposed to be carried out in 4-blocks at a time from four
different locations
A float of about 4months during rainy season has been intended for
erection of shuttering for galleries / adits
Similarly, sufficient float has also been provided for 2nd stage concreting
in galleries
2nd / 3rd stage concreting in sluices, gate grooves, etc is proposed to be
done as the end product
In all cases, concreting shall be done in accordance with approved
drawings and specifications and / or as directed by the Engineer-in-
Charge
Equipment Planning
Open Excavation & loading of soft materials with 0.70 m3 capacity
Hydraulic Excavators and Ripping with 180hp Dozer and transportation
with 18t RE Dumpers
Drilling of 38mm dia holes @ 1.5m c/c with heavy duty Jack Hammers
in the very steep slopes and Drilling in accessible areas with Hyd.
Crawler Drills with 76mm bits and hole patterns with spacing of 2.75m
c/c for rock excavation
Loading of blasted rocks with 2.5 m3 capacity Hyd. excavator, assisted
with 320hp Dozer for pushing and transportation in 28 t capacity Rear
End Dumpers
Piling / Stacking of mucks at disposal yard with 180HP Dozer
Consolidation / curtain grouting with set of Percussion Rotary drills and
grout pumps
Transportation of concrete in 4.5 / 6 /8 m3 capacity Transit Mixers
Concreting from 38 m3 / hr. capacity Concrete Pumps and
Tower crane,10t /40m boom at higher elevation.
The requirement of equipment of Rupaligad Dam are given in Table-3.39.
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Table-3.39: Requirement of Equipment for Construction of Rupaligad Dams
S. No. Name & capacity of Equipment No. of Equipment
1 Hyd. Excavator, 0.70 m3 capacity 2
2 Wheel Loader,2.5 m3 2
3 RE Dumper,18 t 10
4 RE Dumper,28 t 32
5 Dozer,180hp 6
6 Percussion Rotary Drills 4
7 Grout Pump 4
8 Tower Crane,10t with 40m boom 5
9 Concrete Pump,10/ 20/ 38 m3/hr 9
10 Transit Mixture ,4.5 / 6 / 8m3 12
11 Air Compressor,1000/1500 cfm 2
12 Water Pump, 10hp 10
13 Concrete Vibratory 10
14 Water Sprinkler,15000 l 4
Source: DPR
3.3.4 Water Conductor System: Power Intake, Headrace Tunnel /
Pressure Shafts
The Water Conductor System comprises:
Intake structure
1-integrated intake structure in each side with 4-openings and 2-emergency
gates and 2-service gates on either side of the structure, having centre line at
El 392.0 m and invert level at El 390.50m to meet water requirement of 2-
HRTs in each side. The gate openings are of size 5.53m (W) x3.0m (H). Each
opening has a transition zone of 25m length.
Head Race Tunnel
4nos (2nos in each side) x 6.5m dia each with lengths of 309 m & 260 m in
India and 336.0 m & 278.0 m in Nepal to convey maximum design discharge of
150.0 m3/s. Each one is steel lined and after covering a length of 264.0m, will
connect to a ferrule erection chamber(FEC) with invert level at El 389.0m,from
where it will emerge as an inclined pressure shaft with a vertical fall of
33.0m,having its centre line at El 356.0m, before entering into the power house
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Alike the activities for the other components, construction of each of the above
components are proposed to be carried out simultaneously on both sides of
India and Nepal.
a) Power Intake
Construction Schedules & Methodology
Total quantity of critical item of works for each-power intakes and 2-portals in
each side are estimated to:
(a) Intake Structure
Common Excavation 131000 m3
Rock Excavation 67750 m3
Concrete,M-25 20750 m3
(b) Portal
Common Excavation 130000 m3
Rock Excavation 39000 m3
The above cited activities are proposed to be undertaken during initial seven
months in the 3rd year with following work schedules and simultaneous work in
each side. Hourly Progress rates at each work front are estimated as
mentioned in Table-3.40.
Table-3.40: Schedules of Activities for Major Item of Works for Power Intake and
Intake Portal
Particular Time
(Month)
No. of
Shift
No of Work
Front
Hourly
Progress Rate
(m3/hr)
Intake Structure
Common Excavation 3 2 2 79
Rock Excavation 2 2 2 64
Concrete 2 2 2 19
Portal
Common Excavation 3 2 2 79
Rock Excavation 1 2 2 71
Source: DPR
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Equipment Planning
The above sequence of operations shall be based upon the following
construction method and equipment:
Excavation & loading of soft materials with 0.70 m3 capacity Hydraulic
Excavators and Ripping with 180hp Dozer and transportation with 18t
RE Dumpers
Drilling of 38mm dia holes @ 1.5m c/c with heavy duty Jack Hammers
for open rock excavation
Loading of blasted rocks with 2.5 m3 capacity Wheel Loaders assisted
with 320hp Dozer and transportation of blasted rock materials in 28t
capacity Rear End Dumpers
Placing of concrete with Tower cranes /crawler crane and concrete
pumps, 20 m3/hr
Concrete transportation in Transit Mixtures of 6.0cum
Shotcreting with 15 cum/hr capacity Shotcrete Machine with robot arm
Rock Anchoring with Rock Bolting Machine.
Accordingly, probable requirement of equipment are given in Table-3.41.
Table-3.41: Requirement of equipment for Construction of Power Intake & Portal
for HRT
S. No. Name of Equipment Quantity [Nos]
1. Hydraulic Excavator, 0.7 m3 2
2. Dozer,180hp 4
3. RE Dumpers, 18t 10
4. RE Dumpers , 28 t 9
5. Jack Hammer 7
6. Wheel Loader, 2.5 m3 2
7. Concrete Pump,20 m3 /hr 2
8. Tower Crane ,10 t/40m 2
9. Transit Mixture, 6m3 8
10. Shotcrete Machine, 15 m3 3
11. Rock Bolting Machine 3
Source: DPR
b) Head Race Tunnel
Construction of each HRT is proposed to be taken up immediately after
construction of the portal. Construction of the HRTs is proposed with the
following considerations:
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Parallel construction of 2-HRTs in each side
Excavation of the HRTs may be continued from each portal
simultaneously and may be continued for a distance of 264.0 m to
connect the Ferrule Erection Chamber with bottom at El 389.0 m with
Full Face Drill and Blast Method.
Blasted rock fragments derived from excavation of HRT up to FEC will
be taken out through the excavated tunnel itself
A Ferrule Erection Chamber(FEC) of size 34m (L)x9m (W) x 8.15m (H)
will be constructed with the top and bottom of the FEC to match with the
excavated HRT after excavation of the Adit, earmarked for construction
of FEC as an extension of the MAT, in later stage
Excavation of the inclined pressure shaft will be taken up after
construction of FEC.
Excavation of the inclined pressure shaft for a length of 50.0 m with 33m
fall from the bottom of FEC (EL 389.0 m) to the bottom at El 356.0 m is
proposed to be constructed from top to bottom with Full Face (FF) as in
sinking a vertical shaft.
A trolley track can be laid at the bottom so that the blasted rocks and the
working personnel can be winched up easily after every operation.
Mucks derived from excavation of the inclined shaft will be disposed off
through the FEC, Adit to FEC and MAT
Steel Ferrules will be taken to FEC through the MAT and Adit to FEC
After completion of excavation of the entire length of the HRT, steel
liners shall be laid in reverse direction i.e. from power house end to the
FEC and from Portal to FEC
With the above time schedules, total time of construction the HRTs would be 12
months (Refer Table-3.42).
Table-3.42: Time required for construction of HRTs
Construction of Portal 4 month
Tunnel excavation 4 month
Laying of Steel Liners 2 month
Construction of FEC & Other allied activities 2 month
Total 12 months (during 3rd -4th year)
Source: DPR
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Equipment Planning
The following sequence of operations is proposed as below:
- Driving of Heading according to the class of Rocks ( 3.5m for Class I,
3.0m for Class II, 2.5m for Class II and 2m or less for Class IV type
Rocks). Based upon geological investigations, Class I, II & III type rocks
are mostly expected to be encountered in the alignments.
- Drilling of blast holes with 2-Boom Jumbo Drill and loading of blasted
rocks with 2.0 m3 capacity Loader having side dump bucket, assisted
with 320hp Dozer for pushing and transportation in 12 t capacity Rear
End Dumpers
- Shotcrete with 10 m3 capacity wet Shotcrete Machine with robot arm
- Rock bolting with fully mechanized Rock Bolting Rig
- Transportation of concrete in 6 m3 capacity Transit Mixers
- Concreting from 38 m3 / hr. capacity Concrete Pumps
- Travelling steel Form, 12m long for concreting
- Fabrication of Steel liners in Workshop
- Transportation of Ferrules to site in Truck trailers
- Air Compressors
- Piling / Stacking of mucks at disposal yard with 180HP Dozer.
Requirement of equipment for construction of the Head Race Tunnels would be
the same in each work front. Probable requirement of equipment for completion
of 4- tunnels with 30% standby is listed in Table-3.43.
Table-3.43: Probable Requirement of Equipment for each HRT
S. No. Name & Capacity of Equipment No of Equipment
1. 2-Boom Jumbo Drill 1
2. Side Dump Loader, 2.0 cum 1
3. Dozer, 320hp for pushing mucks 1
4. FE Dumper,12t 28
5. Shotcrete Machine,105cum /hr 1
6. Rock bolting Machine 1
7. Compressor,1500/1000 kWh 2
8. Concrete Pump, 38 cum/hr 2
9. Transit Mixer, 6cum/hr 8
10. Dozer,180 HP (1x2) at disposal area 1
11. EOT Crane, 20t 2
12. Rolling Machine 113
13. Crane,10t capacity 1
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S. No. Name & Capacity of Equipment No of Equipment
14. HD Winch 2
15. Welding & Cutting Machine 2
16. Truck Trailer 2
17. Trolley 2
18. Set of Rail Track As per requirement
Source: DPR
3.3.5 Access Tunnels: Main Tunnel & Branch Tunnels and TRT
The Main Access Tunnel [MAT] and the Branch Tunnels will have the sizes as
detailed in Table-3.44.
Table-3.44: Size of Access Tunnels
S. No. Name of Component Size
1. Main Access Tunnel to PH Cavern 7mx 8m – D-shaped x 420 m long
2. Adit to FEC , off-setting from MAT 7m x8m - D-shaped x 344 m long
3. Link Tunnel to Crown of Transformer
Cavern
7m x8m - D-shaped x 67 m long
4. Link Tunnel to Power House Cavern 7m x 8m – D-shaped x 55m long
5. TRT extended up to bottom of Draft
tube
7m x 8m- D-shaped x 172m long
Source: DPR
Main Access tunnel to the transformer floor and service bay of the power house
at El 366.0 m shall be constructed by full face drill and blast method. After
construction of the MAT for a distance of 192.0 m at El 377.0m, a branch Adit
will take off to connect to FEC at El 389.0 m and from this point, construction of
both the tunnels will continue simultaneously.
After branching of the Adit to FEC for a distance of 90.0 m from its off-take
point at El 377.0 m, a link tunnel of 67 m length will extend from FEC Adit to
connect to the top of the Transformer Room at El 397.0m. Similarly, another
link tunnel of about 55.0 m length will off-take from FEC Adit to connect to the
top of the Power House at El 388.5 m from a point at about 74 m away from the
Transformer link tunnel. Both of these two link tunnels could be constructed
simultaneously after completion of the MAT and the Adit.
Excavation of both the TRTs, extended up to the bottom of the Draft tubes may
be taken up after excavation of the MAT and the branch tunnels. Proposed
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Chapter 3: Construction Schedules, Methodology and Equipment Planning Page 47
excavation of these access tunnels is earmarked for completion in 13 months
during 4th to 5th year with the following work schedule (Refer Table-3.45).
Table-3.45: Work Schedule for Construction of the Access Tunnels
S. No. Name of Component Proposed Time of
Excavation
1. Main Access Tunnel to PH Cavern 6 months
2. Adit to FEC, off-setting from MAT 5 months
3. Link Tunnel to Crown of Transformer Cavern 1 month
4. Link Tunnel to Power House Cavern 1 month
5. TRT extended up to bottom of Draft tube 2 months
Source: DPR
Equipment Planning
Equipment planning for excavation of these access tunnels is proposed as
follows:
Driving of the Main Access Tunnel to Powerhouse cavern and the Adit to
FEC by full face drill & blast method employing two independent sets of 2-
boom Jumbo drill and 2.0 m3 capacity side dump Loader with 12t RE
Dumpers for mucking operations and other equipments deployed for
construction of the HRTs.
Driving of the link tunnels to the crown of Powerhouse and the Transformer
cavern with another sets of the same type of equipment deployed for the
HRT except for ferrule fabrication equipment.
Mucks for construction of all these tunnels will be disposed off through the
MAT and its extensions.
3.3.6 Power House Complex and Transformer Cavern
a) Power House Complex
An underground Powerhouse of size 108.7 m (L) x 24.5 m (W) x 50.5 m (H) has
been proposed to accommodate 2x 60MW units with Vertical Kaplan turbines in
each side. Construction of the Powerhouse will be taken up after completion of
construction of the Transformer Room that connects the service bay of Power
House through the Bus Duct with its floor level at El 366.0m so that disposal of
mucks from the Power House will not be hindered.
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At first, the link tunnel connecting to the top of crown of the Powerhouse at EL
388.5m will be extended through the entire length of the Power House to form a
central passage to carry out further excavations in later stages. Thereafter the
dome cavity of the Power House from El 388.5m to El 382.5m will be
excavated.
Excavation of the dome cavity will be carried out in similar fashion alike
excavation of the dome cavity of the Transformer Room. The mucks obtained
from excavation of the crown cavity will be taken out through the ramp, link
tunnel and the MAT for onward disposal.
On completion of excavation and supporting of the dome cavity of the
powerhouse, excavation of the powerhouse cavity from bottom of the dome (El
382.50 m) to the Service bay level (El 366.0m) will be carried out by benching
operations in stages. The blasted material during benching operations from the
bottom of the dome will be pushed down to the service bay through the glory
holes.
Further extension of the powerhouse cavity from the service bay to MIV level
(El 366.0 m to 351.0m) will be carried out in similar fashion and the mucks will
be pushed down to the cavity of the draft tube through the glory holes and
disposed off through the TRT which would be excavated before taking up
excavation of the power house below service bay floor level. Concreting of the
side walls will also be carried out concurrently in stages along with excavation
of the powerhouse cavity.
Construction of the Power House complex will involve the following critical
activities which are intended to be carried out as detailed in Table-3.46.
Table-3.46: Critical Activities with proposed Hourly Progress Rate
Particular Quantity
(m3)
Time
(Month)
No. of
Shift
Hourly Progress
Rate(m3/hr)
Rock Excavation 363000 15 2 88
Structural Concrete 50800 15 2 As & when required
Source: DPR
b) Transformer Cavern
Construction of the Transformer cavern will be carried out from the top link
tunnel connecting the TR top at El 397.0 m. At first the link tunnel will be
extended covering entire length of the transformer cavern to make a central
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passage. Thereafter dome cavity with the full width of 19.0 m at El 391.50 m
will be constructed.
After completion of the central passage, the entire width of the dome cavity will
be excavated in parts such that proper supports are left for the crown. At first,
excavation will be completed in both sides of the passage, covering 1/3rd width
of the dome in each direction, duly provided with proper rock supports to the
dome to protect against any initial deformation. After completion of excavation
of the 2/3rd width of the dome, construction of the remaining 1/3rd portion will
be completed. Roof supporting and concreting / Shotcreting will be carried out
appropriately as roof excavation proceeds. The mucks obtained from
excavation of the dome cavity will be taken out through the ramp, Branch
Tunnel and the MAT for onward disposal.
Further excavation of the Transformer Room (TR) from El 391.50 m to its floor
level at El 366.0 m will be carried out through benching in stages and the
mucks will be pushed down to the floor level through the glory holes that need
to be excavated before taking up benching operations in hand. Structural
concreting will also be carried out concurrently in stages along with excavation
of the TR cavity. Construction of the TR will involve the following critical
activities which are intended to be carried out as detailed in Table-7.42.
After completion of the TR up to its floor level, excavation of the Control gate
shaft can be taken up. At first, a pilot shaft of 2.5m dia may be extended from
the floor level to the top of the underneath TRT and thereafter the pilot shaft
may be widened to full size of the shaft (10m (L)x 6.5m (W) x13m (H)). After full
excavation of the gate shaft, concreting can be taken up and expected to be
completed in 2 months. The hourly progress of critical activities is given in
Table-3.47.
Table-3.47: Hourly Progress Rate of critical activities
Particular Quantity (m3) Time
(Month)
No of Shift Hourly Progress
Rate
Rock Excavation 49500 3 2 60 m3/hr
Structural Concrete 7100 3 2 As & when required
Source: DPR
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Equipment Planning
Construction method and requirement of the equipment for construction of the
Powerhouse and the Transformer Room with construction of the glory holes are
proposed to be as follows:
Driving of the Transformer Room and the Power house by drill & blast
method in stages as explained above deploying crawler drill and 2.5 m3
capacity side dump Loader with 12t RE Dumpers for mucking operations
Driving Glory holes with Raise Climbers
Benching operations by employing crawler drills and jack hammers for
drilling and 120 hp Wheel Dozer for pushing the muck through the glory
holes
Side wall slashing of the domes with the same set of equipment
Collection and disposition of muck from bottom of glory holes by using
1.5 m3 capacity side dump Loader in combination with 12t capacity RE
Dumpers
Concreting by employing 20 m3/hr capacity concrete pumps an d Transit
Mixtures of 6m3 capacity for transportation of concrete mix from the B&M
plant
The requirement of equipment for Tail Race and Power House is given in
Table-3.48.
Table-3.48: Requirement of Equipment for TR and PH
S. No Name of Equipment No of Equipment
1. Crawler Drill 2
2. Jack Hammer, Heavy Duty 4
3. RE Dumper, 12t 6
4. Wheel Dozer,180 HP 2
5. Wheel Dozer,120hp 2
6. Raise Climber 1
7 Rock bolting Machine, 20 m3/ hr 3
8. Concrete Pump,20 m3/ hr 3
9. Transit Mixture, 6 m3 6
10. Grout Pump 2
11. Air Compressor, 1500/1000 cfm 2
12. Aggregate Processing Plant, 200 TPH 2
13. B&M Plant, 60 m3/hr 2
14. Travelling Form 4
15. Truck, 8/10t 4
Source: DPR
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3.3.7 Supply, Installation and Commissioning of Hydro-Mechanical
Equipment
Supply, installation and commissioning of the hydro-mechanical equipment are
proposed to be carried out as follows:
Positioning and fixing embedded parts during pouring concrete at the
desired locations
Installation of Gates appropriately after setting of 2nd stage
concreting in the gate grooves at the desired locations.
The schedule of supply and installation/ commissioning of the following hydro-
mechanical equipment is proposed as follows:
DT gates in 2 months during 4th working season
Spillway gates in 12 months during 7th & 8th working season
Power Intake & HRT gates, etc in 18 months during 3rd -5th working
season
Draft Tubes & TRT gates in 2 months during 8th working season
3.3.8 Supply/ Manufacture, Installation and Commissioning of Electro-
Mechanical Equipment
It is assumed that supply, installation and commissioning of the electro-
mechanical equipment will be carried out by the EPC Contractor. Preparation of
specifications, processing of tenders, allotment of work and approval to
suppliers drawings, etc is planned to be done during the initial two years.
Various activities related to supply/ manufacture, installation and testing is
expected to be completed within 24 months from the date of placing orders for
each side. However, installation and testing of the TG Sets is expected to be
done in 12 months during the 8th year.
3.3.9 Construction of Pothead Yard
Construction of Pothead yard is proposed to be undertaken in 12 months during
7th year.
3.3.10 Schedule of Reservoir’s Initial Filling
Initial filling of the reservoir will depend upon the following factors:
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Rate of base flow and frequency flood event
All water Release facilities
MDDL
Spillway Crest Level and
FRL
Reservoir filling consists of filling in three stages namely, 1st stage up to MDDL,
2nd stage up to Crest level and 3rd stage up to FRL and comprises of the site
specific filling programme as per time to time observations and monitoring of
performance/ behavior of the dam body. However, before starting filling of the
reservoir, a detailed programme may be chalked out with respect to IS -7323,
IS-12633 and IS-15472.
CHAPTER-4 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR EIA
STUDY
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Chapter 4: Methodology Adopted for the EIA Study Page 1
CHAPTER-4
METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE EIA STUDY
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Standard methodologies of Environment Impact Assessment have been
followed for conducting the CEIA study for the proposed Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project (PMP). A brief description of the methodology adopted for
conducting the CEIA study for the proposed Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
is outlined in the present chapter. The information in this Chapter has been
presented through various primary as well as secondary sources.
4.2 STUDY AREA
The Study Area considered for the CEIA study is given as below:
Submergence area
Area within 10 km of the periphery of the submergence area
Area to be acquired for siting of various project appurtenances.
Area within 10 km of various project appurtenances
Catchment area intercepted at the dam site
The False Colour Composite (FCC) of the Study Area is enclosed as Figure-
4.1.
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Chapter 4: Methodology Adopted for the EIA Study Page 2
Figure-4.1: FALSE COLOUR COMPOSITE (FCC) of the Study Area
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4.3 SCOPING MATRIX
Scoping is a tool which gives direction for selection of impacts due to the
project activities on the environment. As a part of the study, scoping exercise
was conducted selecting various types of impacts which can accrue due to
hydroelectric project. Based on the project features, site conditions, various
parameters to be covered as a part of the CEIA study were selected. The
results of Scoping analysis are presented in Table-4.1.
Table-4.1: Scoping Matrix for CEIA study for the proposed Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Dam
Aspects of Environment Likely Impacts
A. Land Environment
Construction phase - Increase in soil erosion from various
construction and quarry sites
- Pollution by construction spoils
- Acquisition of land for labour camps/ colonies
- Solid waste generated from labour
camps/colonies
Operation phase
- Acquisition of land for various project
appurtenances
- Loss of forest land due to acquisition of land
for various project appurtenances
B. Water resources & water quality
Construction phase
- Impact on water quality of receiving water
body due to disposal of runoff from
construction Sites carrying high sediment
level.
- Degradation of water quality due to disposal of
effluent from labour, camps/colonies
Operation phase - Modification of hydrologic regime due to
diversion of water for hydropower generation
C. Aquatic Ecology
Construction phase - Increased pressure on riverine fisheries as a
result of indiscriminate fishing by the
Immigrant labour population.
- Reduced productivity due to increase in
turbidity levels as a result of disposed off
waste water from construction sites and labour
Camps/ colonies.
Operation phase - Impacts on spawning & breeding grounds in
the stretch downstream of dam site to Tail
race disposal site.
- Degradation of riverine ecology
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Aspects of Environment Likely Impacts
- Impacts on migratory fish species
- Impact on aquatic ecology due to reduction in
flow downstream of the dam site upto tail race
disposal site.
D. Terrestrial Ecology
Construction phase
- Increased pressure from labour to meet their
fuel wood requirements during project
construction phase
- Adverse impacts on flora and fauna due to
increased accessibility in the area and
increased level of human interferences
- Loss of forest due to siting of various project
appurtenances
Operation phase
- Impacts on wildlife movement due to the
project
- Impacts on wildlife habitats due to Acquisition
of forest land for various project
appurtenances.
E. Socio-Economic Aspects
Construction phase
- Increased employment potential during project
construction phase Development of allied
sectors leading to greater employment
- Pressure on existing infrastructure Facilities.
- Cultural conflicts and law and order issues due
to migration of labour population
Operation phase - Loss of community properties, if any
- Impacts on archaeological and cultural
monuments, if any
- Impacts on mineral reserves, if any
F. Air Pollution
Construction Phase - Impacts due to emission as a result of fuel
combustion in various construction equipment
- Impacts due to emission as a result of
increased vehicular movement for
transportation of men and material during
project construction phase
- Fugitive envisions from various sources
- Impacts due to emissions from DG set
G. Noise Pollution
Construction Phase - Noise due to operation of various construction
equipment
- Noise due to increased vehicular movement
- Impacts due to blasting
- Increased noise levels due to operation of DG
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Aspects of Environment Likely Impacts
set
H. Public Health
Construction Phase - Increased incidence of water related diseases
- Transmission of diseases by immigrant labour
population
Operation phase - Increased incidence of vector- borne diseases
Based on the Scoping matrix, the environmental baseline data has been
collected. The project details have been superimposed on environmental
baseline conditions to understand the beneficial and deleterious impacts due to
the construction and operation of the proposed Pancheshwar Multipurpose
Pproject (PMP).
4.4 DATA COLLECTION
4.4.1 Physico-Chemical Aspects
Primary surveys have been conducted for three seasons namely, Pre-
monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The data has been collected
for flora, fauna, forest types and ecological parameters, geological and soil
features. During these surveys data and information was collected on physico-
chemical, biological and socio-economic aspects of the study area. In addition,
detailed surveys and studies were also conducted for understanding bio-
diversity in the study area.
As a part of the EIA study, primary data has been collected for three seasons.
The details are given in Table-4.2.
Table-4.2: Details of field studies conducted as a part of CEIA studies
Season Months
Summer May - June, 2015
Monsoon August - September, 2015
Winter December 2015 – January 2016
Geology
The regional geology around the project area highlighting geology, stratigraphy,
etc. has been covered in the CEIA Report, as per the available information in
the Detailed Project Report (DPR) of the project.
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Hydrology
Hydrological data for river Mahakali as available in the Detailed Project Report
was collected and has been suitably incorporated in the Comprehensive CEIA
study.
Seismo-tectonics
The regional seismo-tectonics around the project area highlighting seismicity
has been covered in the CEIA Report, as per the available information in the
Detailed Project Report (DPR) of the project.
Land Use Pattern
Land use pattern of the study area as well as the catchment area was carried
out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data and followed by
ground truth collection and interpretation of satellite data. For this purpose
digital satellite data was procured from National Remote Sensing Agency,
Hyderabad, IRS-P6 LISS-IV. The data was processed through ERDAS
software package available with WAPCOS.
Soil
The soil quality was monitored at various locations in the catchment area. The
monitoring was conducted for three seasons as detailed in Table-4.2. The
parameters monitored were:
pH
Electrical Conductivity
Organic Matter
Sodium
Available Phosphorus
Available Potassium
Available Nitrogen
Cation Exchange Capacity
Particle Size Distribution
Texture
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Water Quality
The existing data on water quality has been collected to evaluate river water
quality on upstream and downstream of the project site. The water quality was
monitored for various seasons as listed in Table-4.2. The water samples were
collected from the study area and analyzed for various physico-chemical
parameters, listed in Table-4.3.
Table - 4.3: Water Quality Parameters Analyzed as a Part of the Field Studies
pH Zinc
Electrical Conductivity Mercury
Total Dissolved Solids Cadmium
Sulphates Magnesium
Chlorides Lead
Nitrates Manganese
Phosphates Cyanides
Sodium Hardness
Potassium DO
Calcium BOD
Copper COD
Iron Oil & grease
Total Coliform Fecal Coliform
Ambient Air Quality
The ambient air quality was monitored at three locations in the study area.
Monitoring was conducted for three seasons as listed in Table-4.2. The
frequency of monitoring for each season was twice a week for four consecutive
weeks. The parameters monitored were Particulate Matter less than 10 micron
(PM10), Particulate Matter less than 2.5 micron (PM2.5), Sulphur-dioxide (SO2)
and Nitrogen di-oxides (NO2).
Ambient Noise Level
As a part of the EIA study noise level was monitored at various locations in the
study area. Monitoring was conducted for various seasons as listed in Table-
4.2. At each station, hourly noise level was monitored during day time. Further
day time equivalent noise level was estimated.
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4.4.2 Ecological Aspects
Terrestrial Ecology
Flora
Data on forest type legal status and their extent in the catchment and study
area has been collected from the forest department. The other relevant data on
bio-diversity economically important species, medicinal plant, rare and
endangered species in the study area and its surroundings have been collected
from secondary sources like Forest research institute and wildlife department.
In addition field studies were conducted to collect data on various aspects in
the study area. The sampling sites were selected based on topography and
floristic composition. The various aspects studied were floral density frequency
and abundance of species of trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses. Plants of
economical species and medicinal use and endangered species were also
identified as a part of the study. The monitoring was conducted for various
seasons listed in Table-4.2.
Fauna
The faunal assessment has been done on the basis secondary data collected
from different government offices like forest department, wildlife department,
fisheries department, etc. The presence of wildlife was also confirmed from the
local inhabitants depending on the animal sightings and the frequency of their
visits in the catchment area. In addition review of secondary data was another
source of information for studying the fauna of the area. In addition, sightings of
faunal population during ecological survey and then field studies were also
recorded as a part of the data collection exercise.
Aquatic Ecology and Fisheries
Water samples from river Mahakali were also collected as a part of field
studies. The density and diversity of periphyton and phytoplankton’s, species
diversity index and primary productivity etc. were also studied. The field studies
were conducted for various seasons as listed in Table-4.2.
The secondary data pertaining to fisheries in river Mahakali was collected from
Fisheries Department and through literature review as well. Fishing was done
at various sites in the project area and river stretches both upstream and
downstream of the dam site of proposed Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project to
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ascertain the dispersal pattern of fish species. Identification and measurements
of all the fish catch was done and an inventory of the fish species was also
prepared. Various migratory species and the species to be affected due to
conversion of lentic to lotic conditions as a result of commissioning of the
proposed project were also identified.
4.5 SUMMARY OF DATA COLLECTION
The summary of the data collected from various sources is outlined in Table-
4.4.
Table-4.4: Summary of data collected for the Comprehensive EIA study
Aspect Mode of Data
collection
Parameters
monitored
Frequency Source
Meteorology Secondary Temperature,
humidity, rainfall
- India Meteorological
Department (IMD)
Water
Resources
Secondary Flow, Design
hydrograph and design
flood hydrograph
- Detailed Project
Report (DPR)
Water
Quality
Primary Physico-chemical and
biological parameters
Three
seasons
Field studies for
summer, monsoon,
and winter seasons
Ambient air
quality
Primary PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2 Three
seasons
Field studies for
summer, monsoon,
and winter seasons
Noise Primary Hourly noise and
equivalent noise level
Three
seasons
Field studies for
summer, monsoon,
and winter seasons
Landuse Primary and
secondary
Land use pattern - NRSA and
Ground truth
Studies
Geology Secondary
Geological
characteristics of the
study area
- Detailed Project
Report (DPR )
Soils Physico-chemical
parameters
Three
seasons
Field studies for
summer, monsoon,
and winter seasons
Terrestrial
Ecology
Primary and
secondary
Floral and faunal
diversity
Three
seasons
Field studies for
summer, monsoon,
and winter seasons
Secondary data as
available with the
Forest and Wildlife
Departments
Aquatic
Ecology
Primary and
Secondary
Presence and
abundance of various
Three
seasons
Field studies for
summer, monsoon,
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Aspect Mode of Data
collection
Parameters
monitored
Frequency Source
species and winter seasons
Secondary data as
available with the
Fisheries
Department
4.6 IMPACT PREDICTION
Prediction is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental
conditions of the project area that might be expected to occur because of
implementation of the project. Impact of project activities has been predicted
using mathematical models and overlay technique (super-imposition of activity
on environmental parameter). For intangible impacts qualitative assessment
has been done. The environmental impacts predicted are as follows:
A. Impacts during Project construction phase
Land Environment
Pollution due to large scale quarrying activities
Degradation of land during construction activities, i.e. as a result of
disposal of construction waste.
Pollution due to increased soil erosion from the construction sites.
Impacts due to disposal of solid waste from labour camps.
Water Environment
Pollution due to disposal of untreated sewage from the labour colonies.
Pollution due to disposal of runoff from construction sites.
Impacts due to discharge of effluent from the crusher.
Ecology
Increase in turbidity during construction phase with corresponding
reduction in photosynthetic activity and primary productivity.
Impacts on terrestrial ecology due to increased human interferences due
to congregation of labour population during construction phase
Air Environment
Impacts on ambient air quality as a result of construction activities, e.g.
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operation of various construction equipments, increased vehicular traffic
etc.
Impacts due to fugitive emissions.
Impacts on ambient air quality due to source of construction power to be
identified at the time of construction.
Noise Environment
Increase in noise levels as a result of operation of various construction
equipment.
Impacts due to increased vehicular traffic.
Socio-Economic Environment
Improvement in the employment scenario as a result of absorption of
locals in the construction activities.
Traffic congestion and traffic safety aspects due to increased traffic
movement.
Increased stress on existing infrastructure facilities due to congregation of
labour population.
Incidence of water-borne diseases in construction staff colony
B. Impacts during project operation phase
Land Environment
Impacts on land use pattern due to increase in cropping intensity
Increased irrigation intensity in the command area
Impacts on soil quality due to increased and continued use of agro-
chemicals.
Increased potential for waterlogging and soil salinization in the command
area.
Impacts due to acquisition of land for various project appurtenances
including ownership status
Water Environment
Impacts on reservoir water quality.
Impacts due to increased use of agro-chemical.
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Ecology
Impacts on the bio-diversity as a result of introduction of irrigation in the
command area.
Impacts on flora and fauna
Impacts on ecologically sensitive sites like national park, wildlife
sanctuary, etc. if any
Impacts on rare, endangered and threatened species.
Impacts on medicinally important and other economically important
species if any.
Impacts on migratory routes of wildlife
Increased potential for farm and tank fisheries in the command area.
Socio-Economic Environment
Acquisition of private lands for construction of various project
appurtenances.
Improvement in employment potential as a result of increase in irrigation
intensity.
Improvement in quality of life as a result of higher agricultural production,
and improvement in income levels.
Impacts on livestock
Increased incidence of vector-borne diseases.
Improvement in public health, educational status, etc. as a result of
economic development.
Improvement in the status of livestock as a result of greater water
availability and fodder from agricultural residues.
Impetus to urbanization and industrialization as a result of improved water
availability.
4.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND COST ESTIMATES
Based on the environmental baseline conditions and project inputs, the
adverse impacts were identified and a set of measures have been suggested
as a part of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for their amelioration. The
management measures have been suggested for the following aspects:
Measures to control water pollution due to various effluents to be
discharged during construction phase.
Measures to control air pollution during construction phase.
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Measures to contain noise pollution and mitigate adverse impact on
construction staff and habitat in the study area.
Reclamation of areas disturbed during construction phase including
quarry stabilization and construction waste disposal sites
Development of public health management plan
Biodiversity Conservation Plan
Compensatory Afforestation Plan
Greenbelt development along periphery of reservoir, colonies, approach
road, canals etc.
Health Delivery system.
Air Pollution Control.
Noise Control measures
Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan
Sustenance and enhancement of fisheries potential.
Infrastructure development for agriculture.
Anti-poaching measures
Provision of facilities in labour camps (Heating, Water Supply, Sanitation
& Sewage Treatment Facilities, Solid Waste Management )
Provision of free fuel to labour population
Restoration of quarry sites and landscaping of construction sites
Disposal of Muck and Reclamation of Muck Disposal Sites
Management of Impact due to construction of road
Energy Conservation measures
Release of Environmental Flows
Fisheries Management Plan
The expenditure required for implementation of these management measures
has also been estimated as a part of the EMP study.
4.8 CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT PLAN
As a part of the CEIA study, a catchment area treatment plan for the catchment
area intercepted at the project site has been formulated. An amount of 2.5% of
the project cost has been earmarked for implementation of CAT Plan. Various
sub-watersheds have been categorized into different erosion categories, as per
Silt Yield Index (SYI) method. For high and very high erosion categories, a
catchment area treatment plan comprising of engineering and biological
measures has been formulated.
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4.9 DAM BREAK ANALYSIS AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
A dam break analysis has been conducted to simulate hypothetical failure of
dam including preparation of inundation maps. A Disaster Management Plan
(DMP) including cost estimates has been prepared for dealing with emergency
situation. It includes emergency preparedness plan, surveillance plan,
evacuation plan etc. including communication system.
4.10 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION PLAN
As a part of the EIA study, a socio-economic survey of project affected families
was conducted. As a part of the survey, information on family profile,
occupational profile, income, land holding, crop grown, assets owned, etc. was
collected. The resettlement and rehabilitation plan for the project affected
families/ persons of the proposed Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project has been
formulated within the provisions and/or guidelines as per the norms outlined in
The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, Government of India.
4.11 LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN
As a part of the CEIA Study, a Local Area Development Plan (LADP) has been
formulated for implementation in study area villages. An amount of 0.5% of the
project cost has been earmarked for implementation of Local Area
Development Plan (LADP).
4.12 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
It is necessary to continue monitoring of certain parameters to verify the
adequacy of various measures outlined in the Environmental Management Plan
(EMP) and to assess the implementation of mitigative measures. An
Environmental Monitoring Programme for critical parameters has been
suggested for implementation during project construction and operation
phases. The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring
Programme has also been indicated.
4.13 COST ESTIMATES
The expenditure required for implementation of these management measures
has been also been estimated as a part of the EMP study.
CHAPTER-5 HYDROLOGY
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CHAPTER-5
HYDROLOGY
5.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAHAKALI BASIN
The Mahakali Basin upstream of the Pancheshwar Dam site has a drainage
area of 12,276 km2, estimated through SRTM data, out of which 4,034 km2 is
drained by the Sarju River, a first order tributary flowing into the mainstream
from India 2 km upstream of the Pancheshwar Dam site. The drainage area of
the Mahakali mainstream upstream of this confluence is 8,242 km2 of which
2,380 km2 lies in Nepal.
The Sarju River has two major tributaries, the Panar, which drains 457 km2 in
the southwestern portion of the sub-basin and joins the Sarju 25 km upstream
of the dam site and the Ram Ganga, which is a left bank tributary with a
drainage area of 1,213 km2 and joins river Sarju 24 km upstream of the dam
site.
The main stem of the Mahakali River upstream of the Sarju Confluence has
three major tributaries flowing from right bank, namely, the Khuti Yankti, Dhauli
Ganga and the Gori Ganga that drain land exclusively in India. The last named
tributary enters the Mahakali near the upstream end of the proposed reservoir.
One major left bank tributary, Chamalya is a second order stream and drains
land in Nepal, is relatively near the dam site.
The characteristics of the first and second order tributaries including drainage
area, length of main stem, basin slope and stream distance to their confluence
upstream of the Pancheshwar Dam site are given in Table-5.1.
Table-5.1: Characteristic Mahakali Basin First and Second Order Sub-basins
Tributary Drainage Area (Km
2)
Highest Elevation (m)
Streambed Elevation (m)
Length (km)
Average Gradient
Mahakali Main stem 2510 7820 410 120 0.0217
KhutiYankti (I) 522 6320 3008 40 0.0468
Dhauli Ganga ( I ) 1357 6640 1130 78 0.0481
Gori Ganga ( I ) 2300 7820 600 100 0.089
Chamalya (N) 1553 7090 530 75 0.0499
Sarju ( I ) 4034 4360 418 115 0.0229
Panar ( I ) 457 2120 570 37 0.0259
Ram Ganga ( I) 1213 6310 550 90 0.0447
Lohavati (I) 243 1975 450 41 0.0368
Surnayagad (N) 652 2400 450 64 0.0304
Source: DPR
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1. The drainage area of the Sarju includes those of its second-order tributaries,
the Panar and Ram Ganga
2. (I) and (N) designate river sources in India or Nepal respectively.
5.2 PROJECT CATCHMENT
For the catchment area of Pancheshwar and Rupaligad, the 90m SRTM DEM
data was used for delineating the catchment whose elevation varies from 7900
m to 400m. The DEM of the area and Google image are shown in Figures 5.1 &
5.2 respectively.
Figure-5.1: DEM of the Pancheshwar Project Area
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Figure-5.2: Google Map of the Pancheshwar Project Area
The DEM was analyzed using ARC- GIS (Geographical Information System)
software. The sinks were filled in the DEM and the flow directions and flow
accumulations points were identified before delineation of the main river and
their watersheds up to the project sites (Pancheshwar and Rupaligad). The
stream network for each major river catchment was delineated using flow
direction method in GIS. The delineated watershed of Pancheshwar and
Rupaligad project site which indicates the areas of major tributaries also and
the same is shown in Figure 5.3.
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Chapter 5: Hydrology Page 4
Figure-5.3: Catchment Area map of Pancheshwar and Rupaligad dam site
5.3 HYPSOMETRIC CURVE
The hypsometric curve is a curve indicating the catchment area intercepted
between different elevations. It is helpful in identifying the catchment
characteristics including the pattern of precipitation and runoff generated from
the catchment. Since Pancheshwar dam site intercepts an area of 12276 km2
and intermediate area between re-regulating dam at Rupaligad being 1214
km2. The hypsometric curve for Pancheshwar site and intermediate area
between re-regulating dam at Rupaligad is indicated in Figures- 5.4 and 5.5
respectively.
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Chapter 5: Hydrology Page 5
Figure 5.4: Hypsometric Curve for Pancheshwar Catchment Area
Figure 5.5: Hypsometric Curve for Intermediate catchment between
Pancheshwar and Rupaligad
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Chapter 5: Hydrology Page 6
5.4 LONG TERM WATER AVAILABILITY AT PANCHESHWAR DAM SITE
5.4.1 Long Term Water Availability (1962-1992)
The Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project DPR of 1995 by His Majesty’s
Government of Nepal prepared a long term runoff series at Pancheshwar
utilizing the Chisapani runoff-runoff correlation for the period 1962-1983. The
discharge observations commenced at Pancheshwar site from 1984. As such a
long term runoff series utilizing the yield from correlation study and site specific
observed data was made for the period 1962-1992 (calendar year) which was
agreed to by both India and Nepal. The mean monthly flows (1962-1992) are
given in Table-5.2.
Table-5.2: Pancheshwar – Mean Monthly Flows (1962-1992) (Unit: cumec)
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1962 223 212 228 252 331 752 1252 2427 1712 639 309 212
1963 162 136 165 203 324 672 1526 2381 1476 484 282 205
1964 161 134 125 176 211 435 1481 1686 1480 534 279 207
1965 166 155 163 217 255 485 876 1076 725 321 215 165
1966 129 125 119 134 237 472 1038 1874 854 331 210 160
1967 128 110 107 131 176 366 1155 1937 1121 426 247 189
1968 168 152 167 182 294 695 1497 1842 918 466 261 189
1969 166 145 148 183 352 587 1172 1767 1564 594 303 209
1970 172 151 145 190 257 620 1648 1748 999 548 296 214
1971 174 159 174 241 273 1207 1763 2169 1520 611 361 250
1972 197 193 187 198 365 464 1193 1273 1235 447 280 200
1973 177 162 195 274 429 930 1579 1668 1387 1212 399 251
1974 200 172 158 204 240 398 989 1667 921 482 272 202
1975 178 171 176 260 396 1317 1568 1859 1585 649 330 236
1976 184 169 157 198 326 502 937 1435 1112 404 248 184
1977 154 141 124 144 238 422 1479 1793 1066 454 276 204
1978 171 165 206 252 484 758 1500 2318 1181 490 281 216
1979 169 174 161 223 397 546 1131 1245 499 480 182 150
1980 130 110 133 181 300 556 1591 2053 1091 436 248 180
1981 155 138 148 197 321 470 1503 1826 937 556 302 206
1982 171 161 230 280 391 724 1176 1928 1141 415 253 182
1983 161 135 129 208 361 475 902 1324 2359 1385 363 216
1984 167 182 174 202 494 972 1484 1398 1226 403 229 168
1985 147 121 117 151 310 483 1351 1872 1232 1053 473 284
1986 235 153 142 226 402 822 1979 1813 850 431 287 209
1987 160 155 139 183 276 575 1026 1493 1242 384 222 155
1988 117 108 130 219 465 605 1789 2145 920 440 283 176
1999 182 128 140 170 329 534 1066 1833 1175 427 244 173
1990 134 121 179 244 476 668 1659 1981 1261 477 246 173
1991 155 130 157 221 430 705 1279 1876 1075 381 212 152
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Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1992 123 119 114 152 258 444 901 2022 1284 398 207 136
Avg. 165 148 156 203 335 634 1338 1798 1198 534 277 195
1962 to 1983 Data obtained from correlation with the Chisapani Station
1984 to 1992 Data obtained from actual records of the Pancheshwar Indian and Nepalese
gauging stations
Source: DPR
5.4.2 Long Term Water Availability (1993-2012)
To update the study, WAPCOS considered the rainfall data received from IMD
Pune, DHM Nepal, CWC and also TRMM rainfall data downloaded from NASA
site. The discharge data received from CWC at Pancheshwar G&D Site after
1993 was also considered. The details of data received from the above
mentioned agencies has already been indicated in the bar diagram in the
earlier para.
An examination and analysis of runoff data received from CWC for the period
1993-2012 was carried out on the raw data as indicated in Table 5.3.
Table-5.3: Pancheshwar – Observed Mean Monthly Flows (1993-2012) (Unit cumec)
YEAR Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1993 115.3 145.7 125.9 374.3 241.5 526.1 938.2 1073.9 1516.6 425.4 214.6 190.1
1994 160.5 144.3 137.2 144.2 324.3 651.5 1160.2 1361.9 702.9 329.7 249.3 196.0
1995 178.7 158.3 156.5 148.1 248.0 325.9 1095.0 1183.6 673.5 252.7 185.0 149.7
1996 128.8 117.0 126.1 165.1 226.3 430.8 761.3 1065.7 565.5 239.7 161.5 137.0
1997 132.2 117.0 108.3 142.5 183.1 328.6 848.0 793.2 639.9 296.4 195.4 182.0
1998 136.0 121.9 126.6 184.9 297.1 474.5 1154.0 1692.0 698.2 394.6 207.2 163.1
1999 133.1 116.5 145.6 191.0 304.2 291.6 1073.0 1312.0 597.8 298.9 154.3 120.0
2000 94.8 93.0 83.0 147.2 286.8 546.3 1363.4 1713.7 1106.7 430.4 233.9 177.6
2001 132.7 149.2 143.0 187.4 471.4 809.4 2351.0 1448.0 705.1 253.4 158.0 126.1
2002 152.6 120.4 147.8 216.2 379.7 435.6 1074.0 1499.0 1360.0 382.7 248.5 179.6
2003 144.6 162.2 191.7 253.0 338.6 610.5 1692.0 2221.0 1424.0 524.2 272.2 191.0
2004 147.4 120.0 117.3 133.7 237.3 370.7 1198.0 2075.0 684.2 402.3 257.7 177.0
2005 152.6 173.0 187.1 214.8 294.2 462.3 1548.0 1582.0 1175.0 537.4 274.6 227.8
2006 189.7 172.9 165.4 194.1 432.3 449.8 1341.0 1517.0 950.2 330.5 187.3 165.5
2007 144.5 149.0 215.2 272.3 339.9 650.1 2167.0 2914.0 1848.0 698.2 350.6 215.8
2008 179.6 162.0 159.0 178.7 320.7 889.3 1944.0 1943.0 978.8 456.1 262.6 199.3
2009 167.9 153.0 146.2 148.5 247.2 426.7 913.2 1373.0 1195.0 820.0 300.5 206.6
2010 175.7 160.0 158.9 197.6 288.1 370.9 1248.0 2437.0 2401.0 613.5 295.0 183.8
2011 160.8 154.0 141.9 187.3 372.6 705.2 1742.0 2574.0 1392.0 475.3 271.8 175.1
2012 152.9 134.9 129.9 188.1 275.5 463.2 1249.0 1825.0 1603.0 454.5 208.5 169.0
Source: DPR
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Chapter 5: Hydrology Page 8
5.4.3 Runoff series at Pancheshwar Dam site
The modified runoff series for the period 1962-2012 is in Table-5.4 and
depicted in Figure-5.6.
Table-5.4: Pancheshwar runoff series (m
3/s) Catchment area=12276 km
2
YEAR Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1962 223 212 228 252 331 752 1252 2427 1712 639 309 212
1963 162 136 165 203 324 672 1526 2381 1476 484 282 205
1964 161 134 125 176 211 435 1481 1686 1480 534 279 207
1965 166 155 163 217 255 485 876 1076 725 321 215 165
1966 129 125 119 134 237 472 1038 1874 854 331 210 160
1967 128 110 107 131 176 366 1155 1937 1121 426 247 189
1968 168 152 167 182 294 695 1497 1842 918 466 261 189
1969 166 145 148 183 352 587 1172 1767 1564 594 303 209
1970 172 151 145 190 257 620 1648 1748 999 548 296 214
1971 174 159 174 241 273 1207 1763 2169 1520 611 361 250
1972 197 193 187 198 365 464 1193 1273 1235 447 280 200
1973 177 162 195 274 429 930 1579 1668 1387 1212 399 251
1974 200 172 158 204 240 398 989 1667 921 482 272 202
1975 178 171 176 260 396 1317 1568 1859 1585 659 330 236
1976 184 169 157 198 326 502 937 1435 1112 404 248 184
1977 154 141 124 144 238 422 1479 1793 1066 454 276 204
1978 171 165 206 252 484 758 1500 2318 1181 490 281 216
1979 169 174 161 223 397 546 1131 1245 499 280 182 150
1980 130 110 133 181 300 556 1591 2053 1091 436 248 180
1981 155 138 148 197 321 470 1503 1826 937 556 302 206
1982 171 161 230 280 391 724 1176 1928 1141 415 253 182
1983 161 135 129 208 361 475 902 1324 2359 1385 363 216
1984 167 182 174 202 494 972 1484 1398 1226 403 229 168
1985 147 121 117 151 310 483 1351 1872 1232 1053 473 284
1986 235 153 142 226 402 822 1979 1813 850 431 287 209
1987 160 155 139 183 276 575 1026 1493 1242 384 222 155
1988 117 108 130 219 465 605 1789 2145 920 440 283 176
1989 182 128 140 170 329 534 1066 1833 1175 427 244 173
1990 134 121 179 244 476 668 1659 1981 1261 477 246 173
1991 155 130 157 221 430 705 1279 1876 1075 381 212 152
1992 123 119 114 152 258 444 901 2022 1284 398 207 136
1993 115 146 126 374 242 526 938 1074 1517 425 215 190
1994 161 144 137 144 324 652 1160 1362 703 330 249 196
1995 241 214 211 200 335 440 1478 1598 909 341 250 202
1996 174 158 170 223 306 582 1028 1439 763 324 218 185
1997 179 158 146 192 247 444 1145 1071 864 400 264 246
1998 184 165 171 250 401 641 1558 2284 943 533 280 220
1999 180 157 197 258 411 394 1449 1771 807 404 208 162
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YEAR Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2000 128 126 112 199 387 738 1841 2314 1494 581 316 240
2001 133 149 143 187 471 809 2351 1448 705 253 158 126
2002 153 120 148 216 380 436 1074 1499 1360 383 249 180
2003 145 162 192 253 339 611 1692 2221 1424 524 272 191
2004 147 120 117 134 237 371 1198 2075 684 402 258 177
2005 153 173 187 215 294 462 1548 1582 1175 537 275 228
2006 190 173 165 194 432 450 1341 1517 950 331 187 166
2007 145 149 215 272 340 650 2167 2914 1848 698 351 216
2008 180 162 159 179 321 889 1944 1943 979 456 263 199
2009 168 153 146 149 247 427 913 1373 1195 820 301 207
2010 176 160 159 198 288 371 1248 2437 2401 614 295 184
2011 161 154 142 187 373 705 1742 2574 1392 475 272 175
2012 153 135 130 188 276 463 1249 1825 1603 455 209 169
Average 164 150 157 206 334 602 1383 1805 1193 507 268 194
Source: DPR
Figure-5.6: Plot of Modified runoff series (1962-2012) at Pancheshwar site
The 75% and 90% dependable flows are as under:
75% dependable flows = 16127.99 MCM (2006)
90% dependable flows = 14720.11 MCM (1996 )
The above runoff series is recommended tentatively for utilisation in power
potential studies
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Chapter 5: Hydrology Page 10
5.5 RUNOFF DOWNSTREAM OF PANCHESHWAR AT RUPALIGAD AND
PURNAGIRI
5.5.1 Long Term Water Availability (1962-1992)
The Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project DPR of 1995 by His Majesty’s
Government of Nepal prepared a long term runoff series for the intermediate
contribution from Pancheshwar to Rupaligad and for Pancheshwar to Purnagiri
which was agreed to by both India and Nepal. The same are given in Tables
5.5 and 5.6 respectively.
Table-5.5: Intermediate Contribution from Pancheshwar to Rupaligad
(Unit- 106 m3)
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual 1962 21 14 11 4 0 17 270 196 398 48 44 44 1067 1963 31 31 29 6 0 13 323 369 358 14 55 31 1260 1964 28 32 30 13 5 0 288 443 358 44 81 24 1347 1965 47 31 27 11 5 0 145 395 113 146 49 48 1020 1966 40 31 30 6 0 0 175 313 220 189 39 40 1081 1967 33 33 29 9 1 0 181 308 241 13 51 29 1028 1968 31 26 23 3 0 10 306 334 156 71 45. 39 1042 1969 27 32 29 8 0 8 216 307 394 63 45 56 1184 1970 21 25 28 11 0 2 342 434 171 72 93 39 1237 1971 16 22 20 9 7 54 484 382 333 76 49 32 1483 1972 25 16 22 11 0 2 203 423 291 39 48 43 1221 1973 14 23 22 11 0 38 407 429 324 94 71 0 1433 1974 32 23 28 8 5 0 136 303 199 138 90 25 988 1975 22 25 26 20 0 90 423 416 365 58 97 30 1571 1976 38 24 27 10 0 1 124 365 232 85 87 36 1029 1977 32 3 I 32 11 0 0 286 482 174 56 61 43 1209 1978 15 24 19 3 0 26 368 341 213 11 56 14 1092 1979 41 19 27 12 0 8 179 365 78 119 37 30 916 1980 37 41 29 13 0 3 345 441 243 37 38 35 1261 1981 32 31 32 11 0 0 285 481 174 55 61 43 1204 1982 38 29 20 8 0 0 230 330 239 52 56 39 1063 1983 20 24 22 15 0 2 136 340 764 72 101 58 1556 1984 33 16 17 4 0 58 381 510 325 119 84 34 1581 1985 10 26 24 8 0 0 256 399 282 21 116 38 1180 1986 16 24 21 15 0 33 537 579 173 58 53 23 1532 1987 38 22 21 9 0 1 188 372 328 161 83 46 1268 1988 30 27 26 17 0 18 422 482 177 35 53 58 1346 1989 31 27 23 0 0 4 188 314 270 120 50 38 1064 1990 0 26 22 8 0 24 387 469 283 28 49 39 1335 1991 38 26 23 10 0 25 281 388 242 185 49 42 1310 1992 39 30 29 5 0 0 171 307 216 186 38 40 1060 Mean 28 26 25 9 I 15 279 388 269 86 62 37 1225 Std.
Dev.
11 6 5 4 2 21 110 78 123 52 22 12 188
Source: DPR
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Chapter 5: Hydrology Page 11
Table-5.6: Intermediate Contribution for Pancheshwar to Purnagiri (Unit-10
6 m
3)
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual 1962 46 31 24 9 0 38 594 430 875 104 96 97 2344 1963 69 67 63 14 0 29 709 810 787 31 122 67 2768 1964 60 71 66 28 12 0 0 974 788 97 177 54 2960 1965 104 69 60 23 12 0 319 869 248 321 108 106 2241 1966 87 67 65 12 0 0 384 688 484 416 85 89 2377 1967 72 72 63 19 3 0 398 677 531 248 111 65 2259 1968 67 57 50 6 0 23 672 734 342 156 98 85 2290 1969 59 71 63 17 0 17 475 674 866 138 100 122 2602 1970 45 55 62 23 0 3 751 954 377 159 204 85 2719 1971 35 48 44 20 15 119 1065 840 731 167 107 70 3260 1972 55 34 47 24 0 5 445 929 639 306 106 94 2684 1973 30 50 49 25 0 83 895 943 711 207 157 0 3149 1974 70 51 62 18 11 0 299 666 438 303 197 56 2171 1975 48 54 56 44 0 198 929 914 803 128 214 65 3453 1976 83 53 60 22 0 3 273 801 509 188 190 79 2261 1977 71 69 71 24 0 0 628 1060 383 122 134 94 2657 1978 33 52 42 7 0 58 809 750 468 24 123 31 2399 1979 91 41 60 27 0 19 394 802 170 261 82 66 2013 1980 81 89 64 29. 0 6 757 968 534 82 83 78 2771 1981 71 68 71 24 0 0 626 1056 381 122 134 94 2646 1982 83 64 43 18 0 52 506 724 525 115 123 85 2336 1983 45 54 49 34 0 5 298. 748 1679 158 223 128 3421 1984 72 35 37 8 0 128 837 1120 715 262 185 75 3474 1985 23 58 52 18 0 0 563 877 620 46 254 83 2594 1986 35 53 46 33 0 72 1179 1273 381 128 117 50 3368 1987 83 48 47 19 0 3 413 817 720 354 183 101 2787 1988 66 59 56 38 0 40 928 1060 390 78 116 128 2959 1989 67 59 51 0 0 8 414 691 593 263 110 83 2339 1990 0 56 49 18 0 53 851 1030 622 61 109 85 2935 1991 85 57 51 23 0 55 618 853 531 406 107 93 2879 1992 86 66 64 12 0 0 376 674 474 408 83 87 2329 Mean 62 57 54 21 2 34 622 858 595 182 138 80 2692 Std.
Dev.
23 13 1I 10 4 47 241 172 270 115 48 26 414
Source: DPR
5.5.2 Long Term Water Availability (1993-2012)
The hydrological data available for assessing the flow contribution downstream
of Pancheshwar up to Rupaligad/Purnagiri is as under:-
a) Monthly flow series at Pancheshwar dam site (1993-2012)
b) In case of Rupaligad, monthly rainfall data of 4 rain gauge station in viz
Pancheshwar, Patan West, Dadeldhura and Rupaligad whose data is
available.
c) In case of Purnagiri, the rain gauge stations considered are
Pancheshwar, Rupaligad, Patan (west), Dadeldhura and Mahendra
nagar.
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The estimated runoff series at Pancheshwar site is then transposed to
Rupaligad and Purnagiri site for intermediate area in catchment area and
catchment rainfall proportion. The runoff series for intermediate catchment
between Pancheshwar and Rupaligad is given in Table-5.7.
Table-5.7: Intermediate contribution from Pancheshwar to Rupaligad (1214 km
2)
Unit= 106 m
3
YEAR Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
1993 22 18 37 62 54 201 175 150 236 68 0 0 1022
1994 42 16 12 50 99 143 254 160 64 0 0 1 843
1995 58 37 33 9 58 31 224 281 206 0 209 38 1184
1996 46 44 26 74 151 95 116 137 67 50 0 0 806
1997 30 42 21 49 74 75 317 333 108 40 48 80 1216
1998 40 38 49 25 75 175 426 388 116 77 7 0 1416
1999 42 1 0 18 23 38 129 182 55 99 0 50 637
2000 23 42 15 45 59 120 244 263 191 0 41 45 1087
2001 57 21 13 21 65 94 260 88 48 61 219 0 947
2002 32 17 5 22 44 83 130 110 180 117 39 2 782
2003 32 26 20 20 14 121 122 234 326 0 41 27 984
2004 69 53 10 42 50 83 181 392 144 58 12 0 1095
2005 37 48 62 85 76 73 233 137 264 55 0 190 1260
2006 13 38 62 97 114 68 291 296 85 75 30 62 1231
2007 48 41 54 104 60 94 235 469 428 73 12 24 1642
2008 22 10 22 37 70 148 393 334 294 10 22 0 1363
2009 3 58 21 39 65 88 165 460 242 485 209 0 1835
2010 26 46 15 41 72 68 252 451 480 16 0 11 1478
2011 58 33 22 64 133 189 365 645 225 9 0 0 1743
2012 20 12 27 51 32 41 206 314 330 14 139 33 1221
Mean 36 32 26 48 69 101 236 291 204 65 51 28 1190
Source: DPR
5.5.3 Long Term Water Availability (1962-2012)
The Intermediate contribution for Pancheshwar to Rupaligad and Pancheshwar
to Purnagiri for the period 1962 to 1992 in the DPR of 1995 was then added
with the intermediate contribution for Pancheshwar to Rupaligad and
Pancheshwar to Purnagiri for the period 1993 to 2012 in above Tables to yield
a combined runoff series for the period 1962-2012. The same are at Tables-5.8
and Table-5.9.
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Chapter 5: Hydrology Page 13
Table-5.8: Intermediate contribution from Pancheshwar to Rupaligad (1214 km2)
Unit= 106 m
3
YEAR Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
1962 21 14 11 4 0 17 270 196 398 48 44 44 1067
1963 31 31 29 6 0 13 323 369 358 14 55 31 1260
1964 28 32 30 13 5 0 288 443 358 44 81 24 1347
1965 47 31 27 11 5 0 145 395 113 146 49 48 1020
1966 40 31 30 6 0 0 175 313 220 189 39 40 1081
1967 33 33 29 9 1 0 181 308 241 113 51 29 1028
1968 31 26 23 3 0 10 306 334 156 71 45 39 1042
1969 27 32 29 8 0 8 216 307 394 63 45 56 1184
1970 21 25 28 11 0 2 342 434 171 72 93 39 1237
1971 16 22 20 9 7 54 484 382 333 76 49 32 1483
1972 25 16 22 11 0 2 203 423 291 139 48 43 1221
1973 14 23 22 11 0 38 407 429 324 94 71 0 1433
1974 32 23 28 8 5 0 136 303 199 138 90 25 988
1975 22 25 26 20 0 90 423 416 365 58 97 30 1571
1976 38 24 27 10 0 1 124 365 232 85 87 36 1029
1977 32 31 32 11 0 0 286 482 174 56 61 43 1209
1978 15 24 19 3 0 26 368 341 213 11 56 14 1092
1979 41 19 27 12 0 8 179 365 78 119 37 30 916
1980 37 41 29 13 0 3 345 441 243 37 38 35 1261
1981 32 31 32 11 0 0 285 481 174 55 61 43 1204
1982 38 29 20 8 0 23 230 330 239 52 56 39 1063
1983 20 24 22 15 0 2 136 340 764 72 101 58 1556
1984 33 16 17 4 0 58 381 510 325 119 84 34 1581
1985 10 26 24 8 0 0 256 399 282 21 116 38 1180
1986 16 24 21 15 0 33 537 579 173 58 53 23 1532
1987 38 22 21 9 0 1 188 372 328 161 83 46 1268
1988 30 27 26 17 0 18 422 482 177 35 53 58 1346
1989 31 27 23 0 0 4 188 314 270 120 50 38 1064
1990 0 26 22 8 0 24 387 469 283 28 49 39 1335
1991 38 26 23 10 0 25 281 388 242 185 49 42 1310
1992 39 30 29 5 0 0 171 307 216 186 38 40 1060
1993 22 18 37 62 54 201 175 150 236 68 0 0 1022
1994 42 16 12 50 99 143 254 160 64 0 0 1 843
1995 58 37 33 9 58 31 224 281 206 0 209 38 1184
1996 46 44 26 74 151 95 116 137 67 50 0 0 806
1997 30 42 21 49 74 75 317 333 108 40 48 80 1216
1998 40 38 49 25 75 175 426 388 116 77 7 0 1416
1999 42 1 0 18 23 38 129 182 55 99 0 50 637
2000 23 42 15 45 59 120 244 263 191 0 41 45 1087
2001 57 21 13 21 65 94 260 88 48 61 219 0 947
2002 32 17 5 22 44 83 130 110 180 117 39 2 782
2003 32 26 20 20 14 121 122 234 326 0 41 27 984
2004 69 53 10 42 50 83 181 392 144 58 12 0 1095
2005 37 48 62 85 76 73 233 137 264 55 0 190 1260
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YEAR Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
2006 13 38 62 97 114 68 291 296 85 75 30 62 1231
2007 48 41 54 104 60 94 235 469 428 73 12 24 1642
2008 22 10 22 37 70 148 393 334 294 10 22 0 1363
2009 3 58 21 39 65 88 165 460 242 485 209 0 1835
2010 26 46 15 41 72 68 252 451 480 16 0 11 1478
2011 58 33 22 64 133 189 365 645 225 9 0 0 1743
2012 20 12 27 51 32 41 206 314 330 14 139 33 1221
Avg. 31.3 28.4 25.3 24.4 27.6 48.7 262.3 349.8 243.6 77.8 58.0 33.3 1210.9
Source: DPR
Table-5.9: Intermediate contribution from Pancheshwar to Purnagiri (2646 km2)
Unit= 106 m
3
YEAR Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
1962 46 31 24 9 0 38 594 430 875 104 96 97 2344
1963 69 67 63 14 0 29 709 810 787 31 122 67 2766
1964 60 71 66 28 12 0 633 974 788 97 177 54 2960
1965 104 69 60 23 12 0 319 869 248 321 108 106 2241
1966 87 67 65 12 0 0 384 688 484 416 85 89 2377
1967 72 72 63 19 3 0 398 677 531 248 111 65 2259
1968 67 57 50 6 0 23 672 734 342 156 98 85 2290
1969 59 71 63 17 0 17 475 674 866 138 100 122 2602
1970 45 55 62 23 0 3 751 954 377 159 204 85 2719
1971 35 48 44 20 15 119 1065 840 731 167 107 70 3260
1972 55 34 47 24 0 5 445 929 639 306 106 94 2684
1973 30 50 49 25 0 83 895 943 711 207 157 0 3149
1974 70 51 62 18 11 0 299 666 438 303 197 56 2171
1975 48 54 56 44 0 198 929 914 803 128 214 65 3453
1976 83 53 60 22 0 3 273 801 509 188 190 79 2261
1977 71 69 71 24 0 0 628 1060 383 122 134 94 2657
1978 33 52 42 7 0 58 809 750 468 24 123 31 2399
1979 91 41 60 27 0 19 394 802 170 261 82 66 2013
1980 81 89 64 29 0 6 757 968 534 82 83 78 2771
1981 71 68 71 24 0 0 626 1056 381 122 133 94 2646
1982 83 64 43 18 0 52 506 724 525 115 123 85 2336
1983 45 54 49 34 0 5 298 748 1679 158 223 128 3421
1984 72 35 37 8 0 128 837 1120 715 262 185 75 3474
1985 23 58 52 18 0 0 563 877 620 46 254 83 2594
1986 35 53 46 33 0 72 1179 1273 381 128 117 50 3368
1987 83 48 47 19 0 3 403 817 720 354 183 101 2787
1988 66 59 56 38 0 40 928 1060 390 78 116 128 2959
1989 67 59 51 0 0 8 414 691 593 263 110 83 2339
1990 0 56 49 18 0 53 851 1030 622 61 109 85 2935
1991 85 57 51 23 0 55 618 853 531 406 107 93 2879
1992 86 66 64 12 0 0 376 674 474 408 83 87 2329
1993 37 32 65 90 92 426 499 471 615 356 0 0 2683
1994 76 39 18 79 143 400 653 538 241 0 0 2 2189
1995 124 70 47 13 88 83 505 1143 498 0 301 54 2927
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YEAR Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
1996 88 80 37 111 322 257 292 306 131 115 0 0 1738
1997 71 66 38 94 125 164 966 790 307 91 85 163 2961
1998 75 68 93 45 148 381 1074 1195 376 202 18 0 3675
1999 100 2 0 26 84 108 332 391 118 212 0 107 1479
2000 69 101 33 106 138 268 554 904 721 0 59 64 3017
2001 100 40 19 31 112 273 593 208 98 211 315 0 1999
2002 61 33 8 43 66 190 298 487 539 315 118 16 2174
2003 90 50 31 32 28 327 204 391 545 0 60 39 1797
2004 149 113 19 83 98 190 305 691 330 156 23 0 2157
2005 79 98 144 162 147 133 565 334 621 106 0 372 2759
2006 15 41 133 182 273 180 662 540 213 147 42 116 2544
2007 143 92 110 216 128 244 548 1142 1039 159 30 56 3908
2008 48 24 44 86 153 328 892 710 693 23 52 0 3053
2009 3 115 40 75 130 228 396 1211 642 1237 460 0 4537
2010 52 103 22 78 178 157 632 1033 1107 27 140 67 3596
2011 117 65 40 107 231 395 879 1485 522 20 0 0 7523
2012 48 18 50 87 43 92 466 732 783 22 172 60 2573
Avg. 67.94 59.3 52.5 46.6 54.5 114.5 594.9 806.0 557.9 181.5 119.8 70.82 2798.6
Source: DPR
5.6 PROBABLE MAXIMUM FLOOD (PMF)
To determine the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) a single one hour unit
hydrograph was calculated for the entire drainage basin upstream of the dam
site by Clark’s model. The PMP calculated was then superimposed to the
ordinate of the one hour unit hydrograph after taking into account the infiltration
rate and the 72 hour time distribution (Temporal Distribution) for the 72 hour
storm as mentioned above to obtain excessive surface runoff. The surface
runoff obtained was then added to the selected base flow to obtain the
Probable Maximum Flood (PMF).
As mentioned above, the PMF calculations were performed assuming different
locations of the center of the storm. The results achieved for all cases analyzed
are given in the Table 5.10.
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Chapter 5: Hydrology Page 16
Table-5.10: Calculated PMP and PMF for Different Storm Locations
S. No Storm Center
Location
Transposed
Storm Depth
(mm)
Calculated
PMP (mm)
PMF
Peak
Discharge
(m3/s)
Flood
Volume
(106 m
3)
1 Center of storm tilted
above the dam site
431.6 595.7 26,021 5354.65
2 Center of storm
above the darn site
426.0 583.8 15,471 5233.21
3 Center of storm
moves downwards
387.9 535.4 23,227 4739.16
4 Center of storm
above the dam site
428.9 592.0 25,850 5415.19
Using Envelope Curve of world Record Floods (PMF)
5 Upper Envelope - - 41,800 -
6 Average Envelope - - 21,163 -
Source: DPR
Both in terms of peak discharge and of total volume, the Probable Maximum
Floods computed according to the different assumed locations of the center of
the storm does not differ significantly.
As per the present level of studies, location of the storm center downward from
the dam site is considered as the most appropriate. Therefore the value of
23,227 m3/s say 23,500 m3/s, as the peak of the PMF is adopted.
5.7 DESIGN FLOOD HYDROGRAPH
The flood hydrograph from Pancheshwar catchment after routing through
Pancheshwar reservoir and through the river channel from Pancheshwar to
Rupaligad was added to the flood hydrograph computed for the intermediate
catchment Pancheshwar to Rupaligad, directly without any time lag, as the
storm considered was stationary during the period considered and hence no
movement of the design storm was considered appropriate. Since there is slight
variation in catchment area up to Rupaligad re-regulating dam site now
assessed with SRTM data (13490 Km2 instead of 13268 Km2 assessed earlier
and because the variation is only 1.6 percent, therefore two option exists i.e.
either to retain the assessed Rupaligad peak of 27666 m3/s or transport it to
the new area of 13490 Km2 in three fourth power proposition to yield a peak of
28012 m3/s , Since the increase in peak value is marginal , so the peak flood of
27666 m3/s (say 28000 m3/s ) assessed earlier is recommended now as design
flood peak for Rupaligad.
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Chapter 5: Hydrology Page 17
5.8 FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSES FOR PANCHESHWAR DAM SITE
River diversion facilities for use during construction period are normally
designed to protect the work in progress on permanent structures from
excessive damage during the passage of a flood having an average return
period on consideration of the monetary and schedule risk, and duration of
exposure to that risk. This may call for a 5 to10 year’s average return period
flood for small works exposed to only one flood season or works where little
cost is incurred if flooding occurs. Up to 500 or even 1000 years for major
works exposed to two or more flood seasons.
In addition, it is necessary to evaluate the characteristics (peak discharge and
flood volume) of floods up to 30-500 years return period in order to assess the
potential flood control benefits and the feasibility of operating the reservoir for
flood control purposes.
To determine the flood of different return periods, a flood frequency analysis
was carried out.
The flood peak series of Pancheshwar site has been checked for randomness,
outliers, trends and the statistical parameters e.g. mean, standard deviation,
coefficient of variance, skewness coefficient and Kurtosis coefficient have been
computed. The Chi Square (χ2) test for ascertaining goodness of fit of observed
data to specified frequency distribution has been carried out. For assessing the
probability/return period Weibull formula (m/n+1) has been used where m is the
rank of the event and n the total number of events. Based on the results of the
statistical tests, frequency distributions by Gumbel using frequency factor, Log
Pearson-III and least square methods have been adopted in estimating floods
for various return periods at the site are given in Table-5.11.
Table-5.11: Floods for various return periods at the Pancheshwar site
Return Period 10 25 50 100 500 1000
Estimated Flood (m3/s) 8272 9867 11078 12310 15296 16651
Source: DPR
5.9 DIVERSION FLOOD FOR CONSTRUCTION OF COFFER DAMS AT
RUPALIGAD DAM SITES
In the present scenario, Rupaligad dam will function as a re-regulating dam for
hydropower generation, diversion for irrigation purposes, downstream
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Chapter 5: Hydrology Page 18
development and considering the construction period (more than a year)
diversion flood has been assessed considering monsoon peaks.
Diversion flood/ Return period flood for various return period have been
assessed for Pancheshwar dam in earlier para. The assessed flood for
Pancheshwar has been transposed to Rupaligad re-regulating dam site in
catchment proportion (Three Fourth power) using monsoon Instantaneous flood
peaks. The diversion flood thus assessed at Rupaligad for various return
periods in Table-5.12.
Table-5.12: Floods for various return periods at the Rupaligad site
Return Period (Years) Estimated Flood (m3/s)
10 8878
25 10590
50 11890
100 13212
500 16417
1000 17871
Source: DPR
CHAPTER-6
GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS
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Chapter 6: Geology Aspects Page 1
CHAPTER-6
GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) has been envisaged to harness
the power-potential of Mahakali River and regulate the flows to optimize the
irrigation. The project was conceptualized in early sixties as a dam across
Mahakali River. Subsequently, re-regulating structures at Purnagiri and/or
Rupaligad had also been investigated and finally, Rupaligad site was opted as
site for re-regulating dam.
A view of Mahakali River at Pancheshwar and Rupaligad Dam sites
Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) has two components viz. (i)
Pancheshwar dam located across Mahakali gorge near Pancheshwar temple
one bank in the District Champawat, India and another bank the District Baitadi,
Nepal) and (ii) Rupaligad Re-regulating dam, 27 km d/s of the Pancheshwar
dam near village Tamli.
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6.2 REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS
The Pancheshwar Multipurpose across the Mahakali River is a bi-national
project located in the Kumaon-Dadeldhura Himalayas in Lesser Himalayan
domain (Figures-6.1). However, the basin of antecedent Mahakali River,
originating from Lipulekh glacier, spans across different morpho-tectonic units
of Himalayas. In view of this, this chapter giving brief outlines of Himalayas
presents, tectonic framework and regional geology of Kumaon-Daldeldhura belt
in India and Western Nepal; finally, deliberating on seismo-tectonics, the
findings of seismic analysis are given. The Himalayas, located on the southern
fringe of the Tibetan Plateau, form 2400 km long and 250-300 km wide arcuate
belt with convexity towards the south; the belt is characterized bounded by two
structural / syntaxial bends on the northwest (Nanga Parbat, the Indus gorge)
and northeast.
Figure-6.1: A generalized Geological Map of Himalayan Arc
The Himalayas are the loftiest and still rising mountains in the world. The
Himalayas are classified into six zones from north to south viz. (i) The Trans-
Himalaya, (ii) The Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone, (iii) The Tethyan (Tibetan)
Himalaya, (iv) The Higher (Greater) Himalaya, (v) The Lesser (Lower) Himalaya
and (vi) The Sub-Himalaya or the Siwalik Range (Figure-6.2). The geology of
Himalayan Fold-Thrust Belt is characterized by south verging thrust system/
systems that have developed in response to ongoing sub-duction of the Indian
plate beneath the Eurasian Plate.
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Figure-6.2: A generalized Section across Himalayas showing six Geo-morphic zones and
thrust sheets (after Rasoul Sorkhabi, 2010 Himalayan Journal Volume 66)
6.3 REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KUMAON HIMALAYAS AND
ALMORA KLIPPE AND ADJOINING PARTS OF WESTERN NEPAL
During the previous phase of investigations the litho-stratigraphic correlation
across the Mahakali River has been worked out by PACO enclosed here as
Plate -I (After Deva & Kumar, 1994). The detail lithological attributes are given
in the map; a summarized litho-stratigraphy is given in Table-6.1
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Chapter 6: Geology Aspects Page 4
Table-6.1 Stratigraphic Correlation of Indian and Nepalese Geology around site
(Modified after Deva, &Kumar 1994)
AGE INDIA NEPAL Remark & Engineering
Components
Group Formation Group Formation
TERTIARY Siwalik
Suntar Formation?? Tetheyan Sediment in the
core of Synform
P
RO
TE
RO
ZO
IC
G A
R H
W A
L
Bhimtal
M
IDLA
ND
- Intrusives
Berinag Banku
Quartzite
-
Tejam
(Pithoragarh)
Malekhu An Arm of Reservoir
along Mahakali river
extends on Tejam
Formation.
Galyang
Lakharpata
Syanja
Rameshwar Suntar?? Source for construction
material in residual soil
Central Crystallines
D
ade
ldh
ura
Almora
Crystalline
Gumalikhet*
Kalikot/
(Shibnath**)
Rupaligad Dam Site
Champabat
Granodiorite*
Saryu* Pancheshwar Dam Site
and source for
construction material in
residual soil
Ramgarh Crystalline
Askot Crystalline
*after Valdiya (1980), ** After Dhital (2015); Champwat granite has recently been assigned
Cambrian-Ordovician age.
Source: DPR
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Chapter 6: Geology Aspects Page 5
The site for Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project is located within the Lesser
Himalaya, bounded by two important tectonic surfaces, viz, the Main Central
Thrust (MCT) towards North at a distance of about 65 km and the Main
Boundary Fault (MBF) towards South at about 17.5 km (Figure-6.3).
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Chapter 6: Geology Aspects Page 6
Figure-6.3-Regional Geological Map of Project Area
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Chapter 6: Geology Aspects Page 7
This zone forms a part of the most complex tectonic belt, the Main Himalayan
Belt (Kumar et al., 1989) occurring between the Indus Suture in the North and
the MBF in the South.
The MCT dips 30⁰ to 45⁰ towards North and forms the base of the Central
Crystallines (Gansser, 1964). Apparently, there is no master thrust plane and
its demarcation is based on an abrupt change in the style of structures, grade
of metamorphism and intense shearing. There are indications of minor recent
movements along it (Valdiya, 1980; Gansser, 1982; Omura et al., 1986;
Narula et al., 1989).
The MBF, also known as MBT, separates the pre-Tertiary formations from the
Tertiary Siwalik Sedimentary belt (Gansser, 1964). This thrust zone is reported
to be active at a number of locations (Valdiya, 1981; Narula et al., 1991),
closest being the area South of Almora, about 60 km WSW of the site.
Other important tectonic planes in the vicinity of the project area include the
North Almora Thrust (NAT) and the South Almora Thrust (SAT) of Heim and
Gansser (1939). The southward dipping NAT is located very close to the site,
barely 3 km (approx.) north of it, and the SAT, is the south in close proximity of
the MBF. In addition to these two more thrusts have been interpreted by some
workers within the narrow stretch between the SAT and the MBF. It would not
be out of place to mention that NAT and MBF / MBT form important
seismogenic lines and would help in constraining MCE and DBE.
Besides these ruling tectonic features, several other lineaments have been
identified in the vicinity of the project area. These lineaments correspond to
breaks in topographic expressions and based on interpreted satellite imagery.
The most dominant trend is in WNW-ESE direction, followed by NNE-SSW to
NE-SW and N-S directions (Figure-6.4).
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Figure.6.4-Regional Geological Map of Pancheshwar Dam Complex
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Based on the evaluation of fault line Nepal Himalayas by Nakata et. al. (1982 &
1992) following important active fault systems have been identified (HMGN
1995 page 4.66 to 4.68):
(i) Main Central Active Fault System (MCAF): far western Nepal, 180km
from project area; 20 km long active fault line.
(ii) Lower Himalayas Active Fault System (LHAF): 18km long Sangur Khola
fault associated with 6.5M, Nepal Earthquake of 29 July 1980; 90km far
from the project domain.
(iii) Main Boundary Active Fault System (MBAF): Rangun khola fault-
Surkhet-Ghorahi fault, 80km length and has been considered as
important seismo-genic fault line (30km south of project area).
(iv) Himalayan Front Active Fault System (HFAF): this pertains to only
eastern Nepal.
6.4 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF PANCHESHWAR DAM SITE AREA
In this chapter, at the outset salient aspect of surface and sub- surface
explorations are enlisted. This is followed by deliberations on Geology and
Geo-morphic frame work of Pancheshwar dam, litho-logical and Petrological
attributes of different litho-units met with in the area, characterization of
discontinuities, Petrological & rock mechanic attributes and creep affects and
landslides observed in the area.
6.4.1 Geology and Geomorphic Framework of Pancheshwar Dam Site
The generalized local Geology of the Pancheshwar Dam site is illustrated in the
geological map and associated sections presented in Figure-6.5.
There are three numbers of WNW-ESE trending thrusts viz. North Dadeldhura
Thrust NAT/NDT hading southerly, Anarkholi Thrust (AT) dipping northerly and
Pachkora Thrust (PT) dipping Southwards in the immediate northern vicinity of
Pancheshwar dam site. The rocks of Dadeldhura Group (equivalent to Almora
Crystallines) bound by NDT / NAT are exposed in the Mahakali river section
downstream of Saryu river confluence.
The Ranimatta Formation of Eocene - Early Miocene age are exposed to the
NAT/NDT; these are sandwiched between it and the south dipping Anarkholi
Thrust. Between north dipping Pachkora Thrust (PT) and Anarkoli Thrust lie a
sediment sequence of Churchura Formation (Tertiary). The hanging wall of PT
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consists of intensely deformed Patan Formation of Slates and quartzites (Dhital
2008).
Figure-6.5: Geological Map and cross section of Pancheshwar area showing the
thrust slices NAT is referred as NDT in this illustration (after Dhital 2015)
The Almora Crystalline in Indian Stratigraphy are further classified as Saryu
Formation in the lower part and upper unit of Gumalikhet Formation occupying
the central part of the Almora Klippe (Valdiya 1980). The Saryu Formation,
named after the river Saryu, along which most litho-units of the Formation are
exposed for about ten kilometers from Pancheshwar to Bhanisiachhana
(Valdiya, 1980). Saryu Formation comprises alternating cycle of schist and
gneiises. It consists of chlorite- sericite schist, often with mylonite & phyllonitic
bands at the base. This is followed by garnetiferous muscovite schist
alternating with micaceous quartzites. The lower part of the Formation
comprises garnetiferous mica schist, micaceous quartzites, and augen
gneisses with feldspathic schist (Valdiya, 1980). Towards the upper part chain
of lenticular bodies or sills of porphyritic granite grading marginally into augen
gneiss is observed. In the northern flank of Almora/ Dadeldhura-Karnali klippe
bands of strongly mylonitized quartz porphyry and ultramylonite within the
chloritic phyllonite is observed in the basal part around Pancheshwar section of
Mahakali River (Valdiya, 1980; Valdiya and Kothyari, 2001) in the hanging
wall of NAT. The upper unit of Gumalikhet Formation, consisting of schistose
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phyllite, carbonaceous / graphitic schist alternating with fine grained micaceous
often garnetiferous meta-graywackes.
The Pancheshwar Dam site is exposes litho-units of lower part of the Saryu
Formation and consists of a alternating sequence of schist & ortho/para-
gneisses & schists viz. garnetiferous mica schist, micaceous quartzites, and
augen gneiss with bands of feldspathic schist.
6.4.2 Geology of the Reservoir area
The Pancheshwar reservoir would spread (116 km2 area) across NNE-SSW
trending tectonic regime, roughly perpendicular to the regional structural trend
of the tectonic unit. Immediately towards north it would be set across the series
of the thrusts viz., NAT, AT, PT etc. An arm of the reservoir with stretch of 80
Km would extend along entrenched valley course of Mahakali River.
The reservoir area consists of litho units of Kalikot formation of Proterozoic age
for initial reaches bound by NAT in either of the arm of the reservoir along the
Mahakali and Saryu. Further upstream the reservoir area consists dominantly
of calcareous and argillaceous litho-units of Midland group of Precambrian-
Early Paleozoic age. Out of these the most vulnerable would be Syngia
Formation & Galyang formation consisting dominantly of shale, slate and
carbonate (dolomite) rocks. Suntar Formation consisting of shale and
ferruginous quartzite sequence of Tertiary age are also exposed in core of the
thrust bound sequence. The shale sequences would be of consequence as
regards to stability of reservoir rim.
It is redeeming to note that the calcareous units exposed in the area are devoid
of signatures of Karstification obviating chances of seepage/leakage losses
from reservoir across water divide. The argillaceous units are impervious in
nature and would offer favorable conditions for reservoir competence.
The main issues pertain to reservoir rim stability especially considering the
large sections of the reservoir slopes exposing vulnerable argillaceous units.
The reservoir rim stability of northern limb in the arms trending along strike
valley should be critically examined. The Geological Survey of India, at the
instance of WAPCOS Ltd. has taken up a project of landslide hazard zonation
mapping of the reservoir domain and the studies are in progress. On availability
of the result of ongoing studies, the reservoir competency issues vis-à-vis
landslide potential shall have to be further evaluated.
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6.4.3 Geology of the Spillway site
The spillway is located on the ENE trending water divide between two
transverse nallah viz Chamtada khola in the North and Rollegad /Sir khola in
the south. The intake channel would be cut across Chamtada nallah whereas
the spill channel is proposed on the southern slope across Rollegad. The
northern domain in Chamtada khola area is dotted with debris slides in the
slope segments steeper than 1:1; this area has been classified into 3 slope
segment ranges from 1 (H): 2 (V) to steeper than 1:1 Refer (Figure 6.6).
Figure-6.6: Slope Map of Chamtada Landslide Area
As compared to this, the southern slope of water divide cascades down into
Mahakali River-200m D/S of proposed U/S toe of rock fill dam.
The natural slope along the spillway channel varies from 1(V):3.6(H) near the
crown of the water divide to 1(V):2.06 (H) in the mid slope region. The Rollegad
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nallah crosses the spillway alignment in the apron section (630m D/S of
spillway dam axis) with well-defined steep lateral slopes (1V:1.07H).
Further south in plunge pool domain slope segments is characterized by thick
(35m) cover of fanglomerate deposit with gradient of 1(V): 9(H) at the crown;
further D/S a gradient of 1(V):1.07(H) towards Mahakali River is noted. Thus
the slopes in the spillway area could be classified in to two zones viz. (i)
segment above Rollegad Nala crossing upto water divide crown characterized
by rocky slope with moderately steep gradient and (ii) the segment south of the
Rollegad Nala crossing with a large fan- deposit; the Nepali camp is situated on
this fan terrace Refer (Figure: 6.7)
Figure-6.7: Photo illustrating the Spillway Domain on Southern Slope on Water
Divide between Mahakali and Rollegad Nallah
The spillway area comprises (i) mainly Augen Gneiss, (ii) Biotite Gneiss,
(Micaceous quartzite and (iv) Quartz-mica schist with extensive exposures of
augen gneisses close to flip bucket area. The spillway dam lies close to the
contact with laterally pinching band of micaceous quartzite. The plunge pool
domain consists of thick debris cover underlain by quartz mica schist. A
lenticular band of Micaceous Quartzite is exposed in the apron area. The
rocks, in general, are moderately foliated trending in N70° W- S70°E and dip by
60° to 85° towards S 20° W. These are traversed by 3+ random sets of
discontinuities. The details are given in Table-6.2:
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Table 6.2: Foliations and other Discontinuities in outcrops of spillway domain
(Modified after Sinha & Srivastava 2002)
S. No. Strike Dip
amount
Dip
direction
Spacing Continuity
(m)
Remarks
J1 N70°W-
S70°E
60°-80° S20°W 10cm-
1.5m
5-30 Foliation parallel joint
Rough, undulating,
planar clay fillings,
and iron stained.
J2 N14°E –
S 14°W
68° N76W 30cm-
3m
4-20 Moderately smooth,
planar to rough,
undulating
J3 N45°E-
S45°W
35° N45W 30cm -
3m
4-10 Moderately smooth,
planar to rough,
undulating, iron
stained
J4 N70°W-
S70°E
52° S20W >3m 5-10 Moderately smooth,
planar to rough,
undulating
J5 N40°W-
S40°E
25° N50E 20cm-
50cm
4-15 Moderately smooth,
planar to rough,
undulating, iron
stained
J6 N65°W-
S65°E
70° S25W Random >5 Moderately smooth,
planar to rough,
undulating
Source: DPR
The rock mass has variable blocky character yielding oblate and prismatic
blocks; the augen gneisses can be attributed with GSI values of 65 to 75
whereas quartz mica schist with disturbed blocky character is assigned GSI
values of 40-50.
6.5 GEOLOGY OF RUPALIGAD PROJECT
6.5.1 Geomorphology and Geological Framework of Rupaligad Project
Area
The proposed Rupaligad dam site is located across river Mahakali between two
prominent thrusts viz. Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) in the south and Main
Central Thrust (MCT) in the north. The proposed axes fall on the crystalline
thrust sheet between North Almora Thrust (NAT) and South Almora Thrust
(SAT) which are located about 32km north and 5km south of proposed axes.
MCT runs in about 65km north of Re-regulating complex. The MBF is rather
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proximal, located about 17km south of the project site. The Tectonic frame work
in west of project on India side and east of project on Nepal side is shown in
Figure-6.8 and Figure-6.9 respectively.
Figure: 6.8 Tectonic framework in west of project on India side
Figure: 6.9 Tectonic framework in the east of project on Nepal side.
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The NAT in its continuation in Nepal side is known as North Dudheldhera
Thrust (NDT). As mentioned earlier two more thrust planes viz, Anarkholi
Thrust and Pachkhola Thrust traverse the regional stratigraphic frame work
south of MCT. The thrust sheet hosting the Almora Klippe is folded into a major
synformal structure due to North south compression stemming from the back
thrust. Axial trace of this open synformal structure passes through the north of
Rupaligad dam with roughly E-W trend hence the reversal of the dip direction in
Rupaligad area with reference to Pancheshwar dam complex. As reported
earlier, the NAT displays a NNW-SSE trace in the west between Mahakali and
Yamuna valley. In other surrounding area it is largely oriented in a roughly
WNW-ESE to E-W direction. This could be the valid reason for the orientation
of major structural elements like foliation, fold axes, lineament fabric and
transverse faults between these directions. The compression across the
periodically reactivated NAT has resulted into several episodes of deformation
manifested in emergence of transverse faulting, ductile shearing and regional
folding with varying trend e.g E-W trending Haldughat fault, and NNW-SSE
trending Saryu river fault and Ramganga fault (kothiyari and Pant, 2004).
The regional geological set up comprises a wide spectrum of Proterozoic meta-
sedimentary and igneous rocks belonging to Askot Crystalline,
RamgarhFormation, Almora Crystalline and Central Crystalline along with
Rameshwar and Tejam (Pithoragarh) Formations of Garhwal Group.
Avaryinglitho-assemblege comprising Augen gneiss, Garnetiferous Mica schist,
quartzite, Graphitic schist and granodiorite of Almora Crystalline predominate
the regional realm in a highly sensitive seismo- tectonic set up. Of these the
Garnetiferrous mica schist and quartzites with mutual intercalations and
sporadic bands of sheared Carbonaceous/graphitic schist occupy the area of
Re-regulating Structure Complex. The graphitic schist occurs in this area but at
a much higher level out of the required domain of geological mapping.
The Mahakali valley near Tamli village is a very deeply incised “v” shaped
valley with conspicuous development of sizeable river shoals and sand bars.
Multi-level fluviatile terraces and well folded bed rocks speak of
contemporaneous uplifting and deformational movements. The drainage
pattern is largely dendritic and trellis dictated by litho structural control.
6.5.2 Stratigraphic Sequence of Project Area
The details of stratigraphic sequence has been identified in the mapped area
are given in Table-6.3.
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Table 6.3 Stratigraphic sequence of the project area
H
olo
cen
e t
o r
ecen
t
Riverine
sediments
River-borne
sediments
Pebbles and boulders floating in sandy matrix
occurring in river bed, sand bars and river
shoals.
Fluviatile
terraces
Silty-sandy soil with pebbles and rock
fragments.
Residual soil
/slope wash
and talus
Silty soil with humus and
Colluvial boulders/ rock fragments of varying
size
Pro
tero
zo
ic
Central
Crystalline
*Almora
Crystalline
(Almora Group
**(Dadeldhura
Group in
Nepal side)
Gumalikhet
Formation
**(kalikot
Formation
in Nepal
side)
Garnetiferous
Mica schist with
intercalated
bands of
Quartzite
Rupaligad
Dam Site
and also a
part of
construction
material for
coarse
aggregates
Quartzite with
intercalated
bands of Mica
schist
*Saryu
Formation
**(Shibnath
Formation
in Nepal
side)
Quartz-mica
schist/Micaceous
Quartzite and
Augen gneiss
Reservoir of
Rupaligad
dam.
* After Valdiya, (1980), ** After Dhittal, (2005) Source: DPR
The project area is occupied by a thick sequence of the Proterozoic rocks of
Almora Group forming a part of North AlmoraKlippe. A low grade metamorphic
domain consisting of a closely associated alternating sequence of Quartzite
and Mica schist occurs here, underlain by a thick pile of alluvial sediments in
Mahakali river section. They are classified into Gumlikhet Formation (Kalikot
Formation in the Nepal Side) after Valdiya, (1980) and (Dhittal), 2005. This is
rather a structural sequence as the entire spectrum of stragraphic column has
evidently witnessed several phases of deformation.
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6.5.3 Structure
The mapped area forms a part of North Almoraklippe. Earlier folding, which is
reported to be tight isoclinal, and back thrust movement in the thrust plane may
bethe valid causative factors for directional parallelism of the bedding (so) and
foliation (S1); the latter attribute seems to be more eminent in the area being
compatible to general foliation trend. The bedding is relict sometimes preserved
in competent quartzite bands in form of colour and compositional banding.
Foliation is well defined in Garnetiferrous Mica schists by the directional
parallelism of phyllosilicates. In competent quartzite, foliation is absent or
incipiently developed except in compositional bands with advent of increasing
micaceous contents at some places showing schistocity cleavages in interfolial
horizons. The earlier folding reported in the literature is isoclinal and recumbent
type (Kothiyari, 2008) with almost N-S trend of the axial plane and the shallow
northerly plunge of the fold axes. The mega synformal axis passing through the
north of the proposed re-regulating dam represents subsequent deformation
with almost an E-W trend of the axial trace. Asymmetric antiform and
synforms, coeval to this regional structure, have been noticed in mapped area
with sub-horizontal to moderate plunge of the axes. Broad open warping noted
in schist bands, perhaps, manifests the latest episode of deformation. The
general trend of the foliation varies from N- S to N 600 W- S 600 E with a dip of
300 to 500 towards East to N300 E. Thus it is almost sub-parallel to dam axis
with dips towards upstream and slightly askew to right bank. The trend of
bedding (S0) preserved sometimes in quartzite shows identical attitude to
foliation in schistose rocks. The rock types are traversed by 4 sets of joints and
occasional foliation shears and shear zones. Of the joints, the J1 is a foliation
joint and is more predominant. It is disposed favourably with respect to
seepage and dam stability point of view. Other joints traverse the rock mass in
varying direction but their disposition does not result significant instability in
valley slopes. Fracture permeability owing to joint planes need to be
ascertained carefully. Details of discontinuities in the area are given in the
Table-6.4.
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Table 6.4: Details of discontinuities
S.
No.
Discontin
uity
Dip amount
& direction
Strike
direction
Spacing
(cm)
Aperture
(mm) Continuity Fillings
1.
J-1 Foliation joint
30⁰-50⁰ North to
N-30⁰E
E-W to N60⁰W –
S60⁰E
1 to 100 1-20 More than 25m
Undulating, rough or smooth (when micaceous) Open/clay filled
2. J-2 30⁰-50⁰/
S20 -30W
N60⁰- to
70⁰W - S60⁰ to
70⁰E
20 to 300 1-5 Up to 10m
Planar, rough/
Tigh
3. J-3 30⁰-70⁰/
N20⁰-30⁰W
N60⁰E –
S60⁰W to
N70⁰E-
S70⁰W
50 TO 400
2-15 Up to 5m
Planar, rough/open or clay/sand filled
4. J-4 30⁰-40⁰/
N80⁰W
N10⁰E-
S10⁰W
>300
1-10 Up to 4m
Planar, rough Open/ Clay-filled
5. J-5 Vertical N40⁰-50⁰E to S40⁰-50⁰W
>400 1-15 Up to 2-3m Planar, Rough/tight
6.
Single shears/ Shear fracture zone
30⁰-50⁰North15⁰ East
N75⁰ West-
S75⁰East
- -
Up to 50cm thick with fractured rock and clayey gauge
Foliation parallel shear zone
Source: DPR
Of these, as mentioned in foregoing paragraph, the foliation joint is, often,
close- spaced. It runs almost parallel to dam axis. Other joints are askew to the
axis but do not pose any serious threat of joint plane- induced slope instability
on the abutments due to a wider intersection angle between slope direction and
dip direction of joints. However, close spaced jointing, mainly the foliation joints
in combination with other joint planes, seems to be responsible for low RQD in
drill core and also for depth persistence of permeability. The joint openings
possibly tend to remain gaping even in the considerable depth in drill holes
resulting permeability values above the permissible limits persisting to deeper
depth. This could be possible due to lateral stresses which become operative
periodically due to movement along the thrust planes.
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One 50cm thick foliation parallel shear zone has been suspected along the
Kharagnala upstream of debris fan near the confluence with the Mahakali river.
No other significant shear zone has been delineated in the dam seat area.
However, a number of thin foliation shears and shear/ fracture zones have
been intersected in drill hole core in both Quartzite and Mica schist. Their
thickness is mostly restricted to less than 50 cm as observed in drill hole DH-1,
DH-3 and DH-10 except in the lower part of DH-3 where a shear/fracture zone
with continuous deterioration effect for a thickness of 3m has been recorded. All
these shears are invariably foliation parallel attendant with E-W trending folds
and axial plane foliation. Conspicuous straightness of the river course in the
project area domain with a thicker pile of river fill was suspected for the
possible presence of river bed tear fault. Two inclined drill holes were drilled at
about 34m d/s of dam axis to intersect bed rock in the river bed from both
banks. The drill hole data have ruled out the presence of any such feature in
the river bed. The surface and subsurface exploration carried out so far have
not evidently indicated the presence of any significant fault in the investigated
area.
6.6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.6.1 Dam
The 95.0 m high concrete gravity dam is to be located on an intercalatory
sequence of Quartzite and Mica schist, dominated by the former. The quartzite
is whitish grey, medium grained and strong (GSI 60 to 70). The Mica schist is
greenish grey to light grey, fine to medium grained, well foliated and weak to
moderately strong (GSI 35 to 45). Foliation runs almost parallel to slightly
askew to dam axis with moderate dips predominantly towards upstream. Major
joint sets mostly exhibit a favourable orientation.
From subsurface exploratory data, it is evident that the thickness of overburden
is maximum 5m on abutments and slightly weathered to fresh rock occurs
either just below the overburden or a couple of metres beneath. However most
of the drill hole sections are conspicuous of frequent nil to low RQD zones. The
dam foundation is not homogeneous as the competent quartzite is often
associated with Mica schist bands of up to 10m thickness. This intercalatory
association of alternating foundation media of differing strength parameters
renders the foundation heterogeneous. It will be reasonable, therefore, to
design the foundation on the strength of weaker foundation rock to avoid
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possibility of differential settlement and avail the competence of stronger
foundation rock as an additional advantage.
Based on the interpretation of sub surface exploratory information, the tentative
depth of excavation for foundation has been inferred as 9 m to 21m (EL411 to
EL 365m) on the left abutment, 16m to 35m (EL 361m to EL 335m) in the river
bed and 9 m to 22 m (EL 411m to EL 360m) on the right bank (Plate-3) with in
the domain of section accommodating the 90m high concrete gravity dam. The
maximum stripping of 35m is required under present water channel on the left
bank. Two shear/fracture zones have been encountered in drill hole DH-3 from
38.0m to 38.20m and 41.0m to 42.0m depths. The affected portion of the lower
zone seems to be extending up to 44m depth. Since this shear/ fracture zone is
foliation parallel dipping upstream at moderate angle, it may not pose any
serious threat to sliding stability of dam and seepage control from reservoir. But
it is likely to extend along the dam body for considerable length. As such
elaborate dental treatment evolved by designer will be necessary.
Over all permeability values vary between Lu<1 and 43. But more commonly
the higher values are restricted around 20-30Lu only. The permeability tends to
decrease gradually with depth but reversal and deviation from this trend are
also recorded.
As observed in drill hole core, both the Quartzite and Mica schist are fairly well
fractured with variations in core recovery and considerable fluctuation in RQD
within the envelope of low to moderate RQD. Looking to the weight of
incumbent concrete gravity structure, consolidation grouting to the depth equal
to 0.2H and curtain grouting to the depth equal to 0.7H is recommended from
the finally excavated levels of the foundation grade.
In general, with spot specific modifications, rock cut slopes of 600 and 650 are
likely to be stable on abutments with corrective measures.
Rock mechanic testing of different litho-units to characterise rock mechanic
parameters specially shear strength and deformation modulus in drifts or
performing Goodman Jack tests in drill holes is recommended to be carried out.
The “Shear Wave velocity” based geophysical studies may offer a rapid
scanning method for ascertaining rock mass attributes; these be conducted to
further characterize the rock mass.
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6.6.2 Spillway
Centrally located bucket type, gated spillway with crest level at 386.00m is
proposed to pass a maximum flood discharge of 27700.m3/sec. It is 192.00m
long along the dam axis with downstream extension of around 200m up to the
end of plunge pool as a part of energy dissipation arrangement. It is to be
founded on a heterogeneous foundation consisting of relatively competent
Quartzite (RMR 56-67 and GSI 60-70) with weaker intercalations of Mica schist
(RMR 35-51and GSI 35-45) as depicted by all the drill holes drilled in Dam/
spillway domain.
Deepest foundation in the river bed as depicted in case of the main dam is
anticipated at a depth of around 35m (EL 335m).The maximum depth in the
river bed for the foundation of all concrete structures including the appurtenant
for energy dissipation has to be lowered down to bedrock underlying a
maximum pile of 33m thickness of RBM. On left bank, a stripping of 12 t0 16m
deep (EL 378m to EL 382m) from the surface) will be enough to rest the
foundation.
The same 3m thick shear/ fracture zone intersected in drill hole DH-3 may
encroach upon the dam foundation on the left bank in spillway section also
calling for the reinforced dental treatment attendant with contact grouting and
provision of drainage holes. This is a foliation shear and is likely to strike the
dam length at a low angle (150 to 200) crossing the dam body for a
considerable length.
On right bank maximum excavation to a depth of 10m to16m (EL380m to EL
365m) is foreseen. As projected in drill hole DH-2, a one m thick shear zone is
anticipated to encroach upon the downstream toe part of dam necessitating
dental treatment as mentioned in respect of left bank shear zone. This is also a
bedding shear and may intersect dam length at a low angle. The spillway
accounts for about 192m out of a total dam length of 265.7m. Deeper
excavation in a narrow channel will necessitate prior conception for cut slope
stability measures. The same advantage of favourable orientation of major
discontinuity planes as in main dam abutments will be available all along the
excavated zone.
6.6.3 Power House Cavern on the Left Bank (Nepal Side)
Power house cavern with dimension of 24.00m X 49.50m X 112.00m (W/H/L) is
proposed between the elevation of 338m and 388.50m with a vertical cover of
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146m and lateral cover of around 136m. The transformer cavern has been
located at about 48m away to obviate mutual interference of lateral stresses.
This extent of rock participation between the two caverns of respective width of
24.00m and 19.00m should be duly analysed from tunnel stability point of view
to avoid instability emanating from mutual interference of the lateral stresses.
The cavern will be excavated in moderately strong to strong quartzite with
intercalatory weaker bands of garnetiferrous mica schist. These schist bands
may form significant horizons of relatively weaker strength for a thickness of up
to 10m. They are repeatedly found as intercalations in Quartzite in drill hole
core of dam axis area.
The longer axis of power house cavern was fixed in N150W-S150E (N3450)
direction at an angle of 600 from foliation strike. The vertical cover of 140m
does not rise any possibility of encountering squeezing condition in softer Mica
schist bands during excavation.
The rock mass characterization carried out in surficial outcrops of Quartzite and
drill hole core in adjoining part is indicative of RMR value of 45 to 57 and GSI
60 to 70 (Fair to Good rock). In respect of garnetiferrous Mica schist/Mica
schist, it varies between RMR 35 to 50 and GSI 35 to 45 (Poor to Fair rock).
Based on the extrapolation of these data, the rock mass quality in proposed
power house cavern is indicative largely of “Poor” to “Fair” and “Good”
tunnelling media.
Stereographic projection and wedge analyses indicates that Joint plane J1^J3,
J1^J4 and J1^J5 form wedges with moderate to steep plunge in vulnerable
direction. Similarly, joint planes J2^J4, J2^J5 and J3^J4, J3^J5 also produce
intersecting wedges on the wall of cavern with moderate plunge on the wall.
The current orientation of power house cavern is beset with the problem of
wedge-based instability as indicated by a preliminary wedge analyses. A
rotation of longer axis of PH tunnel on the left bank to N50 to100E-S 50 to
100W is recommended based on the wedge analyses to ensure a better
stability of power house cavity.
6.6.4 Powerhouse Caverns on the Right Bank (India side)
Power house cavern with dimension of 24.00m X 49.50m X 112.00m (W/H/L) is
proposed between the elevation of 338 and 388.50m. The NSL above the
cavern is EL 538m. The power house cavern is thus confined under a vertical
and lateral rock cover of 150m having optimum rock participation from either
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direction. It is to be located in moderately strong to strong quartzite with
relatively weaker intercalatory bands of garnetiferrous mica schist. The
presence of these schistose bands of up to 10m thickness as observed in
proximity to dam seat may denigrate the overall quality of rock mass in power
house cavity. Actual presence of any significant weak zone traversing the
power house and transformer hall caverns can be known only after the
completion of subsurface exploration by drilling and drifting. So far available
data do not reveal any possibility of extrapolated weak zone crossing these
underground structures. Thus the power house cavern axis strikes the general
foliation trend at an angle of 750. The vertical cover of 150m rules out any
possibility of encountering squeezing condition in softer Mica schist bands
during excavation.
The rock mass characterization based on surficial outcrops and drill hole data
from adjoining area is indicative of RMR of 50 to 63 and GSI 60 to 70 (Fair to
Good rock) in Quartzite. In respect of garnetiferrous Mica schist/Mica schist, it
varies between RMR 35 to 50 and GSI 35 to 45 (Poor to Fair rock). Based on
the extrapolation of these data, the rock mass quality in proposed power house
cavern is indicative largely of “Fair” and “Good” tunnelling media with localised
bands of Poor to Very poor rock mass.
Based on the stereographic projections and wedge analyses, the orientation of
power house cavern appears to be largely in suitable direction.
6.6.5 Intake Structure on the Left Bank (Nepal Side)
Two bell mouth intake structures with each opening of 3m (H) x 5.53m (W) with
intake tunnel invert level at EL 392m are proposed to feed generation units in
underground powerhouses. These are to be founded on Garnetiferrous Mica
Schist with interbanded Quartzite. The designed depth of foundation (EL387m)
falls on the fresh rock. The excavation in intake portal area is expected under
dry to moist condition. The intake portal back slopes of an expected height of
30-40m will be excavated in Mica schist and interbanded Quartzite in both the
intake structures. Rock cut slopes of up to 600 (1V: 0.5774H) and more are
anticipated to be stable with the corrective measures discussed in the text. .
Almost similar foundation condition, depth of foundation grade and corrective
measures in cut slope stabilization will be applicable on intake structures I and
II on the left bank.
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6.6.6 Intake structures on Right Bank (India Side)
Two bell mouth intake structures with each opening of 3m (H) x 5.53m(W) with
intake tunnel invert level at EL 392m are proposed on the right bank (India side)
also to feed generation units in underground powerhouse. These are to be
rested on a heterogeneous foundation comprising Garnetiferrous Mica schist
and Quartzite as the lithological boundary between the two units passes
through this area. A thin shear zone suspected along Kharagnala may
encroach upon the downstream fringe of the foundation of intake structure-II on
the right bank. It is likely to be maximum 50cm thick. If intersected in the
foundation, it will necessitate dental treatment to obviate settlement and
infiltration of water. Design foundation depth makes excavation mandatory to
EL 387m which falls well below the fresh rock depth at around 7m in both the
Intake structures. Steeper cut slopes of 600 and more at portal of both the
structures will require elaborate stabilization measures as discussed in text.
6.6.7 Power Tunnels (HRTs) and Penstocks on the Left Bank (Nepal Side)
Twin circular power Tunnels of 6.5m dia have been envisaged 15m apart with
298m long horizontal and 55m long inclined (500) component (penstock in
tunnel- III and 260m long horizontal and 55m long inclined (500) component
(penstock) in tunnel- IV. They are to be excavated mainly in Garnetiferrous
Mica schist with interbanded Quartzite. The tentative rock mass quality
estimates from drill hole core of intake area are indicative of RMR 40-55 in
Quartzite and 25-40 in garnetiferrous Mica schist. Joint planes J1^J4 are
anticipated to make vulnerable shallow wedges on the crown. Along the
inclined penstock course, combination of joint planes J2^ J5 and J2^J4 may
form wedges plunging down the slope on the walls. Reinforced SFRS and rock
bolting is foreseen as major support components with steel rib support in initial
10-15m reach to counter weathering and distressing effects. Largely similar
tunneling conditions, rock mass quality and support requirement are foreseen in
both the tunnel on the left bank.
6.6.8 Power Tunnels (HRTs) and penstock on the Right Bank (India Side)
Twin circular power Tunnels of 6.5m dia have been envisaged 15m apart with
255m long horizontal and 55m long inclined (500) component (penstock) in
tunnel- I and 229m long horizontal and 55m long inclined (500) component
(penstock) in tunnel- II. The tunnels are to be driven predominantly through
competent Quartzite with intercalatory bands of garnetiferrous Mica schist. The
latter is up to 10m thick. Foliation plane strikes the tunnel alignments at an
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angle of 550.Tentative rock mass quality estimates from drill hole core of intake
area are indicative of RMR 48-60 in Quartzite and RMR 33-47 in garnetiferrous
Mica schist. Joint planes J1^J5 and J3^J5 form intersecting wedges near the
crown with shallow to moderate plunge in NE direction which is a vulnerable
direction. Along the inclined penstock tunnel, combination of J1^ J3 may form
wedges on the wall with moderate plunge in upslope direction. Reinforced
SFRS and rock bolting is foreseen as major support components with steel rib
support in initial 10-15m reach to counter weathering and distressing effects.
Largely similar tunneling conditions, rock mass quality and support requirement
are foreseen in both the tunnels on the right bank.
6.6.9 Tail Race Tunnels on Left Bank (Nepal Side)
On left bank, twin tunnels of 7m dia and 56 m length are to be excavated with
18m wide intervening column of rock mass . The tunnels extend in S75OW
direction striking foliation at an angle of 300. They are to be driven through
moderately strong Quartzite ( RMR 50-60 ) with intercalated bands of soft and
weak Mica schist (RMR 35-43) designating the rock mass largely as Fair-Good
Rock with poor reaches in Mica schist. TRT out fall is to be founded on
competent quartzite exposed on the surface. Foundation grade is likely to be
available here at a very shallow depth. Steep rock cut slopes are foreseen to be
stable at outlet portal of TRT with shotcreting and selective rock bolting.
6.6.10 Tail Race Tunnels on the Right Bank (India Side)
On right bank, 92m long twins Tail Race Tunnels of 7m dia are contemplated in
N600W- S600E direction, almost sub parallel to parallel of foliation
cleavage/joint. The tunnel will be driven predominantly through moderately
strong Quartzite (RMR 45-55) with intercalated bands of weaker Mica schist
mostly with orientation specific poor rock mass characteristics (RMR 30-38).
Outlet portal back slopes are gentle and likely to be stable with minimum
remedial measures. TRT outfall is located on overburden comprising slope
wash material of sandy-silty soil and talus boulders. A drill hole is proposed
(DH-28) to probe the overburden thickness and evaluate foundation for outfall.
6.6.11 Diversion Tunnel on the Left Bank (Nepal Side)
The bearing of 1023m long 12m dia proposed diversion tunnel on the left bank
shows two kinks along the alignment. The tunnel is to be driven through
moderately strong to strong Quartzite with intercalated subordinate bands of
Mica schist traversed by several sets of discontinuity. The tunnel is to be driven
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through moderately strong to strong Quartzite with intercalated bands of Mica
schist traversed by several sets of joints. The Quartzites are characterized by
RMR 45 to 63 (Fair to Good Rock). However, the intercalated Mica schist
bands, which are up to 10m thick, denigrate the overall rock mass quality.
These bands in addition to remaining 40% rock mass along the tunnel
alignment constitute weak tunneling media characterized by RMR 30 to 45
(Poor to Fair Rock mass). The average foliation trend of rocks is N750 W-
S750E with a dip of around 500 towards N150E i.e. towards upstream of the
tunnel. If tunnel is driven from outlet portal side, no significant adversely
oriented wedges are anticipated at crown along all variations in tunnel
alignment. Joint planes J2^J5 only form wedge near crown with a shallow
plunge. Mainly top heading and benching with short advances will be applicable
as tunneling method. Systematic rock bolting and shotcreting with wire mesh
are foreseen as the main support measures with steel rib installation in initial 10
m reaches from the portal to counter the effect of distressing and portal factor.
Selective rock bolting coupled with shotcreting and cutting of berms with
drainage arrangement will be necessary to retain rock cut slopes of 600 to 70
above the portals.
6.6.12 Diversion Tunnel on the Right Bank (India Side)
Another 958m long 12m dia diversion tunnel is proposed on the right bank. Its
alignment is also punctuated by three kinks. As per the projection from surface
geological map more than 70% of the tunnel excavation is to be accomplished
in moderately strong to strong quartzite with intercalated bands of Mica schist,
predominated by the former. Remaining 30% rock mass is likely to consist
mainly of weak to moderately strong Garnetiferrous Mica schist with thinly
interbanded quartzite. A 50cm thick foliation parallel shear zone has been
inferred at around RD 260m in Mica schist below Kharagnala. Very poor rock
conditions are expected in this zone for a short stretch of a few meters. The
foliation strikes the veering tunnel alignment at an angle of 320 to 750.
According to tentative rock mass quality estimates, the Quartzite is
characterized by RMR 45 to 65 (Fair to Good Rock), intercalated Mica schist
horizon by RMR 35 to 45 (Poor to Fair Rock) and Shear/ fracture zone by RMR
15 to 20 and GSI 20 to 30 (Very Poor Rock). The maximum vertical rock cover
over the tunnel is 234m abstaining squeezing possibility in Mica schist horizon
due to convergence. The tunneling condition, rock mass characteristic and
required method of excavation with support measures should be same as
described in diversion tunnel on the left bank. The tunnel should be driven
preferably from outlet portal to inlet portal to avail driving with the dip of foliation
and major joint sets. If driven so, only the joint plane J2^J5 make vulnerable
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wedges on the crown in initial reaches of 150 to 350m. In remaining part, hardly
any wedges with significant vulnerability are anticipated. The inlet portal of right
bank diversion tunnel will be located under minimum rock cover of about 1xD.
Lateral distressing and 2-3m thick veneer of slope wash further deteriorate rock
condition here. It may necessitate construction of a false portal with robust steel
girder support. If overburden becomes unstable, it may be arrested by a small
retaining structure founded on the underlying rock.
6.6.13 Main Approach Tunnel on the Left Bank (Nepal Side)
375m long 8m dia “D” shaped main access tunnel to powerhouse on the left
bank is to be driven thorough mainly Quartzite with intercalated Mica schist at
initial level of EL 386m. The tunnel has a curved course showing three kinks
along its alignment. Very preliminary rock mass quality estimates characterize
the moderately strong to strong quartzite with RMR 50-62 and expected Mica
schist intercalations with RMR 33-49. Effect of weathering and distressing may
be encountered in the initial 10 to 15m reach. The tunneling media of largely
fair to good rock mass is prognosticated along the course of excavation unless
some major weak zone is encountered. Mainly heading and benching or full
face driving with good advances is foreseen to be possible during excavation
with SFRS and rock bolting as mainstay of support component. Steel rib
support may be needed in the initial reach of around 10m to counter distressing
and weathering effect. Due to low cover, these effects may persist relatively
deeper in the portal area. Natural portal slopes are very moderate and stable
whereas the rock condition can retain very steep slopes with minimum support
measures. The tunnel excavation may necessitate open cutting for initial 20m
reach.
6.6.14 Main Approach Tunnel on the Right Bank (India Side)
Main Access Tunnel on the right bank is also proposed at entry level of EL
386m with a “D” shaped dia of 8m. The tunnel will pass through the competent
Quartzite (RMR 46-60) as predominant tunneling media but frequent
intersection of intercalatory bands of weaker Mica schist (RMR 25-46) is
anticipated based on the intimate association of the two rocks in the area as
often intersected in drill holes in adjoining part. The 2xD cover in portal area is
available only at 100m inside the hill.)This low cover area in the initial reaches
may suffer from distressing and weathering effect. The portal may have to be
relocated inside the hill with open cut up to adequate cover. Heading and
benching with short advances and application of SFRS with systematic rock
bolting will comprise the excavation and support measures. Application of thick
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SFRS reinforced with wire mesh and systematic rock bolting is recommended
as support measures concurrent with excavation in the tunnel reach after bend
point. Natural portal slopes are very gentle. No major support measures are
fore seen in portal area to arrest cut slopes.
6.6.15 Upstream Coffer Dam
A 24m high and 163.00 m long rock fill coffer dam with an impervious clay core
and upstream concrete face is proposed at 148m upstream of main dam axis.
The upstream cofferdam area is occupied mainly by garnetiferrous Mica schist
with thin interbands of Quartzite. The maximum depth of bed rock in river
section to found the core is likely to be of the order of 32 to 35m.Construction of
coffer dam on riverine overburden after consolidation by high pressure jet
grouting may be considered to avoid deeper excavation for founding the
impervious core.
6.6.16 Downstream Coffer Dam
A 17m high 110.00m long rock fill dam is proposed at about 200m downstream
of the main dam. The competent Quartzite with intercalatory Mica schist rocks
is available on either bank almost at surface or at a very shallow depth.
However in the riverbed, which will accommodate the maximum length of the
dam, the bed rock is anticipated to be available at a depth of a couple of meters
on the river edge to as much as about 33m in the deepest channel bed
beneath a thick pile of riverine sediments..
CHAPTER-7
IRRIGATION PLANNING
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CHAPTER – 7
IRRIGATION PLANNING
7.1 INTRODUCTION
The waters of Mahakali River are being utilized for irrigation in India since the
commissioning of Banbasa Barrage in 1928. Some Terai area in Nepal has
also been benefited by the Mahakali waters drawn from the Banbasa Barrage.
The Mahakali waters are also being used for irrigation in Nepal Territory
through withdrawal from the Tanakpur Barrage. In addition, Mahakali (Sarada)
waters are being utilized for irrigation in Sarada Sahayak Project of India
through withdrawals from the Lower Sarada Barrage. The brief description of
these existing irrigation facilities are given in the following sections.
7.2 EXISTING IRRIGATION FACILITIES
7.2.1 Banbasa Barrage
The Sarada Irrigation system was first commissioned in 1928 with construction
of a barrage across the River Mahakali (Sarada in India) at Banbasa. In
accordance with the earlier agreement, Nepal is entitled to draw 28.35 m3/s
(1000 ft3/s) of water in monsoon season (from 15th May to 15th October) and
4.25 m3/s (150 ft3/s) in the dry season from Banbasa Barrage. This water drawn
from Banbasa Barrage provides irrigation to a command area of 11,600 ha;
4800 ha under MIP stage-I and 6800 ha under MIP stage-II. The Sarada canal
system having command between Ganga and Ghaghra Doab, is one of the
biggest and oldest irrigation system of Uttar Pradesh (India) covering a
command area of 2.5 million ha (subsequently reduced to 1.61 million ha)
starting from district Pilibhit to Allahabad. For providing these irrigation facilities,
a canal on right bank with 326 m3/s (11,500 ft3/s) discharge capacity for India
and another canal on left bank with 28.35 m3/s (1000 ft3/s) capacity for Nepal
were constructed by signing an agreement between British India and the King
of Nepal.
7.2.2 Tanakpur Barrage
Another barrage at Tanakpur, 10 km upstream of the Banbasa was constructed
in 1985 by M/S National Hydro-electric Power Corporation of India, across river
Sarada, in India to utilize the Sarada water for generation of power. For
commissioning of the Tanakpur HEP, an agreement was reached between
India and Nepal, under which, a part of power (70 million units per annum)
generated there is supplied to Nepal, free of cost, beside additional water
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releases to Nepal for irrigation from the Tanakpur barrage, over and above
agreed irrigation supplies from Banbasa barrage. A canal powerhouse of (3*40)
120 MW capacity was commissioned in 1991. The Tanakpur barrage and
power station were so designed as to release its tailrace water back into the
River before the Banbasa head works. As per the agreement, a canal of 28.35
m3/s (1000 ft3/s) discharge capacity was constructed to supply additional water
to Nepal, under the grants-in-aid assistance, by the Ministry of External Affairs,
GoI.
7.2.3 Lower Sarada Barrage
In the early seventies, the State Government of Uttar Pradesh (Irrigation
Department) commissioned another project known as Sarada Sahayak
Pariyojna (System). The original command of Sarada Canal System, lying east
of Sarada Sahayak Feeder was excluded from the Sarada canal system and
transferred to the Sarada Sahayak system. For providing irrigation supplies to
Sarada Sahayak system, two barrages namely (i) Girijapur Barrage across the
river Ghagra and (ii) Lower Sarada Barrage across river Sarada, 160km
downstream of the Banbasa Barrage were constructed. The Ghagra waters are
diverted to river Sarada, upstream of Lower Sarada Barrage through a link
canal of 480 m3/s capacity, taking off from the Girijapur Barrage. However
during monsoon, the river Ghagra carries a lot of silt and, therefore, the Ghagra
waters are transferred to Sarada for use in Sarada Sahayak system only during
non-monsoon/ low silt period. The link canal from Ghagra remains closed from
16th June to 15th October. The Sarada Sahayak system with design discharge
of head works as 650 m3/s draws irrigation supplies from Lower Sarada
Barrage during monsoon season only and, dependent on Mahakali waters for
meeting the irrigation requirements in the lower command area (20 lakh ha).
The flows in the Mahakali River during this period are sufficient to meet the
existing water requirements of Nepal and India at Banbasa/ Tanakpur
Barrages.
7.2.4 Irrigation Benefits from the Project to Nepal and India
The irrigation benefits from the project have been assessed with due
consideration of the relevant provisions under Article 3 of the Mahakali Treaty
and subsequent letters of exchange dated 12th February, 1996 between the
Hon’ble Prime Ministers of the two countries which provides that Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project shall be designed and implemented on the basis of certain
principles, which inter-alia include the following:
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(i) The Project shall, as would be agreed between the Parties, be designed to
produce the maximum total net benefit. All benefits accruing to both the parties
with the development of the project in the forms of power, irrigation, flood
control etc. shall be assessed.
(ii) Irrigation benefits shall be assessed on the basis of incremental and
additional benefits due to augmentation of river flow.
7.2.5 Irrigation Benefits in Nepal
For carrying out the studies for assessment of irrigation benefits to Nepal from
the project, the draft DPR (1995) of Government of Nepal was reviewed. As per
the 1995 report, this aspect was originally studied by PACO during the field
Investigations carried out between April 1988 and February 1991. The study
was aimed to identify the future prospects of potential irrigable lands that can
be developed in the post Pancheshwar scenario as well as to determine the
present status of agriculture in the irrigable lands in the Nepalese side of the
Mahakali River. The study however, was limited to the East of the Mohana and
Godavari Rivers and covered approximately 1,205 km2 or about 74% of the
1,637 km2 of the Kanchanpur District in the Terai area. Within this 1,205 km2
area, a total of 61,950 ha is considered irrigable.
Considering the availability of sufficient regulated water in the Mahakali River
on coming up of the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP), it is feasible to
extend the potential project area, to cover the zone between the Mohana and
the Karnali Rivers as well. Some 31,000ha of irrigable area has been identified
in the zone between the Mohana and the Karnali River, thus developing a total
command of about 93,000 ha.
The 1995 DPR also provides details of the existing water availability and the
command area developed under Mahakali Irrigation Project (MIP). As per this
report, with the existing availability of water for MIP, the maximum cropping
intensity possible is 185 to 195%. However, the report emphasize that it is not
an optimum choice and this cropping intensity is regarded as low if
consideration is given to the favorable climate and good soil. Accordingly, with
the availability of water in post Pancheshwar scenario and overall cropping
intensity of 240% is feasible.
His Majesty, Government of Nepal was requested to provide updated
information regarding their existing uses as well as plan for future use of
Mahakali waters in their territory. Department of Irrigation, Ministry of Irrigation,
Government of Nepal (GoN) furnished a booklet containing Irrigation and
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Agricultural Data of MIP (Stage-III). In this booklet, information is given about
existing MIP Stage I & II with CCA of 11600 ha and studies for development of
MIP Stage-III comprising of CCA 25,215 ha and 3040 ha of Dodhara-Chandani
area with Cropping intensity of 200%. This report is for development of MIP
only and do not cover the overall plan of Government of Nepal in post
Pancheshwar scenario.
7.3 AGRICULTURE ASPECTS
7.3.1 Present Land Use and Irrigability in the Project Area in Nepal
The present land use in the120, 500 ha of the area west of the Mohana Rivers
is given in the Table-7.1.
Table-7.1: Present Land Use
S. No. Land Use Area (ha) % of total
1. Cultivated area 41,500 35
2. Town, roads, Rivers, etc. 5,000 4
3. Shukla Phat Reserve 33,000 27
4. Forest 37,200 31
5. Waste land 3,800 3
Total 120,500 100
Source: DPR
Soils in the Project area have been classified by Land Resource Mapping
Project (LRMP) into three land systems, which include:
Active Alluvial Plain (River courses andadjacentareas): The soils in
these areas have mainly sandy cobbly texture; there is some danger of
floods. The land use is restricted to grazing and protected forest. This
system represents about 8%m of the Project area.
Recent Alluvial Plain (four subclasses): The soils in this zone represent
good to very good agricultural characteristics depending on position of
command area (depressed or high). Texture is heavy loam with poor to
moderate internal drainage. Topography is flat. They represent about 38%
of the project area.
Alluvial Fan, Apron Complex (four subclasses): These areas are
covered by agriculture and protection forest (especially in highly dissected
areas). Soil texture is medium to high loam with moderate to rapid
internal drainage. Topography is very gently sloping to highly dissected.
They represent about 54% of the Project area.
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The area potentially usable for agriculture, excluding the protected Shukla Phat
Reserves, is 78,700 ha, out of which a total of 61,950 ha isconsidered irrigable,
with various degrees ofsuitability and limitations. Inparticular, of the total
37,200 ha of forest land, 20,450 ha is also considered irrigable.
7.3.2 Cropping Patterns and Cropping Intensity in Nepal
Paddy is the predominant crop in the monsoon season and wheat in the winter
season. The crops cultivated in the project area are paddy, wheat, maize,
oilseeds, lentil, potato, sugarcane, sunflower and vegetables. While paddy,
wheat and legumes predominate in areas of low and heavier soils, maize
and oilseeds can be found, especially in upland areas with lighter soils. Crop
rotations vary according to the size of farm, position of land, quality of soils,
availability of irrigation water, needs of farmer, etc. In rain fed conditions, the
main cropping sequences are: paddy-fallow; maize-mustard and maize-wheat
and in irrigated land, cropping sequences comprise of: paddy-wheat, maize-
paddy-wheat and paddy-potato.
As per the house hold survey conducted in 1999 and presented in the study
report of MIP, the cropping intensity ranges from 154.3% to 182.7%, depending
on the irrigation facility. Under irrigated condition the cropping intensity ranges
from 163.0 percent to 188.4 percent. The overall cropping intensity of the area
for which data has been collected is 161 percent ranging from 131% to 172%
among the different farm size groups.
7.3.3 Anticipated Crop Yield
Based on information collected from various sources and as contained in the
study report of MIP, the anticipated crop yields under “with project condition”
are given in the Table-7.2.
Table-7.2: Anticipated crop yield in the command areas under “with project
condition”
S. No. Crop Non-
Irrigated
(t/ha)
Anticipated yield
initial
development
(t/ha)
With project
full development
(t/ha)
1. Paddy (Improved) 2.28 3.60 4.20
2. Paddy (Local) 2.03 2.47 2.87
3. Maize 1.65 2.85 3.50
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S. No. Crop Non-
Irrigated
(t/ha)
Anticipated yield
initial
development
(t/ha)
With project
full development
(t/ha)
4. Wheat 1.52 2.91 3.50
5. Oilseed crops 0.57 0.89 1.03
6. Lentil 0.56 0.90 1.16
7. Potato 9.28 14.10 18.65
8. Vegetable 9.22 14.10 18.65
9. Sugarcane 36.50 49.50 66.33
10. Sunflower 1.18 1.60
Source: DPR
7.3.4 Existing Irrigations in Nepal
7.3.4.1 Mahakali Irrigation Project (MIP) – Nepal
The Mahakali Irrigation Project (MIP), being implemented in stages (MIP-I, MIP-
II, MIP-III) is one of such projects in the Far Western Development Region of
the country. The MIP-I and MIP-II are developed with irrigation coverage of
4800 ha and 6800 ha, respectively.
7.3.4.2 Existing use of the Mahakali Waters in Nepal
In accordance with the earlier agreement, Nepal is entitled to draw 28.35 m3/s
(1000 ft3/s) water in wet season (from 15th May to 15th Oct.) and 4.25 m3/s (150
ft3/s) in the dry season (from 16th October to 14th May) from Banbasa Barrage.
This water drawn from Banbasa Barrage provides irrigation to a command area
of 11,600 ha; 4800 ha under MIP stage-I and 6800 ha under MIP stage-II. As
per the Mahakali Treaty, Nepal is also entitled to receive 28.35 m3/s (1000 ft3/s)
water in the wet season and 8.5 m3/s (300 ft3/s) of water in the dry season
respectively from the Tanakpur Barrage. A new canal of 28.35 m3/s (1000 ft3/s)
discharge capacity has been constructed to supply additional water to Nepal
under the grants-in-aid assistance by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA),
Government of India (GoI).
Besides the above, it is also stipulated under the Article -1 (2) of the Treaty that
India shall maintain a flow of not less than 10 m3/s (350 ft3/s) downstream of
the Sarada Barrage (Banbasa) in the Mahakali River to maintain and preserve
the River eco-system. Further, under the Article-7 of the Treaty, the local
communities living along both sides of the Mahakali River, shall have the use of
the Mahakali waters, not exceeding five percent (5%) of the average annual
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Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 7
flow at Pancheshwar.
The existing water uses of Nepal from Banbasa and Tanakpur Barrage are
given in the Table-7.3.
Table-7.3: Existing uses of Nepal
Month Existing uses of Nepal (m3/s)
From Banbasa
Barrage
From Tanakpur
Barrage
Total
January 4.25 8.50 12.75
February 4.25 8.50 12.75
March 4.25 8.50 12.75
April 4.25 8.50 12.75
May 16.45 18.45 34.90
June 28.35 28.35 56.70
July 28.35 28.35 56.70
August 28.35 28.35 56.70
September 28.35 28.35 56.70
October 16.45 18.45 34.90
November 4.25 8.50 12.75
December 4.25 8.50 12.75
Mean (m3/s) 14.32 16.78 31.09
Note: The existing use of Nepal is based on the provisions under the Article 1 & 2 of
the Mahakali Treaty.
Source: DPR
7.3.4.3 Future Agriculture Developments and Associated Water
Requirements
As per Article-4 of the Treaty, India shall supply 10 m3/s (350 ft3/s) water for
irrigation of Dodhara – Chandani area of Nepalese Territory. Further, as per the
Article-5 of the Mahakali Treaty, water requirements of Nepal are given prime
consideration in the utilization of the waters of the Mahakali river. With the
availability of augmented flow in the post-Pancheshwar scenario, it is
envisaged to bring additional command area in Nepal under the planned
irrigation.
In post-Pancheshwar scenario, that by adopting a cropping pattern for the
project, similar to that studied for the Karnali project, it is techno-economically
feasible to develop a total command of 93,000 ha (maximum option), with
240% cropping intensity; 100% for the wet season; 85% for the winter season
and 55% in the spring season.
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The details of the proposed cropping pattern, cropping intensity and area under
each crop are given in the Table-7.4.
Table-7.4: Cropping Pattern, Intensity and Area under each crop (CCA – 93,000
ha)
S. No. Crop Intensity of Irrigation Area under each crop in
ha
1. Paddy Monsoon 85% 79050
2. Paddy Spring 30% 27900
3. Wheat 45% 41850
4. Maize Monsoon 10% 9300
5. Maize Spring 20% 18600
6. Oilseeds 20% 18600
7. Legumes Spring 5% 4650
8.. Legumes 10% 9300
9. Vegetables (5*3) 15% 13950
10. Total 240% 223200
Source: DPR
Crop Water & Diversion Requirements
The overall efficiency, thus, works out to be 35%. The Crop Water Requirement
of various crops proposed in the command and monthly Crop Water
Requirement (CWR) are given in the Table-7.5.
The monthly water requirements at canal head work (Diversion requirement) for
CCA of 93,000 ha are given in the Table-7.6.
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Table-7.5: Crop Water Requirement (unit in mm)
Source: DPR
Table-7.6: Water requirement at Canal Head Work (Diversion Requirement) in m3/s for 93,000 ha CCA
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Average Crop Water Requirement (Net
Irrigation Requirement (NIR) In L/s/ha
0.17
0.21
0.33
0.73
0.64
0.32
0.78
0.49
0.69
0.75
0.08
0.14
Field Application Requirement = NIR/0.7
In L/s/ha
0.24 0.31 0.47 1.05 0.91 0.46 1.11 0.70 0.99 1.08 0.13 0.21
Gross Irrigation Requirement at canal head
(Diversion Requirement) = NIR/0.35 in
L/s/ha
0.49
0.61
0.94
2.09
1.81
0.92
2.23
1.41
1.98
2.15
0.25
0.41
Source: DPR
Crop Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Paddy Monsoon 246.0 151.0 205.0 232.0 834.0
Paddy Spring 178.9 448.0 372.0 262.0 1261.0
Wheat 58.7 85.1 26.3 18.0 43.1 231.0
Maize Monsoon 13.1 0.7 24.7 26.5 65.0
Maize Spring 71.3 197.0 179.0 447.0
Oilseeds 54.2 25.0 30.9 54.2 164.0
Legumes Spring 94.7 201.0 160.0 455.7 456.0
Legumes 55.3 18.1 53.8 59.0 186.0
Vegetables 54.7 92.0 49.1 125.0 183.0 73.1 0.0 24.7 57.3 94.3 61.6 47.9 863.0
Av. Crop Water Requirement
(mm)
45.5 51.7 88.0 190.0 165.0 83.7 209.0 132.0 180.0 202.0 22.7 38.5
Average Crop Water
Requirement (Net Irrigation
Requirement (NIR) in
(L/s/ha)
0.17
0.21
0.329
0.73
0.64
0.32
0.78
0.49
0.69
0.75
0.08
0.14
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Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 10
Future Water Requirement of Nepal
As per the information given in the booklet on Irrigation and Agriculture data of
MIP-III, on an annual average, 15.3 m3/s of water is required to meet irrigation
water requirements of 11,600 ha of net command area under MIP-I and MIP-II.
The present cropping intensity is stated to be about 195%. Further, as per this
booklet, out of total CCA of 25,215 ha under MIP-III, only 7,820 ha of command
with cropping intensity of about 180% is developed at present. With the total
existing annual average use of 31.09 m3/s, it is observed that even the water
requirements of MIP-III having CCA of 25,215 ha with planned cropping intensity
of 200% may not be fully met. Full development of 93,000 ha command with 240%
cropping intensity is, therefore, possible only with the availability of additional
water for Nepal in post-Pancheshwar scenario. The command areas to be served
by the existing water uses and future water requirements have been, accordingly,
worked out.
Considering the water requirements at canal head work (diversion requirements)
as given in the Table-7.6, the future water requirement of Nepal for providing(i)
Irrigation facilities to total command of 93,000 ha and (ii) 10 m3 /s for Dodhara-
Chandani area have been computed and are given in the Table-7.7.
Command coverage by additional water- Future water use
Total command to be irrigated on implementation of the project is 93,000 ha with
240% cropping intensity and 3040 ha of Dodhara-Chandani area with 200%
cropping intensity. Part of the total command of 93,000 ha is presently getting
irrigation supplies and remaining areas shall get irrigation supplies as additional
water (future use) on project implementation (Refer Table-7.7). Command area to
be served by additional water (future use) is computed as under:
Existing water use - 980 x 106m3
Additional (Future) Water Demand - 2758 x 106m3
Total water demand for 93000 ha CCA - 3738 x 106m3
Additional (Future) Water Demand Including
requirement of Dodhara-Chandani area - 3073 x 106m3
Therefore, out of total 93000 ha command, 24380 ha (980/3738 x 93000) is
considered to be served by existing supplies and balance 68620 ha (2758 /3738 x
93000) by additional water use on implementation of the project. In addition 6040
ha (CCA 3040 ha with 199% intensity of irrigation) of Dodhara-Chandani area for
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Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 11
which 10 m3/s of water has been earmarked will be served on implementation of
PMP. Crop area getting irrigation benefits on implementation of PMP (future water
use) is given in the Table-7.7.
Table-7.7: Future Irrigation Requirement of Nepal in m3/s
Month Existing Uses of Nepal Total
Demand
for CCA
of
93,000
ha
under
Article-
5 of the
Treaty
Future
Irrigation
Demand
of Nepal
for CCA
of 93,000
ha
(5)-(4)
Demand for
Dodhara
Chandni area
under Article-
4 of the
Treaty
Future
Irrigation
Demand
of Nepal
including
demand of
Dodhara-
Chandani
area
(6)+ (7)
From
Banbasa
Barrage
under
Article 1
of the
Treaty
From
Tanakpur
Barrage
under
Article 2
of the
Treaty
Total
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Jan 4.25 8.50 12.75 45.20 32.45 10.00 42.45
Feb 4.25 8.50 12.75 56.80 44.05 10.00 54.05
Mar 4.25 8.50 12.75 87.40 74.65 10.00 84.65
Apr 4.25 8.50 12.75 194.70 181.95 10.00 191.95
May 16.45 18.45 34.90 168.70 133.80 10.00 143.80
Jun 28.35 28.35 56.70 85.80 29.10 10.00 39.10
Jul 28.35 28.35 56.70 207.30 150.60 10.00 160.60
Aug 28.35 28.35 56.70 130.80 74.10 10.00 84.10
Sep 28.35 28.35 56.70 184.10 127.40 10.00 137.40
Oct 16.45 18.45 34.90 200.00 165.10 10.00 175.10
Nov 4.25 8.50 12.75 23.30 10.55 10.00 20.55
Dec 4.25 8.50 12.75 38.20 25.45 10.00 35.45
Mean in
m3/s
14.32 16.78 31.09 118.53 87.44 10.00 97.43
Total
Water
Requirem
ent in
Million m3
451 529 980 3,738 2,758 315 3,073
Source: DPR
A total crop area of 170720 ha (including 6040 ha of Dodhara-Chandani area) in
Nepal will be brought under irrigation with the availability of additional water on
implementation of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project. The command area
covered by additional future water use is given in Table-7.8.
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Table-7.8: Command area covered by additional (future) water use
Crop
Crop irrigated area (CCA 93000 ha)
Crop area in
Dodhara-
Chandani
Area
(Future
Water Use)
Total crop area
including
Dodhara-
Chandani area
under Future
water use
(3) + (5)
With
Existing
Water Use
With Future
Water Use
Total
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Paddy Monsoon 20725 58325 79050 2220 60545
Paddy Spring 7315 20585 27900 335 20920
Wheat 10970 30880 41850 1490 32370
Maize Monsoon 2440 6860 9300 605 7465
Maize Spring 4880 13720 18600 - 13720
Oilseeds 4880 13720 18600 180 13900
Legumes Spring 1220 3430 4650 - 3430
Legumes 2440 6860 9300 305 7165
Vegetables (5*3) 3660 10290 13950 915 11205
Total crop area
(ha)
58530 164670 223200 6040 170720
Source: DPR
7.4 IRRIGATION BENEFITS IN INDIA
For maximization of irrigation benefits, most suitable pattern of the monthly water
demand for use of augmented river flows in dry season as per the Power Potential
Studies, duly taking into account contribution of 75% dependable flow from the
intervening catchment, downstream of Pancheshwar dam has been identified.
Benefit for irrigation has been assessed on the basis of additional area brought
under irrigation due to augmented flows in dry season. The additional water
available for India due to augmentation of flows in dry season are proposed to be
used in existing commands of Sarada canal system and or in Sarada Sahayak
system.
7.4.1 Sarada Canal System
Sarada canal system with command lying between Ganga and Ghagra Doab is
one of the biggest and oldest irrigation system of Uttar Pradesh which was
commissioned in 1928. With the increasing demand of irrigation in the command, a
number of modifications/ additions to the system were made during last 60 years.
In the year 1954-55, Sarada Sagar Stage-I was commissioned while Sarada Sagar
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Stage-II and Nanak Sagar Project were added in 1960-61 increasing the potential
of the system. During 1969, Dalmau Pump Canal Stage- I was added to the
system. In the year 1974-75, Sarada Sahayak Pariyojna was commissioned by
constructing a Barrage (Lower Sarada Barrage) downstream of Banbasa Barrage.
The command area of Sarada Canal System lying to the East of Sarada
Sahayak Feeder was excluded from Sarada Canal System and transferred to
Sarada Sahayak Pariyojna. The Command Area of Sarada System thus got
reduced from 2.55 Mha to 1.479 Mha The water so saved was used to increase
the irrigation intensity in the remaining command of existing Sarada canal
system to 50% and new command adjacent to the existing command was
also added. To cater for the additional command, three new canals were
constructed, namely Madho Tanda. Aliganj and Khatima, covering CCA of 1,
34,014 ha. Hence the total command area of Sarada canal system increased to
16, 12,633 ha (1.613 Mha).
The discharge capacity at head of canal is 326 m3/s and length of main canal is 45
km. The distribution system comprises of Hardoi branch, 252 km long (capacity
187 m3/s), Kheri Branch, 200 km long (capacity 79.32 m3/s), DeohaBaigul Feeder
System (Capacity 68 m3/s). In addition to above, there are three small branches
namely Bisalpur, Nigohi and Shahajanpur. The total length of Sarada canal
system is about 9,677 km.
Command Area
Sarada Canal System provides irrigation facility to districts Pilibhit, Udam
Singh Nagar, Bareilly, Shahjanapur, Hardoi, Unnao, Raebareilly,
LakhimpurKheri, Sitapur and Lucknow. In addition Rohelkhand system also
operates in the adjoining area and covers command of 53,633 ha. The area in the
total command is flat and fertile and slopes gently towards River. The
topography of the area is such that the levels vary from R.L.225.0 to R.L. 90.0 m,
which facilitates proper drainage of the area. The soil of this area is Domat, i.e.
sandy soil which is suitable for rice, wheat and sugarcane crops.
Sources of Irrigation
The main source of irrigation in command is water drawn from Banbasa barrage
constructed in 1928 across the river Mahakali (known as Sarada in India), through
a canal on right bank with discharging capacity of 326 m3/s (11500 ft3/s). To
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supplement the supplies in Sarada command, four dams have been constructed in
the command. These minor schemes are namely Sarada Sagar, Nanak Sagar,
Baigul and Dhora; details of which are given in the Table-7.9.
Table-7.9: Storage in Sarada Command
S. No. Name of Dam Name of River Live Storage (Mm3)
1. SaradaSagar Mahakali, through Sarada Canal 364
2. Nanak Sagar Deoh, tributary of Ramganga 210
3. Baigul Baigul, tributary of Ramganga 76
4. Dhora Dhora, tributary of Ramganga 54
Source: DPR
The Sarada Sagar has no catchment of its own worth reckoning and the surplus
water from the Sarada River are stored in this pond during lean demand through
Sarada canal system and are released as per irrigation requirements. The Nanak
Sagar supply water to the Sarada canal system, whereas Baigul and Ohora ponds
exclusively feed the Rohelkhand canal system and have been excluded in the
analysis.
Cropping Pattern
As per the information received from UPID, two major irrigation schemes, namely
Sarada canal system and Sarada Sahayak system are dependent on Mahakali
waters. The data of actual withdrawals from Banbasa Barrage (Upper Sarada
Barrage) on monthly basis (Series from 1992-2014) for use in Sarada canal
system and monthly water requirement and other relevant details of Sarada
Sahayak system, getting water supply from Lower Sarada Barrage across river
Sarada were furnished by UPID to WAPCOS. The withdrawal series on monthly
basis for the period 1962-1992 considered in studies carried out by CWC in 2002
was also utilized in addition to withdrawal series of 1992-2014 to compute mean
monthly withdrawal. As the actual withdrawal series of a long duration of 37 years
is available, monthly mean withdrawal was considered as monthly water
requirement for analysis. Other relevant data/information about Sarada Canal
System & Sarada Sahayak System furnished by UPID earlier (upto 2002) to CWC
was also collected and considered.
The CCA of Sarada canal system is reportedly 1.613 Mha. However, part of the
total command (CCA) is served by the Nanak Sagar Dam across river Deoh,
tributary of Ramganga and is, therefore, not dependent on Mahakali waters. Out of
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total CCA of 1.613 Mha, only 1.462 Mha of command is considered dependent on
Mahakali waters in this study to meet its irrigation water requirement. Accordingly,
for Sarada canal system, 1.462 Mha of CCA is considered for further studies.
The cropping pattern and area under each crop for existing irrigation in the
command of Sarada canal system is given in the Table-7.10.
Table-7.10: Cropping pattern in Sarada Command (CCA 1.462 Mha)
Source: DPR
7.4.2 Sarada Sahayak system
In the early seventies, the State Government of Uttar Pradesh (Irrigation
Department) commissioned another project known as Sarada Sahayak Pariyojna
(System). The original command of Sarada canal system, lying East of Sarada
Sahayak Feeder was excluded from the Sarada canal system and transferred to
the Sarada Sahayak system. For providing irrigation supplies to Sarada Sahayak
system, two barrages namely Girijapur Barrage across the river Ghagra and Lower
Sarada Barrage across river Sarada, 160km downstream of the Banbasa Barrage
were constructed. The Ghagra waters are diverted to river Sarada, upstream of
Lower Sarada Barrage through a link canal of 480 m3/s capacity, taking off from
the Girijapur Barrage. However during monsoons, the river Ghagra carries a lot of
silt and, therefore, the Ghagra waters are transferred to Sarada for use in Sarada
Sahayak system only during non-monsoon/ low silt period. The link canal from
Ghagra remains closed from 16th June to 15th October. The Sarada Sahayak
system with design discharge of head works as 650 m3/s draws irrigation supplies
from Lower Sarada Barrage during monsoon season only and, dependent on
Mahakali waters for meeting the irrigation requirements in the lower command
area (20 lakh ha). The flows in the Mahakali River during this period are sufficient
to meet the existing water requirements of Nepal and India at Banbasa/ Tanakpur
Barrages. The command of river Sardar in India is given in Figure-7.1.
S. No. Crop % of CCA Area under each crop in Th. ha
1. Paddy I – Early 8 116.96
2. Paddy II - Late 8 116.96
3. Sugar Cane 4 58.48
4. Other Kharif 6 87.72
5. Wheat Early 12 175.44
6. Wheat Late 12 175.44
Total 50 731
(Say 0.731 Mha)
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Figure-7.1: Command areas in India on River Sarada
Existing Irrigation Water Requirement of Sarada canal system
Uttar Pradesh Irrigation Department (UPID) has been collecting data of actual
irrigation releases from Banbasa Barrage to meet irrigation water requirement of
Sarada canal system. The month-wise withdrawal series for the period 1992-2014
was received from UPID. This series along with month-wise withdrawal series from
1962-1992 adopted in the draft Indian report of 2003 was reviewed and updated
As the actual withdrawal series of a long duration of 37 years is available, monthly
mean withdrawal was considered as monthly water requirement for analysis.
The month-wise withdrawal series from Banbasa Barrage to India for the period
1962 to 2014 is given in the Table-7.11. The month wise withdrawals series from
Banbasa Barrage to Nepal side for the period 1976 – 2015 as obtained from Uttar
Pradesh Irrigation Department (UPID) is given in the Table-7.12.
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Table-7.11: Month wise withdrawal series from Banbasa Barrage to India in m3/s
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
in MCM
1962 206.1 197.2 203.5 217.2 259.1 268.5 262.8 279.3 265.8 287.1 286.7 222.5 7767.8
1963 169.1 144.7 171.4 194.4 253.1 277.4 265.1 295.3 300.9 309.1 277.0 205.3 7523.4
1964 163.2 141.7 142.2 178.2 215.4 238.8 278.5 311.8 304.8 311.0 280.9 207.2 7289.3
1965 164.3 147.6 77.3 217.2 228.5 290.1 312.5 325.6 337.6 274.4 199.8 149.0 7158.4
1966 123.2 116.2 110.1 118.1 181.8 258.5 315.1 325.6 336.8 307.3 211.0 162.8 6744.8
1967 130.3 112.4 112.8 128.1 155.7 289.4 323.7 325.9 314.4 325.6 239.6 191.2 6961.8
1968 166.5 152.5 164.3 178.6 230.7 297.1 317.0 309.1 330.6 317.7 233.0 179.2 7558.9
1969 159.4 142.6 141.1 160.5 228.5 328.3 313.2 324.8 272.4 325.9 304.0 182.6 7577.3
1970 171.4 148.8 94.5 163.2 237.8 301.7 325.6 325.6 336.4 324.8 261.6 182.6 7552.9
1971 149.7 137.6 143.7 203.7 247.9 267.4 302.4 270.3 239.2 315.9 265.4 236.7 7305.6
1972 185.6 175.2 168.4 171.7 260.6 321.4 324.1 306.9 282.4 324.8 292.8 201.6 7924.7
1973 162.4 141.8 158.7 228.8 311.8 327.5 325.6 271.1 314.8 299.1 233.8 239.3 7922.6
1974 184.8 167.4 151.2 198.7 235.6 275.8 325.6 323.3 336.8 325.6 240.4 176.2 7730.0
1975 168.8 167.0 168.0 234.6 298.7 311.0 318.5 297.6 302.9 321.1 296.3 211.3 8135.8
1976 162.4 143.3 141.1 179.8 277.4 285.9 316.2 242.7 310.2 321.1 247.3 166.9 7343.4
1977 143.4 128.1 111.3 123.5 183.3 279.3 317.4 315.5 293.6 273.7 186.0 194.9 6701.4
1978 150.1 140.5 158.3 107.3 229.6 275.1 228.1 255.7 256.2 259.9 191.7 208.7 6468.0
1979 169.9 159.1 159.1 193.7 210.6 266.2 299.4 299.1 336.8 300.6 200.6 158.3 7235.9
1980 139.6 125.7 119.1 159.7 233.7 307.5 264.3 247.9 251.9 263.2 222.2 182.9 6616.5
1981 164.3 155.0 152.0 191.4 247.9 303.6 265.8 271.1 324.5 254.6 235.7 177.3 7209.1
1982 152.3 138.9 155.7 90.7 231.9 264.3 303.9 302.8 234.6 310.6 229.2 171.4 6796.8
1983 146.7 136.4 136.3 53.6 299.4 327.2 318.5 320.3 244.2 273.7 279.7 219.9 7242.5
1984 172.9 165.6 177.0 188.3 234.8 314.4 211.7 325.6 332.6 323.3 233.0 176.2 7504.0
1985 157.2 128.6 119.1 145.1 224.8 269.3 316.2 296.8 287.8 261.7 281.3 239.7 7168.1
1986 199.0 160.8 150.8 199.8 240.1 295.5 266.2 300.6 324.8 323.0 252.3 214.7 7693.7
1987 179.2 160.8 148.2 186.7 247.9 307.9 314.4 317.7 321.0 291.6 218.4 160.5 7501.1
1988 122.8 107.0 157.6 204.9 289.0 312.1 283.0 283.8 323.7 323.0 247.3 175.9 7437.5
1989 177.3 143.4 140.0 32.4 243.4 324.5 311.0 307.3 319.4 319.2 249.2 181.5 7223.3
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Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
in MCM
1990 135.9 146.7 183.7 175.5 231.5 302.5 199.4 299.4 303.6 307.3 251.9 182.2 7147.1
1991 171.7 141.4 172.9 217.2 303.9 297.1 297.6 317.4 327.5 312.1 222.2 171.0 7757.9
1992 150.1 149.7 137.0 79.5 160.5 249.2 295.7 325.6 328.7 306.5 234.6 172.5 6805.5
1993 152.2 193.5 160.1 188.8 230.0 325.9 319.4 299.3 321.2 307.8 249.0 190.3 7719.8
1994 154.0 151.2 139.1 143.7 225.2 325.9 325.9 309.4 322.9 292.1 203.8 150.8 7211.2
1995 138.8 137.8 128.4 157.3 251.7 322.3 325.2 310.1 272.8 281.7 230.2 176.8 7182.6
1996 153.1 143.4 155.8 199.5 250.1 285.0 316.5 300.2 267.2 286.7 215.0 177.9 7228.1
1997 150.4 126.0 106.7 149.7 184.8 259.4 311.9 286.0 309.5 286.0 208.3 174.2 6709.0
1998 164.1 135.0 155.5 201.6 269.9 298.7 304.2 252.6 241.2 139.6 161.4 212.1 6664.3
1999 170.0 137.7 124.4 171.5 238.2 259.3 312.7 312.3 293.8 187.5 185.6 180.5 6763.2
2000 136.9 129.7 126.6 211.4 289.5 235.2 325.9 325.9 325.9 325.9 217.3 185.7 7452.7
2001 146.3 119.2 108.7 139.7 264.8 298.3 325.9 325.9 288.5 242.9 197.5 147.3 6845.9
2002 123.8 127.1 192.7 120.2 301.5 325.9 325.9 325.9 325.9 323.4 192.8 167.0 7495.3
2003 124.8 138.1 175.1 201.4 247.0 310.5 325.9 325.9 324.5 295.7 203.8 164.9 7457.2
2004 136.5 131.8 119.2 122.5 190.7 238.5 320.7 325.9 318.9 288.8 198.2 146.5 6670.4
2005 147.4 171.2 169.5 170.0 225.7 270.7 306.6 319.6 291.8 270.9 180.2 156.1 7042.3
2006 154.3 112.4 103.8 122.5 272.4 254.1 325.9 325.9 325.9 277.1 161.6 131.6 6747.4
2007 112. 1 110.5 163.6 195.9 219.5 257.6 302.5 286.2 289.5 242.6 165.5 165.0 6597.6
2008 139.9 122.2 122.7 140.1 197.3 276.7 283.5 240.8 212.1 252.5 161.5 187.1 6140.1
2009 136.2 124.5 109.3 121.8 178.3 227.8 306.5 291.8 300.1 147.1 139.7 185.9 5962.9
2010 155.9 147.2 140.5 163.9 189.7 236.3 286.6 263.2 259.1 274.1 144.9 138.6 6307.2
2011 159.5 135.8 140.3 143.8 261.7 284.0 304.4 325.9 325.9 199.7 144.7 185.6 6862.5
2012 277.7 119.6 119.6 160.5 201.8 234.6 300.4 244.9 230.4 225.0 160.9 142.9 6355.3
2013 138.2 117.2 166.8 281.4 234.9 221.4 187.2 217.7 260.6 197.2 81.3 136.7 5888.3
2014 115.4 129.6 127.4 140.3 150.0 263.6 162.5 43.5 176.2 145.4 101.9 99.0 4348.8
Mean 156.4 142.0 143.1 165.5 236.0 283.9 296.7 294.0 295.9 280.8 217.2 179.3 7069.0
Source: DPR
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 19
Table-7.12: Month wise withdrawal series from Banbasa Barrage to Nepal in m3/s
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual in
MCM
1976 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.2 2.6 3.0 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.4 68.8
1977 3.4 3.3 3.4 1.2 0.0 2.3 3.4 4.5 4.6 4.1 1.5 2.6 90.0
1978 2.6 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 4.5 4.1 4.6 3.7 4.6 3.7 86.0
1979 4.1 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.5 3.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.5 2.3 3.4 130.0
1980 1.9 2.5 2.2 0.0 2.2 5.0 5.6 5.6 5.8 3.4 3.1 4.5 109.7
1981 4.5 4.5 4.5 0.0 3.4 5.0 5.6 5.6 5.8 4.9 4.6 4.5 138.8
1982 4.5 4.5 4.5 0.4 2.6 5.8 5.6 5.6 4.6 5.2 4.6 4.5 137.9
1983 4.5 4.5 4.5 1.2 4.5 5.8 6.0 6.7 3.1 1.1 4.6 4.5 133.9
1984 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.5 5.8 6.3 6.3 8.1 6.3 4.6 4.5 169.9
1985 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 5.2 6.9 7.1 9.7 9.6 3.4 0.0 0.0 158.0
1986 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 5.6 6.7 6.6 5.6 4.6 0.7 94.7
1987 3.4 3.7 4.5 0.0 0.0 3.9 12.7 13.4 13.9 7.8 5.0 4.9 192.2
1988 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 5.6 8.9 7.8 8.2 9.3 5.2 4.6 4.5 189.9
1989 3.0 1.2 1.1 1.2 5.6 6.9 7.1 7.1 6.9 6.7 4.6 4.5 147.2
1990 4.5 2.9 0.0 0.0 3.4 9.3 8.6 7.5 6.9 6.7 4.6 4.5 154.6
1991 4.3 4.3 4.3 3.7 5.4 8.6 11.3 11.6 11.6 6.9 4.4 4.4 212.3
1992 4.4 4.4 4.4 3.5 3.4 10.0 12.8 13.0 13.0 10.9 4.4 4.4 232.5
1993 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 7.2 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 10.6 4.4 3.9 251.4
1994 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 2.3 12.2 13.0 13.0 13.0 6.2 4.4 4.4 226.0
1995 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.4 8.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.5 8.7 4.4 271.3
1996 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.4 5.4 7.2 12.3 13.0 9.6 3.7 4.4 4.4 203.6
1997 3.7 1.5 2.8 - 3.4 10.0 12.6 12.6 12.6 10.1 2.6 - 189.4
1998 - 2.1 - - 2.8 17.5 19.2 18.6 16.6 - 0.9 4.3 215.5
1999 2.2 4.4 4.4 4.4 9.9 25.8 27.2 26.7 21.9 0.6 3.8 2.7 351.7
2000 2.8 3.8 4.4 4.4 4.1 26.3 27.2 21.3 15.5 3.6 5.5 4.4 323.7
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 20
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual in
MCM
2001 2.6 2.8 3.7 4.4 15.8 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 25.8 4.4 4.4 453.7
2002 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 8.9 23.8 27.2 26.9 18.4 18.4 14.7 4.4 421.1
2003 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 8.6 26.7 27.2 26.3 27.2 24.4 4.4 4.4 438.1
2004 3.4 2.0 4.4 4.4 4.4 14.5 27.2 27.2 27.2 8.1 4.4 4.2 345.2
2005 4.4 4.0 4.4 4.4 4.4 14.3 27.2 27.2 25.4 15.8 4.4 4.4 368.0
2006 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 15.8 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 16.5 4.4 4.4 439.8
2007 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 19.6 26.3 27.2 26.3 15.8 4.4 4.4 383.0
2008 4.4 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 21.1 27.2 27.2 27.2 - 3.5 4.4 347.3
2009 2.8 4.4 3.8 4.4 9.8 10.5 24.9 24.1 27.2 8.6 3.7 3.5 335.5
2010 4.4 4.4 4.4 2.9 4.1 12.0 20.9 - - 3.8 4.4 3.8 170.4
2011 1.3 2.8 4.4 4.4 3.0 16.5 16.9 4.1 4.4 4.4 3.4 3.6 181.3
2012 - 3.7 4.4 3.5 4.4 15.8 27.2 24.5 19.7 3.1 4.4 4.1 301.3
2013 1.3 - 4.1 4.4 11.1 23.6 19.0 10.2 27.2 7.3 0.9 4.2 297.5
2014 - - 3.7 4.4 4.4 12.9 17.0 26.3 10.6 8.2 4.1 3.2 249.1
2015 - - - - 3.3 14.7 27.2 27.2 25.1 5.1 3.3 4.4 290.0
Mean 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.1 5.0 12.6 15.6 15.1 14.3 8.0 4.2 3.9 243.5
Source: DPR
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 21
Existing Irrigation Water Requirement of Sarada Sahayak System
The details of crop water requirement of different crops and irrigation water
requirement for Sarada Sahayak system having Culturable Command Area (CCA)
of 2.0 Mha with irrigation intensity of 96%, comprising 60% in Kharif (monsoon
season) and 36% in Rabi season, received from UPID was reviewed and updated.
The water requirement of Sardar Sahayak System is given in Table-7.13.
Table-7.13: Water requirement of Sarada Sahayak system
Crops
classification
% to
C.C.A
Area
Lac
hectare
Water Requirement in ha-m
June July Aug Sep. Oct.
Paddy 33% 3.278
3.278
8900
4520
86650
72250
22500
16000
64300
70900
21600
93000
Sugarcane 7% 1.416 35100 - - 8400 21900
Maize 18% 3.642 39400 - - 11900 -
Fodder 2% 0.4047 22000 4500 - - -
Total 60% 12.0 109920 163400 38500 155500 136500
Water
Requirement in
m3/s
423 608 144 599 509
Losses in m3/s 60 60 30 57 57
Total Water
Requirement
(m3/s)
483 669 174 656 566
Source: DPR
Note:
Water requirements for the month of July & September limited to 650 m3/s i.e. the
canal capacity of Sarada Sahayak main canal.
Water requirements of Sarada Sahayak system have been considered for monsoon
period only (16th June to 15th October). Water requirements of Rabi crops as well as
for remaining period of the sugarcane crop are proposed to be met from Ghagra
waters.
For carrying out Power Potential studies, water requirement of Sarada Sahayak
system for the months of June and October have been considered as 135.30 m3/s
and 213.30 m3/s instead of values computed in the table above, as the water
requirement in these months are for 15 days only. Further, these values conform to
the water requirements furnished by UPID to CWC in 2002.
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 22
Sarada Sahayak system is dependent on Mahakali waters to meet its water
requirements in Kharif i.e. monsoon season (16th June to 15th October). Water
requirements of Sarada Sahayak system for the dry period are mainly met by
Ghagra waters drawn at Ghagra (Girija) barrage & supplied to Lower Sarada
barrage through a link channel. Any water incidentally available in the Sarada River
during this period only will be utilized in the Sarada Sahayak command. The
existing irrigation requirement of Sarada Sahayak system, therefore, considered for
the period (16th June to 15th October) only.
Total Existing Water Requirement of India
Total existing water requirement of India comprise of (i) Existing Water
Requirement of Sarada canal system throughout the year and (ii) Existing Water
Requirement of Sarada Sahayak system for monsoon period. The total existing
water requirement of India is given in Table-7.14.
Table-7.14: Total Existing Water Requirement of India in m
3/s
Month Existing Water Requirement of India
Existing irrigation
requirement of Sarada
canal system at
Banbasa Barrage
(for round the year)
Existing irrigation
requirement at Lower
Sarada Barrage (Sarada
Sahayak system) during
Monsoon Season
Total Existing
Water
Requirement
of India
(1) (2) (3) (4)
June 283.90 135.30 419.20
July 296.70 650.00 946.70
Aug. 294.00 174.00 468.00
Sept. 295.90 650.00 945.90
Oct. 280.80 213.30 494.10
Nov. 217.20 0.00 217.20
Dec. 179.30 0.00 179.30
Jan. 156.40 0.00 156.40
Feb. 142.00 0.00 142.00
March 143.10 0.00 143.10
Apr. 165.50 0.00 165.50
May 236.00 0.00 236.00
Mean (m3/s) 224.23 151.88 376.12
Water
Requirement
(in 106m
3)
7,071 4,790 11,861
Source: DPR
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 23
The future water requirement of India has not been indicated in Table-7.14. It is
presumed that the augmented flows that may be available from Pancheshwar to
India after meeting the existing demands of India and existing and future demands
of Nepal shall be utilized fully by India for additional irrigation. The existing uses of
Mahakali Waters in India are depicted in Figure-7.2.
Figure-7.2: Existing Uses of Mahakali waters in India
Total Water Requirement of India and Nepal including River Eco-System
There are existing irrigation water requirements of India and Nepal which needs to
be protected so that existing irrigation do not suffer. The Power houses at
Pancheshwar are, therefore, planned to be operated in a manner that releases
from the Power Houses are sufficient to meet the existing irrigation water
requirements of India and Nepal. The augmented flows shall be utilized to increase
the irrigation potential, giving priority to water demands of Nepal are detailed as
below:
i. Existing irrigation water requirement of India at Banbasa Barrage for the
whole year for Sarada System,
ii. Existing irrigation water requirement of India at Lower Sarada Barrage
during monsoon season for Sarada Sahayak system,
iii. Existing irrigation water requirements of Nepal at Banbasa and Tanakpur
Barrage,
iv. Future irrigation water requirements of Nepal, and
v. To meet and preserve River eco- system below Banbasa barrage.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March Apr. MayCan
al D
isch
arge
(m
3/s
)
Existing Uses of Mahakali Waters in India
Total Existing Water Requirement requirement at Lower Sarada Barrage
Requirement at Banbasa Barrage
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 24
Considering the existing and future Irrigation water requirements of Nepal, existing
Irrigation water requirement of India for the Sarada and Sarada-Sahayak Projects
(Table-7.14), and water requirements for river ecosystem, total gross water
requirement to be protected from the Pancheshwar Project, while carrying out the
Power Potential Studies has been computed. In addition, use of Mahakali waters
by the local communities at 5% of Average Annual Flow at Pancheshwar, under
Article 7 of the Treaty is subtracted from the monthly gross yield, available at
Pancheshwar.
The total water requirement of India and Nepal including Environmental Releases
is given in Table-7.15.
Success of Irrigation
A 75% dependability criteria for India has been adopted to check the success of
irrigation schemes i.e. the irrigation requirements must be met in all the 12 months
of the year in 3 out of 4 years. Further, for Nepal 80% dependability criteria has
also been taken into account as per the prevailing practice of Nepal. From the
results of the power potential studies, it is seen that irrigation water requirement of
both Nepal and India have been met in all the months in 42 years out of 50 years.
The success of irrigation works out to be 84%. The success of the irrigation meets
the dependability criteria of India as well as that of Nepal and is, therefore,
accepted.
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 25
Table-7.15: Total Water Requirement of India and Nepal including River Eco-System in (In m3/s)
Month Water
Utilization
by the
Local
Communi
ty
permitted
from
Mahakali
River
Water Requirement of India Water Requirement of Nepal Total Water Requirement
Existing
irrigation
uses of
Sarada canal
system at
Banbasa
Barrage( for
round the
year)
Existing
Irrigation at
Lower Sarada
Barrage (Sarada
Sahayak
system) during
Monsoon
Season
(16th
June - 15th
Oct.)
Total
Existing
Water
Require-
ment of
India
Existing
Irrigation
requirement of
Nepal at
Banbasa
Barrage and
Tanakpur
Barrage for
round the year
Future
Irrigation
requirement of
Nepal for 93000
ha including
requirement of
Dodhara
Chandani area
@ 10 m3/s
Total
Irrigation
Require-
ment of
Nepal
Compulsory
Downstream
releases for
maintaining
River eco-
system
below
Banbasa
Barrage
Gross Water
Requirement
for India and
Nepal
(5)+(8)+(9)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
June 29.15 283.90 135.30 419.20 56.70 39.20 95.90 0.00 515.10
July 29.15 296.70 650.00 946.70 56.70 160.60 217.30 0.00 1164.00
Aug. 29.15 294.00 174.00 468.00 56.70 84.10 140.80 0.00 608.80
Sept. 29.15 295.90 650.00 945.90 56.70 137.50 194.20 0.00 1140.10
Oct. 29.15 280.80 213.30 494.10 34.90 175.20 210.10 0.00 704.20
Nov. 29.15 217.20 0.00 217.20 12.75 20.55 33.30 10.00 260.50
Dec. 29.15 179.30 0.00 179.30 12.75 35.45 48.20 10.00 237.50
Jan. 29.15 156.40 0.00 156.40 12.75 42.45 55.20 10.00 221.60
Feb. 29.15 142.00 0.00 142.00 12.75 54.05 66.80 10.00 218.80
March 29.15 143.10 0.00 143.10 12.75 84.65 97.40 10.00 250.50
Apr. 29.15 165.50 0.00 165.50 12.75 191.95 204.70 10.00 380.20
May 29.15 236.00 0.00 236.00 34.90 143.80 178.70 10.00 424.70
Mean (m3/s) 29.15 224.23 151.88 376.12 31.09 97.46 128.55 5.83 510.50
Demand
(in Million m3)
920.00 7,071.00 4,790.00 11,861.00 980.00 3,073.00 4,053.00 184.00 16,100.00
Source: DPR
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 26
Note:
1. Use of water permitted from Mahakali River by the Local Community, under
Article-7 of Mahakali Treaty @ 5% of the annual average inflow at Pancheshwar,
would be subtracted from the gross water availability at Pancheshwar.
2. As per Article 1 (2) of the treaty, a flow of minimum 10 m3/s is to be maintained for
River eco system below Banbasa Barrage. However, as the releases below
Banbasa Barrage to meet requirement of Sarada Sahayak system for the
monsoon months from June to October are higher than the requirement of eco-
system, no compulsory releases from Pancheshwar are considered for these
months.
3. Future water requirement of India has not been indicated in the table. It is
presumed that the augmented flows that may be available from Pancheshwar,
after meeting the existing demands of India and existing and future demands of
Nepal shall be utilized fully by India for additional irrigation.
Future Irrigation in India
Considering the existing requirement of Nepal and India and future
requirement of Nepal (including Dodhara - Chandani area), flows as per Table-
7.16 would be available to India during dry season at 75% dependability.
Table-7.16: Water available for additional irrigation in India during dry season (in m
3/s) –
75% Dependable year 1977-78
Month Monthly Water Availability - Inflow
at Purnagiri/ Tanakpur
(in 75% dependable year)
Existing/Committed
Water Requirement
of Nepal + India*
Additional
Water available
for Irrigation to
India
(4)-(5) Releases
from
PMP
Inflows
from Free
Catchment
Total
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Nov 343.26 51.70 394.96 260.5 134.46
Dec 347.56 35.10 382.66 237.5 145.16
Jan 354.55 12.32 366.87 221.6 145.27
Feb 363.03 21.49 384.53 218.8 165.73
Mar 372.03 15.68 387.71 250.5 137.21
Apr 380.87 2.70 383.57 380.2 3.37
Volume in
Million m3**
5633 362 5995 4090 1905
Note:
* Total water requirement comprise of existing requirements of India & Nepal, water requirement of
eco-system and future water requirement of Nepal including Dodhara-Chandni area.
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 27
** Mean water availability in m3/s and total volume of water in Million m
3 for future use in India is for
dry period comprising of six months from November to April.
The augmented flows available during Dry period are proposed to be used in the
existing Sarada canal system. For this a most suitable cropping pattern, taking into
consideration the existing cropping pattern has been identified. The cropping
pattern has been so devised that maximum quantum of month-wise water
available during the period November to March is utilized and wastages are limited
to barest minimum. Though, some quantum of water remains unutilized, the total
water available to India during this period has been considered as future water use
of India. The total demand for additional irrigation in India is given in Table-7.17.
A total crop area of 2, 59,390 ha in India will be brought under irrigation with the
availability of augmented flows in dry period on implementation of Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project. The present intensity of irrigation in Sarada canal system is
50%, comprising of 24% in Rabi and 26% in Kharif. With the availability of
augmented flows, the cropping intensity in Rabi will increase by about 17%. Thus
the total cropping intensity in Sarada canal system in post-Pancheshwar scenario
will increase to 67% comprising of 26% in Kharif and 41% in Rabi.
Total Water Requirement at Tanakpur/ Banbasa Barrage
The total water requirement from Pancheshwar dam including local community use
and releases for river eco-system at Tanakpur/ Banbasa Barrage are summarized
in Table-7.18.
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 28
Table-7.17: Demand table for additional irrigation in India
Period Water
available
for
additional
Irrigation
in m3/s
Proposed Cropping Pattern In Rabi Season 10 days water
requirement in
Volume/Flow
Monthly
water
require
ment
Unutilized
River
Flow at
Banbasa/
Tanakpur
Barrage
Wheat
(Early)
Oilseeds Potato Vegetables Total
Additional
Potential
Area
(in Ha)
128262 64086 32043 35000 259391 Volume Discharge
Demand in Ha-m in Million
m3
in m3/s in m
3/s in m
3/s
Nov ( 1-10) 134.46 11027.97 5510.11 2344.59 0.00 18882.67 188.83 218.55 130.73 3.73
Nov ( 11-20) 4178.78 1898.23 759.42 0.00 6836.43 68.36 79.13
Nov ( 21-30) 4940.65 2276.98 949.11 0.00 8166.74 81.67 94.52
Dec ( 1-10) 145.16 3873.51 1935.40 683.48 0.00 6492.39 64.92 75.14 109.77 35.39
Dec ( 11-20) 3873.51 1935.40 941.42 0.00 6750.33 67.50 78.13
Dec ( 21-31) 5397.26 2696.74 1333.95 6730.50 16158.45 161.58 170.02
Jan ( 1-10) 145.27 6942.82 2709.56 1651.18 856.80 12160.36 121.60 140.74 147.29 - 2.02
(shortfall) Jan ( 11-20) 6778.65 3386.95 1693.47 812.00 12671.07 126.71 146.66
Jan (2 1-31) 7834.24 3551.65 1957.19 1275.05 14618.13 146.18 153.81
Feb ( 1-10) 165.73 9401.60 2725.58 2348.75 1701.70 16177.63 161.78 187.24 160.14 5.59
Feb ( 11-20) 7679.05 3153.03 2032.17 1728.30 14592.55 145.93 168.90
Feb ( 21-28) 3944.06 1606.64 1440.33 980.00 7971.03 79.71 115.32
Mar ( 1-10) 137.21 6195.05 0.00 2416.68 0.00 8611.73 86.12 99.67 90.09 47.12
Mar ( 11-20) 4870.11 0.00 2085.36 0.00 6955.47 69.55 80.50
April (1-30) 3.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.37
Volume in
Million m3 **
1905 - - - - - 1665 - 1665 240
Source: DPR
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 29
Table-7.18: Total Water Requirement including Local Community use and Releases for River Eco-System at Banbasa Barrage
(Unit: m3/s)
Month Water
Utilization
by the
Local
Communi
ty
permitted
from
Mahakali
River
Water Requirement of India Water Requirement of Nepal Total Water Requirement
Existing
irrigation
Requirement
of Sarada
canal system
at Banbasa
Barrage( for
round the
year)
Existing
Irrigation at
Lower Sarada
Barrage (Sarada
Sahayak system)
during Monsoon
Season
(16th
June - 15th
Oct.)
Future
Irrigation
Require
ment of
India for
259391
ha
Total
Irrigation
Water
Require-
ment of
India
Existing
Irrigation
requirement of
Nepal at
Banbasa
Barrage and
Tanakpur
Barrage for
round the year
Future
Irrigation
requirement of
Nepal for 93000
ha including
requirement of
Dodhara
Chandani area
@ 10 m3/s
Total
Irrigation
Require-
ment of
Nepal
Compulsory
Downstream
releases for
maintaining
River eco-
system
below
Banbasa
Barrage
Gross Water
Requirement
including
Local
Community
use up to
Banbasa
Barrage
(2)+(6)+(9)
+(10)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
June 29.15 283.90 135.30 0.00 419.20 56.70 39.20 95.90 0.00 544.25
July 29.15 296.70 650.00 0.00 946.70 56.70 160.60 217.30 0.00 1193.15
Aug. 29.15 294.00 174.00 0.00 468.00 56.70 84.10 140.80 0.00 637.95
Sept. 29.15 295.90 650.00 0.00 945.90 56.70 137.50 194.20 0.00 1169.25
Oct. 29.15 280.80 213.30 0.00 494.10 34.90 175.20 210.10 0.00 733.35
Nov. 29.15 217.20 0.00 134.46 351.66 12.75 20.55 33.30 10.00 424.11
Dec. 29.15 179.30 0.00 145.16 324.46 12.75 35.45 48.20 10.00 411.81
Jan. 29.15 156.40 0.00 145.27 301.67 12.75 42.45 55.20 10.00 396.02
Feb. 29.15 142.00 0.00 165.73 307.73 12.75 54.05 66.80 10.00 413.68
March 29.15 143.10 0.00 137.21 280.31 12.75 84.65 97.40 10.00 416.86
Apr. 29.15 165.50 0.00 3.37 168.87 12.75 191.95 204.70 10.00 412.72
May 29.15 236.00 0.00 0.00 236.00 34.90 143.80 178.70 10.00 453.85
Demand
(in Million
m3)
920.00 7,071.00 4,790.00 1,905.00 13,766.00 980.00 3,073.00 4,053.00 184.00 18,925.00
Source: DPR
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Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 30
Note:
1. Use of water permitted from Mahakali River by the Local Community, under Article-7 of Mahakali Treaty @ 5% of the annual average inflow at Pancheshwar,
would be subtracted from the gross water availability at Pancheshwar.
2. As per Article 1 (2) of the treaty, a flow of minimum 10 m3/s is to be maintained for River eco system below Banbasa Barrage. However, as the releases below
Banbasa Barrage to meet requirement of Sarada Sahayak system for the monsoon months from June to October are higher than the requirement of eco-system,
no compulsory releases from Pancheshwar are considered for these months.
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Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 31
7.5 ASSESSMENT OF IRRIGATION BENEFITS
In the preceding paragraphs, the annual irrigation potential that can be developed
in India and Nepal on implementation of the project have been assessed. This
sub-section deals with the assessment of irrigation and flood control benefits to
Nepal and India in post project scenario, for the purpose of apportionment of cost of
the joint works to irrigation (including flood control benefits) and power and for
distribution of the project cost between India and Nepal.
7.5.1 Irrigation Benefits to Nepal
The water demand for irrigation considering maximum command of 93,000 ha in
Nepal was assessed in Wet, Winter and Spring season with the cropping intensity
of 100%, 85% and 55% respectively. In addition, use of 10 m3/s of water for
Dodhara - Chandani area was considered in the analysis.
The irrigation benefits for the identified 93,000 ha command in Nepal with 240%
intensity of irrigation has been worked out, on implementation of PMP, on the
basis of additional crop area that can be brought under irrigation. Increase in
agricultural production in the additional command area after irrigation has been
worked out with the assumption that whole of the crop area is sown in the pre-
project condition also (Rainfed irrigation). The yield of each crop, rate of produce
and cost of inputs have been taken as per the study report of Mahakali Irrigation
Project-III and also considering practice being followed in Irrigation Projects in
India in the adjacent areas. The estimated value of produce before irrigation
(Rainfed) and estimated cost of cultivation required for agricultural production
before irrigation (Rainfed) are shown in the Tables-7.19 and 7.20 respectively.
Similarly, estimate of value of produce after irrigation and estimated cost of
cultivation required for agricultural production after irrigation have been worked out
and given in the Tables-7.21 and 7.22 respectively.
The estimated value of produce in India before irrigation (Rainfed) and estimated
cost of cultivation required for agricultural production before irrigation (Rainfed) are
given in the Tables-7.23 and 7.24 respectively. Similarly, estimated value of
produce after irrigation in India and estimated cost of cultivation required for
agricultural production after irrigation have been worked out and are given in the
Tables-7.25 and 7.26 respectively. The agricultural benefits are computed in
Table-7.27.
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Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 32
Table -7.19: Estimated Value of Produce in Nepal before Irrigation (Rainfed)
S.
No.
Crops Area
(ha)
Yield
(Qtls/ha.)
Total
Produce in
Qtls.
Rate
INR/Qtl.
Total Value
of Produce
(INR
Million)
1 Paddy Monsoon 60545.0 20.0 1210900.0 1200.0 1453.0
2 Paddy Spring 20920.0 20.0 418400.0 1200.0 502.0
3 Wheat 32370.0 15.0 485550.0 1300.0 631.2
4 Maize Monsoon 7465.0 23.0 171695.0 1150.0 197.4
5 Maize Spring 13720.0 23.0 315560.0 1150.0 362.8
6 Oilseeds 13900.0 6.0 83400.0 3200.0 266.8
7 Legumes Spring 3430.0 6.0 20580.0 3500.0 72.0
8 Legumes 7165 6.0 42990.0 3500.0 150.4
9 Vegetables 11205 95.0 1064475.0 1200.0 1277.3
Total 170720 4913.0
Table-7.20: Estimated Cost of cultivation in Nepal before Irrigation (Rainfed)
S.
No.
Crops Area Cost of inputs per hectare (INR) Total
cost
(INR
Million)
(ha) Seed Manure Fertilizers Pesticides Labour Total
1 Paddy
Monsoon
60545.0 1200.0 900.0 700.0 500.0 6000.0 9300.0 563.0
2 Paddy Spring 20920.0 1200.0 900.0 700.0 500.0 6000.0 9300.0 194.5
3 Wheat 32370.0 1600.0 800.0 1000.0 600.0 5000.0 9000.0 291.3
4 Maize
Monsoon
7465.0 1000.0 800.0 1000.0 600.0 5000.0 8400.0 62.7
5 Maize Spring 13720.0 1000.0 800.0 1000.0 600.0 5000.0 8400.0 115.2
6 Oilseeds 13900.0 3000.0 300.0 800.0 400.0 4000.0 8500.0 118.1
7 Legumes
Spring
3430.0 2000.0 1300.0 900.0 300.0 5000.0 9500.0 32.5
8 Legumes 7165.0 2000.0 1300.0 900.0 300.0 5000.0 9500.0 68.0
9 Vegetables 11205.0 3000.0 300.0 500.0 1000.0 5500.0 10300.0 115.4
Total 170720.0 1561.0
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Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 33
Table-7.21: Estimated value of Produce in Nepal after Irrigation
S.
No.
Crops Area
(ha)
Yield
(qtl./ha)
Total
Produce
(qtl.)
Rate
(INR./qtl)
Total
value of
Produce
(INR
million)
1 Paddy Monsoon 60545.0 35.0 2119075.0 1200.0 2542.8
2 Paddy Spring 20920.0 35.0 732200.0 1200.0 878.6
3 Wheat 32370.0 29.0 938730.0 1300.0 1220.3
4 Maize Monsoon 7465.0 28.0 209020.0 1150.0 240.3
5 Maize Spring 13720.0 28.0 384160.0 1150.0 441.7
6 Oilseeds 13900.0 9.0 125100.0 3200.0 400.3
7 Legumes Spring 3430.0 9.0 30870.0 3500.0 108.0
8 Legumes 7165.0 9.0 64485.0 3500.0 225.6
9 Vegetables 11205.0 140.0 1568700.0 1200.0 1882.4
Total 170720.0 7940.5
Table-7.22: Estimated Cost of cultivation in Nepal after Irrigation
S.
No.
Crops Area Cost of inputs per hectare (INR) Total
cost
(INR
million)
(ha) Seed Manure Fertilizers Pesticides Labour Total
1 Paddy
Monsoon
60545.0 1200.0 1000.0 900.0 600.0 6500.0 10200.0 617.5
2 Paddy
Spring
20920.0 1200.0 1000.0 900.0 600.0 6500.0 10200.0 213.3
3 Wheat 32370.0 1600.0 900.0 1200.0 700.0 5500.0 9900.0 320.4
4 Maize
Monsoon
7465.0 1000.0 900.0 1200.0 700.0 5500.0 9300.0 69.4
5 Maize
Spring
13720.0 1000.0 900.0 1200.0 700.0 5500.0 9300.0 127.5
6 Oilseeds 13900.0 3000.0 400.0 1000.0 500.0 4500.0 9400.0 130.6
7 Legumes
Spring
3430.0 2000.0 1400.0 1100.0 400.0 5500.0 10400.0 35.6
8 Legumes 7165.0 2000.0 1400.0 1100.0 400.0 5500.0 10400.0 74.5
9 Vegetables 11205.0 3000.0 400.0 700.0 1200.0 6000.0 11300.0 126.6
Total 170720.0 1716.0
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Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 34
Table-7.23: Estimated Value of Produce in India before Irrigation (Rainfed)
S.
No.
Crops Area (ha) Yield
(qtl/ha)
Total
Produce
(qtl.)
Rate
(INR./qtl.)
Total Value
of Produce
(INR.
Million)
1 Wheat 128262.0 18.0 2308716.0 1300.0 3001.3
2 Oilseeds 64086.0 8.0 512688.0 3200.0 1640.6
3 Potato 32043.0 105.0 3364515.0 800.0 2691.6
4 Vegetable 35000.0 95.0 3325000.0 1200.0 3990.0
Total 259391.0 11323.0
Table-7.24: Estimated Cost of cultivation in India before Irrigation (Rainfed)
S.
No.
Crops Area Cost of inputs per hectare (INR) Total
cost
(INR.
Million)
(ha) Seed Manure Fertilizers Pesticides Labour Total
1 Wheat 128262.0 1600.0 800.0 1000.0 600.0 5000.0 5600.0 718.2
2 Oilseeds 64086.0 300.0 300.0 800.0 400.0 4000.0 4400.0 281.9
3 Potato 32043.0 8500.0 700.0 800.0 400.0 5500.0 5900.0 189.0
4 Vegetable 35000.0 300.0 300.0 500.0 1000.0 5500.0 6500.0 227.5
Total 259391.0 1416.0
Table-7.25: Estimated value of Produce in India after Irrigation
S.
No.
Crops Area (ha) Yield
(qtl./ha)
Total
Produce
(qtl.)
Rate
(INR./qtl)
Total value
of Produce
(INR million)
1 Wheat 128262.0 30.0 3847860.0 1300.0 5002.2
2 Oilseeds 64086.0 12.0 769032.0 3200.0 2460.9
3 Potato 32043.0 190.0 6088170.0 800.0 4870.5
4 Vegetable 35000.0 140.0 4900000.0 1200.0 5880.0
Total 224391.0 18213.0
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Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 35
Table-7.26: Estimated Cost of Cultivation in India after Irrigation
S.
No.
Crops Area Cost of inputs per hectare (INR.) Total
cost
(INR.
Million)
(ha) Seed Manure Fertilize
rs
Pesticid
es
Labour Total
1 Wheat 128262.0 1600.0 900.0 1200.0 700.0 5500.0 9900.0 1269.7
2 Oilseeds 64086.0 3000.0 400.0 1000.0 500.0 4500.0 9400.0 602.4
3 Potato 32043.0 8500.0 800.0 900.0 500.0 6000.0 16700.0 535.1
4 Vegetable 35000.0 3000.0 400.0 700.0 1200.0 6000.0 11300.0 395.5
Total 224391.0 2802.0
Table-7.27: Computation of Agriculture Benefits
S.
No.
Details of
Agriculture
Benefits
Nepal India
Total
Produce
Value
(INR
million)
Cost of
Cultivation
(INR
million)
Agriculture
Benefit
(INR
million)
(3) – (4)
Total
Produce
Value
(INR
million)
Cost of
Cultivation
(INR
million)
Agriculture
Benefit
(INR
million)
(6) – (7)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
1. Agriculture
benefit
before
irrigation
4913 1561 3352 11323 1416 9907
2. Agriculture
benefit after
irrigation
7940 1716 6224 18213 2802 15410
3. Net
Agriculture
Benefit
-- -- 2872
(say 2870)
-- -- 5503
(say 5505)
Irrigation Benefits to India
The irrigation benefits to India have been assessed on the basis of additional area
brought under irrigation due to augmentation of river flows in dry period on
implementation of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project. The additional water
available to India due to augmentation of river flows in dry season shall be used in
existing command of Sarada Canal System. The cropping pattern has been
devised as to ensure that almost all the water available in dry months is utilized.
The augmented flows during dry period, available for enhancing the irrigation
potential in India.
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Chapter 7: Irrigation Planning Page 36
Total Irrigation Benefits
Annual agriculture benefit for irrigation in Nepal is INR. 2870 Million and annual
benefit for India is INR.5505 million. The total irrigation benefit from the project,
thus, works out as INR.8375 Million.
The Quantum of water use, irrigation potential and annual irrigation benefits in
Indian Rupees INR) in post project scenario are given in the Table-7.28.
Table-7.28: Assessment of Irrigation Benefits to India and Nepal
Nepal India Total
(INR
million)
Quantum
of water
Irrigation
potential
Annual
Benefit
Quantum
of water
Irrigation
potential
Annual
Benefit
3073 MCM 17020 ha 2870
million
1905 MCM 259390 ha INR 5505
Million
INR 8375
Million
7.6 FLOOD CONTROL BENEFITS
Total flood control benefits from the project to India and Nepal have been
assessed as INR 900 Million, out of which benefit to India will be INR 740 Million
and benefit to Nepal will be of the order of INR 160 million.
7.7 TOTAL IRRIGATION & FLOOD CONTROL BENEFITS
The total irrigation and flood control benefits from the project are given in Table-
7.29.
Table-7.29: Assessment of Irrigation and Flood Control Benefits
S. No. Irrigation and
Flood Control Benefits
India Nepal Total
1. Irrigation Benefits 5505 million
(65%)
2870 million
(35%)
8375 million
2. Flood Control Benefits 740 million 160 million 900 million
3. Total 6245 million
(67%)
3030 million
(33%)
9275 million
CHAPTER-8
BASELINE STATUS – PHYSIO CHEMICAL ASPECTS
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Chapter 8: Baseline Status – Physio Chemical Aspects Page 1
CHAPTER - 8
BASELINE STATUS- PHYSICO CHEMICAL ASPECTS
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Before start of any Environmental Impact Assessment study, it is necessary to
identify the baseline levels of relevant parameters which are likely to be
affected as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. A
similar approach has been adopted for conducting the CEIA study for the
proposed Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project. Based on the specific inputs
likely to accrue in the proposed project, aspects to be covered in the CEIA
study were identified. Thus, planning of baseline survey commenced with the
short listing of impacts and identification of parameters for which the data
needs to be collected. The baseline setting for physico-chemical aspects have
been covered in this Chapter. The present chapter outlines the findings of
summer, monsoon & winter seasons study conducted in the month of May-
June 2015, August-September, 2015 and December, 2015-January, 2016. The
key aspects covered in the present chapter are listed as below:
Meteorology
Soil Quality
Surface Water Quality
Ground Water Quality
Ambient Air Quality
Ambient Noise Level
Landuse Pattern
8.2 METEOROLOGY
The project area experiences moderate sub-tropical to humid climate with three
distinct seasons, viz. summer followed by rainy (monsoon) and winter seasons.
The average meteorological conditions observed for the meteorological station
at Pancheshwar Meteorological Station are given in Table-8.1.
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Table-8.1: Average meteorological conditions at the Pancheshwar Meteorological Station
Month Temperature (oC) Rainfall
(mm)
No. of
rainy days
Relative humidity (%)
Maximum Minimum At 8.30 At 17.30
January 18.5 -2.7 46.7 3 53 63
February 19.5 -2 65.2 4.1 55 63
March 22.4 1.2 52.9 3.8 50 60
April 26.9 4.2 46 3.4 42 46
May 28.3 6.8 69.4 5.8 57 59
June 28 9.7 140.2 9.3 71 69
July 26 12 277.1 13.8 91 88
August 24.9 11.9 277.7 14.1 92 90
September 24.3 9.5 236.9 10.4 82 86
October 23.3 5.6 39.5 1.8 60 74
November 20.3 1.9 10.9 0.8 51 69
December 19.2 -1.3 22 1.4 46 62
Total 1284.4 71.7
Source: IMD
Temperature
Temperature begins to rise from March (21.10C) and reaches to its maximum in
May (30.40C), with the commencement of monsoon season by mid-June,
temperature begins to fall. During winter season in the month of November to
February, the temperature ranges between 14.20C and 19.50C. The monthly
computed average of monthly temperature are given in Table-8.2.
Table 8.2: Computed Average Monthly Temperature at Pancheshwar Site (Unit:0C)
Month Indian Station (1982-2015)
Nepal Station (1989-1992)
Mean Monthly temperatures
January 12.4 15.9 14.2
February 15.8 17.0 16.4
March 21.5 20.7 21.1
April 25.8 27.0 26.4
May 28.9 28.7 28.8
June 30.8 30.0 30.4
July 28.9 29.4 29.1
August 30.1 28.3 29.2
September 29.2 28.2 28.7
October 24.3 24.7 24.5
November 18.9 20.0 19.5
December 13.9 15.9 14.9
Source: DPR
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Chapter 8: Baseline Status – Physio Chemical Aspects Page 3
Humidity
The relative humidity is highest in monsoon season (92% in the morning and
90% in the evening). The lowest humidity is observed during the month of April
i.e. 46% (in evening) and 42% in May (in morning).
Rainfall
The average normal annual rainfall in the area is 980.05 mm, majority of which
75% is received during monsoon season. Average monthly rainfall at
Pancheshwar, computed from the Nepalese and Indian records, are given in
the Table 8.3.
Table-8.3 : Average Monthly Rainfall at the Pancheshwar Dam site (Unit: mm)
Month Indian Station (1982-2013) with gaps
Nepal Station (1989-1992)
Mean Rainfall
January 29.0 29.6 29.3
February 57.2 32.8 45.0
March 41.2 25.2 33.2
April 60.2 23.5 41.85
May 110.2 86.3 98.25
June 130.4 77.1 103.75
July 271.3 169.9 220.6
August 221.3 180.8 201.05
September 193.1 100.3 146.7
October 65.1 6.1 35.6
November 5.9 5.9 5.9
December 24.7 13.2 18.95
Total 1209.5 750.6 980.05
Source: DPR
Wind
Wind generally blows with the variation in speed of 1-19 kmph. Wind speed is
higher in evening around 28-25 kmph and is lower in morning around 23-20
kmph.
8.3 SOIL QUALITY
Soil Quality in Project & Catchment Area
Soil is the product of geological, chemical and biological interactions. The soils
in the region vary according to altitude and climate. The soil in the project area
and study area are young like any other region of Himalayas. The vegetal cover
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Chapter 8: Baseline Status – Physio Chemical Aspects Page 4
is one of the most important influencing factors characterizing the soil types in a
region. Soil on the slope above 30o, due to erosion and mass wasting
processing, are generally shallow and usually have very thin surface horizons.
Such soils have medium to coarse texture. Residual soils are well developed
on level summits of lesser Himalayas, Sub-soil are deep and heavily textured.
As a part of field studies, soil depths at various locations in the project &
catchment area ranged from 20 to 50 cm has been collected during summer,
monsoon and winter seasons and were analyzed. The sampling locations are
shown in Figure- 8.1 and locations are listed in Table-8.4. The results of soil
quality analysis are shown in Tables-8.5A and 8.5B, Table-8.6A and 8.6B,
Table-8.7A and 8.7B for summer, monsoon and winter seasons respectively.
The sampling sites are shown in Plates-8.1 and 8.2.
Table-8.4: Details of Soil sampling locations in Project & Catchment Area
Sampling Code Location
S 1 Downstream of Dam site at Rupaligad dam
S2 Near dam site at Rupaligad dam
S3 Upstream of Dam site at Rupaligad dam
S4 Catchment area of Rupaligad dam
S5 River bed soil at Mahakali River at Rupaligad dam site
S6 Catchment area of Rupaligad dam
S7 Catchment area of Rupaligad dam
S8 At Power house site at Pancheshwar dam
S9 1km U/s of Power house site at Pancheshwar dam
S10 1 km D/s of Power house site at Pancheshwar dam
S11 1 km U/s of Pancheshwar dam site
S12 Near Pancheshwar dam site
S13 1 km D/s of Pancheshwar dam site
S14 Sarju river Submergence area
S15 Sarju river catchment area near bridge
S16 Near Sarju & Ramganga Confluence
S17 U/s of Sarju & Ramganga Confluence on Ramganga side
S18 U/s of Sarju & Ramganga Confluence on Sarju side
S19 Catchment area of Ramganga river
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Chapter 8: Baseline Status – Physio Chemical Aspects Page 5
Plate-8.1: Soil Sampling Location Plate-8.2: Soil Sampling Location
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Chapter 8: Baseline Status – Physio Chemical Aspects Page 6
Figure-8.1: Soil Sampling Location Map
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Chapter 8: Baseline Status – Physio Chemical Aspects Page 7
Table-8.5A: Soil quality in the Project & Catchment Area for summer season
S. No Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
1 pH Value 7.66 8.04 8.09 8.14 8.43 7.04 6.72 7.83 7.32 7.19
2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.2 1.35 0.71 1.24 1.49 1.13 1.13 1.48 1 1.35
3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.102 0.145 0.384 0.114 0.136 0.105 0.065 0.092 0.087 0.145
4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 1493.18 588.86 378.4 244.03 1107.57 210.01 731.96 1736.23 126.43 588.86
5 Porosity, % 57.29 48.37 66.23 53.53 47.35 54.8 59.13 46. 18 57.11 48.37
6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 465.74 533.64 1648.68 726.1 896.97 391.45 1466 607.14 383.45 533.64
7 Water Holding Capacity, % 35.93 31.9 65.4 34.23 22.9 35.26 56.36 25.29 35.43 31.9
8 Organic Carbon, % 1.8 0.51 8.51 0.67 0.06 1.08 0.95 0.48 2.58 0.51
9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.23 0.21 0.18 0.17 0.11 0.2 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.08
10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 300.28 312.75 274.26 218.04 204.76 209.7 214.12 188.8 259 91.9
11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 3782.17 4310.2 3102.65 2849 1193.88 1720 4171 1457.0 6000.9 3233.25
12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 4010.96 4434.83 9396.12 4925.38 10726 1653.9 1311.2 2850.2 4405.0 2752.1
13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 4902.2 7061.52 3900.96 4288.2 7213.32 3489 5677.9 2704.1 5455.2 3665.20
14 Salinity, ppt 2.7 1.06 0.68 0.44 2 0.17 1.32 3.13 0.23 1.06
15 Texture Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sand Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Source: Field Study Table-8.5B: Soil quality in the Project & Catchment for summer season
S. No Parameters S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19
1 pH Value 8.31 8.3 8.11 8.17 7.8 7.69 8.13 7.61 7.51
2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.44 1.2 1.33 1.22 1.42 1.45 1.42 1.18 1.07
3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.148 0.187 0.217 0.159 0.083 0.106 0.137 0.263 0.288
4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 517.16 175.42 348.45 654.23 225.76 257.98 206.28 566.24 582.55
5 Porosity, % 50.5 53.78 50.57 56.32 50.45 17.41 48.16 30.25 29.22
6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3),
mg/kg
531.52 537.76 744.14 666.97 263.7 484.9 752.11 1297.23 1098.41
7 Water Holding Capacity, % 25.38 29.77 30.46 33.81 23.84 22.14 27.21 30.55 32.12
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S. No Parameters S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19
8 Organic Carbon, % 0.14 0.93 1.07 1.03 0.3 0.39 0.33 0.54 0.4
9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.13 0.18 0.17 0.1 0.19 0.2 0.12 0.48 0.48
10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 230.18 223.63 221.80 221.59 206.1 210.30 215.89 523.62 522.43
11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 404.63 2060.6 1701.02 1297.58 2503.5 1680.05 757 877.13 837.65
12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 9657.87 5027.15 4931.29 12180.52 1657.4 1540.6 9833.3 4663.44 4654.21
13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 6646.85 3228.97 4482.77 11759.49 3970.14 3839 7809.6 2854.02 2822.5
14 Salinity, ppt 0.93 0.32 0.63 1.18 0.41 0.46 0.37 1.02 1.05
15 Texture Sand Sandy Clay Sandy
Clay Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Clay Clay
Source: Field Study Table-8.6A: Soil quality in the Project & Catchment Area for monsoon season
S. No Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
1 pH Value 7.26 7.92 8.12 8.04 8.03 7.24 7.12 7.23 7.54 7.29
2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.3 1.25 0.82 1.21 1.34 1.19 1.12 1.42 1.20 1.30
3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.112 0.132 0.484 0.134 0.145 0.115 0.160 0.122 0.197 0.185
4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 1392.08 518.72 467.4 341.01 1002.25 315.22 630.69 1236.21 129.34 488.86
5 Porosity, % 59.21 45.23 62.64 52.50 48.35 52.9 61.23 56. 16 58.31 59.37
6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 501.34 503.24 987.25 778.2 897.27 502.48 1567 778.24 783.56 633.64
7 Water Holding Capacity, % 37.29 35.7 61.2 35.27 28.9 36.76 58.63 29.32 36.45 39.9
8 Organic Carbon, % 1.9 0.67 4.51 0.67 0.26 1.18 1.02 1.02 1.98 1.21
9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.25 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.14 0.28 0.19 0.21 0.21 0.18
10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 301.27 345.29 325.14 218.04 214.26 219.9 224.32 202.9 264 101.9
11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 3729.27 4210.5 2987.25 2749 1523.58 1825 4286 2459.0 5788.1 3012.21
12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 4015.97 4528.63 8395.02 4925.38 5026 2153.5 1512.6 2879.2 4201.0 2622.1
13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 4912.2 6023.32 3915.26 3939.2 6012.2 3570 5779.9 2614.3 5215.1 3065.10
14 Salinity, ppt 2.8 1.16 1.21 0.64 1.8 0.19 1.26 2.90 0.29 1.16
15 Texture Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sand Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Source: Field Study
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Table-8.6B: Soil quality in ths Project & Catchment Area for monsoon season
S. No Parameters S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19
1 pH Value 8.22 8.12 8.01 8.19 7.9 7.78 7.90 7.92 7.57
2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.34 1.24 1.35 1.29 1.49 1.45 1.49 1.19 1.17
3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.178 0.167 0.259 0.129 0.103 0.106 0.139 0.260 0.289
4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 507.26 169.42 365.25 669.13 229.76 259.18 216.35 569.34 685.25
5 Porosity, % 52.5 55.18 49.12 59.12 59.58 27.45 49.26 35.65 31.12
6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 499.12 549.16 754.24 705.12 389.4 584.8 759.20 997.80 1278.29
7 Water Holding Capacity, % 30.12 29.17 35.46 35.21 29.27 29.54 29.29 32.55 35.28
8 Organic Carbon, % 0.19 0.99 1.27 1.23 0.47 0.42 0.39 0.59 0.49
9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.16 0.19 0.19 0.15 0.18 0.22 0.19 0.49 0.52
10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 235.26 233.23 245.60 226.19 256.3 249.32 255.91 535.89 569.78
11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 398.12 2163.5 1722.15 1298.28 2527.8 1896.15 1232.00 989.25 937.25
12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 9566.23 4998.6 5016.32 11112.21 1712.8 1642.8 5833.3 4963.49 4255.12
13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 6781.15 3021.15 4712.98 10178.32 3876.12 3848 4809.6 3859.25 2926.20
14 Salinity, ppt 0.98 0.35 0.69 1.19 0.49 0.49 0.42 1.12 1.05
15 Texture Sand Sandy
Clay
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Clay Clay
Source: Field Study
Table-8.7A: Soil quality in the Project & Catchment Area for winter season
S. No Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
1 pH Value 7.78 8.09 8.08 8.18 8.46 7.11 6.67 7.78 7.46 7.28
2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.26 1.41 0.78 1.40 1.36 0.98 1.19 1.46 1.01 1.36
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3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.097 0.125 0.370 0.112 0.120 0.115 0.050 0.081 0.077 0.142
4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 1491.16 587.67 378.4 242.23 1106.57 0.0019 730.56 1735.14 121.71 586.23
5 Porosity, % 56.31 44.24 65.23 54.69 48.74 64.1 57.58 48.56 58.36 49.21
6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 468.10 531.12 1648.68 726.1 890.02 380.89 1461 602.35 381.32 531.07
7 Water Holding Capacity, % 31.30 25.17 51.12 34.61 21.06 34.87 52.31 24.12 34.63 28.08
8 Organic Carbon, % 1.7 0.50 8.46 0.65 0.05 1.09 0.94 0.45 2.60 0.48
9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.10 0.19 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.10
10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 299.10 310.13 273.16 217.05 203.66 210.6 219.56 180.7 252 84.9
11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 3774.16 4309.2 3100.46 2847 1195.88 1710 4195 1445.0 6089.5 3226.05
12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 4008.75 4430.89 9392.12 4921.38 10800 1617.9 1308.2 2835.2 4400.0 2731.1
13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 4900.1 7049.07 3910.81 4278.1 7205.61 3480 5665.9 2695.05 5427.19 3657.76
14 Salinity, ppt 2.6 1.04 0.70 0.45 2 0.15 1.34 3.11 0.25 1.08
15 Texture Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sand Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Source: Field Study
Table-8.7B: Soil quality in the Project & Catchment Area for winter season
S. No Parameters S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19
1 pH Value 7.88 8.1 7.98 8.05 7.65 7.68 8.09 7.49 7.41
2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.38 1.18 1.30 1.20 1.40 1.40 1.41 1.17 1.08
3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.147 0.181 0.210 0.158 0.080 0.105 0.130 0.258 0.279
4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 507.17 165.19 340.15 649.03 219.78 251.29 205.38 562.27 581.09
5 Porosity, % 48.8 51.6 49.5 55.15 50.01 16.85 47.18 29.35 28.62
6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 530.17 528.78 746.35 650.69 261.8 475.8 741.11 1285.21 1091.12
7 Water Holding Capacity, % 24.19 24.16 29.47 31.81 22.45 20.04 25.16 29.24 31.06
8 Organic Carbon, % 0.13 0.90 1.05 1.01 0.2 0.37 0.30 0.50 0.39
9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.12 0.17 0.15 0.1 0.16 0.2 0.1 0.45 0.45
10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 228.98 220.14 220.17 220.61 204.1 209.15 210.10 515.02 515.13
11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 400.17 2050.1 1680.65 1280.62 2480.1 1665.12 750 870.14 827.15
12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 9600.1 4800.65 4700.10 12150.12 1657.4 1521.6 9830.1 4643.11 4614.21
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S. No Parameters S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19
13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 6500.17 3215.07 4477.73 11732.10 3960.02 3831 7800.1 2840.10 2811.5
14 Salinity, ppt 0.91 0.31 0.62 1.17 0.40 0.45 0.35 1.02 1.04
15 Texture Sand Sandy
Clay
Sandy
Clay Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Clay Clay
Source: Field Study
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The pH of soil at various sites lies within neutral range. The levels of NPK
indicate moderate to high soil productivity. The sodium and salinity levels do
not indicate any potential for soil salinization or adverse impacts on soil
productivity.
Soil Quality in Command Area
As a part of field studies, soil samples were collected at 50 locations in the
command area. The soil sampling locations are listed in Table-8.8. The results
of soil quality analysis are given in Annexure-II.
Table-8.8: Details of Soil Sampling Locations in Command Area
S. No. Location S. No. Location
S1 Kamrauli S26 Habidapur
S2 Sonic S27 Der Ras
S3 Nasirpur S28 Kabirpur
S4 Chatiya S29 Chaurasi
S5 Jalalabad S30 Ganj Muradabad
S6 Turtipur S31 Khusumau
S7 Vakrora S32 Darogakhera
S8 Ramuapul S33 Rampur Gopalpur
S9 Sursa S34 Sadat Nagar
S10 Turqman Pur S35 Kumarawa
S11 Katiyan S36 Varauna
S12 Varauna S37 Karwan
S13 Sample-Pawai S38 Panday Tara
S14 Babhana S39 Saimarua
S15 Sarai S40 Majhila
S16 Dehchowki S41 Nijampur
S17 Parchapur S42 Para
S18 Rart S43 Hp
S19 Haseenpur S44 Murtaza Nagar
S20 Jamuna S45 Gasva
S21 Ayari S46 Darauli
S22 Mavi Kothi S47 Bahera
S23 Gadar S48 Safipur Pul
S24 Zinda Khera S49 Chandaile
S25 Rupau S50 Bijgaon
The pH in various soil samples ranged from 6.62 to 9.34. The Electrical
Conductivity (EC) ranged from 0.053 to 0.402 millimohs/cm which indicates the
absence of salinity or sodicity in the soil. The bulk density ranged from 0.85 to
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1.79 g/cm3. The porosity level in various soil samples ranged from 41.79 to
70.39 %. The organic matter ranged from 0.13 to 2.08%, indicating low to high
soil productivity. The dominant soil texture is clay followed by Clay Loam and
Silty Clay Loam. The Sodium Absorption Ratio was less than 1 at all the
sampling locations.
8.4 SURFACE WATER QUALITY
There are no major sources of organic pollution loading in the catchment
intercepted at the project site. The catchment has low population density with
low cropping intensity. The low cropping intensity coupled with low agro-
chemical dosing also means that the pollution load due to agro-chemicals is
quite low. The absence of industries implies that there is no pollution load from
this source as well.
As a part of the field studies, water samples were collected at various locations
in the study area. Surface water sampling locations in project & catchment area
are shown in Figure-8.2 and listed in Table-8.9. The sampling sites are shown
in Plates-8.3 and 8.4.
The results of the water quality analysis are given Tables-8.10A and 8.10B,
Tables-8.11A and 8.11B, and Tables-8.12A and 8.12B in summer, monsoon
and winter season respectively. The drinking water quality standards are given
in Table-8.13.
Table-8.9: Details of Water Sampling Location in Project & Catchment Area
Sampling Code Location
W 1 Downstream of Dam site at Rupaligad dam
W2 Near TRT of Rupaligad dam
W3 Dam site at Rupaligad dam
W4 1km u/s of Dam site at Rupaligad dam
W5 Confluence of Rupaligad and Mahakali River
W6 Nala at the catchment of Rupaligad
W7 Power house site at Pancheshwar dam
W8 1km d/s of Power house site at Pancheshwar dam
W9 1 km u/s of Power house site at Pancheshwar dam
W10 1 km u/s of Pancheshwar dam site
W11 Pancheshwar dam site
W12 1 km d/s of Pancheshwar dam site
W13 Confluence of Sarju and kali River
W14 At Kali River near Pancheshwar Mandir
W15 At Ramganga river
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Sampling Code Location
W16 At Sarju river before Confluence with Ramganga river
W17 At Sarju river after Confluence with Ramganga river
W18 At Ramganga river
W19 At Sarju river before Confluence with Ramganga river
W20 At Sarju river after Confluence with Ramganga river
Plate-8.3: Water Sampling Location Plate-8.4: Water Sampling Location
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Figure-8.2: Water Sampling Location Map
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Table-8.10A: Surface Water Quality in the study area during summer season
Parameters W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10
pH Value 8.59 8.51 8.62 8.57 8.20 8.34 8.42 8.49 8.50 8.59
Temperature, oC 23.50 24.00 24.00 24.50 17.50 18.00 20.00 20.00 20.50 20.80
Conductivity, µS/cm 248.00 258.00 260.00 278.67 257.50 261.67 275.67 257.67 251.00 215.0
Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 115.00 1.18 126.00 152.00 122.00 124.00 136.00 124.00 132.00 115.00
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 13.00 16.00 16.00 19.00 19.50 20.00 14.00 14.00 13.62 12.20
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 285.00 284.00 282.00 248.00 242.00 248.00 252.00 248.00 252.00 232.00
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 62.08 60.83 58.87 67.28 53.33 53.83 62.24 53.83 57.70 50.07
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 136.00 138.00 135.00 80.00 114.00 113.60 96.60 113.60 113.50 97.92
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.11 0.09 0.12
Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 20.32 21.02 25 21.78 21.8 13.33 29.05 30.47 39.52 28.81
Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.11 0.09 ND 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l 0.11 0.15 0.18 0.29 0.09 ND 0.19 0.02 0.08 <0.04
Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 1.12 1.08 0.57 0.02 1.16 0.92 0.29 0.84 0.82 0.81
B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1
C.O.D, mg/l 3.6 3.3 3.1 2.8 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.6 3.7 3.8
Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0
Sodium (as Na),mg/l 1.85 1.55 1.35 1 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.15 0.45 2.1
Potassium (as K),mg/l 2.34 2.31 2.31 2.01 2.26 2.33 2.08 2.40 2.38 0.74
Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.01 0.15 0.2 0.05 0.05 0.05 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05
Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.1 0.25 0.25 0.2 <0.01 0.3 <0.01 0.25
Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero
Fluoride (as F), mg/l <0.01 0.19 0.1 0.05 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.07 <0.01
Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) Absent Absent Absent 14 18 Absent Absent 12 Absent Absent
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Table-8.10B: Surface Water Quality in the study area during summer season
Parameters W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18 W19 W20
pH Value 7.98 8.09 8.01 8.13 8.10 7.90 7.95 8.02 7.78 8.02
Temperature, oC 23.50 22.50 23.50 20.50 23.50 21.50 22.50 23.00 21.50 23.50
Conductivity, µS/cm 228.00 238.00 245.00 262.00 278.00 288.50 256.00 298.00 248.00 258.00
Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 119.00 125.00 105.00 115.00 125.00 135.00 125.00 125.00 119.00 125.00
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 15.00 13.00 15.00 13.00 15.00 13.00 20.00 22.00 16.00 14.00
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 180.00 195.00 189.00 145.00 179.00 157.00 142.00 167.00 158.00 189.00
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 45.08 61.08 65.08 65.08 59.08 62.08 58.08 58.08 48.08 52.08
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 120.00 136.00 131.00 119.00 132.00 126.00 126.00 146.00 102.00 116.00
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.11 0.05 0.09
Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 26.32 20.32 21.32 21.87 22.30 22.32 22.32 24.32 20.32 20.32
Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.15
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l 0.15 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.11 0.15
Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 1.12 1.12 0.57 0.67 1.12 0.79 1.12 0.89 1.12 1.12
B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8
C.O.D, mg/l 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.9
Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0
Sodium (as Na),mg/l 1.80 1.79 1.85 1.68 1.78 1.85 1.82 1.85 1.98 1.65
Potassium (as K),mg/l 2.30 2.19 2.38 1.98 2.30 2.34 2.30 2.38 2.17 2.30
Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero
Fluoride (as F), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
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Table-8.11A: Surface Water Quality in the study area during monsoon season
Parameters W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10
pH Value 8.01 7.74 7.92 7.96 8.05 8.07 7.86 8.06 7.65 8.01
Temperature, oC 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4
Conductivity, µS/cm 142.9 152.4 120.6 117.5 139.7 149.2 114.3 149.2 76.2 149.2
Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 58.64 43.8 43.8 38.52 55.64 64.2 51.36 65.54 35.68 65.54
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 3.46 5.19 1.73 1.73 3.46 2.59 5.19 3.46 3.46 4.32
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 78 60 50 50 76 82 60 82 34 82
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 17.6 17.2 17.6 19.2 28 30.4 20.8 11.2 11.2 28.8
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 8.26 4.37 1.46 0.49 1.46 1.46 1.94 1.46 1.46 2.43
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 15.2 0.29 0.41 0.28 0.5 0.7 0.61 0.3 0.61 0.53
Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 14.68 8.32 8.69 8.22 14.8 17.21 3.65 9.65 2.38 9.69
Iron (as Fe), mg/l 3.4 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04
Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 3.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 1.6 2.0 1.0 2.4 1.1 1.0
B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l 0.5 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.5 <0.1 10
C.O.D, mg/l 1.41 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.56 <1.0 31.2
Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0
Sodium (as Na),mg/l 2.9 1.9 1.5 2.8 1.9 1.4 1.9 2.7 2 3.2
Potassium (as K),mg/l 1.8 1.2 1.0 1.3 2.6 2.4 1 0.7 0.6 3.1
Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero
Fluoride (as F), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.35 0.08 <0.01 0.26 <0.01 0.58 <0.01 0.31
Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) Absent 10 Absent 10 Absent 12 Absent Absent Absent 12
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Table-8.11B: Surface Water Quality in the study area during monsoon season
Parameters W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18 W19 W20
pH Value 8.06 8.01 8.30 7.93 7.94 7.94 7.76 8.05 7.81 7.76
Temperature, oC 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4
Conductivity, µS/cm 127 139.7 142.6 139.7 139.7 142.6 69.8 193.7 133.3 136.5
Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 57.08 55.64 59.92 59.92 55.64 59.92 25.68 94.16 51.36 55.64
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 3.46 3.46 3.46 5.19 3.46 3.46 5.19 12.11 3.46 3.46
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 70 74 78 78 78 78 32 116 72 74
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 27.2 25.6 27.2 27.2 27.2 25.6 9.6 40 20.8 22.4
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 0.49 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43 5.86 1.94 3.88 4.86 4.37
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 0.53 0.62 1.28 0.76 0.84 0.47 1.06 2.04 0.32 1.03
Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 9.21 6.17 17.98 11.87 9.88 12.06 0.38 5.13 7.6 9.69
Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.02
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04
Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 0.4 0.9 3.0 0.6 0.9 3.1 4.7 3.4 2.1 2.1
B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
C.O.D, mg/l <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0
Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0
Sodium (as Na),mg/l 2.7 2.5 2.1 2.5 2.1 2.2 2.9 1.8 2.7 2.5
Potassium (as K),mg/l 1.5 1.1 0.8 1 0.6 0.9 1.3 0.6 0.9 1
Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero
Fluoride (as F), mg/l <0.01 0.42 <0.01 0.07 <0.01 <0.01 0.06 0.13 <0.01 0.33
Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) Absent Absent Absent 10 Absent Absent Absent 10 Absent 12
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Table-8.12A: Surface Water Quality in the study area during winter season
Parameters W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10
pH Value 8.11 8.I8 8.32 8.35 8.27 8.4 8.2 8.05 8.24 8.04
Temperature, oC 30.8 30.8 30.9 30.8 30.9 30.9 30.9 30.9 30.8 30.8
Conductivity, µS/cm 230 210 212 201 194 339 189 201 187 210
Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 88 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 181.5 82.5 82.5 77 88
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 6.08 4.05 2.03 4.05 2.03 8.11 2.03 2.03 20.28 20.28
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 120 110 100 110 120 200 110 110 120 120
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 40.08 32.06 32.06 32.06 28.05 56.11 32.06 36.07 40.08 36.07
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 4.86 9.72 9.72 7.29 12.15 17.01 7.29 7.29 9.72 7.29
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 2.44 0.62 9.72 7.98 7.52 0.28 8.54 2.82 10.43 11.7
Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 31.43 28.09 30 33.81 31.9 13.33 29.05 30.47 39.52 23.81
Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.6
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04
Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 2.75 3.75 4 0.25 0.25 1.25 2.75 3.25 2.5 2.25
B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.0
C.O.D, mg/l 3.7 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.4 3.9 3.9
Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0
Sodium (as Na),mg/l 1.85 1.55 1.35 1 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.15 0.45 2.1
Potassium (as K),mg/l 2 2.2 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.1 2.2 2.4 2.4 0.74
Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.01 0.15 0.2 0.05 0.05 0.05 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05
Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.1 0.25 0.25 0.2 <0.01 0.3 <0.01 0.25
Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero
Fluoride (as F), mg/l <0.01 0.19 0.1 0.05 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.07 <0.01
Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) Absent Absent Absent 14 18 Absent Absent 12 Absent Absent
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Table-8.12B: Surface Water Quality in the study area during winter season
Parameters W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18 W19 W20
pH Value 7.83 8.07 7.93 8.13 7.7 7.86 7.66 8.07 7.51 8.12
Temperature, oC 30.9 30.8 30.9 30.9 30.9 30.9 30.8 30.8 30.9 30.9
Conductivity, µS/cm 181 174 183 172 238 234 236 174 215 185
Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 88 88 104.5 82.5 137.5 132 137.5 82.5 115.5 88
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 6.08 4.05 2.03 4.05 4.05 4.05
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 100 110 110 110 150 140 140 110 120 110
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 36.07 32.06 32.06 36.07 48.09 40.08 36.07 32.06 44.09 28.05
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 7.29 7.29 14.58 7.29 19.44 24.3 21.87 19.44 17.01 7.29
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 5.4 2.33 0.89 1.13 1.42 0.53 0.49 0.42 12.7 5.98
Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 18.57 18.09 8.57 24.28 8.57 7.14 8.09 21.9 6.19 18.57
Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.3
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04
Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 1 2 4.4 4 9.7 4.2 5 2.2 4.6 2.8
B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.5 2.0 1.8
C.O.D, mg/l 3.1 2.8 2.5 3.3 3.5 3.1 2.8 3.0 4.0 3.6
Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0
Sodium (as Na),mg/l 3.44 1.1 1.6 5.2 2.25 1.5 1.95 1.15 1.4 1.2
Potassium (as K),mg/l 1.7 0.78 1.5 2.7 3.45 1.75 1.7 0.75 1 0.8
Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Zinc (as Zn), mg/l 0.05 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.0I <0.0I <0.0I <0.0I <0.0I <0.0I <0.0I <0.0I <0.0I
Lead (as Pb), mg/l 0.25 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero
Fluoride (as F), mg/l 0.31 0.33 <0.01 0.11 <0.01 0.23 <0.01 <0.01 0.07 <0.01
Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) 22 Absent Absent Absent Absent 14 Absent Absent Absent Absent
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Table-8.13: Drinking Water Quality Standards
Characteristics *Acceptable **Cause for Rejection
Turbidity (units on JTU scale) 2.5 10
Colour (Units on platinum cobalt scale) 5.0 25
Taste and Odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable
pH 7.0 to 8.5 <6.5 or >9.2
Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 500 1500
Total hardness (mg/l) (as CaCO3) 200 600
Chlorides as CD (mg/l) 200 1000
Sulphates (as SO4) 200 400
Fluorides (as F) (mg/l) 1.0 1.5
Nitrates (as NO3) (mg/l) 45 45
Calcium (as Ca) (mg/l) 75 200
Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l)
If there are 250 mg/l of sulphates, Mg content can
be increased to a maximum of 125 mg/l with the
reduction of sulphates at the rate of 1 unit per every
2.5 units of sulphates
30 150
Iron (as Fe) (mg/l) 0.1 1.0
Manganese (as Mn) (mg/l) 0.05 0.5
Copper (as Cu) (mg/l) 0.05 1.5
Zinc (as Zn) (mg/l) 5.0 15.0
Phenolic compounds (as Phenol) (mg/l) 0.001 0.002
Anionic detergents (as MBAS) (mg/l) 0.2 1.0
Mineral Oil (mg/l) 0.01 0.3
Toxic materials
Arsenic (as As) (mg/l) 0.05 0.05
Cadmium (as Cd) (mg/l) 0.01 0.01
Chromium (as hexaalent Cr) (mg/l) 0.05 0.05
Cyanides (as CN) (mg/l) 0.05 0.05
Lead (as Pb) (mg/l) 0.1 0.1
Selenium (as Se) (mg/l) 0.01 0.01
Mercury (total as Hg) (mg/l) 0.001 0.001
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 0.2 g/l 0.2 g/l
Notes :-
*1. The figures indicated under the column `Acceptable’ are the limits upto which water is
generally acceptable to the consumers
**2 Figures in excess of those mentioned under `Acceptable render the water not
acceptable, but still may be tolerated in the absence of alternative and better source
but upto the limits indicated under column “Cause for Rejection” above which are
supply will have to be rejected.
The pH level indicates that water is in neutral range. The total hardness in
various water samples ranged from 100 to 200 mg/l. The hardness level ranged
from 110 to 200 mg/l, 32 to 216 mg/l and 142-285 mg/l in summer, monsoon
and winter seasons respectively. In some of the sites, in winter season,
hardness level was more than 200 mg/l specified for drinking water purposes,
but was observed to be well within the cause for rejection limit of 600 mg/l.
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The total alkalinity was lower than total hardness level surface water in the
project as well as study area. The alkalinity level was lower than hardness
level, which imples that carbonate hardness was equivalent to alkalinity level.
The hardness level in excess of alkalinity value was bicarbonate hareness.
The EC level ranged from 172 to 339 µS/cm. The EC levels were well below
the permissible limit of 2250 µS/cm specified for irrigation water requirements
as per IS:2296. The TDS level ranged from 124 to 244 mg/l, 50 to 100 mg/l
and 155 to 215 mg/l in summer, monsoon and winter seasons respectively,
which is less than permissible limit of 500 mg/l for meeting drinking water
requirements. The EC and TDS level indicates the suitability of water for
meeting irrigation and drinking water requirements.
The concentration of various cations (calcium, Magnesium, Iron etc.) and
anions (Chlorides, Sulphates, Nitrates) were also well below the permissible
limit. The fluorides level at sampling sites were low.
The BOD values ranged from 1.3 to 2.1 mg/l in winter and summer seasons. In
monsoon season BOD values ranged from <0.1 mg/l to 0.5 mg/l. The
concentration of various heavy metals was below the detectable limits,
indicating the suitability of water for meeting domestic requirements. The
concentration of cyanides and phenolic compounds was also below the
detectable limits. The concentration of various heavy metals was observed to
be below detectable limit in various seasons. The Total Coliform level was
recorded as nil to 18 MPN/100 ml at various sampling sites. The concentration
of BOD and Total Coliform levels indicate that in the pre-project scenario,
pollution loading is well below the carrying capacity of river Mahakali and its
tributaries.
8.5 WATER QUALITY IN COMMAND AREA
As a part of field survey, water samples were collected from 50 locations in the
command area. Water sampling locations are listed in Table-8.14. The results
of water sample analysis are given in Annexure-III.
Table-8.14: Locations of Water Sampling sites in command area
S. No. Location S. No. Location
W1 Kamrauli W26 Habidapur
W2 Sonic W27 Der Ras
W3 Nasirpur Hp W28 Kabirpur
W4 Chatiya W29 Chaurasi
W5 Jalalabad W30 Ganj Muradabad
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S. No. Location S. No. Location
W6 Turtipur W31 Khusumau
W7 Vakrora W32 Darogakhera
W8 Ramuapul W33 Rampur Gopalpur
W9 Sursa W34 Sadat Nagar
W10 Turqman Pur W35 Kumarawa
W11 Katiyan W36 Varauna
W12 Varauna W37 Karwan
W13 Sample-Pawai W38 Panday Tara
W14 Babhana W39 Saimarua
W15 Sarai W40 Majhila
W16 Dehchowki W41 Nijampur
W17 Parchapur W42 Para
W18 Rart W43 Hp
W19 Haseenpur W44 Murtaza Nagar
W20 Jamuna W45 Gasva
W21 Ayari W46 Darauli
W22 Mavi Kothi W47 Bahera
W23 Gadar W48 Safipur Pul
W24 Zinda Khera W49 Chandaile
W25 Rupau W50 Bijgaon
The pH level in various groundwater samples was observed to be within neutral
range (7.64- 8.9), which is within the permissible limit specified for meeting
drinking water requirements. The total hardness in various water samples
ranged from 132 to 404 mg/l, 116 to 376 mg/l, 112 to 676 mg/l in summer,
monsoon and winter seasons respectively. The total hardness level in some of
the groundwater samples were higher than the permissible limit of 200 mg/l,
specified for meeting drinking water requirement. However, hardness level was
well within the cause of Rejection Limit of 600 mg/l (except for one sample in
winter season). The principal hardness causing cations are calcium,
magnesium, strontium and ferrous and iron. The concentration of calcium and
magnesium are mainly responsible for the hardness level in water.
Alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids. The alkalinity of
natural water is due primarily because of the salts of weak acids. The alkalinity
was found to be higher than the total hardness in most the water sampling
stations monitored as a part of the study, which indicates that the entire hardness
is contributed by carbonate hardness. The alkalinity level ranged from 121 to 572
mg/l, 115 to 483 mg/l, 121 to 572 mg/l in summer season, monsoon and winter
seasons respectively. In samples with alkalinity level was lower than hardness
level, carbonate hardness was equivalent to alkalinity level. The hardness level in
excess of alkalinity value was bicarbonate hareness.
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Chlorides occur in all natural waters in widely varying concentrations, chlorides
is available in natural water, mainly through solvent power of water, which
dissolves chlorides from top soil and deeper formations. Sulphates ion is one of
the major anions occurring in natural water. It is an important parameter
because of its cathartic affect, when it is present in higher concentration. The
chlorides and sulphates level was found to be above the permissible but below
the cause of rejection limit specified for drinking water purposes in some of the
ground water samples.
The EC level ranged from 202.2 to 1339.7 µS/cm, 200.0 to 914.3 µS/cm, 206.3
to 1133.3 µS/cm in summer, monsoon and winter seasons respectively. This is
also reflected by the fact that the concentration of various cations and anions
as well.
The BOD ranged from 1.2 to 2.1 mg/l and COD ranges from 2.1 to 4.0 mg/l.
The concentration of cyanides and phenolic compounds was also below the
detectable limits. The concentration of various heavy metals was observed to
be below detectable limit in various seasons. This is expected in an area, with
no heavy metals contribution from geogenic sources and has no anthropogenic
sources as well.
The oil & grease level were below detectable limits in all the samples, which is
generally, the case in ground water samples, and is also an indicator of
absence of sources of this pollutant in the command area.
8.6 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
The ambient air quality with respect to the study area around the proposed site
forms the baseline information. The study area represents rural environment.
The sources of air pollution in the region are vehicular traffic, dust arising from
unpaved village roads and domestic fuel burning. The prime objective of the
baseline air quality study was to establish the existing ambient air quality of the
area. This section describes the identification of sampling locations,
methodology adopted for monitoring, frequency of sampling.
Selection of Sampling Locations
The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been established through a
scientifically designed ambient air quality monitoring network and is based on
the following considerations:
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- Meteorological conditions on synoptic scale;
- Representatives of regional background air quality for obtaining baseline
status
- Representation of likely affected area.
The ambient air quality was monitored at 10 locations. The frequency of
monitoring was twice a week for 4 consecutive weeks per season for three
seasons. The location of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring stations is shown in
Figure-8.3 and details are given in Table-8.16. The parameter to be monitored
is PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2. The monitoring was conducted in the month of May-
June 2015, August-September, 2015 and December, 2015-January, 2016. The
results of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring are given in Table-8.15 to 8.18 for
summer, monsoon and winter season. The summary of ambient air quality
Moniroring is given in Table-8.19. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards
are given in Table-8.20.
Table-8.15: Details of Location of Ambient Air Quality Sampling Stations
S. No. Location Name
1. Gauge Discharge Site, Site Office Pancheshwar
2. Near Drilling Labor Room, Pancheshwar
3. CWC Guest House, Pancheshwar
4. Stationary Shop,(Tamli Village)
5. Near River Bank Dam Site, Tamli Village
6. Chederi Village, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh
7. Turtipur, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh
8. Surseni, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh
9. Bahuli, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh
10. Parresera, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh
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Plate-8.5: Air Sampling Location Plate-8.6: Air Sampling Location
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Figure-8.3: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
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Table-8.16: Ambient Air Quality monitoring for summer season
S.No Date of Sampling Parameter
PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2
Sampling Location - Gauge Discharge Site, Site Office Pancheshwar (AAQ1)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 74 51 < 5.0 20.5
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 76 53 < 5.0 24.1
3 22/06/2015 to 23/06/2015 81 58 < 5.0 26.8
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 67 42 < 5.0 17.9
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 69 40 < 5.0 18.4
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 73 51 < 5.0 23.6
7 06/07/2015 to 07/07/2015 78 56 < 5.0 26.3
8 10/07/2015 to 11/07/2015 65 44 < 5.0 18.7
Sampling Location - Near Drilling Labor Room, Pancheshwar (AAQ2)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 68 44 < 5.0 19.7
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 64 47 < 5.0 18.6
3 22/06/2015 to 23/06/2015 71 52 < 5.0 24.3
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 74 54 < 5.0 25.8
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 77 56 < 5.0 27.4
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 69 46 < 5.0 17.5
7 06/07/2015 to 07/07/2015 67 39 < 5.0 18.4
8 10/07/2015 to 11/07/2015 63 40 < 5.0 16.7
Sampling Location - CWC Guest House, Pancheshwar (AAQ3)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 71 52 < 5.0 26.5
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 64 48 < 5.0 19.5
3 22/06/2015 to 23/06/2015 69 45 < 5.0 17.4
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 72 54 < 5.0 21.3
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 70 53 < 5.0 26.9
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 78 58 < 5.0 29.1
7 06/07/2015 to 07/07/2015 75 56 < 5.0 24.7
8 10/07/2015 to 11/07/2015 66 49 < 5.0 19.8
Sampling Location - Stationary Shop,(Tamli Village) (AAQ4)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 71 51 < 5.0 26.5
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 69 43 < 5.0 21.1
3 22/06/2015 to 23/06/2015 75 54 < 5.0 28.3
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 73 56 < 5.0 32.4
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 79 52 < 5.0 32.7
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 76 53 < 5.0 30.8
7 06/07/2015 to 07/07/2015 81 58 < 5.0 38.4
8 10/07/2015 to 11/07/2015 74 50 < 5.0 28.6
Sampling Location - Near River Bank Dam Site, Tamli Village (AAQ5)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 67 42 < 5.0 17.8
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 71 47 < 5.0 19.5
3 22/06/2015 to 23/06/2015 65 39 < 5.0 16.3
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 75 51 < 5.0 24.1
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 73 54 < 5.0 21.7
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 69 43 < 5.0 18.4
7 06/07/2015 to 07/07/2015 72 56 < 5.0 16.2
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Chapter 8: Baseline Status – Physio Chemical Aspects Page 30
S.No Date of Sampling Parameter
PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2
8 10/07/2015 to 11/07/2015 70 49 < 5.0 14.8
Sampling Location - Chederi Village, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh (AAQ6)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 78 48 < 5.0 19.6
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 82 51 < 5.0 21.6
3 23/06/2015 to 24/06/2015 76 53 < 5.0 22.5
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 83 48 < 5.0 20.5
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 86 49 < 5.0 19.5
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 74 52 < 5.0 21.6
7 07/07/2015 to 08/07/2015 77 50 < 5.0 22.1
8 12/07/2015 to 13/07/2015 79 47 < 5.0 21.7
Sampling Location - Turtipur, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh (AAQ7)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 83 51 < 5.0 18.7
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 75 48 < 5.0 21.6
3 23/06/2015 to 24/06/2015 77 48 < 5.0 18.3
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 81 46 < 5.0 19.3
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 74 47 < 5.0 17.8
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 73 49 < 5.0 20.3
7 07/07/2015 to 08/07/2015 71 48 < 5.0 18.9
8 12/07/2015 to 13/07/2015 76 48 < 5.0 17.5
Sampling Location - Surseni, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh (AAQ8)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 76 46 < 5.0 19.4
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 78 49 < 5.0 18.6
3 23/06/2015 to 24/06/2015 79 43 < 5.0 20.6
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 75 48 < 5.0 18.5
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 80 51 < 5.0 19.4
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 82 50 < 5.0 19.8
7 07/07/2015 to 08/07/2015 75 46 < 5.0 17.2
8 12/07/2015 to 13/07/2015 73 45 < 5.0 18
Sampling Location - Bahuli, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh (AAQ9)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 79 51 < 5.0 20.1
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 82 53 < 5.0 21.6
3 23/06/2015 to 24/06/2015 79 50 < 5.0 19.4
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 84 55 < 5.0 22.1
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 83 49 < 5.0 20.5
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 82 48 < 5.0 19.5
7 07/07/2015 to 08/07/2015 79 51 < 5.0 18.8
8 12/07/2015 to 13/07/2015 75 47 < 5.0 17.7
Sampling Location - Parresera, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh (AAQ10)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 84 53 < 5.0 23.2
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 77 50 < 5.0 20.6
3 23/06/2015 to 24/06/2015 79 51 < 5.0 21.1
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 75 49 < 5.0 22.1
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 78 50 < 5.0 19.9
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 73 46 < 5.0 19.3
7 07/07/2015 to 08/07/2015 74 48 < 5.0 18.7
8 12/07/2015 to 13/07/2015 75 45 < 5.0 19.4
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Chapter 8: Baseline Status – Physio Chemical Aspects Page 31
Table-8.17: Ambient Air Quality monitoring for monsoon season
S.No Date of Sampling Parameter
PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2
Sampling Location - Gauge Discharge Site, Site Office Pancheshwar (AAQ1)
1 05/09/2015 to 06/09/2015 36.9 16.4 < 5.0 8.3
2 06/09/2015 to 07/09/2015 34.8 18.6 < 5.0 7.9
3 12/09/2015 to 13/09/2015 40.1 22.4 < 5.0 9.3
4 13/09/2015 to 14/09/2015 34.5 17.4 <5.0 8.5
5 19/09/2015 to 20/09/2015 37.2 15.2 < 5.0 8.1
6 20/09/2015 to 21/09/2015 44.3 26.1 < 5.0 7.6
7 24/09/2015 to 25/09/2015 41.4 19.0 < 5.0 7.8
8 25/09/2015 to 26/09/2015 39.5 18.7 < 5.0 7.5
Sampling Location - Near Drilling Labor Room, Pancheshwar (AAQ2)
1 05/09/2015 to 06/09/2015 40.0 18.5 < 5.0 6.9
2 06/09/2015 to 07/09/2015 31.5 16.7 < 5.0 7.4
3 12/09/2015 to 13/09/2015 36.7 21.3 < 5.0 7.5
4 13/09/2015 to 14/09/2015 39.4 20.7 <5.0 6.7
5 19/09/2015 to 20/09/2015 40.3 26.3 < 5.0 8.1
6 20/09/2015 to 21/09/2015 39.7 20.7 < 5.0 8.4
7 24/09/2015 to 25/09/2015 41.4 22.3 < 5.0 7.5
8 25/09/2015 to 26/09/2015 39.5 18.5 <5.0 7.4
Sampling Location - CWC Guest House, Pancheshwar (AAQ3)
1 05/09/2015 to 06/09/2015 36.5 20.5 < 5.0 8.2
2 06/09/2015 to 07/09/2015 38.3 21.5 < 5.0 7.2
3 12/09/2015 to 13/09/2015 34.2 22.4 < 5.0 9.3
4 13/09/2015 to 14/09/2015 37.4 19.8 <5.0 7.4
5 19/09/2015 to 20/09/2015 36.9 19.3 < 5.0 6.8
6 20/09/2015 to 21/09/2015 32.4 16.7 < 5.0 8.3
7 24/09/2015 to 25/09/2015 31.7 18.2 < 5.0 7.2
8 25/09/2015 to 26/09/2015 36.7 20.3 < 5.0 6.7
Sampling Location - Stationary Shop,(Tamli Village) (AAQ4)
1 09/09/2015 to 10/09/2015 37.4 14.7 < 5.0 7.8
2 10/09/2015 to 11/09/2015 36.4 15.7 < 5.0 6.7
3 15/09/2015 to 16/09/2015 38.6 17.4 < 5.0 6.9
4 16/09/2015 to 17/09/2015 38.2 22.3 <5.0 8.4
5 22/09/2015 to 23/09/2015 35.1 18.5 < 5.0 6.7
6 23/09/2015 to 24/09/2015 38.4 17.4 < 5.0 7.2
7 27/09/2015 to 28/09/2015 39.5 19.5 < 5.0 8.4
8 28/09/2015 to 29/09/2015 36.5 18.4 <5.0 9.4
Sampling Location - Near River Bank Dam Site, Tamli Village (AAQ5)
1 09/09/2015 to 10/09/2015 35.7 17.4 < 5.0 7.6
2 10/09/2015 to 11/09/2015 38.5 18.3 < 5.0 8.1
3 15/09/2015 to 16/09/2015 40.6 23.5 < 5.0 7.5
4 16/09/2015 to 17/09/2015 36.4 19.8 <5.0 6.9
5 22/09/2015 to 23/09/2015 37.8 21.4 < 5.0 7.3
6 23/09/2015 to 24/09/2015 34.8 17.5 < 5.0 7.8
7 27/09/2015 to 28/09/2015 40.4 22.4 < 5.0 8.2
8 28/09/2015 to 29/09/2015 39.0 18 <5.0 7.9
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 8: Baseline Status – Physio Chemical Aspects Page 32
S.No Date of Sampling Parameter
PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2
Sampling Location - Chederi Village, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh (AAQ6)
1 05/09/2015 to 06/09/2015 39.9 18.4 < 5.0 9.6
2 06/09/2015 to 07/09/2015 37.5 18.4 < 5.0 8.2
3 12/09/2015 to 13/09/2015 42.8 24.5 < 5.0 7.8
4 13/09/2015 to 14/09/2015 39.4 20.8 <5.0 7.2
5 19/09/2015 to 20/09/2015 39.8 23.4 < 5.0 7.8
6 20/09/2015 to 21/09/2015 37.9 19.2 < 5.0 7.9
7 24/09/2015 to 25/09/2015 43.5 23.4 < 5.0 8.4
8 25/09/2015 to 26/09/2015 41.2 19.2 <5.0 8.2
Sampling Location - Turtipur, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh (AAQ7)
1 05/09/2015 to 06/09/2015 43.1 18.7 < 5.0 7.1
2 06/09/2015 to 07/09/2015 33.6 17.8 < 5.0 7.5
3 12/09/2015 to 13/09/2015 38.8 23.8 < 5.0 7.6
4 13/09/2015 to 14/09/2015 41.5 22.8 <5.0 6.9
5 19/09/2015 to 20/09/2015 42.4 27.3 < 5.0 8.3
6 20/09/2015 to 21/09/2015 38.7 21.7 < 5.0 7.9
7 24/09/2015 to 25/09/2015 43.6 23.2 < 5.0 7.6
8 25/09/2015 to 26/09/2015 41.7 19.6 <5.0 7.8
Sampling Location - Surseni, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh (AAQ8)
1 05/09/2015 to 06/09/2015 39.5 15.8 < 5.0 7.6
2 06/09/2015 to 07/09/2015 38.6 16.8 < 5.0 6.9
3 12/09/2015 to 13/09/2015 39.6 18.5 < 5.0 7.2
4 13/09/2015 to 14/09/2015 40.2 22.4 <5.0 8.2
5 19/09/2015 to 20/09/2015 37.3 19.6 < 5.0 6.9
6 20/09/2015 to 21/09/2015 41.5 18.5 < 5.0 7.2
7 24/09/2015 to 25/09/2015 42.6 20.6 < 5.0 8.6
8 25/09/2015 to 26/09/2015 39.8 19.4 <5.0 9.1
Sampling Location - Bahuli, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh (AAQ9)
1 09/09/2015 to 10/09/2015 41.5 17.8 < 5.0 8.6
2 10/09/2015 to 11/09/2015 42.6 16.9 < 5.0 9.2
3 15/09/2015 to 16/09/2015 39.6 19.5 < 5.0 7.2
4 16/09/2015 to 17/09/2015 40.2 23.4 <5.0 7.1
5 22/09/2015 to 23/09/2015 38.2 21.6 < 5.0 6.7
6 23/09/2015 to 24/09/2015 40.5 19.5 < 5.0 7.1
7 27/09/2015 to 28/09/2015 43.8 22.6 < 5.0 8.4
8 28/09/2015 to 29/09/2015 38.2 21.4 <5.0 9.4
Sampling Location - Parresera, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh (AAQ10)
1 09/09/2015 to 10/09/2015 43.5 19.8 < 5.0 7.8
2 10/09/2015 to 11/09/2015 42.4 17.9 < 5.0 8.9
3 15/09/2015 to 16/09/2015 41.6 20.2 < 5.0 7.3
4 16/09/2015 to 17/09/2015 39.2 22.4 <5.0 9.1
5 22/09/2015 to 23/09/2015 37.2 21.6 < 5.0 6.7
6 23/09/2015 to 24/09/2015 44.5 23.5 < 5.0 7.2
7 27/09/2015 to 28/09/2015 43.7 22.6 < 5.0 8.5
8 28/09/2015 to 29/09/2015 39.2 22.4 <5.0 7.9
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 8: Baseline Status – Physio Chemical Aspects Page 33
Table-8.18: Ambient Air Quality monitoring for winter season
S.No Date of Sampling Parameter
PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2
Sampling Location - Gauge Discharge Site, Site Office Pancheshwar (AAQ1)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 79 53 < 5.0 19.5
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 82 48 < 5.0 26.1
3 22/06/2015 to 23/06/2015 84 62 < 5.0 22.8
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 91 43 < 5.0 15.9
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 72 42 < 5.0 21.4
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 79 49 < 5.0 22.6
7 06/07/2015 to 07/07/2015 91 48 < 5.0 27.3
8 10/07/2015 to 11/07/2015 82 51 < 5.0 22.7
Sampling Location - Near Drilling Labor Room, Pancheshwar (AAQ2)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 72 45 < 5.0 20.1
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 74 48 < 5.0 19.6
3 22/06/2015 to 23/06/2015 81 54 < 5.0 26.3
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 72 51 < 5.0 27.8
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 81 52 < 5.0 26.4
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 74 41 < 5.0 21.5
7 06/07/2015 to 07/07/2015 71 48 < 5.0 20.6
8 10/07/2015 to 11/07/2015 69 41 < 5.0 19.8
Sampling Location - CWC Guest House, Pancheshwar (AAQ3)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 79 48 < 5.0 24.5
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 69 42 < 5.0 20.5
3 22/06/2015 to 23/06/2015 75 48 < 5.0 19.4
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 79 55 < 5.0 22.3
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 81 56 < 5.0 27.9
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 84 59 < 5.0 28.1
7 06/07/2015 to 07/07/2015 85 61 < 5.0 25.7
8 10/07/2015 to 11/07/2015 79 52 < 5.0 20.8
Sampling Location - Stationary Shop,(Tamli Village) (AAQ4)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 75 52 < 5.0 24.5
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 73 45 < 5.0 23.2
3 22/06/2015 to 23/06/2015 76 51 < 5.0 26.2
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 78 55 < 5.0 33.4
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 76 58 < 5.0 31.5
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 75 54 < 5.0 28.9
7 06/07/2015 to 07/07/2015 85 59 < 5.0 31.2
8 10/07/2015 to 11/07/2015 79 52 < 5.0 32.2
Sampling Location - Near River Bank Dam Site, Tamli Village (AAQ5)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 71 46 < 5.0 18.5
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 75 48 < 5.0 19.6
3 22/06/2015 to 23/06/2015 70 41 < 5.0 21.2
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 78 52 < 5.0 25.6
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 76 55 < 5.0 18.2
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 72 48 < 5.0 21.2
7 06/07/2015 to 07/07/2015 76 58 < 5.0 24.6
8 10/07/2015 to 11/07/2015 72 45 < 5.0 26.2
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 8: Baseline Status – Physio Chemical Aspects Page 34
S.No Date of Sampling Parameter
PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2
Sampling Location - Chederi Village, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh (AAQ6)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 79 49 < 5.0 27.2
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 79 52 < 5.0 26.5
3 23/06/2015 to 24/06/2015 78 52 < 5.0 23.3
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 81 55 < 5.0 24.6
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 85 56 < 5.0 21.2
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 75 51 < 5.0 22.3
7 07/07/2015 to 08/07/2015 79 52 < 5.0 23.5
8 12/07/2015 to 13/07/2015 81 49 < 5.0 24.2
Sampling Location - Turtipur, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh (AAQ7)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 86 55 < 5.0 16.8
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 78 50 < 5.0 23.2
3 23/06/2015 to 24/06/2015 79 49 < 5.0 21.2
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 82 49 < 5.0 18.5
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 76 48 < 5.0 16.5
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 75 48 < 5.0 19.2
7 07/07/2015 to 08/07/2015 76 47 < 5.0 16.5
8 12/07/2015 to 13/07/2015 75 46 < 5.0 18.2
Sampling Location - Surseni, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh (AAQ8)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 79 48 < 5.0 17.2
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 79 50 < 5.0 19.3
3 23/06/2015 to 24/06/2015 75 45 < 5.0 18.2
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 79 48 < 5.0 19.6
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 82 52 < 5.0 20.2
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 85 53 < 5.0 21.2
7 07/07/2015 to 08/07/2015 76 49 < 5.0 18.2
8 12/07/2015 to 13/07/2015 75 43 < 5.0 19.2
Sampling Location - Bahuli, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh (AAQ9)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 81 52 < 5.0 21.2
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 85 55 < 5.0 22.5
3 23/06/2015 to 24/06/2015 84 54 < 5.0 24.3
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 86 56 < 5.0 25.1
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 82 51 < 5.0 26.2
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 85 56 < 5.0 24.1
7 07/07/2015 to 08/07/2015 81 52 < 5.0 23.2
8 12/07/2015 to 13/07/2015 78 49 < 5.0 18.2
Sampling Location - Parresera, Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh (AAQ10)
1 15/06/2015 to 16/06/2015 82 55 < 5.0 22.3
2 18/06/2015 to 19/06/2015 79 51 < 5.0 23.6
3 23/06/2015 to 24/06/2015 81 55 < 5.0 24.2
4 25/06/2015 to 26/06/2015 79 51 < 5.0 21.2
5 29/06/2015 to 30/06/2015 79 52 < 5.0 18.2
6 02/07/2015 to 03/07/2015 72 45 < 5.0 21.3
7 07/07/2015 to 08/07/2015 76 48 < 5.0 24.5
8 12/07/2015 to 13/07/2015 78 46 < 5.0 21.3
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Chapter 8: Baseline Status – Physio Chemical Aspects Page 35
Table-8.19: Summary of ambient air quality monitoring (Unit: µg/m3)
Station Summer Monsoon Winter
Max Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max Min. Avg.
Particulate Matter10 (PM10)
Gauge Discharge Site,
Site Office
Pancheshwar
81 65 72.87 44.3 34.5 38.59 91 72 82.50
Near Drilling Labor
Room, Pancheshwar
77 63 69.12 41.4 31.5 38.56 81 69 74.25
CWC Guest House,
Pancheshwar
78 64 70.63 38.3 31.7 35.51 85 69 78.88
Stationary Shop,(Tamli
Village)
81 69 74.75 39.5 35.1 37.51 85 73 77.13
Near River Bank Dam
Site, Tamli Village
75 65 70.25 40.6 34.8 37.90 78 70 73.75
Chederi Village, Hardoi
District, Uttar Pradesh
86 74 79.37 43.5 37.5 40.25 85 75 79.63
Turtipur, Hardoi
District, Uttar Pradesh
83 71 76.25 43.6 33.6 40.43 86 75 78.38
Surseni, Hardoi
District, Uttar Pradesh
82 73 77.25 42.6 37.3 39.89 85 75 78.75
Bahuli, Hardoi District,
Uttar Pradesh
84 75 80.37 43.8 38.2 40.58 86 78 82.75
Parresera, Hardoi
District, Uttar Pradesh
84 73 76.88 44.5 37.2 41.41 82 72 78.25
Particulate Matter2.5 (PM2.5)
Gauge Discharge Site,
Site Office
Pancheshwar
58 40 49.37 26.1 15.2 19.23 62 42 49.50
Near Drilling Labor
Room, Pancheshwar
56 39 47.25 26.3 16.7 20.63 54 41 47.50
CWC Guest House,
Pancheshwar
58 45 51.88 22.4 16.7 19.84 61 42 52.63
Stationary Shop,(Tamli
Village)
58 43 52.13 22.3 14.7 17.99 59 45 53.25
Near River Bank Dam
Site, Tamli Village
56 39 47.63 23.5 17.4 19.79 58 41 49.13
Chederi Village, Hardoi
District, Uttar Pradesh
53 47 49.75 24.5 18.4 20.91 56 49 52.00
Turtipur, Hardoi
District, Uttar Pradesh
51 46 48.13 27.3 17.8 21.86 55 46 49.00
Surseni, Hardoi
District, Uttar Pradesh
51 43 47.25 22.4 15.8 18.95 53 43 48.50
Bahuli, Hardoi District,
Uttar Pradesh
55 47 50.5 23.4 16.9 20.34 56 49 53.13
Parresera, Hardoi
District, Uttar Pradesh
53 45 49.0 23.5 17.9 21.30 55 45 50.38
Nitrogen Dioxide (No2)
Gauge Discharge Site, 26.8 17.9 22.04 9.3 7.5 8.13 27.3 15.9 22.29
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 8: Baseline Status – Physio Chemical Aspects Page 36
Station Summer Monsoon Winter
Max Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max Min. Avg.
Site Office
Pancheshwar
Near Drilling Labor
Room, Pancheshwar
27.4 16.7 21.05 8.4 6.7 7.49 27.8 19.6 22.76
CWC Guest House,
Pancheshwar
29.1 17.4 23.15 9.3 6.7 7.64 28.1 19.4 23.65
Stationary Shop,(Tamli
Village)
38.4 21.1 29.85 9.4 6.7 7.69 33.4 23.2 28.89
Near River Bank Dam
Site, Tamli Village
24.1 14.8 18.6 8.2 6.9 7.66 26.2 18.2 21.89
Chederi Village, Hardoi
District, Uttar Pradesh
22.5 19.5 21.14 9.6 7.2 8.14 27.2 21.2 24.10
Turtipur, Hardoi
District, Uttar Pradesh
21.6 17.5 19.05 8.3 6.9 7.59 23.2 16.5 18.76
Surseni, Hardoi
District, Uttar Pradesh
20.6 17.2 18.94 9.1 6.9 7.71 21.2 17.2 19.14
Bahuli, Hardoi District,
Uttar Pradesh
22.1 17.7 19.96 9.4 6.7 7.96 26.2 18.2 23.10
Parresera, Hardoi
District, Uttar Pradesh
23.2 18.7 20.54 9.1 6.7 7.93 24.5 18.2 22.08
Source: Field Study
Table-8.20: National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Pollutants Time Weighted Average
Concentration of Ambient Air
Industrial, Residential Rural and other area
Ecologically Sensitive area
(notified by Central
Government)
Method of Measurement
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), µg/m
3
Annual*
24 hours **
50
80
20
80
-Improved west and Gaeke
-Ultraviolet fluorescence
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), µg/m
3
Annual*
24 hours **
40
80
30
80
- Modified Jacab & Hochheister (Na-Arsentire) -Chemiluminescene
Particulate Matter (Size less than 10, µm) or PM10 , µg/m
3
Annual*
24 hours **
60
100
60
100
-Gravimetric -TOEM -Beta attenuation
Particulate Matter (Size less than 2.5, µm) or PM2.5, µg/m
3
Annual*
24 hours **
40
60
40
60
-Gravimetric -TOEM -Beta attenuation
* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurement in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at a uniform intervals.
** 24 hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceeded the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 8: Baseline Status – Physio Chemical Aspects Page 37
The average PM10 level in survey conducted during various seasons ranged
from 35.51 to 84 g/m3. During field studies, PM10 level was observed to be well
below the permissible limit of 100 µg/m3, specified for industrial, residential,
rural and other areas at various stations covered during the survey (refer Table-
8.21). The PM2.5 level ranged between 17.99 to 53.25 µg/m3 , which is lower
than the permissible limit of 60 µg/m3 specified for industrial, residential, rural
and other areas. The SO2 level was observed to be <5.0 g/m3 at all the
sampling locations. The highest NO2 value observed in summer season was
38.4 g/m3. The NO2 level observed at various sampling stations was much
lower than the permissible limit of 80 g/m3 for industrial, residential, rural and
other areas (Refer Table-8.21).
Based on the findings of the ambient air quality survey, conducted for the
summer season, it can be concluded that the ambient air quality is quite good
in the area. The values of these parameters were well below the permissible
limits specified for industrial, residential, rural and other areas. The absence of
industries and moderate vehicular traffic and can be attributed for good ambient
air quality in the project area.
8.7 NOISE ENVIRONMENT
Baseline noise data has been measured using a weighted sound pressure level
meter. The survey was carried out in calm surrounding. Sound Pressure Level
(SPL) measurement in the outside environment was made using sound
pressure level meter. Hourly noise meter readings were taken at different sites.
As a part of the CEIA study noise level was monitored at various locations in
the study area. The ambient noise levels has been monitored for three three
seasons.
At each station, hourly noise level was monitored. The noise levels were
monitored continuously from 6 AM to 9 PM at each location and hourly
equivalent noise level was measured. Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
measurement in the ambient environment was made using sound pressure
level meter. The hourly ambient noise levels monitored for summer, monsoon
and winter seasons are given in Table-8.21 to 8.23 respectively. The day time
equivalent noise levels estimated are also given in Table-8.24. The noise
standards for various categories are given in Table-8.25.
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Table-8.21: Hourly equivalent noise levels in the study area for summer season
Location N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10
6-7 AM 36 36 36 37 37 37 38 38 36 36
7-8 AM 38 39 40 39 40 39 40 39 36 37
8-9 AM 38 39 40 40 41 41 41 42 39 39
9-10 AM 39 40 40 41 42 43 42 42 40 41
10-11
AM
40
42
43
42
44 44 43 42 42 42
11-12
Noon
42
43
44
43
45 44 40 42 44 42
12 noon
– 1 PM
42
43
46
44
42 43 44 44 41 42
1-2 PM 44 44 43 45 42 42 43 44 41 41
2-3 PM 44 45 41 45 43 43 43 42 42 42
3-4 PM 43 44 42 45 42 42 42 42 42 40
4-5 PM 43 42 42 43 41 41 43 42 42 42
5-6 PM 42 40 41 41 40 40 42 42 40 41
6-7 PM 42 39 38 39 40 40 40 39 39 38
7-8 PM 39 37 37 37 39 39 39 39 37 37
8-9 PM 37 36 37 36 38 38 38 37 37 37
Leq day 41.27 41.46 41.51 42.05 41.55 41.54 41.57 41.50 40.48 40.29
Source: Field Study
Table-8.22: Hourly equivalent noise levels in the study area for monsoon season
Location N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10
6-7 AM 37 38 37 37 38 39 38 38 37 36
7-8 AM 39 39 39 39 41 40 41 39 38 38
8-9 AM 39 40 40 41 42 42 42 41 39 39
9-10 AM 39 41 40 42 43 43 42 42 42 42
10-11
AM
41
42
43
43
44 44 43 42 43 42
11-12
Noon
43
44
45
43
45 44 42 44 45 42
12 noon
– 1 PM
45
44
46
44
43 43 44 45 44 43
1-2 PM 43 43 44 46 42 42 45 46 43 42
2-3 PM 45 46 42 45 43 43 45 44 42 43
3-4 PM 43 44 42 45 42 42 46 42 42 42
4-5 PM 43 43 43 42 42 41 43 43 42 42
5-6 PM 42 41 42 41 40 40 42 42 41 42
6-7 PM 41 39 39 40 40 41 42 39 39 39
7-8 PM 39 37 37 37 39 39 39 39 37 38
8-9 PM 37 36 38 36 38 37 38 38 38 37
Leq day 41.78 41.99 41.97 42.34 41.92 41.72 42.72 42.29 41.49 40.99
Source: Field Study
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Table-8.23: Hourly equivalent noise levels in the study area for winter season
Location N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10
6-7 AM 41 39 38 39 39 40 42 39 41 38
7-8 AM 40 39 39 38 46 40 43 39 42 39
8-9 AM 39 42 41 43 45 42 42 41 42 41
9-10 AM 39 43 42 43 47 43 42 42 43 43
10-11 AM 42 44 43 45 48 47 45 45 45 43
11-12 Noon 44 45 46 45 48 47 46 44 47 42
12noon-1 PM 46 45 46 44 49 48 48 49 48 45
1-2 PM 44 43 45 47 51 45 48 48 47 42
2-3 PM 45 46 43 46 48 43 48 47 44 43
3-4 PM 43 44 43 47 47 42 44 42 43 42
4-5 PM 43 43 44 45 47 42 43 43 42 42
5-6 PM 42 42 42 42 42 40 42 42 42 42
6-7 PM 41 41 40 40 42 41 42 39 40 41
7-8 PM 40 38 37 38 39 39 41 39 38 38
8-9 PM 39 37 38 36 40 39 40 41 39 42
Leq day 42.42 42.78 42.65 43.68 46.52 43.56 44.54 43.96 43.80 41.89
Source: Field Study
Table-8.24: Day time Equivalent noise levels
S. No. Location Zone Value (dB(A))
Summer Monsoon Winter
1. N1 Residential 41.27 41.78 42.42
2. N2 Residential 41.46 41.99 42.78
3. N3 Residential 41.51 41.97 42.65
4. N4 Residential 42.05 42.34 43.68
5. N5 Residential 41.55 41.92 46.52
6. N6 Residential 41.54 41.72 43.56
7. N7 Residential 41.57 42.72 44.54
8. N8 Residential 41.5 42.29 43.96
9. N9 Residential 40.48 41.49 43.8
10. N10 Residential 40.29 40.99 41.89
Table-8.25 : Ambient Noise Standards
Area Code Category of Area Limits in dB (A) Leq
Day time Night time
A. Industrial Area 75 70
B. Commercial Area 65 55
C. Residential Area 55 45
D. Silence Zone 50 40
Notes: 1. Day time 6 AM and 9 PM
2. Night time is 9 PM and 6 AM
3. Silence zone is defined as areas upto 100 metres around such premises as
hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared
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Chapter 8: Baseline Status – Physio Chemical Aspects Page 40
by competent authority. Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of
crackers shall be banned in these zones.
4. Environment (Protection) Third Amendment Rules, 2000 Gazettee notification,
Government of India, date 14.2.2000.
The day time equivalent noise level at various sampling stations ranged from
40.5 to 41.2 dB (A) and 41.6 to 42.1 dB (A) and 42.9 to 44.0 dB(A) in monsoon,
winter and summer seasons respectively.
The night time equivalent noise level in summer season at various sampling
stations ranged from 40.29 to 42.05 dB(A). The day time equivalent noise level
in various seasons were well within the permissible limit specified for residential
area.
8.8 LAND USE PATTERN
Landuse describes how a patch of land is used (e.g. for agriculture, settlement,
forest), whereas land cover describes the materials (such as vegetation, rocks
or buildings) that are present on the surface. Accurate land use and land cover
identification is the key to most of the planning processes.
For the present study 5 Resourcesat-,LISS-III imageries are used. The details
are given as below:
RSAT, LISS-III Path 098, Row 049 dated 14.12.2016
RSAT, LISS-III Path 098, Row 050 dated 20.11.2016
RSAT, LISS-III Path 099, Row 050 dated 19.12.2016
RSAT, LISS-III Path 099, Row 051 dated 19.12.2016
RSAT, LISS-III Path 099, Row 049 dated 25.11.2016
The data was processed through ERDAS software package available with
WAPCOS.
The classified image of the study area is enclosed as Figure-8.4. The landuse
pattern of the study area is given in Table-8.26.
Table 8.26: Land use pattern of the study area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
based on satellite data
S.No Category Area (ha) Percentage 1 River/ Water body 41773 2.90 2 Dense Vegetation 546414 37.95 3 Open Vegetation 574754 39.92 4 Barren area 150929 10.48 5 Terrace farming 102742 7.14 6 Snow 18781 1.30
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S.No Category Area (ha) Percentage 7 Builtup area/Settlements 4515 0.31 Total 1439908 100.00
Source: Satellite Data
The major landuse category in the study area of Pancheshwar multipurpose
project is open vegetation, as it accounts for about 39.92% of the study area
followed by dense vegetation (37.95%). Barren land accounts for about 10.48%
of the study area. Snow covered area accounts about 1.30% of the study area.
Terrace farming & Settlements accounts for about 7.14% and 0.31% of the
study area respectively. The area under River/water body is 2.90% of the study
area.
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Chapter 8: Baseline Status – Physio Chemical Aspects Page 42
Figure-8.4: Classified Image of the Study Area
CHAPTER-9
FLORAL ASPECTS
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Chapter 9: Terristerial Ecological Aspects Page 1
CHAPTER-9
FLORAL ASPECTS
9.1 GENERAL
Before start of any Environmental Impact Assessment study, it is necessary to
identify the baseline levels of relevant environmental parameters which are
likely to be affected as a result of the construction and operation of the
proposed project. A similar approach has been adopted for conducting the
CEIA study for the proposed Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project. This Chapter
outlines the ecological aspects of both flora and fauna. The chapter is based on
primary data collection for three seasons and review of secondary data. The
three seasons covered for primary data collection includes monsoon, winter
and summer.
9.2 INTRODUCTION
Uttarakhand is situated in the north-western part of India and shares an
international boundary with China in the north and with Nepal in the east. The
northern most parts of the state are part of Greater Himalaya covered by high
peaks and glaciers and lower foothills are densely forested. The entire state
can be divided into three physiographic zones viz., the Himalayas, the Siwaliks
and the Terai region. The high altitude mountain ranges are totally snow
covered and serve as perennial source of water for the all downstream states.
The climate varies from tropical in the plain south areas to temperate in north.
The lower valleys are usually hot during summer and record maximum
temperature up to 450C while the higher reaches remain considerably cool
even in summer months (Srivastava and Singh, 2005). The average annual
rainfall is 1,550 mm. The great rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Ramganga, Ghagra,
etc. originate from the glaciers of Himalaya.
General Thomas Hardwicke (1787-1835) was the first European to collect
plants from North-Western Himalaya from Alkananada valley. Sir Richard
Strachey and J.E. Winterbottom traveled extensively the hills of Kumaon and
collected over 2000 plant species which were finally transfererred to Hooker’s
Herbarium. A list of these plants (1852-1853) was published in 1882 and later
supplemented by Duthie in 1918. Osmaston (1927) also extensively surveyed
the Kumaon and adjoining portions of Garhwal and brought in bringing out
“Forest flora of Kumaon”. After the establishment of Northern Circle, Botanical
Survey of India (BSI) in 1956, M. A. Rau, T.A. Rau, U.C. Bhattacharya, S.K.
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Mehrotra, R.R. Rao, B.P Uniyal, Surindra Singh, Bipin Balodi have extensively
explored the different parts of Kumaon and Garhwal. Among the recent workers
include Ghildyal (1957), Gupta (1956-57), Rau (1961), Mehrotra et. al. (1979),
Gaur (1982), Kala & Gaur (1982), Hajra (1983), Naithani (1984 -1985), Uniyal
et al, (1994) and many others. Apart from the floristic exploratory work, some
contributions have also been made on vegetation, medicinal, ethnobotanical
and ecology (Rawat et al., 1994; Mudgal and Hajra, 1999; Pande and Samant,
2001; Srivastava and Singh, 2005).
9.3 FLORA
9.3.1 Forest types in the project area
Uttarakhand is reported to have 45.82 per cent of its total geographic area under
forest cover, which includes very dense, moderately dense, open forest and
scrub (FSI, 2013). The major forest types occurring in the state are Tropical
Moist Deciduous, Tropical Dry Deciduous, Sub-tropical Pine, Himalayan Moist
Temperate, Himalayan Dry Temperate, Sub-alpine and Alpine forests. The
catchment area of the proposed Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project covers
almost of these forests. The forests in the project area fall in the Champawat
Forest Division.
The vegetation in these forests, particularly in lower valleys of the project area
comprises Tropical Moist Deciduous and Tropical Dry Deciduous forests. Sub-
tropical Pine and Himalayan Moist Temperate forest occur in the upper valleys.
In the entire valley of the catchment, the lower reaches are either covered by
open tropical moist deciduous and dry deciduous forests, while middle reaches
are patchy mixed pine forest interspersed with agricultural fields and orchards.
The forests present in the catchment area have been grouped into different
forest types and subtypes following the classification of Osmaston (1907),
Champion & Seth (1968), Negi (1989, 1996), Chowdhery (1996), Muddgal &
Hajra (1999) and Srivastava and Singh (2005). The major forest types found in
this catchment are discussed below.
3C/C2 Moist Sal-bearing forest
This forest type consists of extensive sal forests observed throughout in the
northern Indian belt, in the sub-Himalayan tract in area with rainfall is not less
than 1000 mm. These forests may be sub-divided into the following sub-types:
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3C/ C2a Moist Siwalik sal forest
These are dense forests where sal accounts for a major part of the top storey.
They are found in the Shiwalik hills of eastern Himachal Pradesh, Garhwal and
Kumaon. The important tree species found in the top storey include Adina
cordifolia, Anogeissus latifolia, Lannea coromandelica, Pinus roxburghii,
Shorea robusta, Terminalia tomentosa, etc. Second storey consists of
moderate sized trees like Bauhinia purpurea, Holoptelea integrifolia, Ougeinia
oojeinensis, Phyllanthus emblica, etc. Among shrubs are Boehmeria
platyphylla, Clerodendrum viscosum, Colebrookea oppositifolia,
Dendrocalamus strictus, Lantana camara, Murraya koenigii, Woodfordia
fruticosa, etc. This type of forest is observed downstream of Lupda area,
Pancheshwar, Tadevia, Rodgada areas. Epiphytes and climbers are common.
The common climbers are Bauhinia vahlii, Cryptolepis buchanani, Dioscorea
bulbifera, Mucuna pruriens, Stephania glabra and Vallaris solanacea. The
common epiphytic orchids are species of Aerides, Bulbophyllum, Dendrobium,
etc. The dominant grasses in the forest include Chloris dolichostachya,
Chrysopogon serrulatus, Heteropogon contortus and Thysanolaena latifolia.
3C/ C2b Moist Bhabar Sal forest
These forests occur on the Bhabar slopes between the Shiwalik hills and the
Ganga plains. The important tree species found in the top storey include Adina
cordifolia, Ficus spp., Lagerstroemia parviflora, Lannea coromandelica, Shorea
robusta and Terminalia tomentosa. Second storey consists of species like
Bauhinia purpurea, Holoptelea integrifolia, Kydia calycina, Mallotus
philippenensis, Ougeinia oojeinensis, Phyllanthus emblica, Syzygium cumini,
etc. Shrubs are Bauhinia vahlii, Boehmeria platyphylla, Clerodendrum
viscosum, Colebrookea oppositifolia, Dendrocalamus strictus, Desmodium
spp., Lantana camara, Murraya koenigii, Woodfordia fruticosa, etc. This forest
type is observed downstream of Pancheshwar and near Khet areas. Epiphytes
and climbers are not common. The commonly observed climbers are Bauhinia
vahlii, Butea parviflora, Cryptolepis buchanani, Dioscorea bulbifera, Mucuna
pruriens, Stephania glabra and Vallaris solanacea.
5B/C2 Northern tropical dry mixed deciduous forest
This is an open dry deciduous forest with thin top canopy. The trees are mostly
deciduous and leafless during hot weather. The dominant tree species in this
forest are Acacia catechu, Aegle marmelos, Anogeissus latifolia, Bauhinia
purpurea, Bridelia retusa, Holoptelea integrifolia, Kydia calycina, Lannea
coromandelica, Ougeinia oojeinensis, Morinda citrifolia, etc. This forest type is
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observed near dam site and Pancheshwar area. Shrubs are mostly semi-
deciduous such as Cassia mimosoides, Colebrookea oppositifolia, Murraya
koenigii, Randia dumetorum and Woodfordia fruticosa. Herbs are represented by
some tall grasses such as Neyraudia arundinacea, Saccharum spontaneum,
Thysanolaena latifolia, etc., which colonise the riverine soil.
9C1/b Upper or Himalayan Chir pine forest
This forest type is observed in lower Himalaya between 900-1800 m from
Jammu hills in the west to Sikkim in the east, towards upper limits they give
way to temperate forests. The top storey is dominated by chir pine and few
scattered deciduous species in the middle storey. Important tree species in the
middle storey are Engelhardtia spicata, Myrica esculenta, Pinus roxburghii,
Pyrus pashia, Quercus leucotrichophora, Sapindus mukorosii and Toona ciliata.
The common shrubs are Berberis asiatica, Indigofera heterantha, Leptodermis
lanceolata, Prinsepia utilis, Pyracantha crenulata, Rubus ellipticus, etc. This
type of forest is observed in Kimtoli area. Among herbs are Anaphalis contorta,
Artemisia nilagirica, Arundinella nepalensis, Capillipedium parviflorum,
Desmodium parviflorum, Eulalia mollis, Heteropogon contortus, Mischanthus
nepalensis, Saccharum rufipilus, Sporobolus diander, etc. are observed.
12/ C1a Banj Oak forests (Quercus leucotricophora)
This type of forest dominated by ban oak and found relatively in sites with
relatively higher moisture. These forests are found in the lower part of the
temperate belt of the western Himalaya. Important tree species in the forests
are Alnus nepalensis, Ilex dipyrena, Litsea umbrosa, Myrica esculenta, Pinus
roxburghii, Quercus leucotrichophora and Rhododendron arboreum. The
dominant shrubs are Benthamida capitata, Berberis aristata, Indigofera
heterantha, Leptodermis suaveolans, Rubus ellipticus and Viburnum
cotinifolium. This type forest is observed above Kimtoli and Lohaghat areas.
12/C1c Moist deodar forest
This is more or less pure forest of Deodar (Cedrus deodara) with low proportion
of other tree species. These forests are found in the temperate areas of
western Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon, between 1700-2500 m elevations.
Important trees found in the forests are Acer caesium, Aesculus indica, Betula
alnoides, Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana, Quercus leucotrichophora etc.
Climbers and epiphytes are few. The prominent climbers are Clematis
montana, Parthenocissus semicordata, Rubia cordata, etc. Epiphytes are
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represented by species of mosses, lichens and ferns. This type of forests is
observed above Lohaghat area and near Mayavati Ashram area.
9.3.2 Field studies
As a part of the CEIA Study, a detailed ecological survey was conducted at
different sites in the project area for various seasons. The seasons covered for
study are given as below:
Summer Season May-June 2015
Monsoon season August-Septamber 2015
Winter season December 2015-January 2016
9.3.3 Objectives
The ecological study of the surrounding area up to 10 km radius of propose
project has been conducted in order to understand the ecological status of the
existing flora and fauna to generate baseline information and evaluate the
probable impacts on the biological environment.
The objectives of the terrestrial ecological survey were to:
Preparation of comprehensive checklist of flora.
Determine frequency, abundance and density of different vegetation
component.
Importance value index of the dominant vegetation in the study area
of proposed project.
Estimation of ecological diversity of different plant communities
Identification and listing of Rare Endangered species –RET.
Identification and listing of plants of biologically, economical and
medicinal importance.
9.3.4 Sampling sites
Seven sampling sites were selected in the project area, where the land to be
acquired for dam site, reservoir and other project appurtenances. The sampling
sites selected for floral survey in the project site is given in Table-9.1. The
sampling location map is enclosed as Figure-9.1.
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Table-9.1: Study sites for terrestrial ecology w.r.t. Project Appurtenances
Study sites Sampling locations
Site-(V1) downstream of Rupali dam site (right bank of Mahakali river)
Site-(V2) Near Rupali dam site (right bank of Mahakali)
Site-(V3) Near Pancheshwar dam site (downstream of Lupada, right bank of
Mahakali)
Site-(V4) Submergence area (downstream of confluence area i.e. river Mahakali
with Sarju)
Site-(V5) Upstream site (Punthuda, right bank of Sarju river)
Site- (V6) Upstream of Punthuda, right bank of Sarju river)
Site-(V7) Upstream site (Pancheshwar, left bank of Sarju river)
Site-(V8) Upstream site (Tadevia, right bank of Mahakali river)
Site-(V9) Upstream site (Lupada, left bank of Mahakali river)
9.3.5 Methodology applied for the study
For assessing the floral diversity in the study area both floristic survey and
quantitative analysis of vegetation were undertaken. Information regarding local
names and locality of the plants were recorded with the help of the locals and
forest staff. The quantitative analysis of vegetation was done by using quadrats
as sampling units. The quadrats were laid randomly in identified sites of the
project area. The vegetation analysis was undertaken by collecting numerical
community data for trees, shrubs, sapling and herbs from the randomly laid
quadrats. The size and number of quadrats needed were determined using the
species area curve (Misra, 1968). Trees were counted whose circumference at
breast height (i.e. cbh at 1.37 m from the ground) was greater than 30 cm (>
30cm). All individuals with 10-30 cm cbh were listed as saplings and shrubs.
The size of vegetation patches, 10 each random quadrates of 10mX10m size
were laid to study for tree, 5x5 m for shrubs and sapling, while herbs were
enumerated through 1 x 1 m quadrats. The community level studies of the
selected sites were conducted during different seasons (i.e., monsoon, winter
and summer season) for herbaceous vegetation and once for trees and shrubs.
During the survey, individuals within the quadrat were identified up to the
species level, and the numbers of individuals of each species in each quadrat
were counted. The GBH of all trees and shrubs were measured. Vegetation
composition was evaluated by analyzing the frequency, density, abundance
and importance value index (IVI) according to Mishra, (1968) and Curtis and
McIntosh. Based on the quadrat data, frequency, density and cover (basal
area) for each species were calculated using the following formula:
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Density (ha-1) = (Total number of individuals of the species in all the
quadrats/total number of quadrats studied) multiplied by the factor depending
on the quadrat size to express on per hectare basis for trees and shrubs,
individual/m2 for herbs.
Frequency (%) = (Number of quadrats in which the species occurred/total
number of quadrats studied) × 100;
Basal cover is considered as the portion of ground surface occupied by a
species (Greig-Smith, 1983). Basal area = πr2 = C2/4 π Where, C = 2 πr (C =
Circumference at breast height; r = Radius)
Frequency indicates the number of sampling units in which a given species
occur and thus express the dispersion of various species. The density
represents the numerical strength of the species in the community. Based on
the quantitative characters like frequency, density, and dominance (Basal area
or cover) the overall dominance of a species on the entire community is
measured by analyzing the synthetic character called Importance Value Index
(IVI), Philips (1959) reported that IVI expresses the abundance and ecological
success of any species. The values of IVI were computed by the summation of
the value of relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance (Curtis
and McIntosh 1950 and 1951; Mishra, 1968). Relative values for frequency,
density and basal area were calculated by dividing the individual species value
by the total value multiplied by 100. The IVI values were tabulated in the
descending order. It helped in permitting the development of an abstract called
community type.
Diversity index
The herbaceous vegetation has been studied through tiller analysis. Separate
shoots appearing above the ground were counted as individual tiller. The
method was selected for study because it was difficult to decide where an
individual plant begins and where it ends. Grasses and sedges usually form
smaller and large tufts and the number of aerial shoots (culms) varies greatly
with the tufts as well as the species. Such a method provides a real picture of
the actual composition of herb age of mixed grassy vegetation. To assess
diversity of floral elements and structure of the plant community in different
study sites, diversity index was analyzed.
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Shannon Weinner index (H)
It is calculated by using the following formula:
H = –
s
i
ii pp1
ln
where, s = the number of species
pi = the proportion of individuals or abundance of the ith
species expressed as a proportion of total cover
ln = log base n.
Identification of Rare, Endangered and Threatened plant species
Rare and endangered species were identified referring to the Red Data Book of
India, following the IUCN Red list of plants and other available literature, flora
and herbarium pertaining to the rare/endangered species of state of
Uttarakhand.
Medicinal & Economic important Plants
An Ethno botanical survey is carried out to identify the wild plants used by the
local peoples for different purposes.
9.3.6 Vegetation profile in the influence zone
The description of vegetation of the project area has been presented in terms of
zones which correspond to topographic/ elevational class within the study area
of the project. These are as follows:
i) Area between Lohaghat - Kimtoli and Lupada
ii) Area between Pancheshwar and Punthanwala (right bank of river Sarju)
iii) Tadeviya, Rodgaida, Bhura and up to Suraya Haldu (left bank of river
Mahakali)
iv) Area beyond Pancheshwar Confluence and up to Khet (along river
Sarada)
i) Area between Lohaghat - Kimtoli and Lupada
There are Banj oak forests, moist deodar (Cedrus deodara) and Hiamalayan
Chir pine (Pinus wallichina) forests are found above the Lohaghat in different
altitudinal ranges. Aesculus indica, Alnus nepalensis, Myrica esculenta, Pyrus
pashia, Quercus leucotrichophora, Rhododendron arboreum, etc are found to
occur scattered or in patches. In the lower storey Benthamidia capiata, Berberis
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asiatica, Cotoneaster macrophyllus, Pyricantha crenulata, Rosa brunonii, etc
occur. At certain places pure stands of Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana and
Quercus leucotrichophora can be seen. On dry slopes Berberis asiatica, Pyrus
pashia, Prinsepia utilis and Rubus ellipticus are dominant shrubs. Towards
Lupada is a gentle slope interspersed with terrace cultivation. At few places,
natural vegetation comprises of trees like Engelhardtia spicata, Pyrus pashia,
Myrica esculenta, Pinus roxburghii, Sapindus mukorossii, Toona ciliata, etc.
Along the edges of agricultural fields and forest clearings, Berberis asiatica,
Colebrookea oppositifolia, Inula cappa, Lantana camara, Rhus parviflora,
Rubus ellipticus, etc are the commonly observed woody shrub species.
At lower heights i.e. near the Lupada area, vegetation is dominated with moist
tropical and dry deciduous forests. The dominant tree species in the forest is
Sal (Shorea robusta). Other trees include Adina cordifolia, Pinus roxburghii,
Rhus punjabensis, Mallotus philippinensis, Holoptelea integrifolia, Ficus
bengalensis, Kydia calycina, Sapium insigne, Terminalia tomentosa, etc. The
common shrubs in the lower storey includes Colebrookea oppositifolia, Isodon
ternifolius, Rhus parviflora, Murraya koenigii, Morinda citrifolia, Urena lobata
and Woodfordia fruticosa. Epiphytes and climbers are not common. Among
climbers are Cayratia japonica, Cryptolepis buchanani, Dioscorea bulbifera,
Vallaris solanacea, etc. are observed.
ii) Area between Pancheshwar and Punthanwala (right bank of river
Sarju)
The lower reaches in this zone are characterized by moist Sal forests whereas
areas lying above Punthanwala have mixed dry deciduous forests. The river
terraces and nala fans are being stabilized by Haldu (Adina cordifolia), Khair
(Acacia catechu), Mahwa (Bassia latifolia), Khina (Sapium insigne), Toon
(Toona ciliata), Ruina (Mallotus philippinensis) and Khina (Ficus semicordata).
A few bushy trees of Ougeinia oojeinensis are visible on old clearings along the
road side and river course. They are very valuable as they nurse other trees
such as Acacia, Bassia, Bauhinia, Mallotus, Toona, etc. The lower reaches
dominated by sal trees gradually merge into mixed oak and pine forests in the
upper ridges.
The Sal, Mallotus, Toon and Mawa offer unique habitats for epiphytic orchids,
parasitic plants, climbers and ferns. The parasitic plant Scurrula elata was
observed on Ficus trees. A number of epiphytic orchids such as Aerides,
Bulbophyllum, Dendrobium, etc. are often found to occur in the area. The
bushes of some small trees and shrubs are covered with twining species such
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as Cayratia, Cuscuata, Cynanchum, Dioscorea, Stephania and Vallaris. These
mixed forests are being lopped for fodder and fuel-wood in the area.
iii) Tadeviya, Rodgaida, Bhura and up to Suraya Haldu (left bank of
river Mahakali)
The river Mahakali originates from the glaciers of Nepal and descends below in
the area with Dhauli and Gauri river. The vegetation around Pancheshwar
temple is characterized by dry mixed deciduous forests. The dominant trees in
this zone are Syzygium cumini (Jamun), Anogeissus latifolia (Bakli), Aegle
marmelos (Bel), Adina cordifolia (Haldu), Holoptelea integrifolia (Dhamina), Rhus
punjabensis (Khechada), Acacia katechu (Babul), Ficus bengalensis (Bargad), F.
religiousus (Pipal), etc. The prominent shrubs include Colebrookea oppositifolia,
Lantana camara, Maytenus senegalensis, Murraya koenigii, Woodfordia
fruticosa, etc. The vegetation towards Tadeviya-Rodgada consists of few
deciduous trees such as Acacia catechu, Adina cordifolia, Aegle marmelos,
Anogeissus latifolia, Ficus bengalensis, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Phyllanthus
emblica, Rhus punjabensis and Sygygium cumini. Few large woody climbers like
Bauhnia vahlii, Cryptolepis buchanani, Mucuna pruriens, Vallaris solabnacea, etc
can be seen hanging on rocks and trees. Beyond Bhura up to Saurarya Haldu,
from the bank of river Mahakali is a moderate slope interspersed with terrace
cultivation. The natural vegetation comprises of Casearia glomerata, Ficus
bengalensis, Rhus parviflora, Ougeinia oojeinensis and Trema politora. At higher
elevations, these forests are characterized by Himalayan Chir or pine forests.
iv) Area beyond Pancheshwar Confluence and up to Khet (along river
Sharada)
This area predominantly has a Moist bhabar Sal and open dry deciduous
forests in lower reaches. In Pancheshwar and adjoining downstream Khet area
from the banks of Mahakali is a gentle slope with some terrace cultivation. Thin
patches of a bhabar sal trees are found in the forest right from Khet to Lupada.
At right bank of river Mahakali, dominant trees are Acacia catechu, Bischofia
javanica, Bombax ceiba, Bridelia retusa, Holoptelea integrifolia, Mallotus
philippinensis, Rhus punjabensis, Sapium insigne, Shorea robusta, Syzygium
cumini and Terminalia tomentosa occur on the lower reaches. The shrub
elements are composed of species like Cassia ternifolia, Girardiana diversifolia,
Lantana camara, Murraya koenigii, Urena lobata, Woodfordia fruticosa, etc.
Epiphytes and climbers are not common. Among climbers Atylosia indica,
Bauhinia vahlii, Cryptolepis buchanani, Dioscorea bulbiflora, Mucuna pruriens
and Stephana glabra are observed. The vegetation on the upper reaches is
sparse and open. Important trees include Adina cordifolia, Bassia latifolia,
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Bischofia javanica, Boehmeria rugulosa, Ficus benghalensis, Holoptelea
integrifolia, Kydia calycina, Mallotus philippinensis, Ougeinia oojeinensis,
Phyllanthus emblica and Terminalia chebula. Predominant shrubs reported in
the stretch are Lanatana camara, Rhus parviflora, Urena lobata and Rubus
ellipticus. Above Lupada, the vegetation in this zone is sparse due to varied
biotic factors like various developmental activities viz., road construction, heavy
deforestation on account of tree felling and burning for preparation of
agricultural fields, grazing, etc.
9.3.7 Findings of the floral diversity in various seasons
The present report on the vegetation of project area is based on field survey
conducted during various seasons. The project area has been divided into four
zones based on project appurtenances in the river course i.e. dam axis site,
catchment area or submergence zone (u/s), and project influenced area d/s of
dam site following surrounding area upto 10km radius.
9.3.8 Floristic diversity
During the field survey, a total of 193 plant species belonging to 131 genera
and 61 families were recorded from the proposed project area. The findings of
the present study reveals that herbaceous group of plant contributed highest
number of species with 63 species (32.64%) followed by trees with 46 species
(23.83%), shrubs with 38 species (19.69%), grasses with 29 species (15.03%),
climbers with 11 species (5.70%), sedges with 5 (2.59%) and parasite with
single species (0.52%). The details of number of floral species recorded in
various seasons covered as a part of the field studies is given in Table-9.2 and
shown in Figure-9.1
Table -9.2: Vegetation composition of the study area in various seasons
Plant habit No. of species Percentage of species
Trees 46 23.83
Shrubs 38 19.69
Herbs 63 32.64
Climbers 11 5.70
Grasses 29 15.03
Sedges 5 2.59
Parasite 1 0.52
Total 193 100
Source: Field Study
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Figure-9.1: Floristic composition of different life forms in the study area
The taxonomic group of species showed that angiosperms (monocot & dicot)
were the dominant component of the flora in the study area. The composition of
floristic elements of the study area consisted of 79.79% dicots, 19.69%
monocots and 0.52% of gymnosperm. The details of the floristic exploration
from the proposed project area are depicted inTable-9.3.
Table 9.3: Percentage composition of floristic elements in the study area
Plant division Family Genera Species
No. % No. % No. %
Dicots 55 90.16 131 79.88 154 79.79
Monocots 5 8.20 32 19.51 38 19.69
Gymnosperm 1 1.64 1 0.61 1 0.52
Total 61 164 193
Source: Field Study
The list of floral species recorded at various sampling locations of project area
in various seasons is given in Table-9.4.
Table-9.4: List of plant species recorded from the Pancheshwar Multipurpose
Project Area during conducted for various seasons
S.No. Botanical Name Local Name Family Habit Division
1. Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd., Khair Mimosaceae Tree Dicot
2. Acalypha brachystachya
Hornem - Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot.
3. Acalypha indica - Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot
4. Achyranthes aspera L. - Amaranthaceae Herb Dicot.
5. Adhatoda zeylanica Mendik Bhaingish Acanthaceae Shrub Dicot.
6. Adina cordifolia Hook. f. Haldu Rubiaceae Tree Dicot
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Trees Shrubs Herbs Climbers Grasses Sedges Parasite
No
.of
Spe
cie
s
Life forms
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S.No. Botanical Name Local Name Family Habit Division
7. Aechmanthera gossypina
(Nees) Nees - Acanthaceae Shrub Dicot.
8. Aegle marmelos L. Bael Rutaceae Tree Dicot
9. Aerva sanguinolenta (L.)
Blume - Amaranthaceae Shrub Dicot.
10. Agave cantula Roxb. Rambans Agavaceae Shrub Dicot.
11. Ageratum conyzoides L. Visadodi Asteraceae Herb Dicot
12. Ajuga parviflora Benth. - Lamiaceae Herb Dicot.
13. Albizzia lebbek Benth. Siris Mimosaceae Tree Dicot
14. Amaranthus viridis L. - Amaranthaceae Herb Dicot.
15. Anogeissus latifolia Edgew. Daura Combretaceae Tree Dicot
16. Apluda aristata Tachlu Poaceae Grass Monocot
17. Apluda mutica L. - Poaceae Grass Monocot.
18. Aristida adscensionis L. - Poaceae Grass Monocot.
19. Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke)
Pamp. Kunja Asteraceae Shrub Dicot.
20. Artemisia scoparia waldstein
& Kitaibel - Asteraceae Herb Dicot.
21. Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin.)
Hochst - Poaceae Grass Monocot.
22. Artocarpus heterophylla
Lam., Kathahal/Jackfruit Moraceae Tree Dicot
23. Arundinella nepalensis Trin. - Poaceae Grass Monocot.
24. Arundo donax L. - Poaceae Grass Monocot.
25. Barleria cristata L. - Acanthaceae Herb Dicot.
26. Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arn., Malu Caesalpiniaceae Climber Dicot
27. Bauhinia variegata L. Kachnar/Guiral Caesalpiniaceae Tree Dicot
28. Berberis lycium Royle Kingora Berberidaceae Shrub Dicot.
29. Bidens biternata (laur.) merill
& sherff - Asteraceae Herb Dicot.
30. Bidens pilosa L. - Asteraceae Herb Dicot.
31. Bischofia javanica Kain Bischofiaceae Tree Dicot
32. Boehmeria macrophylla
Hornem. - Ulmaceae Shrub Dicot.
33. Boehmeria rugulosa Wedd. Gethi Urticaceae Tree Dicot
34. Boerhavia diffusa L. Punarnava Nyctaginaceae Herb Dicot
35. Bombax ceiba Burm.f. Semal Bombacaceae Tree Dicot
36. Brachiaria reptans (L.) Gard.
& Hubb. - Poaceae Grass Monocot.
37. Buddleja crispa Benth. - Buddlejaceae Shrub Dicot.
38. Callicarpa arborea Ghiwala Lamiaceae Shrub Dicot
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S.No. Botanical Name Local Name Family Habit Division
39. Calotropis procera (Aiton)
R.Br. Madar Asclepiadaceae Shrub Monocot
40. Cannabis sativa L. Hemp/Bhang Cannabaceae Herb Dicot.
41. Capillipedium assimile - Poaceae Grass Monocot
42. Carissa opaca Stapf ex
Haines Karonda Apocynaceae Shrub Dicot.
43. Casearia tomentosa Chilka Flacourtiacea Tree Dicot
44. Cassia fistula L. Amaltash Caesalpiniaceae Tree Dicot
45. Cassia occidentalis L. - Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Dicot.
46. Cassia tora L. - Caesalpiniaceae Herb Dicot
47. Cayratia japonica - Vitaceae Shrub Dicot
48. Celtis australis L. Kharak Ulmaceae Tree Dicot.
49. Chenopodium ambrosioides
L. - Chenopodiaceae Herb Dicot.
50. Chloris dolichostachya - Poaceae Grass Monocot
51. Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin. - Poaceae Grass Monocot.
52. Circium wallichii - Asteraceae Herb Dicot
53. Cissampelos pareira L. - Menispermaceae Climber Dicot.
54. Clinopodium umbrosum
(M.Bieb.) C. Koch - Lamiaceae Herb Dicot.
55. Colebrookia oppositifolia J.E.
Smith Bilmod Lamiaceae Shrub Dicot.
56. Commelina bengalensis - Commelinaceae Herb Monocot
57. Conyza canadensis (L.)
Cronquist - Asteraceae Herb Dicot.
58. Conyza japonica (Thunb.)
Less. ex DC. - Asteraceae Herb Dicot.
59. Corchorus aestuans - Tilliaceae Herb Dicot
60. Cordia dichotma Forst. L. Lisora Ehertiaceae Tree Dicot
61. Cryptolepis buchananii
Roemer & Schult. - Asclepiadaceae Climber Dicot.
62. Cuscuta reflexa Akas-bel Cuscutaceae Parasite Dicot
63. Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.)
Wats. - Poaceae Grass Monocot.
64. Cynodon dactylon (L.)
Persoon Dhoob Poaceae Grass Monocot.
65. Cynoglossum lanceolatum
Forsk. - Boraginaceae Herb Dicot.
66. Cyperus distans L.f. - Cyperaceae Sedge Monocot.
67. Cyperus nutans Vahl - Cyperaceae Sedge Monocot.
68. Cyperus rotundus L. - Cyperaceae Sedge Monocot.
69. Dactyloctenium aegyptium - Poaceae Grass Monocot
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S.No. Botanical Name Local Name Family Habit Division
70. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Sisham Fabaceae Tree Dicot
71. Datura stramonium L. Datura Solanaceae Shrub Dicot.
72. Dendrocalamus stricus Nees Bans Poaceae Grass Monocot
73. Desmodium gangeticum Salphani Fabaceae Herb Dicot
74. Dicleptera bupluroides - Acanthaceae Herb Dicot
75. Dioscorea bulbifera L. - Dioscoreaceae Climber Monocot.
76. Dioscorea melanophyma
prain & Burkill - Dioscoreaceae Climber Monocot.
77. Diploknema butyracea
(Roxb.) H.J. Lam Chura Sapotaceae Tree Dicot.
78. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. - Asteraceae Herb Dicot
79. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner - Poaceae Grass Monocot.
80. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. - Asteraceae Herb Dicot.
81. Engelhardtia spicata
Leschenoult ex Blume Mahuwa Juglandaceae Tree Dicot
82. Eragrostis minor Host. Gram.
Austr. - Poaceae Grass Monocot.
83. Eragrostis tenella - Poaceae Grass Monocot
84. Eriophorum comosum
(Wallich) Wallich ex Nees Bajua Cyperaceae Sedge Monocot.
85. Eupatorium adenophorum
Sprengel - Asteraceae Shrub Dicot.
86. Euphorbia heterophylla L. - Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot.
87. Euphorbia hirta L. - Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot.
88. Euphorbia royleana Boissier Chiun Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot.
89. Ficus auriculata Lour. Anjir Moraceae Tree Dicot.
90. Ficus benghalensis L. Bargad Moraceae Tree Dicot
91. Ficus hederacea Roxb. - Moraceae Shrub Dicot.
92. Ficus palmata Forsk. Bedu Moraceae Tree Dicot.
93. Ficus racemosa Roxb. Gular/Umar Moraceae Tree Dicot
94. Ficus religiosa L. Pipal Moraceae Tree Dicot
95. Ficus semicordata Buch.-
Ham. ex J.E. Smith Khaniya Moraceae Shrub Dicot.
96. Ficus virens Aiton Pilkhan Moraceae Tree Dicot.
97. Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.)
Vahl - Cyperaceae Sedge Monocot.
98. Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.)
Merrill Ranel Flacourtiacea Tree Dicot.
99. Geranium nepalense - Geraniaceae Herb Dicot
100. Glochidion velutinum Wight Bhairo Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot.
101. Grewia eriocarpa A.L.Juss Pharshanyi Tiliaceae Tree Dicot.
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S.No. Botanical Name Local Name Family Habit Division
102. Grewia optiva J.R.
Drummond ex Burrett Bhimal Tiliaceae Tree Dicot.
103. Hedera nepalensis K. Koch - Araliaceae Climber Dicot.
104. Heteropogon contortus (L.)
P. Beauv. ex Roem. &
Schult. - Poaceae Grass Monocot.
105. Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb)
Planch Banchila Ulmaceae Tree Dicot
106. Iindigofera heterantha
Wallich ex Brandis Sakina Fabaceae Shrub Dicot
107. Imperata cylindrica (L.)
P.Beauv. - Poaceae Grass Monocot.
108. Jatropha curcas L. Ratanjot Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot
109. Justicea simplex - Acanthaceae Herb Dicot
110. Justicia procumbens - Acanthaceae Herb Dicot
111. Kydia calycina Puli Malvaceae Tree Dicot
112. Lagerstroemia parviflora Seja Lytheraceae Tree Dicot
113. Lannea coromandelica
(Houttuyn) Merrill Gheen Anacaeaediac Tree Dicot
114. Lantana camara L. Lantana Verbenaceae Shrub Dicot.
115. Launia naudicaulis - Asteraceae Herb Dicot
116. Lecanthus wallichii Wedd. - Urticaceae Herb Dicot.
117. Leucas lanata Benth - Lamiaceae Herb Dicot.
118. Leucus cephalotus - Lamiaceae Herb Dicot
119. Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.)
Pennell - Scrophulariaceae Herb Dicot.
120. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.)
Muell.-Arg. Reohni Euphorbiaceae Tree Dicot.
121. Malvastrum
coromandelianum (L.)
Garcke - Malvaceae Herb Dicot.
122. Mangifera indica L. Aam Anacardiaceae Tree Dicot
123. Marsdenia roylei Wight - Asclepiadaceae Climber Dicot.
124. Maytenus senegalensis - Celastraceae Shrub Dicot
125. Melia azedarach L. Neem Meliaceae Tree Dicot
126. Melilotus alba - Fabaceae Herb Dicot
127. Micromeria biflora (Buch.
Ham.ex D.Don) - Lamiaceae Herb Dicot.
128. Millettia extensa (Benth.)
Baker Gauja Fabaceae Climber Dicot.
129. Mimosa pudica Chuee-Muyee Mimosaceae Herb Dicot
130. Mirabilis Jalapa L. Gulbakshi Nyctaginaceae Herb Dicot.
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S.No. Botanical Name Local Name Family Habit Division
131. Morus alba L. Shahtoot Moraceae Tree Dicot.
132. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Jagul/Kapikachhu Fabaceae Climber Dicot.
133. Murraya koenigii (L.)
Sprengel Karipatta Rutaceae Shrub Dicot.
134. Nepeta hindostana (Roth)
Haines - Lamiaceae Herb Dicot.
135. Neyraudia arundinacea - Poaceae Grass Monocot
136. Oplismenus compositus (L.)
P. Beauv. - Poaceae Grass Monocot.
137. Ougeinia oojeinensis (Roxb.)
Hochreutiner Sanjan Fabaceae Tree Dicot.
138. Oxalis corniculata L. - Oxalidaceae Herb Dicot.
139. Parthanium hysterophorus L. Gajarghas Asteraceae Herb Dicot.
140. Pennisetum orientale - Poaceae Grass Monocot
141. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton - Lamiaceae Herb Dicot.
142. Phragmites karka (Retz.)
Trin. ex Steud. - Poaceae Grass Monocot.
143. Phyllanthus emblica L Amla Euphorbiaceae Tree Dicot
144. Pinus roxburghii Sargent Chir Pinaceae Tree Gymno.
145. Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Kakad Anacardiaceae Tree Dicot.
146. Poa annua - Poaceae Grass Monocot
147. Pogostemon benghalense
(Burn. F) kuntze - Lamiaceae Shrub Dicot
148. Polygala chinensis - Poligalaceae Herb Dicot
149. Polygonum barbatum L. - Poligonaceae Herb Dicot
150. Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. - Amaranthaceae Herb Dicot
151. Pyracantha crenulata
(D.Don) M. Roemer Firethorn Rosaceae Shrub Dicot
152. Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham ex
D.Don Molu Rosaceae Tree Dicot.
153. Rabdosia coetsa (Buch.-
Ham. ex D.Don) - Lamiaceae Herb Dicot.
154. Rabdosia rugosa (Wallich ex
Benth.) - Lamiaceae Shrub Dicot.
155. Reinwardtia indica Dumortier Phinyuli Linaceae Herb Dicot.
156. Rhus parviflora Roxb. - Anacardiaceae Shrub Dicot.
157. Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. - Fabaceae Herb Dicot.
158. Rhynchosia rothii Benth. ex
Aitchinson - Fabaceae Climber Dicot.
159. Ricinus communis L. Arendi Euphorbiaceae Tree Dicot
160. Roylea cinarea (D. Don)
Baillon - Lamiaceae Shrub Dicot.
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S.No. Botanical Name Local Name Family Habit Division
161. Rubus ellipticus Smith Hinsar Rosaceae Shrub Dicot.
162. Rumex hastatus D.Don - Polygonaceae Herb Dicot.
163. Saccharum rifipilum - Poaceae Grass Monocot
164. Saccharum spontaneum L. Kans Poaceae Grass Monocot.
165. Sapium insigne (Royley)
Benth ex. Hook Khira Euphorbiaceae Tree Dicot
166. Setaria verticillata - Poaceae Grass Monocot
167. Shorea robusta Roxb. ex
Gaertner f., Sal Dipterocarpaceae Tree Dicot
168. Sida acuta Burm. F. - Malvaceae Herb Dicot.
169. Sida cordata (Burm. F.)
Borss. Waalk. - Malvaceae Herb Dicot.
170. Sida rhombifolia L. - Malvaceae Herb Dicot.
171. Siegesbeckia orientalis L. - Asteraceae Herb Dicot.
172. Smilax aspera L. - Smilacaceae Climber Dicot.
173. Solanum nigrum L. Makoi Solanaceae Herb Dicot.
174. Solanum surattense Burm. f. - Solanaceae Herb Dicot
175. Solanum viarum Dunal - Solanaceae Herb Dicot.
176. Sporobolus diander - Poaceae Grass Monocot
177. Stellaria media (L.) Villars - Caryophyllaceae Herb Dicot.
178. Sterculia villosa Roxb. Udal Sterculiaceae Tree Dicot
179. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Jamun Myrtaceae Tree Dicot.
180. Tamarix ericoides Rott. Salt Cedar Tamaricaceae Shrub Dicot
181. Terminlia chebula Harra Combretaceae Tree Dicot
182. Thysanolaena maxima
(Roxb.) Kuntze Oneh Poaceae Grass Monocot.
183. Toona ciliata M. Roemer Toona Meliaceae Tree Dicot.
184. Trema politoria (Planchon)
Blume Basatiya Urticaceae Shrub Dicot
185. Tridax procumbens L. - Asteraceae Herb Dicot
186. Triumfetta rhomboidea
Jacquin - Tiliaceae Herb Dicot.
187. Urena lobata L. - Malvaceae Shrub Dicot.
188. Urtica ardens Link. Kandali Urticaceae Shrub Dicot.
189. Vitex negundo L. Shiyali Verbenaceae Shrub Dicot.
190. Woodfordia fruticosa (L.)
Kurz. Dhau Lythraceae Shrub Dicot.
191. Xanthium indicum Koenig - Asteraceae Herb Dicot.
192. Youngia japonica (L.) DC. - Asteraceae Herb Dicot.
193. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Ber Rhamnaceae Shrub Dicot.
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9.3.9 Community characteristics at various sampling sites in various
seasons
In order to understand the community structure, vegetation sampling was
carried out at different locations in the project area.
1. Tree, shrub and sapling community
At sampling station downstream of dam site (right bank of Mahakali river)
(site,V1), the tree and sapling strata were dominated by Mallotus philippinensis
having maximum frequency and density. The associated species in the tree
layer were Rhus punjabensis, Holoptelea integrifolia, Syzygium cumini,
Terminalia tomentosa, Acacia catechu, Lannea coromandelica, Sapium
insigne, Kydia calycina, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Bombax ceiba and Adina
cordifolia. In the shrub stratum, Lanatana camara was the dominant species
having high density. Other competing species in the layer were Murraya
koenigii, Woodfordia fruticosa, Bauhinia vahlii, Ricinus communis, Colebrookea
oppositifolia and Solanum verbascifolium.
At sampling station near dam site (right bank of Mahakali) (V2), the tree and
sapling strata were dominated by Mallotus philippinensis having maximum
density (130 trees/ha). The associated species in the tree layer were Adina
cordifolia, Rhus punjabensis, Shorea robusta, Syzygium cumini, Acacia
catechu, Sapium insigne, Bombax ceiba, Callicarpa arborea, Terminalia
tomentosa, and Kydia calycina. In the shrub stratum, Lanatana camara was the
dominant species with high density. Other competing species in the layer were
Woodfordia fruticosa, Gerardiana diversifolia, Murraya koenigii, Bauhinia vahlii,
Isodon ternifolius and Myena spinosa.
At sampling station near dam site (downstream of Lupada, right bank of
Mahakali) (V3), the tree and sapling strata were dominated by Kydia calycina
having maximum frequency and density. The associated species in the tree
layer were Rhus punjabensis, Holoptelea integrifolia, Adina cordifolia, Trema
politora, Boehmeria rugulosa, Syzygium cumini, Ougeinia oojeinensis, Toona
ciliata, Mangifera indica, Bassia latifolia, Terminalia chebula, Bischofia javanica
and Lannea coromandelica. In the shrub stratum, Lantana camara was found to
be the dominant species having high density. Other competing species of the
layer were Wodfordia fruticosa, Murraya koenigii, Solanum verbascifolium,
Andrachne cordifolia and Bauhinia vahlii.
At sampling station submergence area (downstream of confluence area i.e.
river Mahakali with Sarju) (V4), the tree stratum was dominated by Syzygium
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cumini having maximum frequency and density (120 trees/ha). The associated
species in the tree layer were Terminalia tomentosa, Rhus punjabensis,
Bridelia retusa, Grewia eriocarpa, Callicarpa arborea, Bischofia javanica,
Trema politora, Kydia calycia and Ficus subincisa. In the sapling stratum,
Mallotus philippinensis was found to be the most dominant species having high
density. In the shrub layer Lantana camara was found to be the most dominant
species having maximum density. Other competing species in thin layer were
Boehmeria polystachya, Urena lobata, Murraya koenigii, B. penduliflora, Isodon
ternifolius, Gerardiana diversifolia and Woodfordia fruticosa.
At sampling station upstream site (Punthuda, right bank of Sarju river) (V5), the
tree stratum was dominated by Trema politora having maximum frequency
(50%) and density (100 trees/ha). The associated species in the tree layer were
Syzygium cumini, Shorea robusta, Sapium insigne, Ficus semicordata,
Mangifera indica, Mallotus philippinensis, Ougeinia oojeinensis, Bassia latifolia,
Acacia catechu and Celtis australis. In the sapling stratum, Mallotus
philippinensis was found to be the most dominant species having maximum
density. In the shrub layer, Lantana camara was found to be the most dominant
species having maximum density. Other competing species in the layer were
Urtica dioica and Murraya koenigii.
At sampling station upstream site (upstream of Punthuda, right bank of Sarju
river) (V6), tree stratum was dominated by Syzygium cumini and Trema politora
and having maximum frequency density (40 trees/ha). The associated species
in the tree layer were Mallotus philippinensis, Sapium insigne, Toona ciliata,
Ficus semicordata, Acacia catechu and Ougeinia oojeinensis. In the sapling
stratum, Mallotus philippinensis was found to be the dominant species having
maximum density. In the shrub layer, Lantana camara was found to be the
most dominant species having maximum density. Other competing species in
this layer were Murraya koenigii, Woodfordia fruticosa and Bauhinia vahlii.
At sampling site upstream of Pancheshwar (left bank of Sarju river) (V7), tree
stratum was dominated by Holoptelea integrifolia having maximum frequency
(70%) and density (100 trees/ha). The associated species in the tree layer were
Rhus punjabensis, Acacia catechu, Ougeinia oojeinensis, Adina codifolia,
Aegle marmelos, Mallotus philippinensis, Syzygium cumini, Artocarpus lacucha,
and Anoegisus latifolia. In the sapling stratum, Rhus parviflora was found to be
the most dominant species having maximum density. In the shrub layer,
Lantana camara was the dominant species having maximum density. Other
competing species in the layer were Murraya koenigii, Meytenus senegalensis,
Colebrookea oppositifolia and Woodfordia fruticosa.
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At sampling station upstream site (Tadevia, right bank of Mahakali river) (V8),
tree stratum was dominated by Holoptelea integrifolia and Mallotus
philippinensis having maximum density (40 trees/ha). The associated species
in the tree layer were Rhus punjabensis, Rhus parviflora, Sapium insigne,
Acacia catechu, Syzygium cumini, Lagerstremia parviflora, Phyllanthus
emblica, Ficus religiosa, Aegle marmelos, Casearia glomerata and Ougeinia
oojeinensis. In the sapling stratum, Rhus parviflora was found to be the
dominant species having maximum density. In the shrub layer, Lantana camara
was the dominant species having maximum density. Other competing species
in the layer were Murraya koenigii, Woodfordia fruticosa, Meytenus
senegalensis, Colebrookea oppositifolia and Bauhinia vahlii.
At sampling upstream site (Lupada, left bank of Mahakali river) (V9), tree and
sapling strata were dominated by Shorea robusta having maximum frequency
and density. The associated species in the tree layer were Mallotus
philippinensis, Kydia calycina, Sapium insigne, Holoptelea integrifolia,
Boehmeria rugulosa, Adina cordifolia, Rhus punjabensis, Morinda citrifolia,
Bischofia javanica, Acacia catechu, Ougeinia oojeinensis and Terminalia
tomentosa. In the shrub layer, Lantana camara was the dominant species
having maximum density. Other competing species in the layer were
Woodfordia fruticosa, Murraya koenigii, Bauhinia vahlii, Andrachne cordifolia,
Solanum verbascifolium and Colebrookea oppositifolia.
Across all the sites/stands the total tree density ranged from 250 trees/ha at
site, V6 (Upstream of Punthanwala, right bank of Sarju river) to 640 trees/ha at
site, V7 (Pancheshwar, left bank of Sarju). In the sapling stratum, the highest
total density was recorded at site, V7 (1880 individuals/ha). The total density for
shrubs ranged from 2560 to 6720 individuals/ha and comparatively higher
shrub density (6720 individual/ha) recorded at site V7 as compared to other
sites. The maximum individual shrub density (4960 individual/ha) was recorded
for Lantana camara near dam site (right bank of Mahakali). The dominance of
Lantana camara in all the sites may be due to its non paltable nature and
capability to grow in dry and disturbed places.
The total basal area ranged from 4.77 m2/ha at Upstream site 4 to 31.49 m2/ha
at site V1 (Punthuda, right bank of Sarju river). The lowest mean basal area
(0.007 m2/tree) was recorded for Morinda citrifolia at Dam site V3 (right bank of
Mahakali), while the highest basal area was recorded for Toona ciliata (0.287
m2/tree) at site V5 (Punthuda, right bank of Sarju). Syzygium cumini, Toona
ciliata, Adina cordifolia, were the dominant species with an IVI of 92.80, 70.01,
61.81 and 56.55 at site V4 (ubmergence area), site V5, site V7 and site V3
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(dam site) respectively. The vegetation attributes of woody vegetation at
various sampling sites are given in Table-9.5.
Table -9.5: Vegetational attributes of woody vegetation at various sampling sites
S.No. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha)
TBC
(m2 /ha) IVI H’
V1
Downstream of Dam site (right bank of Maha
Mahakali river)
Trees
1 Lagerstroemia parviflora 10 20 0.23 9.83
2 Mallotus philippinensis 50 100 1.61 52.15
3 Holoptelea integrifolia 40 50 0.46 29.18
4 Acacia catechu 20 30 1.93 26.87
5 Rhus punjabensis 40 70 3.64 54.61
6 Sapium insigne 20 20 0.74 16.69
7 Terminalia tomentosa 20 30 2.89 33.08
8 Lannea coromadelica 20 20 0.18 13.10
9 Bombax ceiba 10 10 0.38 8.45
10 Kydia calycina 20 20 0.25 13.56
11 Syzygium cumini 20 40 2.58 33.44
12 Adina cordifolia 10 10 0.47 9.02
Total 420 15.38 2.25
Saplings
1 Mallotus philippinensis 60 400 0.72 124.01
2 Rhus punjabensis 30 200 0.92 86.31
3 Trema politora 10 40 0.05 14.14
4 Callicarpa arborea 10 40 0.13 17.68
5 Phyllanthus emblica 20 80 0.21 33.26
6 Adina cordifolia 10 40 0.29 24.60
Total 800 2.30 1.37
Shrubs
1 Lanatana camara 80 2880 3.30 188.59
2 Colebrookea oppositifolia 10 80 0.08 8.77
3 Murraya koenigii 40 400 0.46 39.95
4 Bauhinia vahlii 20 120 0.12 15.30
5 Woodfordia fruticosa 30 200 0.31 26.61
6 Solanum verbascifolium 10 40 0.08 7.57
7 Ricinus communis 20 80 0.07 13.31
Total 3800 4.42 0.92
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S.No. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha)
TBC
(m2 /ha) IVI H’
V2
Near Dam site (lower stretch, right bank of
MahaMahakali river)
Trees
1 Syzygium cumini 20 40 3.07 22.34
2 Acacia catechu 30 30 4.20 27.19
3 Mallotus philippinensis 70 130 2.10 48.46
4 Bombax ceiba 20 30 3.63 22.48
5 Rhus punjabensis 80 110 4.00 54.16
6 Callicarpa arborea 10 20 0.53 7.90
7 Adina cordifolia 50 120 6.87 56.55
8 Sapium insigne 20 30 1.63 16.00
9 Terminalia tomentosa 10 20 1.72 11.77
10 Lannea coromadelica 10 10 0.13 4.94
11 Kydia calycina 10 10 0.13 4.94
12 Shorea robusta 20 50 2.85 23.28
Total 600 30.86 2.16
Saplings
1 Mallotus philippinensis 60 400 0.75 81.99
2 Rhus punjabensis 20 120 0.58 34.98
3 Adina cordifolia 30 200 0.56 46.00
4 Morinda citrifolia 30 160 0.44 39.48
5 Boehmeria regulsa 10 40 0.13 11.50
6 Trema politora 10 40 0.11 11.17
7 Callicarpa arborea 10 40 0.13 11.50
8 Phyllanthus emblica 10 40 0.29 15.76
9 Rhus parviflora 20 120 0.62 36.00
10 Shorea robusta 10 40 0.13 11.50
Total 1200 3.74 1.96
Shrubs
1 Lanatana camara 70 4960 8.89 204.96
2 Ricinus communis 10 80 0.07 7.57
3 Bauhinia vahlii 10 80 0.10 7.82
4 Isodon ternifolius 10 80 0.07 7.53
5 Woodfordia fruticosa 40 400 0.82 36.56
6 Gerardiana diversifolia 10 320 0.29 13.52
7 Murraya koenigii 20 160 0.18 15.48
8 Myena spinosa 10 40 0.04 6.56
Total 6120 10.45 0.80
V3 Dam site Upper stretch(downstreamof Lupada, right bank of Mahakali
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S.No. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha)
TBC
(m2 /ha) IVI H’
river)
Trees
1 Toona ciliata 20 20 0.91 15.57
2 Boehmeria rugulosa 20 30 0.60 14.68
3 Bischofia javanica 10 10 0.18 5.56
4 Kydia calycina 70 120 1.70 50.67
5 Mangifera indica 20 20 0.40 11.37
6 Phyllanthus emblica 10 10 0.20 5.69
7 Mallotus philippinensis 10 10 0.09 4.81
8 Syzygium cuminii 20 20 0.29 10.52
9 Rhus punjabensis 50 90 1.79 41.65
10 Trema politora 20 40 0.81 18.11
11 Ougenia oojiensis 20 20 0.32 10.69
12 Bassia latifolia 10 10 0.10 4.90
13 Holoptelea integrifolia 40 60 1.14 28.89
14 Sapium insigne 20 40 0.72 17.34
15 Meliusa velutina 10 10 0.20 5.72
16 Adina cordifolia 30 40 0.73 19.79
17 Acacia catechu 10 10 1.35 15.12
18 Morinda tictoria 10 10 0.07 4.66
19 Lannea coromandelica 10 20 0.35 8.61
20 Terminalia chebula 10 10 0.20 5.69
Total 600 12.15 2.64
Saplings
1 Toona ciliata 10 80 0.28 16.91
2 Boehmeria rugulosa 10 40 0.10 9.88
3 Sapium insigne 10 80 0.18 14.96
4 Callicarpa arborea 10 40 0.18 11.49
5 Mallotus philippinensis 10 40 0.10 9.88
6 Kydia calycina 70 400 2.59 117.07
7 Holoptelea integrifolia 40 160 0.41 39.51
8 Ougenia oojiensis 10 40 0.18 11.49
9 Rhus panjabensis 10 40 0.13 10.36
10 Adina cordifolia 10 40 0.05 8.72
11 Trema politora 10 40 0.13 10.36
12 Morinda tictorea 20 120 0.43 27.80
13 Phyllanthus emblica 10 40 0.18 11.49
Total 1160 4.96 2.17
Shrubs
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S.No. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha)
TBC
(m2 /ha) IVI H’
1 Lanatana camara 60 2480 2.84 156.27
2 Solanum verbascifolium 10 160 0.51 19.63
3 Aracnide cordifolia 10 80 0.07 9.70
4 Woodfordia cordifolia 50 520 1.74 76.22
5 Colebrookea oppositifolia 10 80 0.21 12.09
6 Murraya koenigii 10 200 0.26 16.38
7 Bauhinia vahlii 10 80 0.07 9.78
Total 3600 5.70 1.09
V4
Submergence area ( downstream of confluence area, right bank of
MahaMahakali river)
Trees
1 Bischofia javaniaca 10 10 0.41 7.04
2 Terminalia tomentosa 50 70 3.84 46.92
3 Bridelia retusa 40 50 1.66 30.40
4 Rhus punjabensis 50 60 1.74 36.10
5 Mallotus philippinensis 30 60 1.16 27.47
6 Syzygium cumini 60 120 11.56 92.80
7 Callicrpa arborea 20 20 0.99 14.77
8 Trema politora 10 10 0.39 6.95
9 Grewia eriocarpa 30 30 1.59 22.57
10 Kydia calycina 10 10 0.24 6.33
11 Ficus subsinca 10 10 0.81 8.68
Total 450 24.40 2.08
Saplings
1 Callicarpa arborea 20 80 0.18 20.41
2 Mallotus philippinensis 90 720 3.06 165.49
3 Rhus parviflora 10 40 0.05 9.24
4 Bridelia retusa 50 400 1.33 84.12
5 Rhus punjabensis 10 40 0.05 9.24
6 Syzygium cuminii 10 40 0.15 11.49
1320 4.82 1.18
Shrubs
1 Murraya koenigii 30 200 0.23 23.60
2 Urena lobata 40 240 0.21 28.66
3 Lantana indica 60 2440 2.57 143.61
4 Isodon ternifolius 10 80 0.07 8.10
5 Gerardiana diversifolia 10 80 0.07 8.04
6 Boehmeria pendulifera 10 200 0.19 13.51
7 B. polystachya 10 400 0.36 22.17
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S.No. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha)
TBC
(m2 /ha) IVI H’
8 Cassia ternifolius 20 120 0.24 17.52
9 Woodfordi fruticosa 10 40 0.05 6.54
10 Asparagusd racemosus 20 440 0.38 28.14
Total 4240 4.37 1.52
V5 Upstream site 1 (Punthuda, right bank of Sarju)
Trees
1 Shorea robusta 40 60 7.11 47.47
2 Trema plitora 50 100 0.85 39.12
3 Acacia catechu 10 10 0.72 7.44
4 Syzygium cumini 70 90 9.70 71.18
5 Mallotus philippinensis 20 20 0.55 12.08
6 Sapium insigne 50 50 0.96 28.83
7 Toona ciliata 20 20 5.75 28.57
8 Mangifera indica 20 30 2.34 19.88
9 Basia latifolia 10 10 1.56 10.11
10 Celtis australis 10 10 0.29 6.07
11 Ougenia oojeinensis 10 20 0.20 7.91
12 Ficus semicordata 20 50 1.47 21.37
Total 470 31.49 2.21
Saplings
1 Phoenix sylvestris 10 40 0.05 12.30
2 Trema politora 10 80 0.10 18.13
3 Mallotus philippinensis 60 360 1.79 123.56
4 Shorea robusta 20 120 0.82 46.54
5 Rhus parviflora 20 80 0.28 29.11
6 Bassia latifolia 20 120 0.65 42.35
7 Bridelia retusa 10 80 0.52 28.08
Total 880 4.20 1.70
Shrubs
1 Lanatana camara 60 2360 2.48 206.24
2 Murraya kenigii 40 320 0.37 57.84
3 Urtica dioica 10 400 0.46 35.93
Total 3080 3.31 0.704
V6
Upstream site 2 (upstream of
Punthuda)
Trees
1 Acacia catechu 20 20 0.57 22.20
2 Syzygium cumini 40 40 2.04 52.97
3 Mallotus philippinensis 30 30 0.47 29.59
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S.No. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha)
TBC
(m2 /ha) IVI H’
4 Sapium insigne 30 30 0.56 30.44
5 Toona ciliata 30 30 4.68 70.01
6 Mangifera indica 10 10 0.66 14.65
7 Trema politora 30 40 0.40 32.90
8 Celtis australis 10 10 0.35 11.68
9 Ficus semicordata 20 30 0.61 26.52
10 Ougenia oojeinensis 10 10 0.07 9.06
Total 250 10.41 2.19
Saplings
1 Shorea robusta 20 80 0.57 51.55
2 Trema politora 20 160 0.21 44.47
3 Mallotus philippinensis 50 280 0.32 85.68
4 Rhus parviflora 30 120 0.38 54.25
5 Bassia latifolia 10 40 0.18 20.79
6 Bridelia retusa 20 80 0.40 43.09
760 2.07 1.62
Shrubs
1 Lanatana camara 50 2120 2.23 207.14
2 Murraya kenigii 30 240 0.28 46.37
3 Woddfordia fruticosa 20 160 0.29 34.56
4 Bauhinia vahlii 10 40 0.04 11.97
Total 110 2560 2.83 0.62
V7
Upstream site 3(Pancheshwar, left bank of
Sarju)
Trees
1 Ougenia oojeinensis 50 70 1.49 28.02
2 Dalbergia sissoo 10 10 0.13 4.32
3 Acacia catechu 40 80 2.05 29.47
4 Casearia glomerata 10 10 0.09 4.17
5 Rhus punjabensis 70 90 2.91 41.12
6 Holoptelea integrifolia 70 100 2.20 39.97
7 Aegle marmelos 30 60 0.91 19.68
8 Sapium insigne 30 30 0.90 14.95
9 Adina cordifolia 50 70 10.31 61.81
10 Rhus parviflora 20 30 0.40 10.77
11 Mallotus philippinensis 20 40 0.62 13.16
12 Syzygium cumini 20 20 1.50 13.41
13 Anoegisus latifolia 10 10 1.15 8.23
14 Artocarpus lacucha 10 20 1.44 10.91
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S.No. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha)
TBC
(m2 /ha) IVI H’
Total 640 26.09 2.40
Saplings
1 Casearia glomerata 10 80 0.98 10.54
2 Rhus parviflora 70 720 14.47 97.25
3 Aegle marmelos 10 40 2.83 12.05
4 Holoptelea integrifolia 90 640 21.11 114.79
5 Mallotus philippinensis 50 400 11.34 65.36
1880 50.73 1.28
Shrubs
1 Lantana indica 100 4560 51.55 181.60
2 Murraya koenigii 90 1640 16.73 86.34
3 Meytenus senegalensis 20 320 2.93 17.45
4 Woodfordia fruticosa 10 80 0.90 6.77
5 Colebrookea oppositifolia 10 120 1.25 7.83
Total 6720 73.36 0.88
V8 Upstream site 4(Tadevia, right bank of Mahakali)
Trees
1 Rhus punjabensis 30 30 0.45 31.36
2 Holoptelea integrifolia 40 40 0.34 36.26
3 Aegle marmelos 10 10 0.13 9.99
4 Casearia glomerata 10 10 0.08 8.90
5 Sapium insigne 20 20 0.40 23.07
6 Acacia catechu 20 20 0.23 19.41
7 Ficus bengalensis 10 10 0.38 15.36
8 Rhus parviflora 30 30 0.22 26.54
9 Mallotus philippinensis 20 40 0.58 33.54
10 Syzygium cumini 20 20 0.78 30.95
11 Ficus religiosa 10 10 0.76 23.32
12 Ougenia oojeinensis 10 10 0.08 9.00
13 Lagerstroemia parviflora 20 20 0.17 18.22
14 Phyllanthus emblica 10 20 0.16 14.12
Total 290 4.77 2.52
Saplings
1 Rhus parviflora 20 320 0.83 124.39
2 Aegle marmelos 10 40 0.05 19.87
3 Holoptelea integrifolia 30 160 0.33 78.36
4 Mallotus philippinensis 30 200 0.23 77.15
Total 720 1.43 299.77 1.21
Shrubs
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S.No. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha)
TBC
(m2 /ha) IVI H’
1 Murraya koenigii 40 440 0.42 44.14
2 Lantana camara 100 2960 3.39 215.93
3 Colebrookea oppositifolia 10 80 0.10 10.191
4 Bauhinia vahlii 10 80 0.07 9.475
5 Woodfordia fruticosa 20 160 0.20 20.151
Total 3720 4.20 0.735
V9
Upstream site 5(Lupada, right bank of Mahakali
river)
Trees
1 Boehmeria rugulosa 20 30 0.55 15.92
2 Bischofia javanica 10 10 0.15 6.17
3 Kydia calycina 30 40 0.57 21.27
4 Ougenia oojeinensis 10 10 0.09 5.80
5 Mallotus philippinensis 30 50 0.92 25.49
6 Shorea robusta 70 160 7.85 102.76
7 Phyllanthus emblica 10 10 0.11 5.94
8 Pinus roxburghii 10 10 2.58 20.64
9 Holoptelea integrifolia 20 30 0.44 15.24
10 Sapium insigne 30 40 1.05 24.17
11 Adina cordifolia 20 20 0.31 12.34
12 Acacia catechu 10 10 0.51 8.29
13 Morinda citrifolia 20 20 0.15 11.39
14 Rhus paunjabensis 20 20 0.75 14.96
15 Terminalia tomentosa 10 10 0.73 9.61
Total 470 16.76 2.27
Saplings
1 Mallotus philippinensis 20 200 0.52 40.84
2 Phyllanthus emblica 20 80 0.52 30.53
3 Ougenia oojeinensis 20 120 0.38 30.87
4 Shorea robusta 40 400 1.91 101.86
5 Boehmeria rugulosa 20 120 0.24 27.72
6 Morinda citrifolia 20 80 0.09 20.76
7 Callicarpa arborea 10 40 0.29 15.90
8 Rhus punjabensis 20 120 0.41 31.59
Total 1160 4.36 300.08 1.86
Shrubs
1 Solanum verbascifolium 10 80 0.25 15.34
2 Lanatana camara 60 1800 2.06 150.51
3 Aracnide cordifolia 20 160 0.14 20.32
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S.No. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha)
TBC
(m2 /ha) IVI H’
4 Woodfordia cordifolia 40 440 0.50 50.87
5 Murraya koenigii 20 320 0.30 29.98
6 Bauhinia vahlii 20 160 0.15 20.70
7 Colebrookea oppositifolia 10 80 0.14 12.21
Total 3040 3.56 1.33
TBC= Total Basal Cover; IVI = Importance value Index; H= Shannon Diversity Index
Source: Field Study
2. Herbaceous community
A. Monsoon season
At sampling station downstream of dam site (right bank of Mahakali river)
(site,V1), Eulaliopsis binata was the dominant species having maximum density
(68000 plants/ha) during field study in monsoon season. It was followed by
Saccharum spontaneum (61000 plant/ha) and Conyza japonica (48000
plant/ha) in terms of density. As per IVI values, Eranthemum pulchellum was
the dominant species (54.26) followed by Conyza japonica (50.91), Saccharum
spontaneum (42.50) and Eulaliopsis binata (26.76). The lowest IVI of 2.56 was
recorded in Cissampelos pariera.
At sampling station near dam site (right bank of Mahakali) (V2), Saccharum
spontaneum was found to be dominant species having maximum density
(110000 plants/ha) during field study. It was followed by Apluda aristata (68000
plants/ha) and Chloris dolichostachya (44000 plants/ha) in terms of density.
Maximum value of IVI was observed in Saccharum spontaneum (66.72)
followed by Artemisia nilagirica (50.37), Chloris dolichostachya (31.28) and
Apluda aristata (25.72). The minimum IVI of 2.58 was noted for Lygodium
flexuosum.
At sampling station near dam site (downstream of Lupada, right bank of
Mahakali) (V3), Capillipedium assimile was found the dominant species having
maximum density (64000 plants/ha) during field study. It was followed by
Eriophorum comosum (39000 plants/ha), Adiantum incisum (22000 plants/ha)
and Thysanolaena latifolia (30000 plants/ha). Maximum value of IVI was
observed in Thysanolaena latifolia (41.00) followed by Artemisia nilagirica
(33.46), Capillipedium assimile (31.52) and Eriophorum comosum (20.65). The
lowest IVI of 2.61 was recorded in Cynodon dactylon.
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At sampling station submergence area (downstream of confluence area i.e.
river Mahakali with Sarju) (V4), Imperata cylindrica was observed as the
dominant species having maximum density (250000 plants/ha) during field
study. It was followed by Adiantum incisum (204000 plants/ha) and
Capillipedium assimile (113000 plants/ha) in terms of density. Maximum value
of IVI was observed in Imperata cylindrica (48.26) followed by Adiantum
incisum (42.56), Reinwardtia indiac (37.67), Capillipedium assimile (28.65) and
Perilla frutescens (23.62. The lowest IVI of 1.70 was recorded in Cissampelos
pariera.
At sampling station upstream site (Punthuda, right bank of Sarju river) (V5),
Cynodon dactylon was found the dominant species having maximum density
(96000 plants/ha) during field study. It was followed by Bothriochloa pertusa
(66000 plants/ha) and Ageratum conyzoides (48000 plants/ha). Maximum value
of IVI was observed in Cynodon dactylon (48.96) followed by Xanthium
strumarium (43.35), Ageratum conyzoides (36.19) and Bothriochloa pertusa
(25.65). The minimum IVI of 3.59 was noted for Conyza japonica.
At sampling station upstream site (upstream of Punthuda, right bank of Sarju
river) (V6), Imperata cylindrica was found the dominant species having
maximum density (68000 plants/ha) during field study. It was followed by
Ageratum conyzoides (63000 plants/ha) and Capillipedium assimile (48000
plants/ha) in terms of density. Maximum value of IVI was observed in Ageratum
conyzoides (49.58) followed by Neyraudia arundincea (38.54), Imperata
cylindrica (26.27) and Ageratina adenophora (26.10). The lowest IVI of 3.19
was recorded in Perilla frutescens.
At sampling station upstream site (Pancheshwar, left bank of Sarju river) (V7),
Pogonatherum paniceum was found the dominant species having maximum
density (50000 plants/ha) during field study. It was followed by Saccharum
spontaneum (39000 plants/ha) in terms of density. Maximum value of IVI was
observed in Saccharum spontaneum (51.25) followed by Bidens bipinnata
(45.93), Pogonatherum paniceum (41.02) and Conyza japonica (33.51). The
lowest IVI of 4.00 was recorded in Vernonia cinerea and Urena lobata.
At sampling station upstream site (Tadevia, right bank of Mahakali river) (V8),
Neyraudia arundinacea was found the dominant species having maximum
density (92000 plants/ha) during field study. It was followed by Dichanthium
annulatum (89000 plants/ha) and Adiantum incisum (34000 plants/ha) in terms
of density. Maximum value of IVI was observed in Neyraudia arundinacea
(101.59) followed by Dichanthium annulatum (75.12) and Selaginella bryopteris
(22.54). The lowest IVI of 4.37was recorded in Cissampelos pariera.
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At sampling upstream site (Lupada, left bank of Mahakali river) (V9),
Cymbopogon sp. was found the dominant species having maximum density
(62000 plants/ha) during field studies. It was followed by Imperata cylindrica
(50000 plants/ha) and Adiantum incisum (41000 plants/ha) and Saccharum
spontaneum (30000 plants/ha) in terms of density. Maximum value of IVI was
observed in Artemisia nilagirica (67.38) followed by Cymbopogon jwarancusa
(30.65), Saccharum spontaneum (29.70) and Adiantum incisum (26.26). The
lowest IVI of 3.69 was recorded in Bidens bipinnata and Conyza japonica. The
details are given in Table-9.6.
Table-9.6: Vegetational attributes of herbaceous vegetation of Pancheshwar
multipurpose project in Monsoon Season
S.No. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha) IVI H’
V1, Downstream of Dam site (right bank of MahaMahakali river)
1 Eulaliopsis binata 10 68000 26.76
2 Bidens bipinnata 10 4000 3.71
3 Eranthemum pulchellum 60 24000 54.26
4 Blumea hieracifolia 20 3000 5.63
5 Pteris vittata 10 8000 7.32
6 Urena lobata 20 3000 8.44
7 Conyza japonica 70 48000 50.91
8 Justicia procumbens 20 5000 6.84
9 Saccharum spontaneum 40 61000 42.50
10 Parthenium hysterophorus 10 4000 5.25
11 Perilla frutescens 20 4000 12.48
12 Ageratina adenophora 20 13000 15.48
13 Oplismenus compositus 40 24000 17.16
14 Pogonatherum paniceum 10 10000 5.61
15 Cissampelos pariera 10 1000 2.56
16 Lygodium flexuosum 10 2000 2.90
17 Apluda aristata 10 20000 9.30
18 Ageratum conyzoides 20 10000 8.91
19 Chloris dolichostachya 10 2000 2.97
20 Equisetum ramosissimum 10 3000 3.66
Total 320000 2.42
V2 Near Dam site (right bank of MahaMahakali river)
1 Apluda aristata 30 68000 25.72
2 Saccharum spontaneum 60 110000 66.72
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S.No. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha) IVI H’
3 Tridex procumbens 30 23000 13.60
4 Conyza japonica 50 21000 22.37
5 Chloris dolichostachya 70 44000 31.28
6 Eriophorum comosum 10 18000 7.22
7 Lygodium flexuosum 10 1000 2.58
8 Artemisia nilagirica 30 25000 50.37
9 Roylea cinerea 10 4000 4.95
10 Heteropogon contortus 10 20000 8.33
11 Thysanolaena latifolia 10 14000 15.00
12 Urena lobata 20 4000 9.35
13 Bidens bipinnata 30 23000 13.78
14 Oxalis corniculata 10 2000 2.81
15 Oplismenus compositus 10 2000 2.83
16 Ageratum conyzoides 30 12000 11.01
17 Equisetum ramosissimum 10 18000 8.56
18 Boerhavia diffusa 10 3000 3.50
Total 412000 2.36
V3 Dam site Upper stretch(downstream of Lupada, right bank
of Mahakali river)
1 Ageratina adenophorum 10 3000 5.68
2 Thysanolaena latifolia 10 30000 41.00
3 Urena lobata 30 7000 12.61
4 Ageratum conyzoides 50 20000 18.86
5 Artemisia nilagirica 60 19000 33.46
6 Capillipedium assimile 50 64000 31.52
7 Cynodon dactylon 10 2000 2.61
8 Achyranthes aspera 20 9000 9.91
9 Reinwardtia indica 10 2000 4.24
10 Xanthium strumarium 10 2000 7.30
11 Parthenium hysterophorus 10 2000 4.48
12 Aleuritopteris doniana 20 19000 10.11
13 Eranthemum pulchellum 10 3000 3.45
14 Adiantum incisum 40 31000 17.94
15 Micromeria biflora 20 17000 9.32
16 Eriophorum comosum 30 39000 20.65
17 Rumex hastatus 10 2000 2.87
18 Oxalis corniculata 10 4000 3.26
19 Cyrtococcum accrescens 10 10000 5.26
20 Artemisia scoparia 20 4000 6.58
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S.No. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha) IVI H’
21 Pogonatherum paniceum 10 28000 10.96
22 Saccharum narenga 10 12000 16.13
23 Arundinella nepalensis 10 5000 3.85
25 Imperata cylindrica 10 8000 4.64
26 Justicia procumbens 10 4000 4.15
27 Conyza japonica 10 4000 5.81
Total 353000 2.80
V4 Sumergence area (downstream of confluence area, right
bank of MahaMahakali river)
1 Cissampelos pariera 10 1000 1.70
2 Saccharum spontaneum 20 23000 13.52
3 Conyza japonica 30 6000 6.61
4 Capillipedium assimile 70 113000 28.65
5 Adiantum incisum 80 204000 42.56
6 Ageratum conyzoides 40 19000 12.71
7 Perilla frutescens 20 14000 23.62
8 Oxalis corniculata 40 31000 10.84
9 Oplismenus compositus 30 12000 6.46
10 Imperata cylindrica 60 250000 48.26
11 Geranium nepalense 10 4000 2.19
12 Sida cordifolia 10 2000 1.90
13 Dioscorea bulbifera 10 2000 1.96
14 Justicia procumbens 40 13000 11.93
15 Ageratina adenophorum 10 8000 6.14
16 Chloris dolichostachya 20 8000 4.62
17 Urena lobata 30 6000 8.81
18 Apluda aristata 20 13000 5.13
19 Lygodium flexuosum 20 9000 4.40
20 Boerhavia diffusa 10 2000 2.03
21 Vicia sativa 40 37000 11.79
22 Reinwardtia indica 30 46000 37.67
23 Artemisia nilagirica 10 3000 3.44
24 Cynodon dactylon 10 10000 3.06
Total 836000 2.20
V5 Upstream site 1 (Punthuda, right bank of Sarju)
1 Cynodon dactylon 60 96000 48.96
2 Oxalis corniculata 20 36000 17.48
3 Ageratum conyzoides 50 48000 36.19
4 Cyperus rotundus 10 2000 3.61
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S.No. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha) IVI H’
5 Conyza japonica 10 1000 3.59
6 Rumex hastatus 10 8000 13.32
7 Adiantum incisum 10 5000 4.57
8 Artemisia nilagirica 10 3000 5.74
9 Parthenium hysterophorus 20 20000 26.22
10 Boerhvia diffusa 10 4000 4.45
11 Chrysopogon serrulatum 10 3000 4.07
12 Sida rhombifolia 10 5000 7.61
13 Xanthium strumarium 30 12000 43.35
14 Calotropis procera 10 4000 9.91
15 Sonchus asper 10 3000 6.84
16 Ageratina adenophorum 20 20000 24.55
17 Bothriochloa pertusa 10 66000 25.65
18 Ajuga parviflora 10 2000 3.92
19 Bidens bipinnata 10 2000 3.69
20 Aster molliusculus 10 10000 6.24
Total 350000 2.26
V6 Upstream site 2 (upstream of Punthuda, right bank of Sarju)
1 Ageratum conyzoides 80 63000 49.58
2 Corchorus aestuans 20 3000 7.58
3 Cynodon dactylon 10 5000 4.44
4 Imperata cylindrica 10 68000 26.27
5 Prunella frutescens 10 1000 3.19
6 Ajuga parvifolia 20 4000 7.15
7 Pogonatherum paniceum 30 25000 16.77
8 Apluda aristata 20 3000 6.56
9 Eriophorum comosum 30 28000 19.46
10 Circium wallichii 10 1000 5.65
11 Oxalis corniculata 20 12000 9.56
12 Ageratina adenophora 20 14000 26.10
13 Launia naudicaulis 10 4000 4.32
14 Plectranthus ternifolius 20 2000 6.59
15 Justicia procumbens 10 12000 15.35
16 Capillipedium assimile 20 48000 22.04
17 Sida cordifolia 10 2000 3.51
18 Artemisia nilagirica 10 5000 27.31
19 Neyraudia arundinacea 10 34000 38.54
Total 334000 2.34
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S.No. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha) IVI H’
V7 Upstream site 3 (Pancheshwar, left bank of Sarju)
1 Oxalis corniculata 20 10000 11.36
2 Blumea hieracifolia 30 7000 18.81
3 Pteris biaurita 10 5000 6.38
4 Bidens bipinnata 60 22000 45.93
5 Euphorbia prostrata 20 7000 9.53
6 Parthenium hysterophorus 20 4000 16.39
7 Bothriochloa pertusa 20 22000 20.47
8 Carex myosurus 10 10000 9.03
9 Vernonia cinerea 10 1000 4.00
10 Conyza japonica 40 13000 33.51
11 Pogonatherum paniceum 40 50000 41.02
12 Saccharum spontaneum 40 39000 51.25
13 Euphorbia hirta 30 8000 12.77
14 Apluda aristata 10 8000 8.02
15 Cynodon dactylon 10 8000 7.51
16 Urena lobata 10 1000 4.00
Total 380 215000 2.37
V8 Upstream site 4 (Tadevia, right bank of Mahakali)
1 Eriophorum comosum 20 32000 23.64
2 Dichanthium annulatum 80 89000 75.12
3 Selaginella bryopteris 20 38000 22.54
4 Leucus lanata 20 14000 15.65
5 Apluda aristata 20 20000 15.87
6 Adiantum incisum 20 34000 20.43
7 Sida cordifolia 10 2000 4.98
8 Neyraudia arundinacea 30 92000 101.59
9 Cissampelos pariera 10 1000 4.37
10 Justicia procumbens 10 3000 5.69
12 Boerhavia diffusa 10 2000 5.53
Total 260 328000 1.87
V9 Upstream site 5 (Lupada, right bank of Mahakali river)
1 Artemisia scoparia 30 8000 19.46
2 Chrysopogon serrulatum 10 8000 6.26
3 Ageratina adenophora 30 4000 12.86
4 Cymbopogon jwarancusa 20 62000 30.65
5 Adiantum incisum 40 41000 26.26
6 Carex myosurus 10 14000 7.98
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S.No. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha) IVI H’
7 Saccharum spontaneum 20 30000 29.70
8 Eriophorum comosum 10 12000 8.03
9 Artemisia nilagirica 50 16000 67.38
10 Apluda aristata 10 12000 8.03
11 Rungia pectinata 10 8000 6.61
12 Conyza japonica 10 1000 3.69
13 Parthenium hysterophorus 10 1000 4.25
14 Oxalis corniculata 10 4000 4.21
15 Capillipedium assimile 10 8000 6.13
16 Aleuritopteris doniana 10 10000 6.47
17 Bidens bipinnata 10 1000 3.69
18 Corchorus aestuans 10 2000 4.17
19 Ageratum conyzoides 20 4000 8.05
20 Rumex hastatus 10 4000 4.86
21 Imperata cylindrica 20 50000 24.81
22 Micromeria biflora 10 10000 6.47
Total 310000 2.57
IVI = Importance value Index; H= Shannon Diversity Index
Source: Field Study
B. Winter season
Among the herbaceous species in winter season, Apluda aristata and
Saccharum spontaneum were the dominant species having maximum density
(44000 plants/ha) at At sampling station downstream of dam site (right bank of
Mahakali river) (site, V1). As per the IVI values, Conyza japonica was the most
dominant species (59.08) followed by Saccharum spontaneum (43.34),
Artemisia nilagirica (39.05) and Apluda aristata (33.44) during. The lowest IVI of
3.83 was recorded in Stephania glabra.
At sampling station near dam site (right bank of Mahakali) (V2),, Nephrolepis
auriculata was the dominant species having maximum density (32000
plants/ha) during field study. It was followed by Apluda aristata and Saccharum
spontaneum in terms of density. As per the IVI values, Artemisia nilagirica was
the most dominant species (75.73) followed by Oplismenus compositus (31.90),
Nephrolepis auriculata (30.28) and Saccharum spontaneum (30.14). The
lowest IVI of 10.93 was recorded in Xanthium strumarium.
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At sampling station near dam site (downstream of Lupada, right bank of
Mahakali) (V3), Neyraudia arundinacea was found to be the most dominant
species having maximum density (92000 plants/ha) during field study. It was
followed by Apluda aristata (48000 plants/ha). Maximum value of IVI was
observed in Neyraudia arundinacea (95.63) followed by Apluda aristata (40.07),
Artemisia nilagirica (34.83) and Sida acuta (31.59). The minimum IVI of 4.25
was noted for Achyranthes aspera.
At sampling station submergence area (downstream of confluence area i.e.
river Mahakali with Sarju) (V4), Imperata cylindrica was the dominant species
having maximum density (142000 plants/ha) during field study. It was followed
by Apluda aristata (58000 plants/ha). As per the IVI values, Imperata cylindrica
was the most dominant species (74.13) followed by Conyza japonica (40.43),
Apluda aristata (37.67) and Cymbopogon citratus (34.37). The minimum IVI of
4.10 was recorded in Stephania glabra.
At sampling station upstream site (Punthuda, right bank of Sarju river) (V5),
Cynodon dactylon was the dominant species having maximum density (73000
plants/ha) during field study. It was followed by Parthenium hysterophorus
(23000 plants/ha). Maximum IVI was observed in Parthenium hysterophorus
(85.67) followed by Cynodon dactylon (70.23). The lowest IVI of 4.49 was
recorded in Polygala chinensis.
At sampling station upstream site (upstream of Punthuda, right bank of Sarju
river) (V6),, Imperata cylindica was the dominant species having maximum
density (38000 plants/ha). It was followed by Apluda aristata (27000 plants/ha)
and Ageratum conyzoides (25000 plants/ha). Maximum IVI was observed in
Parthenium hysterophorus (61.05) followed by Ageratum conyzoides (36.36),
Imperata cylindrica (31.77) and Apluda aristata (25.10). The lowest IVI of 4.75
was recorded in Commelina benghalensis.
At At sampling station upstream site (Pancheshwar, left bank of Sarju river)
(V7), Nephrolepis auriculata was the dominant species having maximum
density (74000 plants/ha) during field study. It was followed by Chrysopogon
serrulatus (55000 plants/ha). Maximum IVI was observed in Parthenium
hysterophorus (61.33) followed by Nephrolepis auriculata (55.66), Chrysopogon
serrulatus (49.86) and Sida rhombifolia (46.38). The lowest IVI of 4.08 was
recorded in Euphorbia hirta.
At sampling station upstream site (Tadevia, right bank of Mahakali river) (V8),
Nephrolepis auriculata was the dominant species having maximum density
(30000 plants/ha) during field study. It was followed by Parthenium
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hysterophorus (20000 plants/ha). Maximum IVI was observed in Parthenium
hysterophorus (86.41) followed by Chrysopogon serrulatus (32.36),
Nephrolepis auriculata (31.97), Sida rhombifolia (17.89) and Chloris
dolichostachya (11.55). The lowest IVI of 4.86 was recorded in Dicleptera
bupluroides.
At sampling upstream site (Lupada, left bank of Mahakali river) (V9), Apluda
aristata was the dominant species having maximum density (32000 plants/ha).
It was followed by Heteropogon contortus (28000 plants/ha). Maximum IVI was
observed in Artemisia nilagirica (36.46) followed by Ageratina adenophora
(29.29), Thysanolaena latifolia (27.91), Apluda aristata (26.31) and Neyraudia
arundinacea (19.11). The lowest IVI of 4.17 was recorded in Stephania glabra.
The details are given in Table-9.7.
Table-9.7: Vegetational attributes of herbaceous vegetation of Pancheshwar
multipurpose project in winter season
S.N. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha) IVI H’
V1 Downstream of Dam site (right bank of MahaMahakali river)
1 Conyza japonica 40 28000 59.08
2 Artemisia nilagirica 40 7000 39.05
3 Saccharum spontaneum 20 44000 43.34
4 Chloris dolichostachya 20 17000 16.76
5 Oplismenus compositus 30 8000 14.21
6 Stephania glabra 10 1000 3.83
7 Thysanolaena maxima 20 10000 25.12
8 Apluda aristata 30 44000 33.44
9 Nephrolepis auriculata 20 20000 17.13
10 Neyraudia arundinacea 20 11000 12.69
11 Xanthium strumarium 10 2000 8.35
12 Abutilon indicum 20 4000 9.28
13 Euphorbia hirta 20 6000 9.66
14 Heteropogon contortus 10 8000 8.01
Total 210000 2.26
V2 Near Dam site (right bank of MahaMahakali river)
1 Saccharum spontaneum 10 28000 30.14
2 Urena lobata 20 2000 12.44
3 Artemisia nilagirica 50 11000 75.73
4 Chloris dolichostachya 20 14000 19.13
5 Apluda aristata 20 30000 29.13
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S.N. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha) IVI H’
6 Thysanolaena maxima 10 5000 16.97
7 Oplismenus compositus 40 20000 31.90
8 Xanthium strumarium 10 2000 10.93
9 Conyza japonica 20 3000 14.66
10 Neyraudia arundinacea 10 12000 12.89
11 Nephrolepis auriculata 20 32000 30.28
12 Abelmoschus manihot 20 3000 15.78
Total 162000 2.14
V3 Dam site Upper stretch(downstream of Lupada, right bank
of MahaMahakali river)
1 Heteropogon contortus 10 15000 11.81
2 Cynodon dactylon 10 5000 5.58
3 Artemisia nilagirica 40 15000 34.83
4 Urena lobata 10 1000 4.64
5 Apluda aristata 50 48000 40.07
6 Bidens bipinnate 20 4000 9.37
7 Ageratum conyzoides 10 4000 5.70
8 Neyraudia arundinacea 50 92000 95.63
9 Rumex hastatus 10 10000 8.87
10 Scutellaria linearis 30 10000 16.97
11 Parthenium hysterophorus 10 10000 17.40
12 Sida acuta 30 10000 31.59
13 Achyranthes aspera 10 1000 4.25
14 Boerhavia diffusa 10 4000 5.11
15 Hedyotis scandens 10 8000 8.17
Total 237000 2.02
V4 Sumergence area (downstream of confluence area, right bank of
MahaMahakali river)
1 Cymbopogon citratus 10 20000 34.37
2 Apluda aristata 40 58000 37.67
3 Oplismenus compositus 20 20000 14.80
4 Ageratum conyzoides 30 12000 17.75
5 Stephania glabra 10 1000 4.10
6 Xanthium strumarium 20 5000 18.61
7 Imperata cylindrica 50 142000 74.13
8 Nephrolepis auriculata 10 4000 4.86
9 Sida cordata 10 2000 4.26
10 Digitaria ciliaris 10 4000 4.97
11 Lygodium flexuosum 10 2000 4.64
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S.N. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha) IVI H’
12 Andrachne cordifolia 20 9000 11.12
13 Conyza japonica 30 22000 40.43
14 Ageratina adenophora 10 4000 11.63
15 Atylosia elongata 10 2000 4.26
16 Abutilon indicum 10 4000 6.71
17 Urena lobata 10 1000 5.75
Total 312000 1.86
V5 Upstream site 1 (Punthuda, right bank of Sarju)
1 Imperata cylindrica 10 10000 10.61
2 Euphorbia hirta 20 4000 10.35
3 Sida cordata 20 5000 14.66
4 Ageratum conyzoides 20 18000 24.37
5 Dactyloctenium aegyptium 20 3000 10.47
6 Cynodon dactylon 60 73000 70.23
7 Parthenium hysterophorus 50 23000 85.67
8 Polygala chinensis 10 1000 4.49
9 Melilotus alba 10 10000 10.40
10 Commelina benghalensis 10 2000 5.37
11 Chrysopogon serrulatus 10 10000 11.47
12 Xanthium strumarium 10 10000 30.46
13 Eragrostis tenella 10 12000 11.49
Total 181000 2.01
V6 Upstream site 2 (upstream of Punthuda, right bank of Sarju)
1 Dactyloctenium aegyptium 10 2000 5.10
2 Cynodon dactylon 20 14000 15.32
3 Parthenium hysterophorus 30 17000 61.05
4 Imperata cylindrica 20 38000 31.77
5 Euphorbia hirta 30 8000 14.92
6 Sida rhombifolia 20 4000 12.24
7 Ageratum conyzoides 40 25000 36.36
8 Melilotus alba 10 10000 9.67
9 Commelina benghalensis 10 2000 4.75
10 Adiantum lunulatum 20 6000 10.25
11 Sigesbeckia orientalis 10 4000 19.99
12 Oplismenus compositus 30 8000 14.92
13 Apluda aristata 20 27000 25.10
14 Artemisia nilagirica 10 4000 15.52
15 Eragrostis tenella 10 8000 8.21
16 Chrysopogon serrulatus 20 11000 14.82
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S.N. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha) IVI H’
Total 188000 2.46
V7 Upstream site 3 (Pancheshwar, left bank of Sarju)
1 Chrysopogon serrulatus 20 55000 49.86
2 Boerhavia diffusa 10 2000 4.28
3 Parthenium hysterophorus 40 19000 61.33
4 Achyranthes aspera 10 4000 6.37
5 Sida cordifolia 70 28000 46.38
6 Commelina benghalensis 10 2000 4.28
7 Justicea simplex 10 2000 4.28
8 Euphorbia hirta 10 2000 4.08
9 Heteropogon contortus 10 20000 15.57
10 Nephrolepis auriculata 60 74000 55.66
11 Chloris dolichostachya 30 16000 19.13
12 Cynoglosum zeylanicum 10 1000 4.99
13 Oplismenus compositus 10 2000 4.28
14 Apluda aristata 10 5000 7.01
15 Dicleptera bupluroides 10 2000 4.28
16 Cynodon dactylon 10 10000 8.09
Total 244000 2.07
V8 Upstream site 4 (Tadevia, right bank of Mahakali)
1 Boerhavia diffusa 20 4000 9.72
2 Parthenium hysterophorus 50 20000 86.41
3 Adiantum lunulatum 20 5000 9.87
4 Sida rhombifolia 30 7000 17.89
5 Commelina benghalensis 10 1000 3.95
6 Justicea simplex 20 6000 11.55
7 Euphorbia hirta 20 4000 9.21
8 Heteropogon contortus 10 8000 10.35
9 Nephrolepis auriculata 30 30000 31.97
10 Chloris dolichostachya 20 6000 11.55
11 Eragrostis tenella 10 5000 15.97
12 Achyranthes aspera 10 2000 5.39
13 Oplismenus compositus 20 6000 11.55
14 Apluda aristata 30 28000 32.36
15 Chrysopogon serrulatus 10 12000 16.56
16 Dicleptera bupluroides 10 2000 4.86
17 Cynodon dactylon 10 10000 10.66
Total 156000 2.48
V9 Upstream site 5 (Lupada, right bank of MahaMahakali river)
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S.N. Species Frequency
(F %)
Density
(Ind/ha) IVI H’
1 Heteropogon contortus 20 28000 23.10
2 Conyza stricta 20 8000 15.77
3 Parthenium hysterophorus 10 15000 24.22
4 Apluda aristata 30 32000 26.31
5 Scizesbeckia orientalis 10 4000 9.11
6 Neyraudia arundinacea 20 20000 19.11
7 Ageratum conyzoides 20 12000 13.36
8 Artemisia nilagirica 40 16000 36.46
9 Aleuritopteris doniana 10 6000 6.23
10 Stephania glabra 10 2000 4.17
11 Scutelaria linearis 30 10000 16.67
12 Ageratina adenophora 20 18000 29.29
13 Achyranthes aspera 10 4000 7.18
14 Sida acuta 20 7000 17.51
15 Boerhavia diffusa 10 4000 5.08
16 Chloris dolichostachya 10 4000 5.31
17 Thysanolaena latifolia 20 18000 27.91
18 Eriphorum comosum 10 5000 5.95
19 Xanthium strumarium 10 2000 7.33
Total 215000 2.67
IVI = Importance value Index; H= Shannon Diversity Index
Source: Field Study
C. Summer season
At sampling station downstream of dam site (right bank of Mahakali river)
(site,V1) Saccharum spontaneum was the dominant species having maximum
density (52000 plants/ha) during the field study in summer season. It was
followed by Ageratum conyzoides (28000 plant/ha) and Parthanium
hysterophorus (48000 plant/ha) in terms of density. As per IVI a value,
Heteropogon contortus was found to be dominant species (51.74) followed by
Saccharum spontaneum (43.85) and Cymbopogon martinii (36.85). The lowest
IVI of 1.41 was recorded for Xanthium indicum.
At sampling station near dam site (right bank of Mahakali) (V2), Parthanium
hysterophorus was found to be the dominant species having maximum density
(480000 plants/ha) during summer season. It was followed by Cymbopogon
martinii (46000 plants/ha) and Saccharum spontaneum (36000 plants/ha). In
terms of IVI, Maximum value was observed for Cymbopogon martinii (52.81
followed by Saccharum spontaneum (49.31) and Cynodon dactylon (35.12).
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The minimum value of IVI 2.41 was recoeded for Boerhavia diffusa. Frequency
value ranged from 10% to 50%.
At sampling station near dam site (downstream of Lupada, right bank of
Mahakali) (V3), Cynodon dactylon was found the dominant species having
maximum density (42000 plants/ha) during summer season. It was followed by
Saccharum spontaneum (38000 plants/ha) and Parthanium hysterophorus
(31000 plants/ha). Maximum value of IVI was observed for Chrysopogon
serrulatus (42.45) followed by Heteropogon contortus (38.09), Saccharum
spontaneum (35.41) and Cymbopogon martinii (32.14). The lowest value of IVI
(3.05) was recorded for Sida cordata.
At sampling station submergence area (downstream of confluence area i.e.
river Mahakali with Sarju) (V4), Heteropogon contortus was observed as the
dominant species having maximum density (680000 plants/ha). It was followed
by Eriophorum comosum (52000 plants/ha) and Parthanium hysterophorus
(40000 plants/ha) in terms of density. The highest value of IVI was observed for
Parthanium hysterophorus (46.32) followed by Heteropogon contortus (42.56),
Eriophorum comosum (35.76) and Cynodon dactylon (24.98). The lowest IVI of
3.07 was recorded for Chenopodium ambrosioides.
At sampling station upstream site (Punthuda, right bank of Sarju river) (V5),
Heteropogon contortus was found the dominant species having maximum
density (58000 plant/ha) and Saccharum spontaneum (48000 plants/ha).
Maximum value of IVI was observed for Imperata cylindrica (46.54) followed by
Saccharum spontaneum (38.60), Heteropogon contortus (37.87) and
Parthanium hysterophorus (34.76). The lowest value of IVI (1.76) was recorded
for Micromeria biflora. Frequency value ranged from 10% to 50%.
At sampling station upstream site (upstream of Punthuda, right bank of Sarju
river) (V6), Imperata cylindrica was found the dominant species having
maximum density (56000 plants/ha) during field study. It was followed by
Parthanium hysterophorus (46000 plants/ha) and Artemisia nilagirica (39000
plants/ha) in terms of density. Maximum value of IVI was observed for
Heteropogon contortus (39.58) followed by Imperata cylindrica (37.21) and
Parthanium hysterophorus (34.45). The lowest IVI of 1.32 was recorded for
Emilia sonchifolia. Frequency value ranged from 10% to 40%.
At sampling station upstream site (Pancheshwar, left bank of Sarju river) (V7),
Heteropogon contortus was found the dominant species having maximum
density (54000 plants/ha) during field study. Species like Parthanium
hysterophorus, Cynodon dactylon, Imperata cylindrica were the co-dominant
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species at this site. Maximum value of IVI was observed for Heteropogon
contortus (41.32) followed by Chrysopogon serrulatus (31.52) and Imperata
cylindrica (28.25). The lowest IVI of 1.85 was recorded for Malvastrum
coromandelianum.
At sampling station upstream site (Tadevia, right bank of Mahakali river) (V8),
Chrysopogon serrulatus was found the dominant species having maximum
density (77000 plants/ha) during field study. It was followed by Heteropogon
contortus (72000 plants/ha) and Parthanium hysterophorus (43000 plants/ha) in
terms of density. Maximum value of IVI was observed for Apluda mutica (50.15)
followed by Heteropogon contortus (46.25) and Imperata cylindrica (35.85). The
lowest IVI of 2.15 was recorded for Youngia japonica.
At sampling upstream site (Lupada, left bank of Mahakali river) (V9),
Phragmites karka was found the dominant species having maximum density
(64000 plants/ha) during field study. It was followed by Heteropogon contortus
(47000 plants/ha) and Imperata cylindrica (41000 plants/ha) in terms of density.
The highest value of IVI was observed for Parthanium hysterophorus (35.63)
followed by Heteropogon contortus (34.56) and Phragmites karka (26.26). The
lowest IVI of 1.54 was recorded for Euphorbia hirta. The details are given in
Table-9.8.
Table-9.8: Vegetational attributes of herbaceous vegetation of Pancheshwar
multipurpose project in Summer Season
Site Species
Frequency
(%)
Density
(/ha) IVI H’
V1, Downstream of Dam site (right bank of Maha Mahakali
river)
1 Achyranthes aspera 20 3000 2.36
2 Tridax procumbens 10 12000 5.21
4 Cymbopogon martinii 30 10000 36.85
5 Cynodon dactylon 30 4000 8.45
6 Saccharum spontaneum 40 52000 43.85
7 Artemisia scoparia 30 14000 6.35
8 Parthanium hysterophorus 20 24000 35.76
9 Xanthium indicum 10 2000 1.41
10 Chrysopogon serrulatus 20 8000 21.54
11 Heteropogon contortus 50 42000 51.74
12 Thysanolaena maxima 20 6000 4.62
13 Arthraxon lancifolius 30 4000 14.35
14 Ageratum conyzoides 20 28000 3.54
15 Conyza japonica 30 13000 25.36
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Site Species
Frequency
(%)
Density
(/ha) IVI H’
16 Bidens biternata 10 4000 8.36
17
Chenopodium
ambrosioides 10 3000 5.58
18 Rhynchosia minima 20 5000 7.45
19
Malvastrum
coromandelianum 10 6000 7.57
20 Sida cordata 20 2000 2.45
21 Lindernia ciliata 10 4000 4.58
Total
206000
2.53
V2 Near Dam site (right bank of MahaMahakali river)
1 Eragrostis tenallaHost. 20 32000 6.58
2 Saccharum spontaneum 40 36000 49.31
3 Tridax procumbens 30 26000 16.52
4 Conyza canadensis 20 8000 7.65
5 Achyranthes aspera 10 3000 5.25
6 Thysanolaena maxima 20 12000 14.63
7 Eclipta prostrata 20 4000 4.26
8 Cymbopogon martinii 50 46000 52.81
9 Cynodon dactylon 40 28000 35.12
10 Emilia sonchifolia 10 20000 7.25
11 Artemisia scoparia 30 32000 26.42
12 Parthanium hysterophorus 30 48000 32.25
13 Xanthium indicum 20 1000 6.59
14 Euphorbia hirta 10 4000 3.21
15 Ajuga parviflora 10 2000 8.24
16 Oxalis corniculata 20 6000 7.2
17 Solanum nigrum 10 8000 9.65
18 Equisetum ramosissimum 10 12000 4.65
19 Boerhavia diffusa 30 1400 2.41
Total
329400
2.27
V3 Dam site Upper stretch(downstream of Lupada, right
bank of MahaMahakali river)
1 Cymbopogon martinii 40 29000 32.14
2 Cynodon dactylon 30 42000 24.56
3 Saccharum spontaneum 30 38000 35.41
4 Sida cordifolia 10 6000 5.62
5 Tridax procumbens 20 2000 4.52
6 Conyza canadensis 30 1000 14.65
7 Artemisia scoparia 20 3000 13.21
8 Parthanium hysterophorus 30 31000 4.54
9 Xanthium indicum 10 2000 3.74
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Site Species
Frequency
(%)
Density
(/ha) IVI H’
10 Chrysopogon serrulatus 30 22000 42.45
11 Heteropogon contortus 40 24000 38.09
12 Thysanolaena maxima 20 12000 9.95
13 Arthraxon lancifolius 20 3000 4.85
14
Malvastrum
coromandelianum 10 6000 11.45
15 Sida cordata 20 2000 3.05
16 Lindernia ciliata 10 3000 7.95
17 Euphorbia hirta 20 4000 3.85
18 Ajuga parviflora 20 2000 15.42
19 Oxalis corniculata 20 6000 3.94
20 Solanum nigrum 10 4000 6.42
21 Justicia procumbens 30 18000 8.42
22 Conyza japonica 20 2000 6.47
Total
262000
2.24
V4 Sumergence area (downstream of confluence area, right
bank of MahaMahakali river)
1 Parthanium hysterophorus 30 40000 46.32
2 Xanthium indicum Koenig 20 4000 5.9
3 Chrysopogon serrulatus 30 16000 21.87
4 Heteropogon contortus 60 68200 42.46
5 Thysanolaena maxima 20 28000 12.65
6 Cynodon dactylon 40 32000 24.98
7 Ageratum conyzoides 20 24000 9.71
8 Conyza japonica 10 6000 8.65
9 Bidens biternata 20 2000 6.46
10
Chenopodium
ambrosioides 10 3000 2.07
11 Rhynchosia minima 10 1000 7.86
12
Malvastrum
coromandelianum 20 1200 8.21
13 Sida cordata 10 1800 5.43
14 Lindernia ciliata 20 2000 3.77
15 Eriophorum comosum 30 52000 35.76
16 Reinwardtia indica 10 2000 8.54
17 Artemisia nilagirica 20 14000 14.54
18 Phragmites karka 40 34000 16.43
19 Siegesbeckia orientalis 10 3000 3.65
20 Youngia japonica 10 2000 3.89
21 Cynoglossum lanceolatum 20 1000 4.4
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Site Species
Frequency
(%)
Density
(/ha) IVI H’
22 Vicia sativa 10 2000 6.45
Total
339200
2.35
V5 Upstream site 1 (Punthuda, right bank of Sarju)
1 Saccharum spontaneum 40 46000 38.6
2 Achyranthes aspera 10 5000 4.73
3 Tridax procumbens 20 6000 9.43
4 Parthanium hysterophorus 40 48000 34.76
5 Heteropogon contortus 50 58000 37.87
6 Arthraxon lancifolius 20 14000 14.86
7 Ageratum conyzoides 30 6000 10.76
8 Bidens biternata 10 2000 4.87
9
Malvastrum
coromandelianum 10 3000 5.32
10 Oxalis corniculata 20 4000 8.65
11 Imperata cylindrica 40 44000 46.54
12 Phragmites karka 20 22000 17.32
13 Micromeria biflora 20 6000 1.76
14 Nepeta hindostana 10 2000 3.05
15 Sida acuta Burm. 10 1000 4.76
16 Boerhavia diffusa 20 2000 12.76
17 Ajuga parviflora 20 4000 11.87
18 Eriophorum comosum 30 20000 20.54
19 Circium wallichii 20 24000 7.65
20 Oxalis corniculata 10 8000 3.9
Total
325000
2.28
V6 Upstream site 2 (upstream of Punthuda, right bank of
Sarju)
1 Artemisia nilagirica 40 39000 25.38
2 Neyraudia arundinacea 30 22000 20.36
3 Xanthium indicum Koenig 10 3000 5.14
4 Saccharum spontaneum 30 43000 21.88
5 Achyranthes aspera 10 6000 2.98
6 Tridax procumbens 20 2000 7.65
7 Parthanium hysterophorus 40 46000 34.45
8 Sida acuta Burm. 10 1000 4.36
9 Cynodon dactylon 30 32000 6.35
10 Conyza canadensis 20 3000 9.56
11 Artemisia scoparia 30 14000 26.1
12 Heteropogon contortus 40 34000 39.58
13 Arthraxon lancifolius 20 14000 8.65
14 Ageratum conyzoides 40 36000 26.45
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Site Species
Frequency
(%)
Density
(/ha) IVI H’
15 Bidens biternata 10 2000 6.55
16
Malvastrum
coromandelianum 20 2000 7.52
17 Oxalis corniculata 10 1000 4.26
18 Imperata cylindrica 50 56000 37.21
19 Phragmites karka 20 26000 8.25
20 Sida cordata 20 2000 5.14
21 Lindernia ciliata 10 1000 3.51
22 Emilia sonchifolia 10 1000 1.32
23 Euphorbia hirta 20 2000 3.52
Total
376000
2.19
V7 Upstream site 3 (Pancheshwar, left bank of Sarju)
1 Sida acuta 20 12000 7.35
2 Boerhavia diffusa 10 2000 9.25
3 Cynodon dactylon 30 42000 24.35
4 Conyza canadensis 20 18000 11.55
5 Artemisia scoparia 30 8000 18.26
6 Xanthium indicum 10 2000 3.56
7 Chrysopogon serrulatus 30 30000 31.52
8 Thysanolaena maxima 20 14000 13.56
9 Conyza japonica 30 4000 18.24
10
Chenopodium
ambrosioides 10 2000 7.25
11 Sida cordata 20 6000 4.95
12 Lindernia ciliata 10 2000 8.35
13 Parthanium hysterophorus 40 48000 26.54
14 Heteropogon contortus 40 54000 41.32
15 Arthraxon lancifolius 20 22000 19.9
16 Ageratum conyzoides 10 30000 15.25
17 Bidens biternata 10 2000 3.56
18
Malvastrum
coromandelianum 20 1000 1.85
19 Oxalis corniculata 10 3000 5.14
20 Imperata cylindrica 30 44000 28.25
Total 420 346000 300 2.05
V8 Upstream site 4 (Tadevia, right bank of Mahakali)
1 Tridax procumbens 20 18000 13.62
2 Parthanium hysterophorus 30 43000 28.25
3 Heteropogon contortus 40 72000 46.25
4 Arthraxon lancifolius 20 14000 9.25
5 Ageratum conyzoides 30 20000 24.36
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Site Species
Frequency
(%)
Density
(/ha) IVI H’
6 Bidens biternata 10 8000 5.08
7
Malvastrum
coromandelianum 10 4000 3.26
8 Oxalis corniculata 10 6000 7.01
9 Imperata cylindrica 40 76000 35.85
10 Apluda mutica 30 42000 50.15
11 Youngia japonica 20 4000 2.15
12 Micromeria biflora 10 2000 4.33
13 Nepeta hindostana 20 6000 7.45
14 Artemisia scoparia 20 24000 19.65
15 Xanthium indicum 10 1000 5.35
16 Chrysopogon serrulatus 30 77000 34.36
17 Sida cordata 10 1000 5.53
Total
343000
2.11
V9 Upstream site 5 (Lupada, right bank of Mahakali river)
1 Parthanium hysterophorus 30 42000 35.63
2 Sida acuta 10 8000 6.52
3 Micromeria biflora 10 4000 3.55
4 Cynodon dactylon 40 26000 41.1
5 Conyza canadensis 20 24000 23.52
6 Artemisia scoparia 20 41000 25.3
7 Heteropogon contortus 40 47000 34.56
8 Corchorus aestuans 10 8000 3.56
9 Ageratum conyzoides 20 28000 19.56
10 Bidens biternata 20 5000 6.25
11
Malvastrum
coromandelianum 10 14000 7.45
12 Oxalis corniculata 20 8000 9.36
13 Imperata cylindrica 30 45000 25.36
14 Phragmites karka 40 64000 30.21
15 Sida cordata 10 2000 6.26
16 Aleuritopteris doniana 10 3000 2.04
17 Emilia sonchifolia 20 13000 6.21
18 Euphorbia hirta 10 4000 1.54
19 Rumex hastatus 30 28000 12.02
Total
414000
2.37
Source: Field Study
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9.3.10 Species diversity
The diversity index value (H) for the tree layer ranged from 2.08 at site V4
(downstream of Confluence area, right bank of Mahakali river) to 2.64 at site V3
(downstream of Lupada, right bank of Mahakali river). The species diversity for
sapling and shrub strata ranged from 1.18 to 2.17 and 0.70 to 1.52, respectively
(Table-9.5). The low diversity in the tree layer especially at site V4
(submergence area), site V5 & site V6 can be attributed to the human activities
in the area. All the forest sites except the Dam site upper stretch are under
increasing biotic pressure due to timber, fuel-wood, fodder collection and
agricultural purposes. These pressures not only results in the degradation of
valuable forest but also affects the regeneration potential. The distribution of
plant species in this region depends largely on altitude and climatic variables.
Shrub diversity was recorded higher on the highly disturbed site (i.e.
submergence area) as compared to other forest sites because opening of
canopy provides high opportunity for the recruitment of shrubs.
The value of species diversity (H’) for the herbaceous layer in monsoon season
ranged from 1.87 (site V8, (Tadevia right bank of river Mahakali) to 2.80 (site
V3 (Pancheshwar dam site, right bank of river Mahakali), respectively (Table-
9.6). In winter season, species diversity ranged from 1.86 (At site, V4 to 2.67
(site,V9) in monsoon season (Table-9.7) while it was ranged from 2.05 ( site-
V1, downstream of dam site (right bank of Mahakali river) to 2.53 (site-V7,
Pancheshwar, left bank of Sarju) in summer season (Table-9.8). The greater
number of early colonizing herb on the disturbed site was due to anthropogenic
disturbances.
9.3.11 Lower plant diversity
Cryptogamic flora of Uttarakhand is very rich with a diverse species
composition. However, studies on this component of the flora are largely
lacking. The state represents about 521 species, 2 subspecies and 18 varieties
of lichens belonging to 125 genera under 48 families. Dixit and Kumar (2001)
listed 487 species of pteridophytes belonging to 108 genera and 50 families
from India, of these 10 species and 2 varieties confined their distribution only to
Uttarakhand. A list of some woodrotting fungi, mosses, lichens and ferns
recorded in the influence zone are given in Table-9.9:
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Table-9.9: List of lower plant species recorded from the study sites
Species Habit
Woodrotting Fungi
Atheliaceae
Daedalea dickinsii Epiphytic woodrotting fungi
Coniophoraceae
Laetiporus sulphureus Epiphytic woodrotting fungi
Phanerochetaceae
Fomes fomentarius Epiphytic woodrotting fungi
Hexagonia tenuis Epiphytic woodrotting fungi
Mosses
Polytrichaceae
Atrichum undulatum terrestrial moss
Funariaceae
Funaria hygrometrica terrestrial moss
Fissidentceae
Fissidens bryoides terrestrial moss
Dicranaceae
Campylopus gracilis terrestrial moss
Brachytheceae
Brachythecium campestre terrestrial/epiphytic moss
Liverworts
Aytoniaceae
Plagiochasma intermedium terrestrial
Marchantiaceae
Marchntia paleacea terrestrial
Anthocerotaceae
Anthoceros angustus terrestrial
Lichens
Parmeliaceae
Bulbothrix meizospora epiphytic lichen
Cladoniaceae
Cladonia cartilaginea epiphytic lichen
Physciaceae
Heteroderma diademata epiphytic lichen
Pteridophytes
Equisetaceae
Equisetum ramosissimum herb
Selginellaceae
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Seleginella chrysocaulos herb
Marsileaceae
Marsilea minuta herb
Gleicheniaceae
Dicranopteris linearis herb
Lygodiaceae
Lygodium flexuosum twining herb
Adiantaceae
Adiantum lunulatum herb
Adiantum capillus-veneris herb
Pteridaceae
Nephrolepis auriculata herb
Pteris vittata herb
Pteridiaceae
Pteridium aquilinum herb
Sinopteridaceae
Aleuritopteris doniana herb
Source: Srivastava & Singh, 2005 ; Dandotiya et al, 2011, Prasar & Lalita, 2013,
Alam, 2013
9.3.12 Economically important plants
Medicinal plants
Uttarakhand is one of the remotest hilly states in India and harbours the highest
number of plant species known for medicinal properties among all the Indian
Hiamlayan states (Kala, 2004). The majority of the human population lives in
the rural areas. The local people inhabited in the various pockets of forest
areas use these plants in various ailments for curing their diseases. Due to
isolation and poor access to modern medical facilities, the inhabitants of the
area still dependent on traditional Vaidyas for treating diseases (Nautiyal &
Dewan 2001; Nautiyal & Gaira, 2004; Dhyani & Kala 2005; Kala 2000, 2005;
Gangwar et al, 2010).
Some of the plants like Achyranthes aspera, Acorus calamus, Aegle marmelos,
Artemisia nilagirica, Celastrus paniculatus, Clerodendrum serratum, Holarrhena
pubescens, Murraya koenigii, Oroxylum indicum, Stephania glabra, Terminalia
chebula, Tinospora cordifolia, Tridex parviflora, Viola biflora, etc are important
medicinal plants occurring in the lower foot hill of tropical zone. The list of some
medicinally important plant species found in the project area given in Table-
9.10.
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Table-9.10: Some important medicinal plants of the project area
Sl.No. Plant Species Vern./ Local Name Part/s used
Menispermaceae
1. Stephania glabra Gindaru Tuber
2. Tinospora cordifolia Gileh Stem
Bombacaceae
3. Bombax ceiba Semal Fibre,Vegetables
Malvaceae
4. Sida rhombifolia Khrenti Roots
5. Urena lobata Sokomara Roots
Sterculaceae
6. Abroma angusta Ulatkambal Capsule
Rutaceae
7. Aegle marmelos Bel Leaves; Fruits
Meliaceae
8. Melia azedarach Bakyan Fruit
Celastraceae
9. Celastrus paniculata Jyotishmati Roots
Papilionaceae
10. Ougeinia oojeinensis Sandan Bark, leaves
Mimosaceae
11. Acacia catechu Khair Bark
Combretaceae
12. Terminalia chebula - Fruit
13. Anoegeissus latifolia Dhaura Bark
Myrtaceae
14. Syzygium cumini Jamun Fruits
Lythraceae
15. Woodfordia fruticosa Dha Flowers
Rubiaceae
16. Randia dumetorum Mindphal Fruits
Asteraceae
17. Ageratum conyzoides - Leaves
18. Artemisia nilagirica Kunja Leaves, flower buds
Apocynaceae
19. Holarrhena pubescens Indra-jau Fruits
Asclepiadceae
20. Cryptolepis buchanani Dudi Leaves, roots
Bignoniaceae
21. Oroxylum indicum Pharri Bark
Verbenaceae
22. Clerodendrum serratum Begyo Roots
23. Vitex negundo Ningori Leaves
Nyctaginaceae
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24. Boerhavia diffusa Punernava Whole plant
Amaranthaceae
25. Achyranthes aspera Chirchita Leaves
Euphorbiaceae
26. Sapium insigne Khina Leaves
27. Phyllanthus emblica Amla Fruit
28. Euphorbia hirta Dudhi Roots
Canabinaceae
29. Cannabis sativa Bhang Leaves
Liliaceae
30. Asparagus racemosus Satawar Roots
Acoraceae
31. Acorus calamus Vach Rhizome
9.3.13 Edible Plants
There are large numbers of edible flowering plants found wild in the area and
used in the daily life in the form of fruits, flowers, rhizomes, tubers, leaves, etc.
These include: Fruits of Aegle marmelos, Bassia latifolia, Ficus palmata, F.
semicordata, Rubus ellipticus, Syzygium cumini, Zizyphus mauritiana, etc are
eaten at ripening, Flower buds and fruits cooked as vegetables such as
Bauhinia purpurea, Bombax ceiba, Ficus auriculata, etc. Roots/rhizomes of
Colocasia esculenta (Arabi), Dioscorea bulbifera (Genthi), D. alata (Teru) and
young leaves of Urtica dioica (Kandali) and Girardinia diversifolia (Dholan) are
cooked as vegetables.
9.3.14 Timber Yielding Plants
Important timber yielding species of the project area include Adina cordifolia
(Haldu), Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham), Ougeinia oojeinensis (Sandan), Pinus
roxburghii (Chir), Shorea robusta (Sal), Terminalia tomentosa (Asan) and
Toona ciliate (Toon).
9.3.15 Fibre Yielding Plants
The important fibre yielding species of the area are Bombax ceiba, Bauhinia
vahlii, Cannabis sativa, Grewia optiva, Gerardiana diversifolia, etc.
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9.3.16 Rarity and Endemism
As per Red Data Book of Indian plants and following IUCN red list of
Threatened plants, no rare, endemic and threatened plant species are reported
from the project area.
Rupaligad (Khet) Dam axis site Downstream area of Rupaligad dam
D/S of Pancheshwar dam axis Pancheshwar Dam axis site
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Plate-9.1: Confluence of MahaMahakali and Sarju river at Pancheshwar
Murraya koenigii Calotropis procera
Boehmeria rugulosa Euphorbia royleana
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Vitex negundo Tamarix ericoides
Plate-9.2: Shrub diversity in the study area
Solanum nigrum Portulaca sp
Thysanolaena maxima Artemisia nilagirica
Plate-9.3: Some herbaceous species found in the study area
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Adiantum capillus- veneri
s(terrestrial fern) Pteris vittata(terrestrial fern)
Mosses Plasmochasma intermedium
(Liverworts)
Nephrolepis auriculata (terrestrial fern)
Plate-9.4- Lower plant diversity in study area
CHAPTER-10
FAUNAL ASPECTS
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CHAPTER-10
FAUNAL ASPECTS
10.1 INTRODUCTION
The zone of influence of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project is characterized by
highly undulating topography; the tall forested mountains are intersected by
deep river gorges in the vicinity. The Influence area extends nearly from 400 m
to 2100 m and covered with tropical, sub-tropical and temperate elements.
Entire region is arid for most of the months in general and experienced with
heavy rains in monsoon season. The elevational variation and composite land
use/land cover in such small area make this region fairly rich and diverse in the
floral and faunal elements.
Left bank of Mahakali river in the influence zone comes under the jurisdiction of
Nepal while right bank falls in Indian territory. Nepalese territory harbours rich
forest cover and sparse human population. Indian territory is relatively rich in
human population and agricultural activities. Though, entire influence area is
sparse in human population density.
The proposed Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project envisages one of the highest
dams in India and Nepal, which would lead to significant impacts on the
ecological, religious and spiritual values of this region. On the other hand, it is
anticipated as a milestone in the water and energy sector of India as well as
Nepal. This study is aimed to collect the baseline data on mammals, avifauna,
herpetofauna and invertebrate fauna of this region. Understanding of the
baseline data would be help in delineating the ecological vulnerability of this
region, predicting the likely impacts and consequently in formulating the
suitable conservation strategy.
10.2 FAUNAL AFFINITIES
The present study area is a transitional zone between Western Nepal and
Eastern Uttarakhand (Central Himalaya). It harbours mostly Palaearctic
elements; however, some of the faunal elements below tree line are common
between oriental and Palaearctic regions.
10.3 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE STUDY
Primary surveys for the fauna in the influence area and project component area
were conducted in various seasons. The baseline information on the faunal
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elements was collected through primary surveys and with the help of available
scientific literature. Primary surveys include direct and indirect evidences.
During the primary surveys, species belonging to mammals, birds, reptiles,
amphibia, butterflies and other insects were spotted at the various sites of
influence area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project.
The avifauna and butterflies of the study sites have been documented through
Direct Observations. Random Walks and Opportunistic Observations during
early morning (6:00 to 10:00 hrs.) and evening (17:00 to 19:00 hrs) for birds
using a pair of binoculars and noon (11:00 to 14:00) for butterflies were carried
out during the field surveys.
Grewal et al. (2002) and Harbal (1992) were used to identify birds and
butterflies species, respectively.
For mammals both direct and indirect methods have been used as a part of the
study. Indirect evidences like tracks and signs (e.g. footprints/pugmarks, calls,
signs and scats) along with Visual Encounter Surveys have been used. In
addition, presence of species was confirmed indirectly with the help of species’
calls, presence of trophies and hides and by interviewing the local people.
The secondary literature was not available, particularly for the study area,
however, information through secondary sources from the catchment and
surrounding areas were also used to prepare the inventory. The important
secondary sources used in this study comprise of Sinha (1995), Everard and
Kataria (2010), Husain and Ray (1995), Ray (1995).
10.4 BIODIVERSITY
10.4.1 Mammals
The presence of a total of 43 species of mammals could be confirmed from the
Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project area and its surroundings. The species
belonged to 17 families and are listed in Table-10.1.
The species belonging to Soricidae are common in the settlement area while
bats inhabit agricultural fields, rocks and settlement areas. About 11 species of
bats from three families could be confirmed from this region including left bank of
Mahakali –Kali river in Nepal. Family Cercopithecidae comprised of observed 2
species namely Semnopithecus entellus and Macaca mulatta. Both are common
in the study area.
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The cat family is represented by three species Panthera pardus and Felis chaus
are common in distribution while Felis viverrina is rarely observed in the study
area. In the lower reaches (foothills) Panthera tiger is also reported.
The dog family includes Canis aureus indicus and Vulpes bengalensis. The
former is found in the open places and spotted by locals frequently. Vulpes
bengalensis dwells dense forests especially on the left bank of MahaMahakali
river.
Ursidae was represented by Ursus thibetanus (Black Bear) and Ursus arctos
(Brown Bear). Black bear is reported to descend in lower reaches and invade
settlement areas. Brown Bear inhabit relatively higher elevations of the study
area.
The family Mustelidae is represented by 5 species, of which Martes flavigula is
common in the study area. All three species of Otters are reported from Sarju,
Mahakali and Sharda rivers (see Everard and Kataria, 2010).
Family Viverridae includes three species; Herpestes edwardsi is common
among them and is found in open places and along the road sides. Wild Boar
(Family Suidae) is another common mammalian species of the study area. It is
reported to invade agricultural fields and sometimes encounters with local
people.
The family Cervidae is represented by three species, Muntiacus muntjak is
relatively common in the study area. Its call is generally reported from the inner
forests. Remaining two species of Cervidae dwell in the inner forests.
The family Bovidae comprises of Goral and Serow, both are found in dense and
inner forests especially in the territory of Nepal. Other small mammals in the
study area are Lepus nigricollis, Petaurista petaurista, Hystrix indica, mice and
rats. Lepus nigricollis and Hystrix indica inhabit scrubs while Petaurista
petaurista is found in the dense forests.
Table-10.1: List of Mammalian species observed influence area along with their
conservation status
S.N. Common Name Scientific Name IUCN
(2015)
IWPA
(1972)
Family: Soricidae
1 Sikkim Large Clawed
Shrew
Soriculus nigrescens LC -
2 House Shrew Suncus murinus LC _
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S.N. Common Name Scientific Name IUCN
(2015)
IWPA
(1972)
3 Pygmy Shrew Suncus etruscus LC _
Family: Pteropidae
4 Fruit Bat Rousettus leschenaulti LC V
5 Indian Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus LC -
6 Short-nosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus sphinx LC -
Family:Megadermatidae
7 Greater Horse-shoe Bat Rhinolophus
ferrumequinum
LC -
8 Horse-shoe Bats Rhinolophus spp. LC -
9 Himalayan Leaf-nosed
Bat
Hipposideros armiger LC -
Family:Vespertilionidae
10 Horsfield’s Bat Myotis siligorensis LC -
11 India Pipistrelle Pipistrellus coromandra LC -
12 Indian Pygmy pipistrelle Pipistrellus mimus LC -
13 Long-eared Bat Plecotus auritus LC -
14 Hutton’s Bat Murina huttoni LC -
Family:Cercopithecidae
15 Common Langur Semnopithecus entellus LC II
16 Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta LC II
Family:Felidae
17 Leopard Panthera pardus NT I
18 Jungle cat Felis chaus LC II
19 Fishing Cat Felis viverrina - I
Family:Canidae
20 Jackal Canis aureus indicus LC II
21 Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis LC II
Family:Ursidae
22 Himalayan Black Bear Ursus thibetanus VU II
23 Himalayan Brown Bear Ursus arctos LC I
Family:Mustelidae
24 Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula LC II
25 Yellow-bellied Weasel Mustela kathiah LC II
26 Eurasian otter Lutra lutra NT II
27 Smooth-coated Otter Lutra perspicillata VU I
28 Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinereus VU I
Family:Viverridae
29 Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica LC II
30 Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata LC II
31 Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi LC IV
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S.N. Common Name Scientific Name IUCN
(2015)
IWPA
(1972)
Family:Suidae
32 Wild Boar Sus scrofa LC III
Family:Cervidae
33 Barking Deer Muntiacus muntjak LC III
34 Hog deer Axis porcinus EN
35 Sambar Rusa unicolor VU III
Family:Bovidae
36 Serow Capricornis
sumatraensis
VU
37 Goral Naemorhedus goral NT III
Family:Leporidae
38 Indian Hare Lepus nigricollis LC IV
Family:Sciuridae
39 Giant Flying Squirrel Petaurista petaurista LC IV
Family:Histricidae
40 Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica LC IV
Family:Muridae
41 House Rat Rattus rattus LC V
42 Field Mouse Mus booduga LC V
43 House Mouse Mus musculus LC V
LC = Least Concerned; VU = Vulnerable; EN = Endangered
Conservation Status
The conservation status of mammals reported from the study area has been
assessed by using IUCN (2015) and IWPA (1972) criteria. Out of 43 species in
the IUCN redlist, 33 species belonged ‘least concerned’ category. Hog Deer
(Axis porcinus) is only ‘endangered species’ in the study area. It inhabits dense
and inner forests. Under the ‘vulnerable’ category, Smooth-coated Otter (Lutra
perspicillata) and Small-clawed Otter (Aonyx cinereus) are reported from
Mahakali river. Himalayan Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus), Sambar (Rusa
unicolor) and Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis) are found in the inner forests
area. No hunting pressures on threatened species were observed in the study
area.
10.4.2 Avifauna
The area is rich in avifauna diversity. No secondary source on the bird species,
particularly from the defined study area is available. Field studies were
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conducted for 3 seasons to collect the information on the avifauna. Primary
survey was carried for three seasons.
During primary survey, a total of 70 species from 26 families were recorded
from the study area. Out of 70 species 56 were recorded in monsoon season,
52 in summer while 47 species in winter season. Muscicapidae was largest
family (7 species) followed by Phylloscopidae (5 species). The details of
various avi-faunal species recorded from the study area in various seasons are
given in Table-10.2.
Blue Rock Pigeon (Columba livia), Spotted Turtle Dove (Streptopelia
chinensis), White-breasted Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis), Red-billed Magpie
(Urocissa erythrorhyncha), Himalayan Tree Pie (Dendrocitta formosae) and
White-cheeked Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogenys) were most abundant species
in the defined study area during monsoon season, Red-billed Magpie (Urocissa
erythrorhyncha), Himalayan Tree Pie (Dendrocitta formosae), White-capped
Redstart (Chaimarrornis leucocephalus) species are commonly spotted in
summer season. In winter season Slaty-headed Parakeet (Psittacula
himalayana), Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala), Grey-headed
Parakeet (Psittacula finschii), Chestnut-headed Bee-eater (Merops
leschenaulti), White-capped Redstart (Chaimarrornis leucocephalus),
Plumbeous Water Redstart (Rhyacornis fuliginosa), White-crested
Laughingthrush (Garrulax leucolophus), Grey treepie (Dendrocitta formosae),
Jungle Babbler (Turdoides striata) dominated the over avifaunal community in
the study area.
The rarely spotted species included Black Kite (Milvus migrans), Crested
Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela), White Crested Kaleej Pheasant (Lophura
leucomelana), Asian Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), Garhwal Pied Woodpecker
(Picoides himalayensis) and an Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus)
(Juvenile) in monsoon season and Pallid harrier (Circus macrourus), Blue-
bearded bee-eater (Nyctyornis athertoni), European green woodpecker (Picus
viridis) and Brown-capped pygmy woodpecker (Yungipicus nanus) in winter
season.
Considering the migratory habit of bird species in the influence area, nearly
51% were sparse resident comprising of altitudinal migrant, and low altitude
resident. Widespread resident birds accounted for nearly 41% of the total
species. Summer visitors included Tickell’s Leaf Warbler (Phylloscopus affinis),
and Asian Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). The species including Pallid
harrier (Circus macrourus) and Chestnut-headed Bee-eater (Merops
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leschenaultia) are considered migratory and local migratory species in the
study area.
Table-10.2: Avi-faunal species recorded from the study area of Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project during primary survey in various seasons
S.N. Family/Common Name Scientific Name Habit Conservation
status
Accipitridae
1 Egyptian Vulture
Neophron
percnopterus r EN IV
2 Black Kite Milvus migrans r LC IV
3 Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela r LC IV
4 Pallid harrier Circus macrourus P NT IV
5 Phasianidae IV
6 Black Partridge
Francolinus
francolinus R LC IV
7
White Crested Kaleej
Pheasant
Lophura
leucomelana R - IV
Psittaculidae
8 Slaty-headed Parakeet
Psittacula
himalayana R IV
9 Grey-headed Parakeet Psittacula finschii R NT IV
10 Plum-headed Parakeet
Psittacula
cyanocephala R LC IV
Columbidae
11 Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia R LC IV
12 Ring Dove
Streptopelia
decaocta R LC IV
13 Spotted Turtle Dove
Streptopelia
chinensis R LC IV
Cuculidae
14 Asian Cuckoo Cuculus canorus S LC IV
Alcedinidae
15 Himalayan Pied Kingfisher Ceryle lugubris r LC IV
16 White-breasted Kingfisher
Halcyon
smyrnensis R LC IV
Meropidae
17 Small Green Bee Eater Merops orientalis R LC IV
18 Chestnut-headed Bee-eater
Merops
leschenaulti p LC IV
19 Blue-bearded Bee-eater
Nyctyornis
athertoni r LC IV
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S.N. Family/Common Name Scientific Name Habit Conservation
status
Upupidae
20 Hoopoe Upupa epops R LC IV
Megalaimidae
21 Coppersmith Barbet
Psilopogon
haemacephalus R LC IV
22 Great Barbet Megalaima virens R LC IV
Picidae
23 Golden-backed Woodpecker
Dinopium
benghalensis R LC IV
24 Garhwal Pied Woodpecker
Picoides
himalayensis r LC IV
25
European Green
Woodpecker Picus viridis r LC IV
26
Brown-capped Pygmy
Woodpecker Picoides nanus r LC IV
Lanidae
27 Rufous-backed Shrike Lanius schach R LC IV
Sturnidae
28 Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis R LC IV
Corvidae
29 Red-billed Magpie
Urocissa
erythrorhyncha r LC IV
30 Northern Tree Pie
Dendrocitta
vagabunda r LC IV
31 Himalayan Tree Pie
Dendrocitta
formosae R LC IV
32 Jungle Crow
Corvus
macrorhynchos R LC IV
Campephagidae
33 Long-tailed Minivet
Pericrocotus
ethologus r LC IV
Dicruridae
34 Black Drongo
Dicrurus
macrocercus R LC IV
35 Ashy Drongo
Dicrurus
leucophaeus r LC IV
Pycnonotidae
36 White-cheeked Bulbul
Pycnonotus
leucogenys R LC IV
37 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer r LC IV
38 Black bulbul Hypsipetes R LC IV
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S.N. Family/Common Name Scientific Name Habit Conservation
status
leucocephalus
Leiothrichidae
39
White-throated Laughing
Thrush
Garrulax
albogularis r LC IV
30 Streaked Laughing Thrush Garrulax lineatus R LC IV
40
White-crested
Laughingthrush
Garrulax
leucolophus R LC IV
Sittidae
41 Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Sitta frontalis r LC IV
42 Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus r LC IV
Muscicapidae
43 Small Niltava
Muscicapa
macgrigorie r LC IV
44 Verditer Flycatcher
Muscicapa
thalassina r LC IV
45 Slaty-Blue Flycatcher Ficedula tricolor r LC IV
46 Spotted Forktail
Enicurus
maculates R LC IV
47 Plumbeous Redstart
Rhyacornis
fulginosus r LC IV
48 White-capped Redstart
Chaimarrornis
leucocephalus r LC IV
49 Blue Whistling Thrush
Myiophonus
caeruleus LC IV
Rhiphiduridae
50
White-throated Fantail
Flycatcher Rhipidura albicollis R LC IV
Phylloscopidae
51 Tickell’s Leaf Warbler
Phylloscopus
affinis S LC IV
52 Greenish Leaf Warbler
Phylloscopus
trochiloides r LC IV
53 Hume’s Warbler
Phylloscopus
humei r LC IV
54 Blythy Leaf Warbler
Phylloscopus
reguloides r LC IV
55 Grey-headed Warbler
Seicercus
xanthoschistos r LC IV
Turdidae
56 Indian Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis r LC IV
57 Pied Bush Chat Saxicola caprata r LC IV
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S.N. Family/Common Name Scientific Name Habit Conservation
status
58 Grey-winged Black Bird Turdus boulboul r LC IV
Nectarniidae
59 Crimson Sunbird Aethopyga siparaja r LC IV
60 Mrs Gould Sunbird
Aethopyga
gouldiae r LC IV
Purple sunbird Nectarinia asiaticus R LC IV
Cinclidae
61 Himalayan Brown Dipper Cinculus pallasii r LC IV
Paridae
62 Grey Tit Parus major R LC IV
63 Yellow-cheeked Tit Parus xanthogenys r LC IV
64 Cinereous Tit Parus cinereus r - IV
65 Himalayan black-lored Tit
Machlolophus
xanthogenys r - -
Certhidae
66 Himalayan Tree Creeper Certhia himalayana r LC IV
Motacillidae
67 Grey Wagtail Motacilla caspica r LC IV
68 White Wagtail Motacilla alba wm LC IV
69 White-browed wagtail
Motacilla
maderaspatensis R LC IV
Passeridae
70 House Sparrow Passer domesticus R LC IV
R = resident, r = local/sparse resident, S = summer visitor, P = Migratory, p = local
migratory, wm = winter migrant, LC = least concerned
Conservation Status
In monsoon season all species (except Neophron percnopterus) recorded
during primary survey were categorised as ‘least concerned’ under IUCN redlist
(IUCN, 2015). Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) which was recorded
during primary survey is an ‘endangered’ species. In winter season Pallid
Harrier (Circus macrourus) and Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula
cyanocephala) were observed which is categorised as ‘near threatened’
species. All species of birds recorded during the survey were placed under
Schedule IV of IWPA (1972).
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10.4.3 Herpetofauna
Herpetofauna of influence area comprises of more than 29 species, of which 21
species are reptilian (7 families) and 8 species belong to amphibia (3 families).
The species belonging to Gekkonidae and Agamidae are common in the study
area. Colubridae is largest family, comprising 7 species. In the amphibia Indian
Bull Frog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus), Himalayan Toad (Duttafrynus
himalayanus) and Asian Common Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) are
generally distributed in and around the settlement areas near damp places,
ditches and small streams. Skittering Frog (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis),
Blanford's Frog (Rana blandordii) and Asian Grass Frog (Fejervarya
limnocharis) are distributed in dense forests especially on the left banks of
Mahakali river (Nepal). The Herpitofaunal species inhabiting the study area of
Pancheshwar multipurpose project are given in Table-10.3.
Field Studies
During the field survey in monsoon and summer season three species of
reptiles were spotted from different sites. Rock Lizard (Agma tuberculata) was
spotted from different sites (river bank near dam site), near Pancheshwar
temple and uphills (Kimtoli). Similarly Mountain Lizard (Japalura umainensis)
was common in the study area and recorded from different sites. Common
Trinket Snake (Elaphe helena) was spotted from about 1500 m near Kimtoli
area. In the winter and summer season Rock Lizard (Agma tuberculata) and
Indian Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor) were recorded abundantly from
different sites of study area including riparian zone. Ground Sking (Scincella
himalayanum) was spotted from uphill area of Khet village area. In addition,
local people revealed the presence of Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis),
Cobra (Naja kaothia) and many other species of snakes like Krait etc. from the
defined study area. In the amphibian none of the Frog species could be
located (Refer Table-10.3).
Table-10.3: Herpetofaunal species inhabiting the study area of Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project
S.No Family/Common Name Scientific Name IUCN
(2015)
IWPA
(1972)
Reptile: Family: Gekkonidae
1.
Spotted Indian House
Gecko Hemidactylus brookii - -
2.
Yellow-bellied House
Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis - -
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S.No Family/Common Name Scientific Name IUCN
(2015)
IWPA
(1972)
Family: Agamidae
3. Rock Lizard Agma tuberculata - -
4. Indian Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor - -
5. Mountain Lizard Japalura kumainensis - -
Family: Varanidae
6. Monitor Lizard Varanus bengalensis LC II
Family: Scincidae
7. Common Skink Eutropis carinata LC -
8. Little Skink Mabuya macularia - -
9. Ground Skink Scincella himalayanum - -
Family: Colubridae
10. Common Kukri Snake Oligodon arnensis - IV
11. Striped Keel Back Amphiesma platyceps - IV
12. Chekered Keel Back Xenochrophis piscator - II
13. Common Trinket Snake Elaphe helena - IV
14. Himalayan Trinket Snake Elaphe hodgsoni - IV
15. Rat Snake Ptyas mucosus II
16. Himalayan Cat Snake Boiga multifasciata DD IV
Family: Elapidae
17. Common Krait Bungarus caeruleus - IV
18. Banded krait Bungarus fasciatus LC IV
19. Cobra Naja kaothia LC II
Viperidae
20. Russell’s Viper Vipera russelli - II
21. Himalayan Pit Viper
Agkistrodon
himalayanus - IV
Amphibia: Family: Dicroglossidae
22. Blanford's Frog Rana blandordii - IV
23. Skittering Frog
Euphlyctis
cyanophlyctis LC IV
24. Asian Grass Frog Fejervarya limnocharis LC IV
25. Indian Bull Frog
Hoplobatrachus
tigerinus LC IV
Family: Bufonidae
26. Himalayan Toad
Duttafrynus
himalayanus LC -
27. Asian Common Toad
Duttaphrynus
melanostictus LC -
28. Indian Marbled Toad
Duttaphrynus
stomaticus LC -
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S.No Family/Common Name Scientific Name IUCN
(2015)
IWPA
(1972)
Family: Rhacophoridae
29. Indian Tree Frog Polypedates maculatus LC -
LC = least concerned
Conservation Status
Out of 29 species of herpetofauna, only 12 species are assessed under the
IUCN (2015) redlist. All species except Himalayan Cat Snake (Boiga
multifasciata) are considered as ‘least concerned’. Himalayan Cat Snake is
categorised as ‘data deficient’. Likewise, rare herpetofauna have been placed
under the Schedule list of IWPA (1972). A total of 18 species are considered
under the Schedule list, of which 12 are Schedule IV. Important Schedule II
species are Cobra (Naja kaothia), Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosus), Chekered Keel
Back (Xenochrophis piscator), and Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis).
10.4.4 Butterflies
The influence area of proposed Pancheshwar Multipurpose project falls in the
tropical limits of Central Himalaya. The area records high temperature in the
summer and monsoon seasons and forms a conducive environ for the butterfly.
Nevertheless, the butterfly diversity is less as compared to Eastern Himalaya.
During primary survey, a total of 47 species of butterfly were recorded from the
study area, of which monsoon season recorded 38 species of 6 families, winter
season recorded 23 species of 5 families and 32 species recorded in summer
season). The species like Common Rose (Pachliopta aristolochiae), Lime
Butterflly (Papilio demoleus), Common Mormon (Papilio polytes), Punchinello
(Zemeros flegyas), Common Sailer (Neptis hylas), Blue Bottle (Graphium
sarpedon), Large Cabbage White (Pieris brassicae), Pale Colored Yellow
(Colias erate), Indian Red Admiral (Vanessa indica) and Club Beak (Libythia
myrrha myrrha) were common speciesSmall Yellow Sailer (Neptis miah), and
Common Fivering (Ypthima baldus) were most common species in the study
area, recorded from all sampling sites. Rare raxa recorded from a few sites
were Dark Judy (Abisara fylla), Sorrel Sapphire (Heliophorus sena), Common
Jester (Symbrenthia liaea) and Himalayan Dart (Potanthus dara).
Nymphalidae was largest family, comprised of more than 50% of the total
species. Family Hespiridae is represented by a single species in monsoon
season. The wet places around the streams and river Sarju was found to be
most preferred habitat of butterfly. Majority of the Papilionidae congregated on
such habitats. A few species like Common Fivering, Sorrel Sapphire, Dark Judy
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etc. were identified as forested species. The list of bitterfly species recorded
from the Study Area along with conservation status is given in Table-10.4.
Table-10.4: Butterfly species recorded from the Study Area of Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project during field studies
S. No. Common Name Scientific Name IUCN
(2015)
IWPA
(1972)
1 Lime Butterflly Papilio demoleus - -
2 Common Mormon Papilio polytes - -
3 Common Peacock Papilio polyctor - -
4 Paris Peacock Papilio paris - -
5 Common Rose
Pachliopta
aristolochiae - -
6 Common Blue Bottle Graphium sarpedon - -
7 Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe - -
8 Indian Cabbage White Pieris canidia - -
9 Large Cabbage White Pieris brassicae - -
10 Pale Colored Yellow Colias erate - -
11 Dwarf Clouded Yellow Colias electo - -
12 Brimestone Gonepteryx sp. - -
13 Spot Puffin Appias lalage - -
14 Common Brimstone Gonepteryx rhamni -
15 Common Emigrant Catopsilia pomona - -
16 Mottled Emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe - -
17 Dark Judy Abisara fylla - -
18 Punchinello Zemeros flegyas - -
19 Sorrel Sapphire Heliophorus sena - -
20 Common Line Blue Prosotas nora - -
21 White Bordered Copper Lycaena panava - -
22 Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus - -
23 Common Tiger Danaus sitta - -
24 Blue Tiger Tirumala hamata - -
25 Small Tawny wall Rhaphicera moorei - -
26 Lilacin Bushbrown Mycalesis francisca - -
27
Common Evening
Brown Melanitis leda - -
28 Common Baron Euthalia aconthea - -
29 Common Earl Tanaecia julii - -
30 Common Sailer Neptis hylas - -
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S. No. Common Name Scientific Name IUCN
(2015)
IWPA
(1972)
28 Small Yellow Sailer Neptis miah - -
31 Common Jester Symbrenthia liaea - -
32 Common Crow Euploea core core LC IV
33 Common Fivering Ypthima baldus - -
34 Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta LC -
35 Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias - -
36 Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita - -
37 Indian Red Admiral Vanessa indica - -
38 Blue Red Admiral Kaniska canace - -
39 Grey Count Tanaecia lepidea - -
40 Western Courtier Sephisa dichrora -
41 Common Forester Lethe insana insana - II
42 The Painted Lady Cynthia cardui - -
43 Indian Tortoishell Aglais cachmirensis - -
44 Staff Sergent
Parathyma
selenophora - -
45 Club Beak
Libythia myrrha
myrrha - -
46 Common Beak Libythia lepita lepita - -
47 Himalayan Dart Potanthus dara - -
Source: Field Survey
Conservation Status
Out of 38 species, only 2 species have been assessed for their conservation
status under IUCN (2015) redlist. Both species - Common Crow (Euploea core
core), and Common Fivering (Ypthima baldus) are ‘least concerned’. In IWPA
(1972) Schedule list Common Crow (Euploea core core) has been considered
as Schedule IV species.
10.4.5 Other Invertebrates
Other invertebrates described here are relatively important from the ecological
point of view. Besides butterfly, Lepidoptera includes important taxa of moths.
The important moth taxa expected to inhabit environ of Pancheshware area are
Trabala vishnou, Sameodes cancellalis, Goniorhynchus signatalis, Psyra
similaria, Spilosoma, Diarsia albipennis etc. Most common Odonata species in
the surroundings of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project are Eastern Pondhawk
(Erythemis simplicicollis), and Copper Demoiselle (Calopteryx
haemorrhoidalis). Other common Odonata species are Calicnemia maheshii,
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Himalagrion pithoragarhicus, Ischnura senegalensis, Megalestis major. Most
common species of Coleopteara are Amaria batesi, Chaenius laetiusulcus,
Chaenius pulcher, Chaenius punctastriatus, Xuthera orientalis etc. In addition
there are various other species of aquatic insects under the order
Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Diptera, Placeptera, etc which are described
separately in this report. Annelids mainly represented by Pharetima posthuma
and larger crustacean includes Paratelphusa masoniana.
10.5 ASKOT WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
Askot Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the middle of a snow covered peak in the
Kumaon Himalayan at an elevation of 1620 m in the Indian state of
Uttarakhand. The Askot Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1986 with the
object of conserving the musk deer and its habitat. Though the musk deer are
present in significant numbers in the sanctuary, they require further protection
as they are an endangered species.
Askot Wildlife Sanctuary, with altitude range from 600 m to 6,905 m is located
in district Pithoragarh. It lies between coordinates 29°46'45" to 30°27'45"N
latitude and 81°01'53" to 80°16'25"E longitude and covers almost 600 km2. The
river Kali forms the international boundary and separates it from Nepal in the
east and to the west it is bounded by West Almora Forest Division, to the north
by Tibet and the south by Pithoragarh Forest Division.
The Askot sanctuary has a large collection of herbs, shrubs, trees and climbers.
The sanctuary has a rich vegetation of Teak, Grevelia, Eucalyptus etc. This
sanctuary has been set up primarily with the objective of conserving Musk deer
(Moschus leucogaster) and its habitat. The other mammal species found in this
sanctuary include Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, Himalayan Jungle Cat, Civet,
Barking Deer, Serow, Goral, Himalayan Brown Bear. Many species of high
altitude avi-fauna are also found in this sanctuary.
The musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) belongs to the family Moschidae and
genus Moschus one of the most primitive deer like ruminants. Musk deers
(Moschus chrysogaster) are so-named because the males of the species have
a gland, called the pod that develops in the skin of their abdomen. This gland
produces a waxy substance called musk, which may be used by males to
attract females.
Musk deer feeds on herbaceous and woody plants, leaves, flowers, twigs,
lichens symbiotic association of fungus and algae), moss, shoots and grass.
Musk Deer generally remains above an elevation of 3000 m asl. One of the
most important characteristics of the Himalayan musk deer is that it does not
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undertake any seasonal migration, but remains in the same place round the
year despite harsh weather conditions. Himalayan musk deer is the smallest of
the Himalayan ungulates living in cold environment. The Musk deer prefer to
eat leaves. For drinking water it uses the spring water available in Himalayan
forests during the summer and eats snow as water resource in the winter.
Askot Wildlife Sanctuary is located about 300 m from the tail end of
submergence.
Common Langur (Semnopithecus entellus) Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta)
Plate- 10.1. Most common mammalian species in the surroundings of
Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
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Neophron percnopterus (Juvenile) Red-billed Magpie (Urocissa
erythrorhyncha)
Grey Wagtail (Motacilla caspica) White-cheeked Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogenys
White-breasted Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis)
Plate-10.2.a. Avifaunal species recorded during fielf study from surroundings of
Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
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Pallid harrier (Circus macrourus) Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula
cyanocephala)
Brown-capped pygmy woodpecker
Plate-10.2b. Avifaunal species recorded during winter season from surroundings
of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
Blue-bearded bee-eater (Nyctyornis
athertoni) (Yungipicus nanus)
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Mountain Lizard (Japalura kumainensis) Rock Lizard (Agma tuberculata)
Common Trinket Snake (Elaphe helena)
Plate-10.3. Most common reptilian species in the surroundings of Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project
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Common Rose (Pachliopta aristolochiae) Common Mormon (Papilio
polytes)
Lime Butterflly (Papilio demoleus) Punchinello (Zemeros flegyas),
Small Yellow Sailer (Neptis miah) Common Sailer (Neptis
hylas),
Plate 10.4 a. Common butterfly species in the surroundings of Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project
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Sorrel Sapphire (Heliophorus sena) Common Baron (Euthalia aconthea)
Dark Judy (Abisara fylla) Common Line Blue (Prosotas nora)
Common Earl (Tanaecia julii) Common Jester (Symbrenthia liaea)
Plate 10.4 b. Rarely spotted butterfly species in the surroundings of
Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
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Eastern Pondhawk (Erythemis simplicicollis) Copper Demoiselle (Calopteryx
haemorrhoidalis)
Plate 10.5 Common Odonata species in the surroundings of Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project
CHAPTER-11
AQUATIC ECOLOGY
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Chapter 11: Aquatic Ecology Page 1
CHAPTER-11
AQUATIC ECOLOGY
11.1 INTRODUCTION
Mahakali or Sarada is largest Rivers draining eastern Uttarakhand and Western
Nepal. Mahakali River is a glacierfed torrential River, originates from Great
Himalayan range at Kalapani (3600 m). It traverses about 150 km before joining
Sarju River at Pancheshwar temple. In the upper catchment River is joined by
Dhauliganga, Goriganga and Sarju on the right bank in Uttarakhand, India and
Chamaliya and Gurans Himal River s on left bank in Nepal. In the catchment
area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project Mahakali River drains relatively
through pristine ecosystem. Proposed Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project is
envisaged as one of the biggest dams in Indian that would inundate a huge
area along the Sarju and Mahakali River s. Such inundation is anticipated to
lead the significant impacts on the water quality, biotic component, channel
morphology, and flow regime in the downstream as well as upstream of the
dam.
11.2 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project is proposed on the Mahakali River
bordering India and Nepal in North. The project is planned at downstream of
confluence of Sarju and Mahakali Rivers. Surveys were conducted in the
various seasons (monsoon, winter and summer) at various sampling sites. A
total of 9 sites along with their coordinates were described in Table-11.1. The
samples were retrieved from three locations at each site and average value of
each parameter at each site was presented in the final result. The sampling
locations are depicted in Figure-11.1.
Table-11.1: Description of sampling sites for aquatic ecology in the influence
area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
Site Sampling site River Coordinats
S1 Bruyuri Village Sarju 29°27'57.12"N 80°10'37.24"E
S2 U/s Panthyura Village Sarju 29°27'34.20"N 80°11'44"E
S3 Sarju (Panthyura) Sarju 29°27'04.72"N 80°13'07.07"E
S4 Sarju u/s Confluence Sarju 29°26'48.59"N 80°14'09.96"E
S5 Kalaban Mahakali 29°27'29.28"N 80°16'41.30"E
S6 Kali u/s confluence Mahakali 29°26'41.84"N 80°14'34.87"E
S7 D/s confluence Mahakali 29°26'23.28"N 80°14'44.26"E
S8 Dam Site Mahakali 29°25'45.90"N 80°14'48.58"E
S9 D/s dam site Mahakali 29°24'43.34"N 80°14'32.22"E
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Four biotic communities namely phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Phytobenthos and
Macro-invertebrates were sampled to assess the aquatic richness.
Phytoplankton and Zooplankton were collected by filtering 30 to 50 litres of water
at each site using a sieve of 25µ mesh size. The residue left in the sieve was
collected in a 50 ml vial. Three replicates were taken for each community and
pooled for further analysis. Phytoplankton samples were preserved using Lugol’s
solution. No preservative were added in zooplankton samples. Benthos samples
were collected from each site by scraping the boulder surfaces of known quadrat
area (5cm x 5 cm). These samples were then preserved and analyzed in the
same way as described for the plankton.
The macro-invertebrates were obtained with the help of a square feet Surber’s
sampler. The substrate, mainly stones are disturbed and immediately
transferred to a bucket kept under water and later rinsed thoroughly to dislodge
all the attached macro-invertebrates. For macro-invertebrates three replicates
for each community were obtained and pooled for further analysis.
Further analysis was conducted in laboratory. The volume of zooplankton,
phytoplankton, and benthos were made up to 100 ml. The total density of
zooplankton and phytoplankton were calculated using ‘Drop-count’ method,
described by Adoni (1983). Macro-invertebrates samples retrieved from the
sampling sites were brought to the laboratory all individuals were counted. The
final densities of macro-invertebrates were expressed in the individuals per m2.
The relative abundance of algal species was calculated as:
(Number of cells of a species / Total number of cells counted) x 100.
Identification of planktonic and benthic algae was carried out using permanent
slide mounts of samples from all the sites. The samples are acid digested,
centrifuged and thoroughly rinsed to get the cleared samples. For treatment of
samples, the standard method was followed (APHA, 2005). The permanent
slides were prepared by mounting the medium in Euparol. These slides were
examined using standard literature (Lange- Bertalot & Krammer 2000, 2001,
2002; Hustedt and Jenson, 1985; Sarod and Kamat, 1983). Relative
abundance of each species of phytoplankton and phytobenthos was calculated
at each site. For the final result, sites were categorised under three stretches
viz., Sarju River , Kali River u/s of confluence and Kali River d/s of confluence.
Average value of relative abundance of each species was calculated for each
stretch for final presentation. To count and identify the macro-invertebrate
Pennak (1953) and Edmondson (1959) were followed.
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11.3 BIOTIC COMMUNITIES
A total of 5 biotic communities were sampled from the Sarju and Mahakali River
s. Description of fish is given separately in this report. The description of
remaining 4 communities is given below. In the planktonic communities,
phytoplankton is major component in all three seasons, though; overall density
of plankton was recorded at lower side. Densities of zooplankton,
phytoplankton and macro-invertebrates were higher in winter season as
compared to those in monsoon season and summe, however, phytobenthos
density was recorded low in winter season. Except macro-invertebrate, no
considerable variation was observed in the density of different biotic
communities between different River stretches in monsoon season. However,
Sarju River stretch (site S1-S4) recorded considerably high densities of
phytoplankton and macro-invertebrate as compared to Mahakali River
(upstream before confluence and downstream after confluence) in general. The
densities of zooplankton, phytoplankton and macro-invertebrates in various
seasons are given in Tables 11.2 to 11.4.
Table-11.2: Density of biological communities at the different sampling sites of
influence area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in monsoon season
Parameters Sampling Sites
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
Zooplankton (indiv./l) 28 18 42 32 33 41 49 52 56
Phytoplankton (No./l) 488 449 432 341 402 356 390 412 532
Phytobenthos (No/cm2) 1226 1115 1092 980 1498 1198 1254 1365 1468
Macro-invertebrates
(Indiv./m2)
1644 2210 2910 3344 210 188 155 477 522
Table-11.3: Density of biological communities at the different sampling sites of
influence area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in winter season
Parameters Sampling Sites
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
Zooplankton (indiv./l) 154 180 200 86 502 495 168 408 150
Phytoplankton (No./l) 120 998 1000 671 600 220 187 488 600
Phytobenthos (No/cm2) 222 214 184 725 805 NR 142 359 201
Macro-invertebrates
(Indiv./m2)
2650 2859 2721 3665 1542 902 1511 953 1161
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Table-11.4: Density of biological communities at the different sampling sites of
influence area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in summer season
Parameters Sampling Sites
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
Zooplankton (indiv./l) 102 92 118 51 268 228 106 172 114
Phytoplankton (No./l) 526 498 610 416 442 314 216 436 564
Phytobenthos (No/cm2) 768 850 676 824 1236 644 592 932 1062
Macro-invertebrates (Indiv./m2) 2005 2361 2882 3428 546 318 842 698 775
11.4 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
11.4.1 Zooplanktons
Zooplankton community was represented by 9, 7 and 5 taxa in Sarju River ,
Mahakali River (u/s section) and Mahakali River (d/s section) respectively in
monsoon season and it decreased to 7, 7, 4 taxa in winter and 8,6,4 taxa in
summer seasons respectively. Rotifer fauna comprised of Philodina,
Branchionus, Filina, Monostyla, Keratella, Pampholix, Asplanchna species
while crustacean fauna were represented by Daphnia, Cyclops, Bosmina and
Ceriodaphnia. Filina spp., Keratella spp., Daphnia spp. and Bosmina spp. were
most common and abundant taxa in Sarju and Mahakali River s in all seasons.
11.4.2 Filamentous algae (Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae)
In the phytoplankton as well as benthic communities green algae comprised of
Chlorella, Cladophora, Closterium, Hormidium, Microspora, Pediastrum,
Spirogyra, Stigeoclonium, Ulothrix and Zygnema species in Sarju and
Mahakali River s. Blue green algae were represented by Anabena, Microcystis,
and Oscillotoria. Filamentous algae were more diverse in Sarju River as
compared to Mahakali River during all seasons. In term of density Microspora
was abundant in the benthic form in Sarju River accounting for 16.7% of total
density of filamentous algae.
In the Planktonic form Oscillatoria and Closterium were abundant, accounted
11.4% and 10.5%, respectively of total density in monsoon season, 12.5% and
11.6% in winter season and 11.95% and 10.7% in summer season in Sarju
River. In addition, Ulothrix spp. constituted 13.6% in Sarju River in winter
season. Ulothrix and Microcystis were predominant species of planktonic and
benthic communities of Mahakali River (u/s stretch) in monsoon and summer
season.
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In winter season Ulothrix and Microcystis (plankton) and Spirogyra (benthic
form) were dominant taxa accounting for 10.5%, 13.7% and 11.8%,
respectively of total density. In the downstream section of the Mahakali River
(after confluence) Microspora and Microcystis dominated the planktonic and
benthic communities, respectively in monsoon and summer seasons while
Microcystis (16.3%) and Ulothrix (12.9%) dominated plantonic and benthic
communities in winter season. Pediastrum and Chlorella were absent from both
stretches of Mahakali River s in monsoon season but Pediastrum was present
in downstream section during winter and summer seasons.
11.4.3 Diatom (Bacillariophyceae)
In monsoon season non-filamentous algae (bacillariophyceae) in the planktonic
form, comprised of a total of 48 taxa (Table-10.5), of which Sarju River is
represented by 43 taxa. Planothidium lanceolata was most abundant species of
Sarju River , accounting for 10.8% (average relative abundance) of total
species. Other taxa, which were abundant at a few sites of Sarju River were
Achnanthes affinis, Reimeria sinuata, and Ulnaria ulna. The upstream stretch of
Mahakali River (before confluence) harboured a total of 38 taxa in the
planktonic community. Achnanthes biasolettiana (average relative abundance =
13.13%), Cymbella bohemicum (average relative abundance = 11.7%) and
Ulnaria sp. (average relative abundance = 15.4%) were most abundant taxa of
this section of Mahakali River . Downstream stretch of Mahakali River recorded
a total of 43 diatom taxa in planktonic form. None of the taxon in this section
accounted for 10% of average density, however, relatively abundant taxa were
Achnanthes affinis, Planothidium lanceolata and Ulnaria ulna. About 31 taxa of
diatoms were recorded form all three stretch of River, in which Reimeria
sinuate, Ulnaria ulna, Achnanthes affinis, Achnanthes biasolettiana and
Planothidium lanceolata were most common, recorded from all sites of all three
stretches. The average relative abundance of planktonic diatom taxa from
different river stretches in Monsoon season is given in Table-11.5.
Table-11.5: Average relative abundance of planktonic diatom taxa from different
River stretches during monsoon season
Taxa Sarju River Mahakali R.
before
confluence
Mahakali R. after
confluence
Achnanthes affinis 7.22±0.93 2.98±0.89 7.74±0.29
Achnanthes biasolettiana 1.95±0.43 13.13±3.05 4.55±2.69
Achnanthes conspicua 0.56±0.79 1.02±1.05 3.72±3.73
Achnanthes frigida 2.46±3.48 0.00±0.00 5.07±0.32
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Taxa Sarju River Mahakali R.
before
confluence
Mahakali R. after
confluence
Achnanthes Hauckiana 1.41±1.99 4.76±5.74 3.20±0.71
Achnanthes lanceolata 2.19±3.09 1.72±0.89 1.87±0.40
Achnanthes lanceolata
var. lanceolata
3.33±0.85 0.00±0.00 2.39±1.10
Achnanthes linearis 2.25±3.17 1.44±0.45 3.21±0.78
Achnanthes micoscopica 2.76±1.51 1.87±0.69 1.34±0.39
Achnanthes minutissima 4.69±2.65 0.00±0.00 2.93±0.34
Achnanthes saccula 2.20±1.53 0.00±0.00 2.15±1.53
Cocconeis placentula 1.69±2.38 1.01±0.24 1.06±1.50
Cocconeis placentula var.
euglypta
0.84±0.40 0.21±0.30 1.60±1.49
Cocconeis placentula var.
linearis
0.82±1.16 0.50±0.13 0.27±0.38
Craticula riparia 0.84±0.40 0.21±0.30 1.07±0.74
Cymbella bohemicum 1.10±1.55 11.74±1.69 0.54±0.76
Cymbella laevis 1.11±0.02 0.28±0.39 1.06±1.50
Cymbella sp. 1.40±1.20 0.94±0.34 0.27±0.38
Fragilaria leptostauron 4.45±0.87 1.70±0.74 0.27±0.37
Fragilaria pinnata var.
subrotunda
5.27±0.49 1.32±1.86 0.80±1.12
Fragilaria sp. 2.19±3.09 3.19±2.97 3.23±4.56
Fragilaria vaucheriae 2.51±2.01 0.00±0.00 2.68±2.29
Gomphonema angustatum 2.78±0.83 0.00±0.00 2.94±1.16
Gomphonema bohemicum 2.23±0.83 1.15±0.05 1.35±1.90
Gomphonema eriguga 0.55±0.77 0.43±0.22 0.81±0.39
Gomphonema gracile 1.66±0.76 0.41±0.59 1.33±1.87
Gomphonema
olivaceoides
0.82±1.16 1.68±1.79 1.35±1.90
Gomphonema olivaceum 0.00±0.00 2.36±3.33 1.88±1.91
Gomphonema parvulum 1.13±1.59 3.81±4.59 0.00±0.00
Gomphonema
sphaerophorum
0.56±0.79 0.14±0.20 0.80±0.37
Gomphonema
sphenovertex
0.00±0.00 0.30±0.42 0.00±0.00
Navicula cryptotenella 0.85±1.20 0.00±0.00 1.33±1.87
Navicula cryptotenelloides 0.28±0.39 0.00±0.00 1.33±1.12
Navicula dicephala 1.41±1.99 1.53±1.16 0.00±0.00
Navicula grimmei 1.39±0.42 0.35±0.49 0.53±0.75
Navicula leptostriata 0.28±0.39 0.00±0.00 0.27±0.37
Navicula microcari 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.53±0.75
Navicula 0.85±1.20 1.39±1.36 0.00±0.00
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Taxa Sarju River Mahakali R.
before
confluence
Mahakali R. after
confluence
microdigitoradiata
Navicula normalis 0.00±0.00 1.47±2.08 0.80±1.12
Navicula radiosa 0.83±0.37 2.27±2.62 0.27±0.37
Navicula rhyncocephala 0.00±0.00 1.18±1.66 1.07±0.01
Navicula sp. 0.56±0.79 1.61±1.88 0.00±0.00
Pinnularia sp. 0.28±0.39 0.66±0.74 0.80±1.12
Planothidium lanceolata 10.80±0.97 5.93±0.76 9.62±2.37
Reimeria sinuata 6.36±1.83 3.94±1.08 6.66±1.06
Surirella sp. 0.56±0.79 0.44±0.22 0.27±0.38
Ulnaria sp. 5.26±0.28 15.44±3.97 5.87±0.69
Ulnaria ulna 7.47±1.03 5.69±2.77 9.34±0.49
In winter season non-filamentous planktonic algae comprised of 51, 53 and 31
taxa in Sarju River , Mahakali (upstream section) and Mahakali (downstream
section after confluence), respectively (Table-10.6). In Sarju River
Planothidium lanceolata, Achnanthes affinis and Ulnaria ulna were relatively
dominant taxa, accounted 10.91%, 7.20% and 7.57% of total density. In
upstream section of Mahakali River Planothidium lanceolata, Achnanthes
biasolettiana and Ulnaria ulna dominated the planktonic communities,
accounting for 10.25%, 10.35% and 7.07%, respectively of the total density. In
downstream stretch of Mahakali River, none of the species accounted for 10%
of total density, however, Planothidium lanceolata (9.19%), Reimeria sinuata
(9.27%), Achnanthes conspicua (9.84%) etc were relatively abundant taxa in
the planktonic communities. A total of 30 taxa were common in all three River s.
The details of average relative abundance of planktonic diatom taxa from
different river stretches during winter season are given in Table-11.6.
Table-11.6: Average relative abundance of planktonic diatom taxa from
different River stretches during winter season
Taxa Sarju River Mahakali River
before
confluence
Mahakali River
after confluence
Achnanthes affinis 7.20±0.13 3.70±0.10 0.00±0.00
A. biasolettiana 1.93±0.21 7.07±2.01 7.95±0.36
A. conspicua 0.52±0.74 2.07±2.93 9.84±13.91
A. fragilaroides 1.04±1.47 0.40±0.57 0.96±1.36
A. Hauckiana 2.19±0.58 0.44±0.62 0.00±0.00
A. linearis 2.09±2.95 2.56±0.38 2.25±3.17
A. micoscopica 2.85±1.82 3.02±1.06 0.96±1.36
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Taxa Sarju River Mahakali River
before
confluence
Mahakali River
after confluence
A. microcephala 1.04±1.47 0.21±0.29 0.00±0.00
Achnanthes sp. 1.41±0.52 0.60±0.85 1.61±2.27
Cocconeis placentula 1.86±1.80 1.51±0.54 0.00±0.00
Craticula riparia 0.82±0.32 0.23±0.32 0.32±0.45
Cymbella affinis 0.59±0.83 0.37±0.53 1.28±1.81
C. bohemicum 2.52±0.62 0.83±1.18 1.64±2.32
C. delicatula 0.52±0.74 0.10±0.15 0.00±0.00
C. laevis 1.11±0.10 0.88±1.24 3.28±4.64
C. microcephala 0.26±0.37 0.18±0.25 0.64±0.91
C. ventricosa 0.52±0.74 0.10±0.15 0.00±0.00
Fragilaria capucina 0.78±1.10 0.41±0.58 1.28±1.81
F. construens 0.00±0.00 1.26±0.89 0.64±0.91
F. leptostauron 4.42±0.39 2.18±0.41 0.82±1.16
Fragilaria sp. 2.37±3.34 6.34±3.05 3.85±5.44
F. vaucheriae 2.42±1.75 1.32±1.87 4.21±1.31
Gomphonema
angustatum
2.75±0.54 1.66±2.34 5.53±1.46
G. bohemicum 2.19±0.58 1.89±0.00 1.61±2.27
G. gracile 1.71±0.94 0.34±0.48 0.00±0.00
G. intricatum var.
pumilum
1.30±1.84 0.82±0.16 0.00±0.00
G. longiceps 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
G. longiceps var.
subclavata
0.52±0.74 0.30±0.42 0.96±1.36
G. olivaceoides 0.89±1.26 3.33±1.96 1.61±2.27
G. olivaceum 2.38±2.53 3.87±2.53 0.00±0.00
G. parvulum 0.52±0.74 0.10±0.15 0.00±0.00
Gomphonema sp. 0.30±0.42 0.19±0.26 0.64±0.91
G. sphaerophorum 0.52±0.74 0.50±0.70 1.96±1.87
G. sphenovertex 0.30±0.42 0.06±0.08 0.00±0.00
Navicula cryptotenella 0.78±1.10 0.98±1.38 4.10±5.80
N. cryptotenelloides 0.30±0.42 0.78±1.10 3.60±4.19
N. dicephala 1.30±1.84 1.39±0.70 0.00±0.00
N. grimmei 1.37±0.27 0.27±0.39 0.00±0.00
N. leptostriata 0.30±0.42 0.06±0.08 0.00±0.00
N. microcari 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
N. microcephala 1.11±0.10 0.22±0.31 0.00±0.00
N. microdigitoradiata 1.97±0.57 0.39±0.56 0.00±0.00
N. minuta 0.78±1.10 0.16±0.22 0.00±0.00
N. normalis 1.48±2.09 0.30±0.42 0.00±0.00
N. radiosa 2.33±2.56 0.47±0.66 0.00±0.00
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Taxa Sarju River Mahakali River
before
confluence
Mahakali River
after confluence
N. rhyncocephala 1.19±1.68 0.37±0.52 0.64±0.91
Navicula sp. 2.00±1.36 0.40±0.57 0.00±0.00
Pinnularia sp. 0.56±0.05 1.25±0.91 0.00±0.00
Planothidium
lanceolata
10.91±2.16 10.25±0.19 9.19±6.04
Reimeria sinuata 6.49±2.54 7.68±0.18 9.27±3.13
Surirella sp. 0.52±0.74 0.56±0.79 2.28±1.41
Ulnaria sp. 5.31±0.87 10.45±3.91 7.31±1.27
U. ulna 7.57±1.86 10.35±2.70 7.41±5.84
U. ulna var.
amphirhynchus
1.97±0.57 4.84±2.49 2.43±1.11
During the field studies in summer season, the algal taxa belonging from the
bacillariophyceae in the planktonic form, represented by total of 51 taxa (Table-
11.7), of which Sarju River is consisted by 47 taxa. The most abundant species
of Sarju River , is represented by Reimeria sinuata which accounting for 8.75%
(average relative abundance) of total species. Other taxa, which were abundant
at a other sites of Sarju River were Achnanthes affinis, Planothidium lanceolata,
and Ulnaria ulna. The upstream stretch of Mahakali River (before confluence)
comprised a total of 51 taxa in the planktonic community. Cymbella bohemicum
(average relative abundance = 12.25%) and Achnanthes biasolettiana (average
relative abundance = 11.35%), were most abundant taxa of this section of
Mahakali River . At downstream stretch of Mahakali River recorded a total of
38 diatom taxa in planktonic form. Ulnaria ulna (average relative abundance =
1032%), was the most abundant species of this section in the study area. Other
taxa were relatively contributed in this stretch of Mahakali River. About 38 taxa
of diatoms were recorded form all three stretch of River, in which, Achnanthes
affinis, Achnanthes biasolettiana, Reimeria sinuate, Ulnaria ulna and
Planothidium lanceolata were most common, recorded from all sites of all three
stretches. The average relative abundance of planktonic diatom taxa from
different river stretches during summer season is given in Table-11.7.
Table-11.7: Average relative abundance of planktonic diatom taxa from different
River stretches during summer season
Taxa Sarju
River
Mahakali River
before confluence
Mahakali River
after confluence
Achnanthes affinis 7.26±0.19 5.36±0.56 6.36±0.54
Achnanthes biasolettiana 1.92±0.27 11.35±2.54 3.45±1.74
Achnanthes conspicua 0.48±0.69 1.02±0.86 2.54±4.36
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Achnanthes fragilaroides 1.25±0.54 0.56±0.38 1.08±1.78
Achnanthes frigid 1.98±2.74 1.25±1.38 4.25±0.85
Achnanthes hauckiana 1.52±2.07 3.54±0.87 2.58±0.85
Achnanthes lanceolata 2.58±2.85 1.25±0.63 2.57±0.81
Achnanthes lanceolata
var. lanceolata
2.45±0.68 0.26±1.45 1.06±1.47
Achnanthes linearis 2.15±4.25 0.89±0.37 0.25±0.75
Achnanthes micoscopica 1.87±1.99 1.07±0.58 1.36±0.55
Achnanthes minutissima 3.56±2.07 1.27±0.85 2.58±0.43
Achnanthes saccula 2.74±1.56 0.84±1.74 3.54±2.54
Cocconeis placentula 0.95±3.25 0.89±0.56 2.65±1.63
Cocconeis placentula var.
euglypta
0.56±0.80 0.38±0.87 1.45±1.12
Cocconeis placentula var.
linearis
0.63±1.12 0.38±1.74 0.24±0.45
Craticula riparia 0.74±0.84 0.86±0.12 0.65±0.36
Cymbella bohemicum 1.74±1.43 12.25±1.47 0.73±1.02
Cymbella delicatula 0.47±0.93 0.74±0.15 0.52±0.65
Cymbella laevis 1.07±0.45 0.63±0.43 0.85±1.32
Cymbella microcephala 1.26±0.75 0.36±0.27 0.38±0.99
Cymbella sp. 0.95±1.14 0.16±0.26 0.44±0.75
Fragilaria leptostauron 2.87±0.76 2.45±0.45 0.36±0.74
Fragilaria pinnata var.
subrotunda
3.87±0.48 1.05±0.84 0.80±2.54
Fragilaria sp. 1.75±2.08 2.47±3.54 2.85±1.05
Fragilaria vaucheriae 2.14±1.07 1.07±2.74 1.96±0.65
Gomphonema
angustatum
2.91±0.76 0.58±0.25 1.85±0.66
Gomphonema
bohemicum
2.05±0.56 0.58±0.08 0.45±0.90
Gomphonema eriguga 0.85±1.21 0.59±0.35 0.29±0.88
Gomphonema gracile 1.75±0.53 1.25±0.89 1.02±2.74
Gomphonema
olivaceoides
0.75±2.74 0.85±1.55 0.55±1.54
Gomphonema olivaceum 0.53±0.45 1.25±2.74 1.74±2.54
Gomphonema parvulum 2.45±1.63 2.47±3.57 0.55±0.96
Gomphonema
sphaerophorum
0.73±0.48 0.43±0.58 0.53±0.21
Gomphonema
sphenovertex
1.08±0.05 0.23±0.72 1.58±1.56
Navicula cryptotenella 0.5.6±1.42 0.54±2.44 0.85±2.45
Navicula cryptotenelloides 0.45±0.63 1.42±1.54 1.24±3.50
Navicula dicephala 1.07±2.75 2.54±1.54 0.41±0.75
Navicula grimmei 0.47±1.84 0.83±0.43 0.56±0.85
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11.4.4 Benthic Diatoms
Benthic flora was more diverse as compared to that of plankonic flora. Benthic
diatom comprised of a total of 82 taxa in monsoon season. Sarju River
recorded a total of 65 species from 4 sites (Table-11.8). A few abundant diatom
species accounting more than 10% of total density at a few sites were
Achnanthes affinis, Fragilaria bidens, Fragilaria brevistriata and Ulnaria ulna.
Upstream stretch of Mahakali River recorded a total of 49 taxa. Most dominant
diatom in this stretch were Achnanthes minutissima, Planothidium lanceolata
and Ulnaria ulna. Average relative abundance of each of the dominant taxon
was more than 10% in upstream stretch of Mahakali River. Downstream stretch
of Mahakali River was most diverse in diatom flora; it recorded a total of 71
diatom taxa. The average relative abundance of diatoms indicated that none of
the taxon was observed to account more than 10% or more in the downstream
stretch of Mahakali River, however, a few taxa like Ulnaria ulna, Achnanthes
affinis etc were abundant at one or two sites. A few common taxa which were
recorded from all sites of all three stretches were Achnanthes affinis,
Achnanthes minutissima, Ulnaria ulna, Planothidium lanceolata, Ulnaria ulna
var. amphirhynchus etc. Cymbella laevis, Fragilaria bidens and Navicula
rhyncocephala were specific to Sarju River while Geissleria sp., Gomphonema
bohemicum ssp. Bohemicum, Gomphonema olivaceum etc. were specific to
Mahakali River.
Navicula leptostriata 0.54±0.86 1.06±0.45 0.32±0.21
Navicula microcari 0.69±0.32 1.25±0.74 0.42±0.35
Navicula
microdigitoradiata
0.47±1.5 0.77±1.25 1.74±2.33
Navicula normalis 1.24±1.8 0.54±1.74 0.52±1.52
Navicula radiosa 0.59±1.54 3.57±1.09 0.43±0.74
Navicula rhyncocephala 2.41±0.86 0.66±0.24 1.35±0.85
Navicula sp. 0.86±0.23 1.25±0.75 1.35±1.85
Pinnularia sp. 0.75±0.63 0.27±0.74 0.65±1.85
Planothidium lanceolata 6.45±0.76 3.65±0.43 7.35±1.02
Reimeria sinuata 8.75±2.56 5.36±1.25 4.23±3.25
Surirella sp. 0.00±0.00 1.75±0.68 1.45±0.85
Ulnaria sp. 3.87±0.56 7.65±2.86 3.25±0.44
Ulnaria ulna 6.35±1.05 2.45±1.58 10.32±1.54
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Table-11.8: Average relative abundance of benthic diatom taxa from different
River stretches of study area during monsoon season
Taxa Sarju River Mahakali River
before confluence
Mahakali River
after confluence
Achnanthes affinis 5.55±1.34 3.81±2.46 5.93±2.62
Achnanthes biasolettiana 1.67±0.07 3.60±2.72 1.11±1.57
Achnanthes conspicua 0.58±0.81 2.01±2.03 1.75±2.47
Achnanthes frigida 1.66±0.71 0.00±0.00 1.67±2.35
Achnanthes Hauckiana 0.81±1.15 0.00±0.00 1.98±0.34
Achnanthes lanceolata 1.15±1.63 0.58±0.81 2.56±0.32
Achnanthes lanceolata
var. lanceolata
0.83±0.36 2.83±2.83 0.87±1.23
Achnanthes linearis 2.01±2.84 2.04±0.04 1.11±1.57
Achnanthes micoscopica 1.44±2.03 2.44±1.42 0.86±0.42
Achnanthes minutissima 5.34±2.21 19.22±5.49 2.22±3.14
Achnanthes saccula 0.27±0.38 0.83±0.78 1.74±1.66
Cocconeis placentula 0.29±0.40 0.00±0.00 0.86±0.42
Cocconeis placentula var.
euglypta
0.27±0.38 0.00±0.00 0.56±0.78
Cocconeis placentula var.
linearis
0.27±0.38 0.14±0.19 0.28±0.40
Craticula riparia 0.29±0.40 0.49±0.29 0.29±0.41
Cymbella affinis 0.86±1.22 0.00±0.00 1.11±1.57
Cymbella amphicephala 0.81±1.15 1.10±0.40 0.28±0.40
Cymbella bohemicum 1.66±0.71 0.83±1.17 0.56±0.78
Cymbella excise 0.29±0.40 0.49±0.29 0.87±1.23
Cymbella laevis 1.15±1.63 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
Cymbella sp. 0.27±0.38 0.00±0.00 0.84±1.18
Cymbella stuxbergii 0.86±1.22 0.43±0.61 1.14±0.04
Cymbella ventricosa 0.58±0.81 0.00±0.00 1.11±1.57
Diatoma hiemale 0.29±0.40 0.14±0.20 1.46±2.06
Diatoma sp. 1.10±0.74 0.00±0.00 1.72±0.86
Encyonema sp. 0.27±0.38 0.00±0.00 1.98±0.34
Epithema sp. 0.27±0.38 0.14±0.19 0.85±0.37
Eunotia arcus 0.00±0.00 0.35±0.49 1.17±1.65
Fragilaria bicapitata 3.87±1.41 1.93±2.73 1.74±1.66
Fragilaria bidens 5.26±1.75 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
Fragilaria brevistriata 5.28±0.95 0.00±0.00 1.98±0.34
Fragilaria capucina 1.35±1.91 1.37±0.02 0.86±0.42
Fragilaria leptostauron 1.15±1.63 2.30±1.63 0.87±1.23
Fragilaria pinnata var.
subrotunda
0.27±0.38 1.52±1.76 0.00±0.00
Fragilaria sp. 1.73±2.44 0.86±1.22 3.39±1.49
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Taxa Sarju River Mahakali River
before confluence
Mahakali River
after confluence
Fragilaria vaucheriae 1.91±1.89 0.95±1.35 2.54±1.12
Geissleria sp. 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 2.85±0.09
Gomphonema affine var.
affine
0.54±0.76 0.00±0.00 1.98±0.34
Gomphonema
angustatum
1.96±0.48 1.67±0.41 0.84±1.18
Gomphonema
bohemicum
1.15±1.63 0.00±0.00 0.58±0.82
Gomphonema
bohemicum ssp.
Angustiminus
0.86±1.22 0.78±0.12 0.56±0.78
Gomphonema
bohemicum ssp.
Bohemicum
0.00±0.00 1.38±1.95 0.56±0.78
Gomphonema eriguga 0.81±1.15 0.00±0.00 0.87±1.23
Gomphonema gracile 0.85±0.43 0.00±0.00 1.17±1.65
Gomphonema
insigniforme
1.67±0.07 0.00±0.00 0.87±1.23
Gomphonema intricatum 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 1.98±0.34
Gomphonema lanceolata 1.13±0.83 0.91±0.31 1.13±0.77
Gomphonema micropus
var. micropus
0.00±0.00 1.38±1.95 0.00±0.00
Gomphonema
olivaceoides
1.39±0.33 0.69±0.98 1.69±0.75
Gomphonema olivaceum 0.00±0.00 1.04±1.46 0.56±0.78
Gomphonema parvulum 2.52±0.50 0.00±0.00 1.15±0.83
Gomphonema
pseudobohemicum
0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 1.71±0.05
Gomphonema sp. 0.54±0.76 0.27±0.38 1.72±0.86
Gomphonema
sphaerophorum
0.00±0.00 0.69±0.98 0.56±0.78
Gomphonema
sphenovertex
0.85±0.43 0.00±0.00 0.87±1.23
Hannaea arcus 0.29±0.40 0.00±0.00 1.17±1.65
Hannaea arcus var.
amphioxys
0.27±0.38 0.83±0.78 0.29±0.41
Navicula cincta 0.00±0.00 0.35±0.49 0.58±0.82
Navicula cryptocephala 1.67±0.07 0.84±1.18 0.00±0.00
Navicula cryptotenella 0.58±0.81 0.63±0.08 1.75±2.47
Navicula cryptotenelloides 1.08±1.53 0.54±0.76 1.74±1.66
Navicula dicephala 0.27±0.38 0.00±0.00 0.85±0.37
Navicula grimmei 0.58±0.81 0.00±0.00 0.28±0.40
Navicula leptostriata 0.81±1.15 0.00±0.00 1.43±0.45
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Taxa Sarju River Mahakali River
before confluence
Mahakali River
after confluence
Navicula microcari 0.00±0.00 0.35±0.49 0.00±0.00
Navicula
microdigitoradiata
0.54±0.76 0.62±0.11 0.00±0.00
Navicula normalis 0.00±0.00 0.35±0.49 0.00±0.00
Navicula radiosa 0.83±0.36 0.00±0.00 0.29±0.41
Navicula reichardtiana 0.00±0.00 1.04±1.46 0.58±0.82
Navicula rhyncocephala 0.56±0.02 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
Navicula salinicola 0.00±0.00 0.69±0.98 1.17±1.65
Navicula sp. 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.28±0.40
Navicula veneta 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 1.11±1.57
Pinnularia sp. 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.28±0.40
Planothidium lanceolata 6.68±0.50 11.51±2.59 4.24±1.87
Reimeria sinuata 2.50±0.28 3.32±1.16 0.58±0.82
Surirella sp. 0.00±0.00 0.35±0.49 2.53±1.93
Ulnaria sp. 6.12±0.52 5.82±0.42 2.26±0.74
Ulnaria ulna 8.33±1.22 11.31±0.04 6.85±1.82
Ulnaria ulna var.
amphirhynchus
3.04±1.05 3.59±0.78 1.98±0.34
In winter season a total of 49 taxa of diatoms were recorded from study area;
the diatom diversity was considerably low in winter season as compared to that
in monsoon season. Sarju River recorded a total of 39 taxa, of which
Achnanthes Haukiana and Ulnaria ulna var. amphirhynchus were most
abundant taxa accounting for an average relative abundance (%) of
7.90±11.17and 8.77±4.96, respectively. The details are given in Table-11.9.
Upstream of Mahakali River (before confluence) recorded all 49 taxa. Likewise
in Sarju River Upstream section of Mahakali River was dominated by
Achnanthes Haukiana (10.20±12.36) and Ulnaria ulna var. amphirhynchus
(7.06±5.59). Downstream stretch of Mahakali River (after confluence) was
relatively poor in diatom diversity in winter season, recording only 29 taxa.
Achnanthes Haukiana and A. micoscopica were most abundant taxa,
accounting for an average relative abundance (%) of 12.50±17.68 and
9.38±13.26, respectively. Only about 18 taxa were common in all River s while
11 taxa were common at all sites. The common benthic taxa in winter season
were Achnanthes affinis, A. biasolettiana, A. frigid, A. Hauckiana, F.
vaucheriae, Hanna arcus, G. parvulum, G. lanceolata, G. bohemicum, U. ulna
and U. ulna var. amphirhynchus.
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Table-11.9: Average relative abundance of benthic diatom taxa from different
River stretches of study area during winter season
Taxa Sarju River Mahakali River
before confluence
Mahakali River
after confluence
Achnanthes affinis 3.51±4.96 4.88±6.06 6.25±8.84
A. biasolettiana 3.68±5.21 3.18±3.77 2.68±3.79
A. frigida 2.11±2.98 1.05±2.11 0.00±0.00
A. Hauckiana 7.90±11.17 10.20±12.36 12.50±17.68
A. lanceolata 0.88±1.24 0.44±0.88 0.00±0.00
A. lanceolata var.
lanceolata
0.00±0.00 1.56±3.13 3.13±4.42
A. linearis 0.00±0.00 2.23±4.47 4.47±6.31
A. micoscopica 2.63±3.72 6.00±8.85 9.38±13.26
A. minutissima 5.27±7.45 2.63±5.27 0.00±0.00
A. saccula 3.69±5.21 1.84±3.69 0.00±0.00
Cocconeis placentula 0.00±0.00 0.45±0.90 0.90±1.27
C. placentula var.
euglypta
1.06±1.49 0.53±1.06 0.00±0.00
C. placentula var. linearis 0.00±0.00 1.56±3.13 3.13±4.42
Craticula riparia 2.63±3.72 1.32±2.63 0.00±0.00
Cymbella amphicephala 0.00±0.00 3.13±6.25 6.25±8.84
C. bohemicum 1.58±2.23 0.79±1.58 0.00±0.00
C. laevis 0.53±0.74 0.26±0.53 0.00±0.00
Cymbella sp. 0.88±1.24 2.00±2.95 3.13±4.42
Diatoma hiemale 0.00±0.00 0.89±1.79 1.79±2.52
Eunotia arcus 0.00±0.00 1.34±2.68 2.68±3.79
Fragilaria bicapitata 1.76±2.48 0.88±1.76 0.00±0.00
F. brevistriata 3.51±4.96 1.76±3.51 0.00±0.00
F. capucina 0.53±0.74 0.26±0.53 0.00±0.00
F. leptostauron 0.00±0.00 1.56±3.13 3.13±4.42
F. vaucheriae 1.06±1.49 2.76±4.23 4.47±6.31
Gomphonema
angustatum
0.53±0.74 0.26±0.53 0.00±0.00
G. bohemicum 3.16±2.98 3.36±3.39 3.57±5.05
G. intricatum 1.76±2.48 0.88±1.76 0.00±0.00
G. lanceolata 1.58±2.23 2.13±2.62 2.68±3.79
G. micropus var.
micropus
0.53±0.74 0.26±0.53 0.00±0.00
G. olivaceum 0.53±0.74 1.16±1.68 1.79±2.52
G. parvulum 4.57±3.47 2.73±3.01 0.90±1.27
Gomphonema sp. 1.06±1.49 2.09±2.95 3.13±4.42
G. sphaerophorum 0.00±0.00 2.68±5.36 5.36±7.57
Hanna arcus 1.06±1.49 1.42±1.74 1.79±2.52
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Taxa Sarju River Mahakali River
before confluence
Mahakali River
after confluence
Hanna arcus var.
amphioxys
0.53±0.74 0.26±0.53 0.00±0.00
Navicula cincta 0.00±0.00 0.89±1.79 1.79±2.52
N. cryptocephala 1.76±2.48 1.33±1.68 0.90±1.27
N. cryptotenella 2.11±2.98 1.05±2.11 0.00±0.00
N. cryptotenelloides 1.06±1.49 0.53±1.06 0.00±0.00
Navicula sp. 0.88±1.24 1.33±1.71 1.79±2.52
N. veneta 0.53±0.74 0.26±0.53 0.00±0.00
Pinnularia sp. 0.53±0.74 0.26±0.53 0.00±0.00
Planothidium lanceolata 3.16±4.47 1.58±3.16 0.00±0.00
Reimeria sinuata 4.39±6.20 2.19±4.39 0.00±0.00
Surirella sp. 0.53±0.74 1.16±1.68 1.79±2.52
Ulnaria sp. 13.69±10.42 7.74±9.25 1.79±2.52
U. ulna 4.21±5.95 3.89±4.52 3.57±5.05
U. ulna var.
amphirhynchus
8.77±4.96 7.06±5.59 5.36±7.57
In summer season, benthic diatom comprised of a total of 64 taxa in all the
study sites. Sarju River represented a total of 52 species from 4 sites. The
details are given in Table-11.10. Certain abundant diatom species accounting
more than 9% of total density at a few sites were Achnanthes affinis,
Achnanthes minutissima, Fragilaria capucina, and Ulnaria ulna. Upstream
stretch of Mahakali River recorded a total of 43 taxa. The species like
Planothidium lanceolata, Ulnaria ulna and Achnanthes biasolettiana were found
to be most dominant diatoms in this stretch. Downstream stretch of Mahakali
River was most diverse in diatom flora in summer season, it recorded a total of
56 diatom taxa. Few taxa like Surirella sp, Achnanthes affinis, Cymbella
amphicephala etc were abundant at one or two sites. A few common taxa
which were recorded from all sites of all three stretches were Achnanthes
affinis, Achnanthes micoscopica, Ulnaria ulna, Cymbella laevis, Gomphonema
pseudobohemicum, Fragilaria leptostauron etc. Cymbella affinis, Fragilaria
bidens and Gomphonema olivaceoides were specific to Sarju River in this
season while Navicula cryptotenella, Surirella sp. Gomphonema bohemicum,
Fragilaria vaucheriae etc. were specific to Mahakali River in this particular
season.
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Table-11.10: Average relative abundance of benthic diatom taxa from different
River stretches of study area during summer season
Taxa Sarju River Mahakali River
before confluence
Mahakali River
after confluence
Achnanthes affinis 10.21±1.46 2.71±0.41 5.48±1.23
Achnanthes biasolettiana 1.52±1.07 7.58±1.27 1.04±2.26
Achnanthes frigid 0.00±0.00 2.14±1.07 2.62±1.22
Achnanthes Hauckiana 1.81±1.27 2.13±1.03 0.00±0.00
Achnanthes lanceolata var.
lanceolata
1.83±2.36 0.00±0.00 2.42±0.32
Achnanthes linearis 2.06±2.67 1.04±0.47 0.10±1.57
Achnanthes micoscopica 9.36±1.05 2.44±1.42 0.48±1.23
Achnanthes minutissima 4.34±1.31 12.22±3.23 0.00±0.00
Achnanthes saccula 1.24±0.30 0.00±0.00 2.62±1.28
Cocconeis placentula 2.29±1.39 1.00±1.20 0.27±1.24
Cocconeis placentula var.
linearis
0.00±0.00 2.14±0.42 2.14±0.28
Craticula riparia 3.29±2.39 1.49±0.21 0.19±0.21
Cymbella affinis 1.82±2.12 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
Cymbella amphicephala 0.45±1.27 2.43±1.21 6.25±0.28
Cymbella bohemicum 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 1.20±0.46
Cymbella excise 2.24±1.40 0.29±0.49 0.00±0.00
Cymbella laevis 2.12±1.52 2.41±1.20 2.00±0.84
Cymbella stuxbergii 1.48±0.29 0.00±0.00 1.28±0.01
Cymbella ventricosa 0.00±0.00 2.41±1.07 2.12±1.20
Diatoma hiemale 1.29±0.12 1.14±0.09 6.32±2.06
Encyonema sp. 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 1.48±0.14
Eunotia arcus 0.12±1.30 2.13±0.29 1.41±1.42
Fragilaria bicapitata 2.14±1.28 1.20±2.32 1.46±1.51
Fragilaria bidens 4.13±1.25 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
Fragilaria brevistriata 2.12±0.45 3.14±2.12 1.23±0.12
Fragilaria capucina 10.24±1.43 0.00±0.00 2.13±0.12
Fragilaria leptostauron 2.10±1.31 1.21±2.36 1.87±0.23
Fragilaria pinnata var.
subrotunda
0.12±1.28 2.22±0.54 2.12±2.10
Fragilaria vaucheriae 0.00±0.00 2.56±0.56 1.32±0.21
Gomphonema affine var.
affine
1.41±0.32 2.12±0.02 3.18±0.22
Gomphonema angustatum 1.16±0.21 0.00±0.00 1.11±2.81
Gomphonema bohemicum 0.00±0.00 1.12±1.21 2.42±0.12
Gomphonema bohemicum 2.13±1.20 0.00±0.00 0.12±2.12
Gomphonema bohemicum
ssp. Bohemicum
2.12±1.12 3.18±1.32 2.21±0.41
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Taxa Sarju River Mahakali River
before confluence
Mahakali River
after confluence
Gomphonema gracile 2.22±1.21 2.12±3.15 2.12±1.41
Gomphonema insigniforme 2.31±1.02 0.00±0.00 2.46±1.10
Gomphonema intricatum 0.00±0.00 2.18±0.01 0.00±0.00
Gomphonema lanceolata 1.02±0.21 0.00±0.00 2.10±1.12
Gomphonema olivaceoides 1.12±0.10 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
Gomphonema olivaceum 0.00±0.00 1.01±1.23 0.12±0.43
Gomphonema parvulum 2.10±0.20 0.00±0.00 1.21±0.21
Gomphonema
pseudobohemicum
1.12±2.13 2.12±0.30 1.20±0.01
Gomphonema
sphaerophorum
1.19±0.26 0.00±0.00 2.12±0.21
Hannaea arcus 0.00±0.00 1.12±0.23 1.22±1.56
Hannaea arcus var.
amphioxys
2.12±0.12 0.00±0.00 0.02±0.20
Navicula cincta 1.12±1.20 1.22±0.21 2.32±1.28
Navicula cryptocephala 2.52±1.07 1.84±2.46 0.00±0.00
Navicula cryptotenella 0.00±0.00 2.36±0.12 2.42±1.74
Navicula cryptotenelloides 1.81±1.31 2.54±1.67 2.47±1.42
Navicula grimmei 0.85±0.18 0.00±0.00 2.82±0.21
Navicula leptostriata 1.18±1.75 0.00±0.00 1.22±0.54
Navicula microcari 0.10±0.19 0.56±1.94 0.00±0.00
Navicula microdigitoradiata 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.10±0.41
Navicula reichardtiana 1.36±0.68 0.00±0.00 0.58±0.82
Navicula rhyncocephala 2.56±1.02 2.12±1.56 1.16±2.15
Navicula salinicola 1.13±0.56 0.00±0.00 1.17±1.65
Navicula veneta 2.00±0.16 4.34±2.89 3.15±1.75
Planothidium lanceolata 5.45±1.36 11.51±2.59 4.24±1.87
Reimeria sinuate 1.50±2.18 0.00±0.00 4.58±0.28
Surirella sp. 0.00±0.00 3.25±0.94 7.25±1.83
Ulnaria ulna 9.74±1.22 10.29±0.01 1.21±1.32
Ulnaria ulna var.
amphirhynchus
1.03±1.32 3.54±085 2.71±1.21
11.4.5 Macro-Invertebrates
The area was rich in insect diversity, indicated by the presence of their nymphs
in Sarju and Mahakali Rivers. Density ranged from 155 to 3344 individuals/m2
in monsoon, 902 to 3665 individuals/m2 in winter and 318 to 3428
individuals/m2 in summer season. In all seasons Sarju River recorded
considerably high density and diversity as compared to Mahakali River waters.
In monsoon season a total of 17 taxa of macro-invertebrates were recorded
from both River s, of which 5 were common in both Rivers (Refer Table-11.11).
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In winter season a total of 20 taxa were recorded from both River s, of which 15
were found in both River s (Refer Table-11.12). In summer season a total of 18
taxa of macro-invertebrates were recorded from both River s (Refer Table-
11.13). Cinygmula, Baetis, Chironomu, Antocha saxicola and Ablabesmyia
were most common taxa, recorded from all sampling sites. Distribution of
Caenis latipennis, Ochrotrichia, Hydroptila, Antocha saxicola, Simulium pictipes
and Limno chares was restricted in the Sarju River during monsoon season
though, their density was low. Similarly, a few taxa like Cinygma, Ephemerella
excrucians and Ochrotrichia were specific to Mahakali River in both monsoon
and summer seasons. In winter season Acroneuria, Heterlimnius, Glossosoma
were recorded from Sarju River only while Ephemerella excrucians could be
sampled from Mahakali River only.
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Table-11.11. Macro-invertebrate diversity and density in the Sarju and Mahakali River s within influence area of
Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in monsoon season
Order Family Genus Sarju River Mahakali River
u/s Confluence
Mahakali River
d/s confluence
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Cinygmula 300 522 122 56 11 22 11 22 33
Cinygma 0 0 0 0 11 0 22 0 45
Ephemerellidae Ephemerella excrucians 0 45 0 0 0 0 0 22 22
Caenidae Caenis latipennis 322 133 11 33 0 0 0 0 0
Baetidae Baetis 0 144 156 278 33 44 33 211 122
Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0
Coleoptera Elmidae Heterlimnius 0 0 0 0 22 11 0 0 11
Psephenidae Psephenus herricki 144 233 22 0 0 0 0 0 0
Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Ochrotrichia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0
Hydroptila 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0
Leucotrichia 78 322 11 56 0 0 0 0 0
Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche 0 0 111 133 0 0 0 67 33
Diptera Chironomidae Ablabesmyia 800 722 2466 2578 100 100 89 122 189
Chironomus 0 0 0 44 33 0 0 11 67
Tipulidae Antocha saxicola 0 0 11 122 0 0 0 0 0
Simuliidae Simulium pictipes 0 89 0 11 0 0 0 0 0
Acari Limnocharidae Limnochares 0 56 0 11 0 0 0 0 0
Density (indiv./m2) 1644 2210 2910 3344 210 318 155 477 522
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Table-11.12: Macro-invertebrate diversity and density in the Sarju and Mahakali River s within influence area of
Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in winter season
Order Family Genus Sarju River Mahakali
River u/s
Confluence
Mahakali River
d/s confluence
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Cinygmula 472 355 244 22 44 65 78 22 32
Cinygma 290 301 0 122 22 32 33 100 97
Ephemerellidae Ephemerella excrucians 0 0 0 0 33 97 0 0 75
Caenidae Caenis latipennis 236 247 44 156 44 32 0 289 0
Baetidae Baetis 665 549 1311 500 278 194 867 100 118
Leptophlebiidae Paraleptophlebia 0 97 0 133 0 21 0 44 11
Leptophlebia 0 11 0 67 0 0 0 22 0
Plecoptera Perlidae Acroneuria 139 172 0 22 0 0 0 0 0
Coleoptera Elmidae Heterlimnius 11 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0
Psephenidae Psephenus herricki 0 0 0 44 11 0 44 0 21
Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Ochrotrichia 11 0 0 867 44 0 0 0 0
Hydroptila 0 0 0 44 0 21 0 0 32
Leucotrichia 32 97 22 11 0 0 0 33 11
Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche 204 226 200 289 33 86 11 22 43
Glossosomatidae Glossosoma 129 129 0 33 0 0 0 0 0
Diptera Chironomidae Ablabesmyia 247 312 667 722 944 215 367 244 463
Chironomus 182 183 178 500 22 118 100 44 129
Tipulidae Antocha saxicola 21 180 44 56 67 0 11 33 97
Simuliidae Simulium pictipes 0 0 0 22 0 21 0 0 0
Acari Limnocharidae Limnochares 11 0 11 33 0 0 0 0 32
Density (indiv./m2) 2650 2859 2721 3665 1542 902 1511 953 1161
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Table-11.13: Macro-invertebrate diversity and density in the Sarju and Mahakali River s within influence area of
Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in summer season
Order Family Genus Sarju River Mahakali
River u/s
Confluence
Mahakali River
d/s confluence
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Cinygmula 235 0 86 35 32 22 0 11 0
Cinygma 0 0 0 81 0 24 66 28 11
Ephemerellidae Ephemerella excrucians 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 62
Caenidae Caenis latipennis 0 536 0 11 11 0 0 20 42
Baetidae Baetis 258 10 87 174 46 44 0 75 86
Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia 136 0 140 55 35 11 0 26 220
Coleoptera Elmidae Heterlimnius 82 136 0 34 47 0 11 0 0
Psephenidae Psephenus herricki 65 89 35 0 0 0 0 41 0
Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Ochrotrichia 0 58 0 36 28 63 0 34 52
Hydroptila 451 356 275 165 0 0 110 165 11
Leucotrichia 41 198 0 0 0 0 0 33 0
Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche 36 0 124 74 46 0 148 0 64
Glossosomatidae Glossosoma 11 0 25 11 0 0 105 104 0
Diptera Chironomidae Ablabesmyia 425 0 1921 2436 205 96 85 100 102
Chironomus 0 635 24 56 0 0 33 17 67
Tipulidae Antocha saxicola 0 66 0 132 0 0 0 0 0
Simuliidae Simulium pictipes 265 65 154 128 96 58 75 44 0
Acari Limnocharidae Limnochares 0 212 11 0 0 0 186 0 58
Density (indiv./m2) 2005 2361 2882 3428 546 318 842 698 775
CHAPTER-12
FISHERIES
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CHAPTER – 12
FISHERIES
12.1 INTRODUCTION
Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project is located on Sharda (Maha kali) River at
about 1.5 km downstream of Sharda-Sarju River confluence. The project has
been identified as a huge rock fill dam under storage scheme,that will inundate
large stretches of Mahakali and Sarju River s. Sharda is one of the largest
River s in Eastern Uttarakhand bordering the India and Nepal. Mahakali River
originates from Great Himalayan range at Kalapani mountain at 3600 m asl.
The River is fed by three major River s, viz. Dhauliganga, Goriganga and Sarju
in its catchment. In its course, the River is known as various names like Maha
kali, Sharda and Sarju.
Mahakali River is not only rich in fish fauna but it harbours many threatened,
game and migratory fish species (Saund et al., 2012; Joshi 2007). This River is
known as abode of Golden mahseer and well organized angling of mahseer is
prevalent in the surrounding of Sharda-Sarju confluence. The fishing activities
in the surroundings of Pancheshwar is prohibited, however, the ‘catch and
release’ angling is promoted to conserve the fish fauna especially Golden
mahseer (Tor putitora). For the angling of mahseer, the anglers visit this area
from different parts of India and abroad. The anglers are issued with licence to
fish in the River .
The fisheries survey was carried out in the influence area of Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project, comprising mainly of Sarju River in India and Mahakali
River in India and Nepal. This contribution was aimed to collect the information
on the fish diversity, fisheries, migratory phenomena and conservation so that
this baseline data can suitably be used to predict the likely impacts of the
project and to formulate the comprehensive fish conservation and fishery
management plan.
12.2 METHODOLOGY
The survey and sampling for ecological studies of Pancheshwar Multipurpose
Project were carried out in the various seasons. The fishing activities were
completely prohibited in the surrounding areas of Pancheshwar, however,
‘catch and release’ angling is allowed to the anglers. The information on the fish
fauna in Sarju and Mahakali River s was collected with the help of anglers. The
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anglers were found to fish at the spot with the help of rods. In addition, indirect
evidences like interviews of anglers and photographs of fish were also used to
collect the information. The published literature of Joshi (1999, 2007) and
Saund et al. (2012) were also used as secondary sources.
12.3 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
A total of 30 species of fishes were recorded in Mahakali and Sarju River s from
all sources in all seasons. All species belong to 5 families. Cyprinidae is largest
family comprising of 18 species (60% of total species) (Table-12.1). Tor putitora
and Schizothorax richardsonii are abundant species of Sarju and Mahakali
River s while Labeo dero, Barilius bendelisis, Puntius ticto, Acanthocobitis botia
and Schistura inglisi are common species of this region (Joshi, 1999).
Schizothorax kumaonensis and Glyptothorax alaknandi are rare species of
Mahakali River system. The former is restricted to the waters of Kumaun
Himalaya and western fringe of Nepal. Glyptothorax alaknandi is confined to
the waters of Ganga River in Garhwal Himalaya and Mahakali River in
Kumaun and Nepal.
The generally clear, cool, fast-flowing waters and bedrock and coarse sediment beds of rivers like Mahakli serve as habitat for fish species with limited temperature tolerances, high oxygen needs, and strong swimming ability and specialised reproductive strategies to prevent eggs or larvae being swept away. These characteristics also encourage invertebrate species with limited temperature tolerances, high oxygen needs and ecologies revolving around coarse sediments and interstices or "gaps" between those coarse sediments. The main factors which influence fish life in the Himalayan streams are:
current velocity fluctuation in water discharge
water temperature and dissolved oxygen level
substratum
shelter from the current
food availability represented mostly by organisms clinging to and growing on rock and stone surfaces in fast current.
The Himalayan fishes spend the major part of their life facing the current. This helps them in two ways: firstly, to maintain their upright position, and secondly, to make respiration easier. They have to open their mouths to take in water and boost the respiratory current. Shoals of lesser barils (Barilius spp.) are found in shallow pools (20-25 cm in depth). The need for shelter from the current has led to territoriality i.e. having a fixed territory/tributary. Mahseers and schizothoracines chase intruders to defend the
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limited food resource and available shelter. Such behaviour develops after the young fish emerges from the eggs that are laid in gravel. During winter months groups of all sizes of mahseers and schizothoracines inhabit the pools when the water level is at its lowest and water is highly transparent. Shoaling behaviour has been observed in juvenile mahseers in shallow. This is one of the devices employed by these species to confuse predators. When a few fish are caught in a cast net, the rest disperse. Water temperature is always an important limiting factor affecting geographical distribution and local occurrence within one water system. Cold stenothermic species such as the endemic schizothoracines (Schizothorax richardsonii) and exotic brown trout have an upper tolerance around 20°C. Carps, mahseers and lesser barils have a wider tolerance and even survive water temperatures over 25°C. Schizothoracines remain active in the near-zero temperature which prevail in streams of the Lesser and Greater Himalaya during December and January. According to Sehgal (1999) to cope up with the steep fall in temperature in winter months schizothoracines migrate from headwaters to lower altitudes where they represent a sizeable part in fish catches in large rivers and their tributaries. The rise in temperature varies from low water temperature (less than 5 to 8o C) to 10-17°C during May-June induces Schizothorax richardsonii to spawn. S. richardsonii starts upstream migration with the rise in water temperature during March. During the upstream migration the fish still finds itself in waters of low temperature of 8.0-9.5°C, owing to the steady influx of snow-melt water. This induces the species to migrate to and spawn in side streams, which receive warm ground water of 17.5-21.5°C. In the Ravi River system the fish spawn in May. In the Himalaya, two zones can be distinguished i.e. rhithron zone and potamon zone. The rhithron zone is characterized by a monthly mean temperature of 17.3°C, high concentrations of dissolved oxygen (10.0 mg/l), fast current (0.9-1.8 m/sec), and turbulent waters. The substratum is rocks and boulders with sand and silt patches and with some pools. The fish of this zone are stenothermic, such as snow trout (Schizothorax richardsonii). This zone borders on the potamon zone which has a higher mean water temperature of 22.1°C, dissolved oxygen of 8.0 mg/l , and current velocity of 0.5-0.7 m/sec. The substratum consists of boulders, stones, gravel and patches of aquatic vegetation in the pools. The fish fauna is eurythermic or warm-stenothermic (Labeo dero, Tor putitora and Garra gotyla).
Fishing activities are prohibited in the immediate surroundings of Pancheshwar
due to religious importance of Pancheshwar temple and conservation efforts of
some angling association and River guide (Pers. communication: Raj Garkoti).
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Anglers were found to land fish mainly at confluence area of Sarju and Sharda
(Mahakali River). The primary survey revealed that Tor puritora, Schizothorax
richardsonii, Bagarius bagarius and Labeo species comprised the main angling
catch in monsoon and summer season while in winter season juveniles of Tor
putitora was recorded at the confluence of Sarju and Kali River. In Sarju River
species of Puntius and Barilius were recorded at small pools however, they
could not be identified up to species level. In addition, Schizothorax
richardsonii, Crossocheilus latius latius and Garra species were recorded with
the help of anglers. The fish species composition in Sarju and Mahakali River in
the study area is given in Table-12.1.
Table-12.1: Fish species composition in Sarju and Mahakali River in the study
area of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project.
S. N. Scientific Name Common Name
Conservatio
n Status
(IUCN 2016)
Cyprinidae
1 Labeo dero Kalabans LC
2 Labeo dyochilus Kali -
3 Labeo angra Angra Labeo LC
4 Puntius chilynoides Dark Mahseer -
5 Pethia conchonius Rosy Barb LC
6 Puntius gelius Golden Barb LC
7 Puntius ticto Two Spot Barb LC
8 Tor putitora Golden Mahseer EN
9 Tor tor Deep Bodied Mahseer NT
10 Neolissichilus hexagonolepis Copper Mahseer NT
11 Barilius bendelisis Hamilton’s Baril LC
12 Barilius barila - LC
13 Barilius barna Barna Baril LC
14 Schizothorax kumaonensis Kumaun Snow Trout DD
15 Schizothorax richardsonii Snow Trout VU
16 Schizothorax progastus Dinnawah Snow Trout LC
17 Crossocheilus latius latius Gangetic Latia LC
18 Garra gotyla gotyla Gotyla LC
Namachilidae
19 Acanthocobitis botia Striped Loach LC
20 Nemachilus beavani Loach -
21 Nemachilus corica Loach -
22 Schistura inglisi Loach VU
Cobitidae
23 Lepidocephalus guntea Peppered Loach LC
Sisoridae
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S. N. Scientific Name Common Name
Conservatio
n Status
(IUCN 2016)
24 Parachiloglanis hodgarti Torrent Catfish LC
25 Glyptothorax pectinopterus Catfish LC
26 Glyptothorax trilineatus Three-line Catfish LC
27 Glyptothorax alaknandi LC
28 Pseudecheneis sulcatus Sulcatus Catfish -
29 Bagarius bagarius Giant Catfish NT
Mastacembelidae
30 Mastacembelus armatus Spiny Eel LC
LC = least concerned; DD = Data deficient; VU = vulnerable; EN = endangered
12.4 CONSERVATION STATUS
Fishes inhabiting Mahakali and Sarju River s have been assessed for their
conservation status following IUCN (2016) criterion. Out of 30 species, 25
species are included under IUCN’s list, of which 18 species are ‘least
concerned’. Tor putitora (Golden Mahseer) is an ‘endangered’ species while
Schizothorax richardsonii (Snow trout) and Schistura inglisi (Loach) are
categorised as ‘vulnerable’ species. The game fishing is common in Mahakali
River, which comprises Tor putitora, Tor tor, Schizothorax richardsonii and
Bagarius bagarius. Game fishing is found in the form of ‘catch-and-release’,
thus no major threats are foreseen on the threatened species.
12.5 SUSTENANCE FISHING
Sustenance fishing is prohibited in the influence area of the Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project. People are relatively well aware of conservation of fish
especially for Tor putitora (Golden mahseer) Anglers’ associations are active in
this area. The area is regularly visited by anglers from the different parts of the
country. State government issues licenses to anglers for catch-and-release
angling. During the survey ‘catch-and-release’ was observed in Mahakali River
near the confluence of Sarju River . The sport fishing mainly depends on Tor
putitora, Tor tor, Schizothorax richardsonii and Bagarius bagarius. During the
survey anglers were found to land Tor putitora, and Schizothorax richardsonii in
monsoon and summer season and Schizothorax richardsonii and
Crossocheilus latius latius in winter season.
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Chapter 12: Fisheries Page 6
12.6 MIGRATION AND SPAWNING
Joshi (2007) carried out detail study on the fish migration in Mahakali River
system. He reported 4 species, viz. Tor putitora, Schizothorax richardsonii,
Labeo dero and Bagarius bagarius which perform migration in Mahakali River
system. Though, other species namely Tor tor reported in this system is also
known to perform migration. Schizothorax richardsonii descends in low
temperature and use tributaries in relatively lower reaches for spawning. The
main purpose of migration is to cope with low temperature. Tor putitora and Tor
tor are long route migratory species and ascend in pre-monsoon season. In this
River system Sarju River and its tributaries like Eastern Ramganga are
probable spawning grounds of mahseer. In Mahakali River system Labeo dero
ascends upstream up to 90-110 km for the search of food in the summer
months. It descends downstream during onset of monsoon (Joshi, 2007).
Bagarius bagarius is a bottom dweller fish and ascends in Mahakali system
during summer. Joshi (2007) mentioned its presence in the Sarju River up to
Bageshwar. Sarju River is probable uses as spawning grounds by various fish
species. The fry were recorded from a large number of pools along the River
side of Sarju River.
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Chapter 12: Fisheries Page 7
Plate 12.1 Endangered game fish Golden mahaseer (Tor putitora) from river
Mahakali River (Source: S Das, an angler) in post-monsoon season
Plate 12.2 Fry collected from Sarju River in winter season. The fry were
released in River water
CHAPTER-13
PREDICTION OF IMPACTS
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 1
CHAPTER-13
PREDICTION OF IMPACTS
13.1 INTRODUCTION
Based on project details and the baseline environmental status potential
impacts that are expected to accrue as a result of the proposed Pancheshwar
multi-purpose project have been identified. The environmental impact
assessment for quite a few disciplines are subjective in nature and cannot be
quantified. Wherever possible, the impacts have been quantified and otherwise,
qualitative assessment has been done. This section deals with anticipated
positive as well as negative impacts during pre-construction, construction and
operation phases of the proposed Pancheshwar Multi-purpose project.
13.2 IMPACTS ON LAND ENVIRONMENT
a) Pre-Construction Phase
During pre-construction phase, activities such as geological investigation for
various project appurtenances would lead to generation of waste generated on
account of collection of rock and soil samples. The quantum of waste
generated is quite small and the impact is not expected to be significant. The
other activities including survey for various project related appurtenances are
not expected to cause any adverse impacts to the environment.
b) Construction Phase
Majority of the environmental impacts due to construction works are temporary
in nature, lasting mainly during the construction phase and often little beyond
the construction period. Very few impacts of construction phase are permanent
in nature. However, if these issues are not properly addressed, impacts can
continue even after the construction phase. Though, impacts due to
construction, are temporary in nature, but may attach significance due to the
nature and intensity of the impacts. The major impacts anticipated on land
environment during construction phase are as follows:
Quarrying operations
Excavation and Muck disposal.
Operation of construction equipment.
Impacts due to construction of roads.
Changes in land use
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 2
Immigration of labour population, etc.
i) Quarrying operations
The construction material requirement for Pancheshwar Complex and
Rupaligad Complex are given in Table-13.1. The location of Quarry Areas is
shown in Figure-13.1.
Table-13.1: Construction Material Requirement for Pancheshwar Complex
and Rupaligad Complex
S. No. Type of Material Quantity
Required
(Million m3)
Source of Material
A. Pancheshwar Complex
1. Impervious Core 13.18 Harkhera area (Indian side)
2. Filter Material 4.69 Common Excavation
3. Shell Materials 120.0 River bed material
4. Concrete- coarse
and fine aggregates
2.88 Leopard Quarry
Tiger & Little Elephant
Quarry
Rock excavation - 47.862
Mm3
B. Rupaligad Complex
1. Concrete- coarse
and fine aggregates
1.8 Birmola
U/s of dam axis
D/s of Dam axis
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 3
Figure-13.1: Location of Quarry sites
A permanent scar is likely to be left, once quarrying activities are over. With the
passage of time, rock from the exposed face of the quarry under the action of
wind and other erosional forces, get slowly weathered and after some time,
they become a potential source of landslide. Thus, it is necessary to implement
appropriate slope stabilization measures to prevent the possibility of soil
erosion and landslides in the quarry sites. The measures recommended for
quarry slope stabilization are given in EMP.
The soil, stones and sand required for the construction of dams and
canals are often mined and quarried from around the actual site. Such
extraction can also have adverse environmental impacts, especially by
aggravating dust pollution, disturbing wildlife and destroying vegetation. These
impacts that can be prevented by ensuring that such mining or quarrying are
done in environmentally friendly manner and not close enough to the dam to
have a direct impact on it. Where this is unavoidable, the mined area should be
restored prior to submergence.
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ii) Muck Disposal
The total quantum of muck to be generated as a result of various project related
activities, construction of dam, HRT and Powerhouse is 53.18 Mm3 and 2.56
Mm3 for Pancheshwar and Rupaligad projects respectively.
For Pancheshwar Dam Complex, about 90% of the muck (0.9*53.18 = 47.86
Mm3) generated shall be used and about 5.32 Mm3 of muck shall be disposed
for which an area of 67 ha has been earmarked. The capacity of the muck
disposal site is 7.9 Mm3.
For Rupaligad Dam Complex, about 75% of the muck (0.75*7.56= 5.67 Mm3)
generated shall be used and about 1.89 Mm3 , (considering swelling factor) of
muck shall be disposed for which an area of 25 ha has been earmarked. The
capacity of the muck disposal site is 2.05 Mm3.
iii) Operation of Construction Equipment
During construction phase, various types of equipment such as crushers,
batching plant, drillers, earth movers, rock bolters, etc. The siting of all such
construction equipment would be done at predefined places and land shall be
temporarily used for storage of the quarried material before crushing, crushed
material, cement, rubble, etc. Efforts would be made to select the site for
locating the construction equipment at the construction site itself to minimize
the impacts on environment. During construction phase, there will be increased
vehicular movement for transportation of various construction materials at the
project site and other activities. Dust is likely to be entrained due to the
movement of trucks and other heavy vehicles. For better control of the likely
impacts, however, suitable measures viz. Greenbelt development around
construction, quarry and residential areas will be developed and other
measures are sprinkling of water on roads, proper maintenance of vehicles are
also suggested as a part of Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
iv) Construction of Roads
Construction of New Roads
A new road of about 12 km in length shall be constructed for connecting Tamili
the nearest village with project site. Since there shall be heavy traffic on this
road the specification shall be kept same that for a double lane road.
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 5
Construction of Temporary Haul Roads
For Pancheshwar
For transportation of excavated material to disposal areas, transportation of fill
material to project site for borrow areas/quarries, Transportation of various
equipment and other misc. material temporary haul roads are to be constructed
for the purpose.
Following haul roads are envisaged to be constructed
(i) Tiger Quary to dam site = 11 km
(ii) Clay Borrow area to dam site = 14 km
(iii) Binayak Borrow area to dam site = 8 km
(iv) Muck disposal areas to dam site = 5 km
(v) Haul road for aggregate processing plant = 3 km
(vi) Haul road for spillway = 2 km
(vii) From main access road to other areas on
left & right bank = 5 km
(viii) Dam site to Batching Plant & Workshops etc. = 6 km
Total = 50 km
Haul roads for Rupaligad Project
i Road from dam site to various quarry sites = 4 km
ii Road from dam site to muck disposal
area on Indian side = 4 km
iii Road from dam site to muck disposal
area on Nepal side = 2 km
iv Other miscellaneous road to various work sites = 5 km
Total = 15 km
Service Roads
Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
These roads are those roads which shall connect the various Residential
colonies, Office complexes, Contractors colonies and other service utilities.
Following service roads shall be constructed
a) Office complex at Nidil (India) = 5 km
b) From main access road on right bank
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 6
to various structures of the project = 3 km
c) Road for Gajwal (India) = 4 km
d) For Residential complex at Gureli = 5 km
e) For Residential complex at Siunori (Nepal) = 5 km
f) Road for construction facility area at Kaikot (India) = 4 km
g) Road for construction facility area at Shalla (India) = 4 km
h) Road for construction facility
area at Chamtada (Nepal) = 4 km
i) Road for construction Dhamkani (Nepal) = 4 km
j) Road for office complex at Lek (Nepal) = 5 km
k) Road for construction facility area at Santola (Nepal) = 5 km
l) Road for residential complex at Paladi (Nepal) = 5 km
m) Road for schools, police station, fire station etc. = 5 km
n) Road for water supply scheme sites = 8 km
o) Road from main access road on left bank to
various structures & bridge site = 7 km
Total = 73 km
Rupaligad Project
Right bank
(i) Link road from Brahmadev – Rupaligad Road = 2 km
(ii) Roads for office complex & residential
complex at Bajkot = 1 km
Left Bank
(i) Link road from Brahmdev – Rupaligad Road = 2 km
(ii) Roads for office & residential complex at Sukalikhet = 2 km
(iii) Roads for construction facility area upstream of dam = 2 km
(iv) Misc. roads to various structures on both
sides and to water supply schemes etc. = 6 km
Total = 15 km
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 7
New roads of about 153 km length are proposed to be constructed to connect
the various project components. The construction of roads can lead to the
following impacts:
Removing of forest vegetation for site clearance, earthworks and
levelling for road could cause soil erosion and landslides altering
localised drainage and storm runoff patterns and slope failure.
Dumping of mucks below the road on slopes will also lead to adverse
impacts on erosion and slope stability.
Construction of new roads increases the accessibility of an hitherto
undisturbed areas resulting in greater human interferences and
subsequent adverse impacts on the ecosystem.
Increased air pollution during construction phase.
Appropriate management measures have been recommended for control of
adverse impacts due to construction of roads as a part of Environmental
Management Plan (EMP).
v) Changes in land use
Project activities such as construction of dam, powerhouse intake, spillway
structure, tailrace outlet and other associated structures, project office and
working facility sites, excavation for construction materials in borrows and
quarry sites, disposal of spoils in spoil tip areas, haul road and service road
construction, workshops, etc. during the construction phase will change the
existing land use and land cover in the project area. Land use to reservoir, dam
and power generation related concrete structures, project camps, roads and
exposed excavated area with changed topography.
The proposed project involves construction of dam for which forest and private
land will be acquired. The total land required for the project is 14100 ha. This
includes 9100 ha in India and 5000 ha in Nepal. The construction of the project
would lead to formation of two reservoirs of area 11600 ha (11600 ha in India
and 4000 ha in Nepal. The land cover of the area likely to be submerged in
pre-project scenario is river, vegetal cover, agriculture land, etc. Similarly land
cover of the area proposed to be used for muck disposal and quarry sites will
be changed and detailed measures have been recommended to be undertaken
to stabilize such sites are suggested in the EMP for their reclamation.
The construction of two reservoirs with a total area of about 11600 ha would
lead to acquisition of private, forest and government land, which is a significant
change in land use. Likewise, river stretch within submergence area, with
moving water condition will convert into quiescent conditions.
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 8
New roads of about 172 km length are proposed to be constructed to connect
the various project components. Adequate measures need to be implemented
as a part of EMP to ameliorate this adverse impact to the extent possible.
The storage of scrap materials, used containers, cement bags, domestic and
construction wastes, etc. in scrap yards will degrade the land quality. After the
completion of the project, temporarily acquired land will be returned to the
owners.
The construction sites would be adversely affected on account of large scale
construction activities. The construction sites will have to cleared of waste
construction material, solid waste from various sources, leading to adverse
impacts.
vi) Immigration of labour population
During construction stage of the project about 8500 workers and technical staff
are likely to work in the project area. However, during the peak construction
phase, congregation of labour force can create problems of sewage disposal,
solid waste management etc. if not addressed properly. These aspects are
addressed in the waste disposal plan and free fuel provision for labourers is
kept in the EMP to meet the fuel requirement of the labour population.
vii) Slope Instability in Construction Sites
Dam Site and Powerhouse Site
Site clearance and land clearing on slopes, earthworks, and blasting drilling
and vibration could cause soil erosion and landslides altering localised drainage
and storm runoff patterns and slope failure.
Project Office and Facility Sites Land clearance and site preparation, removing of forest vegetation, levelling uplands could cause soil erosion and landslides altering localised drainage and storm runoff patterns and slope failure.
Contractor and Labour Camps
The nature of impacts would be similar to Project Office and Facility Sites as
described earlier.
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 9
viii) Slope Instability and Mass Failure in Borrows and Quarry Sites
Unmanaged excavation for construction materials from borrow areas and Tiger
quarry site could cause landslides and slope failure and even mass movement.
This will be a mining operation. The magnitude of the impact will be medium,
site specific and of long term duration.
c) Project operation phase
i) Change in Land use
The total land to be acquired for the project is 14,100 ha (refer Table-13.2)
which includes 9100 ha on the Indian side and 5000 ha on Nepal side. The
details of land requirement on Indian Portion are given in Table-13.3.
Table- 13.2: Land Required for Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
S. No. Description of Area Pancheshwar
(ha)
Rupaligad
(ha)
Total
(ha)
India
Nepal
India Nepal
1 Muck Disposal Area 50 17 20 5 92
2 Quarry site Area
a) Clay 500 0 0 0 500
b) Shell Material 150 210 0 0 360
c) Coarse
Aggregate
0 0 30 0 30
3 Infrastructure facilities 310 295 20 20 645
4 Project components 100 150 30 30 310
5 Road & stockpiling 70 55 20 10 155
6 Reservoir Area 7,600 4,000 200 208 12008
Total 8,780 4,727 320 273 14,100
Table-13.3: Land Required for Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (Indian
Portion)
S. No.
Description of Area Pancheshwar Project (ha)
Rupaligad Project (ha)
Total (ha)
1 Muck Disposal Area 50 20 70
2 Quarry site Area
d) Clay 500 0 500
e) Shell Material 150 0 150
f) Coarse Aggregate
0 30 30
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 10
S. No.
Description of Area Pancheshwar Project (ha)
Rupaligad Project (ha)
Total (ha)
3 Infrastructure facilities 310 20 330
4 Project components 100 30 130
5 Road & stockpiling 70 20 90
6 Reservoir Area 7,600 200 7800
Total 8,780 320 14,100
The break-up of ownership status of land to be acquired on Indian portion is
given in Tables-13.4 to 13.9.
Table-13.4: Ownership status of land to be acquired for various project
appurtenance on Indian portion
Category Area (ha)
Private 3735.80 (Refer Tables-13.5 to 13.8)
Forest 2422.50 (Refer Table 13.9)
Government 2941.70
Total 9100.00 ha
Table-13.5: Details of land to be acquired for the project
S. No. Parameter Total Private Land Acquired (ha)
1 Pancheshwar Fully Affected Villages 463.81
2 Pancheshwar Partially Affected Villages 3227.83
3 Rupalgadi Partially Affected Villages 44.16
Total 3735.8
Source: Property Survey
Table-13.6: Details of private land to be acquired in Fully Affected Villages of Pancheshwar Dam
S. No. Village Name Acquired land (m2)
1 Khadku bhaalya 26.5540
2 Matyal/ matyal chakawali 14.5920
3 Bhalya 19.2845
4 Haldu 41.8962
5 Baltari 43.5132
6 Kanari 3.8598
7 Amtari 23.9930
8 Renuwa 22.9684
9 Bathauli 6.9370
10 Sunkholi 12.1660
11 Ghigharani 26.2500
12 Chamtoli 26.3950
13 Titri 53.7840
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S. No. Village Name Acquired land (m2)
14 Jogyoura 23.4340
15 Seraghat 9.1224
16 Jartola 24.9480
17 Aara salpar 32.3184
18 Kunj kimola 3.9258
19 Uncha bera 9.3022
20 Dhura laga taak 16.2622
21 Netra 13.0260
22 Simalkhet 9.2781
Total Land ha 463.8100
Table-13.7: Details of private land to be acquired in Partially Affected Villages of Pancheshwar Dam
S. No. Village Name Acquired land (m2)
1 Nisni 2.70700
2 Gogana 11.70190
3 Rarikhuti 29.10300
4 Jamrari 11.23895
5 Upertola 21.57800
6 Pati Palchaura 3.68087
7 Salla 17.93499
8 Sail 11.65500
9 Taremia 49.79410
10 Kwerali 1.61048
11 Sakun 16.43890
12 Dhyan 0.65000
13 Kuteri 7.52500
14 Tarigaon 23.99300
15 Gyal Pipli 4.32000
16 Baunkot 4.83700
17 Basaur manain 8.45000
18 Gaurihat 4.31012
19 Rajyoura 6.53700
20 Majirakanda 1279.21245
21 Getigada 24.21205
22 Bhateri 0.02800
23 Dyora 40.12150
24 Panthsera 30.19686
25 Syuwan 1.86341
26 Dwalishera 35.40190
27 Sailoni 23.07000
28 Bagadihat 25.80360
29 Bheliya 0.96900
30 Garjiya 18.82800
31 Jamtari 2.39600
32 Oltari 9.66610
33 Daulani 2.26700
34 Toli NO PRIVATE LAND ACQUISTION
35 Thaam 0.68930
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 12
S. No. Village Name Acquired land (m2)
36 Duti bagar 12.96164
37 Dungatoli 7.12600
38 Kimkhola 23.37380
39 Bokata 7.79715
40 Bungli 4.96858
41 Bursum bari 3.46960
42 Dandadhar 9.13900
43 Dubola birtola 17.68800
44 Kuinar NO PRIVATE LAND ACQUISTION
45 Kuntola 9.81378
46 Tudli 2.77841
47 Nali 4.62185
48 Sinloi bhamalta 2.21400
49 Rasyun 8.06651
50 Kharkoli 7.71901
51 Askora 1.64178
52 Pali 1.73099
53 Raitoli 6.69492
54 Rautora 1.79600
55 Timta chamdungra 0.92600
56 Damde NO PRIVATE LAND ACQUISTION
57 Duni NO PRIVATE LAND ACQUISTION
58 Dhaur ghurelli 2.21981
59 Tulkhand NO PRIVATE LAND ACQUISTION
60 Sibna 3.01000
61 Sugari NO PRIVATE LAND ACQUISTION
62 Busail NO PRIVATE LAND ACQUISTION
63 Garali 0.73017
64 Anwala talla malla sugar mavla 0.60900
65 Sauli NO PRIVATE LAND ACQUISTION
66 Dhajari 0.56527
67 Diyuri 1.31004
68 Suwal 6.17675
69 Tallisar 9.42734
70 Khatigaon 2.57600
71 Garali 3.09900
72 Nalli malli 23.24242
73 Umer 989.40000
74 Bamori 12.75400
75 Kola 10.06800
76 Mayoli 1.40300
77 Deolisiri 3.14435
78 Dasoli badiyar 25.79314
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S. No. Village Name Acquired land (m2)
79 Kuna pokhri 3.26800
80 Balikhet 24.13736
81 Talli nalli 15.30020
82 Birkola 2.28664
83 Dhankana 5.89859
84 Melta NO PRIVATE LAND ACQUISTION
85 Nayal dhura 13.67211
86 Padoli 3.75900
87 Jingal 7.54119
88 Dhimkholi 10.69234
89 Betta 5.18200
90 Sulan 15.79300
91 Sugarkhal 9.71168
92 Botari mug gunth 37.46900
93 Kuthera 13.33462
94 Singra 0.36800
95 Bruyuri 0.44730
96 Gaika jhula 1.24900
97 Khaikot talla 10.39290
98 Vivel 51.22802
99 Khaikhot malla 17.95193
100 Choolgaon 13.91700
101 Raygaon 1.38814
Total 3227.83381
Table-13.8: Details of private land to be acquired in Partially Affected Villages of Rupalugad Dam
S. No. Village Name Acquired land (m2)
1 Bachkot 0.09
2 Polap 0.01
3 Nidil 17.27
4 Jindi sorari 6.67
5 Bagauti 1.47
6 Dungraleti 4.86
7 Pasam 6.65
8 Ashlad 0.99
9 Jamar sau 1.93
10 Matiyani 3.20
11 Chilniya 1.03
Total 44.16
Table-13.9: Details of forest land acquisition
S. No. Range Compartment Area (sqm)
A. Pancheshwar Project
1 Champawat Range 2b 159.367
2 Champawat Range 3b 5925.13
3 Champawat Range 23b 2692.23
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S. No. Range Compartment Area (sqm)
4 Champawat Range 25a 4349.67
5 Champawat Range 22b 161.229
6 Champawat Range 20a 231.065
7 Champawat Range 12a 33017.2
8 Champawat Range 11a 4475.78
9 Champawat Range 11b 1031.82
10 Champawat Range 10a 15136.51
11 Champawat Range 9a 2619.43
12 Champawat Range Kali Kumaon Range 3308.73
13 Champawat Range Champawat Forest Area 4430373.52
14 Champawat Range NA 3675.37
15 Champawat Range 6b 103772.83
16 Champawat Range 1b 127323.23
17 Champawat Range 8b 1026193.59
18 Champawat Range 21c 100254.76
19 Champawat Range 20a 9090.88
20 Champawat Range 20b 87179.25
21 Champawat Range 18b 134708.27
22 Champawat Range 17b 222933.21
23 Champawat Range 16b 299500.54
24 Champawat Range 15b 33870.07
25 Champawat Range 15a 243996.43
26 Champawat Range 13b 57086.99
27 Champawat Range 12b 417137.38
28 Champawat Range 11b 126011.11
29 Champawat Range 10b 218702.06
30 Champawat Range West Chira 830004.58
31 Champawat Range 1b 111127.9
32 Champawat Range 2b 130375.88
33 Champawat Range 3b 17129.88
34 Champawat Range 4b 282601.15
35 Champawat Range 5b 150809.05
36 Champawat Range 23b 22728.59
37 Champawat Range 22b 78509.69
38 Champawat Range 20a 3669.58
39 Champawat Range 11b 142002.95
40 Champawat Range 9b 375590.34
41 Champawat Range 9a 10.768
42 Champawat Range Kali Kumaon Range 447.547
43 Champawat Range Kali Kumaon Range 6.36352
44 Champawat Range Kali Kumaon Range 145044.83
45 Champawat Range Kali Kumaon Range 2617433.91
46 Champawat Range Kali Kumaon Range 29.8438
47 Champawat Range Kali Kumaon Range 52.1417
48 Champawat Range Kali Kumaon Range 111.879
49 Champawat Range Kali Kumaon Range 2358326.79
50 Champawat Range Champawat Forest Area 232352.06
51 Champawat Range Champawat Forest Area 1961.39
52 Champawat Range Champawat Forest Area 7.7365
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S. No. Range Compartment Area (sqm)
53 Champawat Range Champawat Forest Area 31.5506
54 Champawat Range Champawat Forest Area 1428.12
Sub-Total (A) 15216712.17 Say 1521.67 ha
1 Almora Range Kanarichina Range 897187.7495
2 Almora Range 27a 126709.7297
3 Almora Range 28a 347134.9588
4 Almora Range 29b 58888.5385
5 Almora Range 29a 268363.2137
6 Almora Range 30a 120227.2137
7 Almora Range 5a 92201.8233
8 Almora Range 6a 235680.4333
9 Almora Range
10b 362838.6702
10 Almora Range 12b 242648.9959
11 Almora Range 2 21820.9757
12 Almora Range 99 427045.1841
13 Almora Range 3 133084.6409
14 Almora Range 4a 45099.9734
15 Almora Range 4b 62874.2034
16 Almora Range 5b 299413.6902
17 Almora Range Jageshwar Range 1156834.417
18 Almora Range 2a 181901.5167
19 Almora Range 2b 68599.4555
20 Almora Range 3b 53973.4845
21 Almora Range 5b 98713.5672
22 Almora Range 5c 11938.7449
23 Almora Range 6a 49669.7185
24 Almora Range 7a 35274.6333
25 Almora Range 7b 217120.8889
26 Almora Range 9c 94874.705
27 Almora Range 11b 157565.1013
28 Almora Range 13b 65630.6858
29 Almora Range 14b 67546.6558
30 Almora Range 15b 223869.0516
31 Almora Range 15a 94710.0274
32 Almora Range Jageshwar Range 2076412.216
Sub-Total (B) 8395854.863 839.59 ha
B. Rupaligad Project
1 Champawat Range 2b 40851.897
2 Champawat Range 3b 181507.42
3 Champawat Range 4b 140864.4029
4 Champawat Range 5 126745.8326
5 Champawat Range Maurkot 80835.1052
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 16
S. No. Range Compartment Area (sqm)
6 Champawat Range East Dungrabanku 41570.8791
Sub-Total (C) 612375.5368
61.23 ha
Total (A+B+C) 24224942.57, say 2422.5 ha
Source: Forest Department
ii) Reservoir Shore Erosion and Landslides
The Pancheshwar Project is designed to operate at 20% load factor with
peaking operation of 4 hours/day which will cause 60-65 m fluctuation in
reservoir water level triggering reservoir shore erosion and landslides. The
reservoir length is about 65 km and in few places there are gully erosion, old
and emerging landslides, degraded forestland and highly degraded upland
farming areas.
13.3 IMPACTS ON GEOLOGY
a) Impacts during Construction Phase
i) Slope Instability and Landslides
Project site lies in mountainous area with steep slopes, complex geology,
young mountains. The area is susceptible to landslide. Besides causing severe
hazards to infrastructure, landslides cause loss of human lives and properties
every year resulting disruption to the social and economic development of the
country. Landslides cannot be stopped completely but efforts have to be made
to reduce their impact.
Site clearing and land clearing activities will be carried out for the construction
of reservoir renders possible occurrence of new landslides because of high
permeable outer earth surface in the project areas dominated by colluvial
deposits. However, blasting, drilling causing vibration and quarrying, borrowing
at Pancheshwar Main Dam site area, around borrow sites will aggravate the
slope instability and landslide hazard. The impact will be medium, site specific
and short term in magnitude, extent and duration respectively.
ii) Slope failure during construction of service road
Construction of service road is likely to produce high probability of slope failures
because of the geological dominance of colluvial deposits and weathered rocks
of Kalikot formation. The impact will be medium, site specific and midterm.
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 17
13.4 IMPACTS ON WATER RESOURCES
i) Impacts on hydrologic regime
The month-wise average inflows at Pancheshwar Main Dam and Rupaligad
Reregulating Dam for 90% dependable year (1998-99) are given in Table-
13.10.
Table-13.10: Inflows and outflows at Pancheshwar MPP (for 90%
Dependable Year)
Month
Pancheshwar Dam Rupaligad Dam
Inflows
(cumec)
Average
Outflows
(cumec)
Peak
Outflows
for hours
in Col (5)
(cumec)
Hours
of Peak
Outflow
Free CA
Inflows
(cumec)
Continuous
Outflows
over 24 Hrs
(cumec)
July 909 9118 18116 12.51 65 1043
August 1045 385 2039 4.54 56 441
September 1481 4411 21114 4.93 91 538
October 396 334 2092 3.84 25 360
November 185 335 2098 3.84 0 335
December 161 340 2130 3.84 0 340
January 131 3411 21111 3.84 16 363
February 115 355 2222 3.84 11 362
March 108 365 2215 3.95 5 369
April 115 3116 2113 4.28 19 396
May 295 3811 2029 4.511 311 424
June 622 382 2065 4.44 55 4311
As the re-regulating pond of Rupaligad dam would be an integral part of the
Project, the concept of aviral dhara is applicable only at the Rupaligad site. The
river would always carry discharge downstream of Rupaligad site round the
clock and throughout the year, up to the Tanakpur/ Banbasa barrage. Beyond
the Banbasa barrage, a continuous river flow of not less than 10 m3/s (350
cusecs), would be released by the Barrage Authorities to maintain and
preserve the river eco-system in accordance with the Mahakali Treaty.
The details of Environmental Releases from Rupaligad dam in monsoon
season, non-monsoon non-lean and lean seasons is given in Tables-13.11 to
13.13 respectively.
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Table-13.11: Summary of releases from Rupaligad dam in monsoon
season
Month Rupaligad Dam Percentage of
flow as
Environmental
Release (%)
Recommended
Environmental
Release (%)
Inflows Releases
June 61111 4311 64.5 30
July 9114 1043 1011.1 30
August 1101 441 40.1 30
September 15118 538 34.1 30
Average 12111.11 6114 55.4 30
Table-13.12: Summary of releases from Rupaligad dam in non-monsoon
non-lean season
Month Rupaligad Dam Percentage of flow
as Environmental
Release (%)
Recommended
Environmental
Release (%)
Inflows Releases
October 421 360 85.5 25
May 332 424 1211.11 25
Average 3116.5 392 106.6 25
Table-13.13: Summary of releases from Rupaligad dam in lean season
Month Rupaligad Dam Percentage of
flow as
Environmental
Release (%)
Recommended
Environmental
Release (%)
Inflows Releases
November 185 335 181.1 20
December 161 340 211.2 20
January 1411 363 246.9 20
February 122 362 296.11 20
March 113 369 326.5 20
April 134 396 295.5 20
Average 143.11 360.8 251.2 20
Based on the available river flow data for DPR purpose, it may be noted that
river inflow at Pancheshwar dam site is estimated about 18.35 BCM in an
average year. In pre-Pancheshwar scenario, 11.86 BCM of waters are already
being utilized annually in India in the existing irrigation projects in Sarada Basin
(including Lower Sarada Barrage in monsoon season). About 0.98 BCM of
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water is utilized by Nepal from the Banbasa Barrage. The balance Mahakali
water is passed as floods; which are likely to be stored in the Pancheshwar
reservoir (5.51 BCM) after commissioning of the project.
Under Articles -4 & 5 of the Mahakali Treaty, Nepal is entitled to get additional
water (3.011 BCM) in the post-Pancheshwar scenario to increase the irrigation
canal network in their territory. Remaining augmented flow (1.90 BCM) would
be utilized by India to increase the irrigation intensity in the existing command.
Thus, all the augmented river flows in non-monsoon period in the post-
Pancheshwar scenario are proposed to be utilized, to enhance the food grain
production in India and Nepal. The water availability in pre-project and post-
project scenario is given in Table-13.14.
Table-13.14: Water availability in pre-project and post-project scenario
Pre-Project Scenario
Water Availability in Average Year 18.35 BCM
Water utilization by India 11.86 BCM
Water utilization by Nepal 0.98 BCM
Water Releases downstream of Rupaligad Dam Site 5.51 BCM
Post-Project Scenario
Water utilization by India 11.86 BCM
Water utilization by Nepal 0.981BCM
Water Releases downstream of Rupaligad Dam Site 5.51 BCM
Utilization of Augmented Flows by India downstream of
Tankpur/Sarada Barrage
1.90
Utilization of Augmented Flows by Nepal downstream of
Tanakpur Barrage
3.011
ii) Sedimentation
During construction phase, the significant changes in sedimentation are not
expected except for diversion, quarrying and deposit sites. Changes in
sedimentation and sediment loads at these sites might be even large
magnitude, but these are temporal and site specific.
During operation phase after the construction of high dam at the Pancheshwar,
the inlet flow velocity will decrease in the reservoir. The sediments that move
with the flowing water will be decanted at the reservoir. The deposition patterns
mainly depend upon the amount of inlet and outlet sediment, arrangement of
sediment flushing structures, and reservoir regulation procedures. The
sediment deposition in the reservoir will reduce the live storage and enhance
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anaerobic bacterial activities at the bottom of the reservoir which can change
water quality into significant level.
iii) Potential Positive Impacts
The potential positive impacts of Pancheshwar High dam is storage of flood
water in the reservoir thus reducing flood disaster risk in downstream reaches.
The use of flood storage water in lean flow season for power production and
irrigation and water supply schemes will increase income and quality of life of
locals in the region leading to economic development. The water way
transportation on the reservoir can facilitate easy and shortcut road
transportation to the local people near by the reservoir. The reservoir created
upstream of the dam can be utilized for recreational activities. It also helps in
recharge of ground water near the vicinity of the reservoir.
13.5 IMPACTS ON WATER QUALITY
a) Pre-construction Phase
During pre-construction phase, topographical surveys and geo-technical
investigations are anticipated. Pre-construction activities are not expected to
cause any water pollution. However, the only source of pollution could be the
sewage generated by the labourers and technical staff involved in various pre-
construction activities. The number of labourer population involved will be very
small and will therefore not cause any significant impact on water environment.
It is suggested that adequate infrastructure for accommodation, potable water
supply, sewage treatment for labourer involved in pre-construction activities be
developed. Likewise, measures for collection, treatment and solid waste may
also be implemented so as to ameliorate even the marginal or minimal impacts
on water environment.
b) Project construction phase
i) Sewage from labour camps
The total construction time will be 8 years. The expected maximum personnel
requirement for the employer and the contractor has been estimated in the
order of 500 and 8,000 respectively. However, with the advent of mechanised
construction, the number of maximum personnel requirement for the employer
and contractor has been estimated to be of the order of 500 and 8,000
respectively. Thus, the peak aggregation of labour and technical staff will be
8500. The immigration of such a large population will also induce secondary
migration in the area to cater to the various requirements of the project
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construction staff. These will include persons to manage shops of various
types, transportation, etc.
Assuming that 80% of the total labour force (8,500) are married and in 80%
cases of the married families both husband and wife will work, the total persons
expected to emigrate into the area are around 22,600. The details are as
below:
Married families (80% of 8,500) = 6,800
Single = 1,1100
Husband and wife both working (80% of 6800) = 5,440
Families (5440/2) = 2,1120
Families where only husband is working = 1,360
Family size (assumed) = 5
Total number = 21120x5+1360x5+11100
= 22100
Add 1% for the persons who will provide services = 221
like shops, repairing facilities, etc.
30% of 221 will have families so the
number of families = 66
Total number = 66x5+155
= 485
The total number of persons = 22100+485
= 22595,
say 22,600
This sudden increase of such a large population will definitely lead to adverse
impacts on the ecosystem of the area. The domestic water requirement of the
immigrant population will be of the order of 1.58 mld of which about 1.26 mld
will be generated as sewage. The BOD load will be of the order of 1011 kg/day.
It is recommended to treat the sewage from labour camps prior to disposal.
ii) Effluent from crushers
During construction phase, crushers will be installed at various locations in the
project area. While operating a crusher, water is required to wash the boulders
and to lower the temperature of the crushing edge. About 0.1 m3 of water is
required per tonne of material crushed. The effluent from the crusher would
contain high suspended solids, i.e. 3,000 to 4,000 mg/l. The effluent from
crusher, if disposed without settling in settling tanks can lead to increase in the
turbidity levels in the receiving water bodies.
Five crushing units have been proposed for the project at different project
locations. If the effluent is discharged into the receiving water body at different
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 22
locations there shall be marginal increase in turbidity of the river water. Thus,
no adverse impacts, are anticipated due to small quantity of effluent and large
volume of water available in river Mahakali for dilution. However, it is proposed
to treat the effluent in settling tanks before disposal into receiving water body.
Thus, no significant impact on the turbidity levels is likely to be expected as a
result of disposal of effluents from crushers during the construction phase.
iii) Effluent from Batching Plants
During construction phase, batching plants will be commissioned for production
of concrete. Effluent containing high suspended solids shall be generated
during operation and cleaning of batching plants. However, no major adverse
impacts, are anticipated due to small quantity of effluent and large volume
water available for dilution in river Mahakali. It is proposed to treat the effluent
before disposal to ameliorate even the marginal impacts likely to accrue on this
account.
iv) Effluent from Fabrication Units and Workshops
The fabrication units and workshops which shall be functional during
construction phase will generate effluents with high suspended solids and oil
and grease level. It is proposed to treat the effluent from fabrication units and
workshops in a oil and grease separate unit prior to disposal.
v) Sediment load causing pollution of water bodies
The excavation works for construction; drilling and blasting; quarrying activities;
construction of service and facility sites is likely to generate unwanted
demolishing wastes during construction of PMP. Improper and unsustainable
disposal and mishandling of such loads may sediment and causing pollution to
water bodies. The likely impact of sediment load causing pollution will be
medium, site specific and mid-term.
vi) Pollution of land and water bodies in the project area
The generated spoils, trashes, construction related wastes, oil, paints and other
chemicals at different locations of the project area likely to pollute land and
water bodies of the area during the construction phase. The likely impact will be
medium, site specific and medium term.
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vii) Solid waste pollution and contamination of water bodies, sources of
drinking water in and outside the project area
The generation of different forms of waste generated from labour and office
camps, shops, hotels and lodges in the PMP project area shall be another
source of pollution in the area. It is proposed to mitigate the same through
implementation of specific measures.
c) Operation Phase
The major sources of water pollution during project operation phase include:
Effluent from project colony.
Thermo stratification phenomenon
Impacts on water quality.
Eutrophication risks.
i) Effluent from Project Colony
During project operation phase, the source of water pollution will be project
colony and offices. Only a small number of O&M staff will reside in the area in a
well designed colony with sewage treatment plant and other infrastructure
facilities constructed during the construction phase, the problems of water
pollution due to disposal of sewage are not anticipated.
ii) Thermo stratification Phenomenon
Stratification phenomenon occurs in the reservoir upstream of the dam. The
temporal variation of inlet and outlet radiation of water stored on the reservoir
cause changes in temperature at different depth. The change in temperature
depends upon the depth, exposed surface area and incident solar radiation.
Due to change in temperature in different layer of reservoir, convectional
current of water molecules appeared from high temperature zone to lower
temperature zone. As the rate of bacterial and other aquatic animals activities
directly depends upon the temperature and nutrient, the dissolved oxygen, pH
and other water quality parameters variations will exists in the reservoir.
Observations for water quality parameters are required for reservoir simulation
and sensitivity studies of aquatic life.
The nutrients transported with the sediments in the reservoir can lead to
eutrophication process causing degradation of water quality in the reservoir.
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The rate of eutrophication mainly depends upon microbial activities in the
sediment deposits and prevailing environment in the reservoir.
iii) Impacts on water quality
Submergence area comprises of forests on both banks and river bed. The
flooding of previously forests will increase the availability of nutrients due to
decomposition of vegetative matter. Enrichment of water with organic and
inorganic nutrients will be the main water quality problem immediately on
commencement of the operation. However, this phenomenon is likely to last for
a short duration of few years from the filling up of the reservoir. The proposed
project is envisaged as a runoff the river scheme, with significant diurnal
variations in water level as such there will be significant re-aeration from
atmosphere which will maintain the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level. Thus, in the
proposed project, no adverse impact on DO level in reservoir water is
anticipated.
iv) Eutrophication Risks
Another significant impact observed in the reservoir/water spreads area is the
problem of eutrophication which occurs mainly due to the disposal of nutrient
rich effluents from the agricultural fields. However, in the present case, fertilizer
use in the catchment area intercepted at the dam site is negligible, hence, the
runoff at present does not contain significant amount of nutrients. Even in the
post-project phase, the use of fertilizers in the catchment area intercepted at
the project is not expected to rise significantly. This is mainly because of the
fact that the population density is low and correspondingly the cropping density
is low. Most of the cropping is done on terraced areas, where use of agro-
chemicals is currently minimal. Thus, eutrophication risks are not anticipated in
the proposed project.
13.6 IMPACTS ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
For hydropower projects, air pollution occurs mainly during project construction
phase. The major sources of air pollution during construction phase are
pollution due to fuel combustion in various construction equipment, fugitive
emissions from crushers, blasting operations, tunneling operations, vehicular
movement and dust emissions due to muck disposal.
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a) Pre-construction Phase
The operation of various equipment used in drilling for Survey & Investigation
works would use fuel (diesel). However, quantum of fuel consumption is quite
small, therefore there will be no significant impact on ambient air quality.
b) Construction Phase
i) Pollution due to fuel combustion in various equipment
The operation of various construction equipment’s requires combustion of fuel.
Normally, diesel is used in such equipment. The major pollutant which gets
emitted as a result of combustion of diesel is SO2. The SPM emissions are
minimal due to low ash content in diesel. The short-term increase in SO2, even
assuming that all the equipment are operating at a common point, is quite low,
i.e. of the order of less than 1g/m3. Hence, no major impact is anticipated on
this account on ambient air quality.
ii) Emissions from crushers
The operation of the crusher during the construction phase is likely to generate
fugitive emissions, which can move even up to 1 km in predominant wind
direction. During construction phase, one crusher each is likely to be
commissioned near proposed dam and proposed power house sites. During
crushing operations, fugitive emissions comprising mainly the suspended
particulate will be generated. Since, there are no major settlements close to the
dam and power house sites; hence, no major adverse impacts on this account
are anticipated. However, during the layout design, care should be taken to
ensure that the labour camps, colonies, etc. are located on the leeward side
and outside the impact zone (say about 2 km on the wind direction) of the
crushers.
iii) Fugitive Emissions from various sources
During construction phase, there will be increased vehicular movement. Lot of
construction material like sand, fine aggregate are stored at various sites,
during the project construction phase. Normally, due to blowing of winds,
especially when the environment is dry, some of the stored material can get
entrained in the atmosphere. However, such impacts are visible only in and
around the storage sites. The impacts on this account are generally,
insignificant in nature.
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iv) Blasting Operations
Blasting will result in vibration, which shall propagate through the rocks to
various degrees and may cause loosening of rocks/boulders. The overall
impact due to blasting operations will be restricted well below the surface and
no major impacts are envisaged at the ground level. During various blasting
operations, dust will be generated, ID blowers will be provided with dust
handling system to capture and generated dust. The dust will settle on
vegetation, in the predominant down wind direction. Appropriate control
measures have been recommended to minimize the adverse impacts on this
account.
v) Pollution due to increased vehicular movement
During construction phase, there will be increased vehicular movement for
transportation of various construction materials to the project site. Similarly,
these will be increased traffic movement on account of disposal of muck or
construction waste at the dumping site. The maximum increase in vehicle is
expected to 50 vehicles per hour. Large quantity of dust is likely to be entrained
due to the movement of trucks and other heavy vehicles. Similarly, marginal
increase in Hydrocarbons, SO2 and NOx levels are anticipated for a short
duration. Modeling studies for hydrocarbon emissions were conducted and the
results are given in Table-13.15.
Table-13.15: Increase in hydrocarbon level due to vehicular movement
Distance (m) Increase in HC concentration (µg/m3)
10 5
20 2.50
30 1.611
40 1.25
50 1.00
60 0.83
110 0.111
80 0.63
90 0.56
100 0.50
The increase in vehicular density is not expected to significant. In addition,
these ground level emissions do not travel for long distances. Thus, no major
adverse impacts are anticipated on this account.
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vi) Dust emission from muck disposal
The loading and unloading of muck is one of the source of dust generation.
Since, muck will be mainly in form of small rock pieces, stone, etc., with very
little dust particles. Significant amount of dust is not expected to be generated
on this account. Thus, adverse impacts due to dust generation during muck
disposal are not expected.
vii) Pollution due to operation of DG sets
The requirement of construction power would vary at each individual site
depending upon the equipment deployed. The operation of DG sets would lead
to air pollution. The capacity of DG sets would be estimated during project
construction phase. The fuel consumed shall be LDO. The major emission LDO
combustion shall be SO2. The particulate matter emissions shall be marginal,
due to low ash content in LDO.
Stack height of DG sets to be kept in accordance with CPCB norms, which
prescribes the minimum height of stack to be provided with each generator set
to be calculated using the following formula:
H = h+0.2x √KVA
H = Total height of stack in metre
h = Height of the building in metres where the generator set is installed
KVA = Total generator capacity of the set in KVA
In addition, appropriate management measures to reduce emission level from
the DG sets shall be implemented to reduce the impacts on ambient air quality.
viii) Impacts on Soil, Material, Vegetation and Human Health
Based on the findings of the studies conducted to assess impacts on ambient
air quality from various sources, it can be concluded that marginal impact on
ambient air quality is anticipated due to the various construction related
activities. The increase in air pollution level shall be marginal and is not
expected to affect soil, material and vegetation. Marginal impact on health is
expected on labour involved in construction activities, for which proper personal
protective equipment shall be provided.
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c) Operation Phase
In operation phase of hydroelectric project, no impact on ambient air quality is
anticipated. No air pollutants are generated during the course of electricity
generation.
13.7 IMPACTS ON NOISE ENVIRONMENT
In a water resource projects, the impacts on ambient noise levels is mainly
expected during the project construction phase, due to earth moving
machinery, quarrying, blasting, vehicular movement, etc.
a) Pre-construction phase
During pre-construction phase, operation of drilling equipment shall be the only
source of noise. The noise generated from operation of drilling machines is of
the order of 85-95 dB(A). The noise from drilling machines would attenuate to a
large extent due to the various factors.
b) Construction phase
i) Impacts due to operation of construction equipment
The noise level due to operation of various construction equipment’s is given in
Table-13.16.
Table-13.16: Noise level due to operation of various construction equipment
Equipment Noise level dB(A)
Earth moving
Compactors 110-112
Loaders and Excavator 112-82
Dumper 112-92
Tractors 116-92
Scrappers, graders 82-92
Pavers 86-88
Truck 84-94
Material handling
Concrete mixers 115-85
Movable cranes 82-84
Stationary
Pumps 68-110
Generators 112-82
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Equipment Noise level dB(A)
Compressors 115-85
Others
Vibrators 69-81
Saws 114-81
Under the worst-case scenario, considered for prediction of noise levels during
construction phase, it has been assumed that all these equipment’s generate
noise from a common point. The increase in noise levels due to operation of
various construction equipment’s is given in Table-13.17.
Table-13.17: Increase in noise levels due to operation of various construction
equipment
Distance
(m)
Ambient
noise levels
dB (A)
Increase in
noise level due
to construction
activities dB(A)
Increased
noise level
due to
construction
activities
dB(A)
Increase in
ambient noise
level due to
construction
activities
dB(A)
100 40 74 74 34
200 40 69 69 29
500 40 65 65 25
1000 40 61 61 21
1500 40 58 58 18
2000 40 54 54 14
2500 40 51 51 11
3000 40 47 47 7
It would be worthwhile to mention here that in absence of the data on actual
location of various construction equipment’s, all the equipment have been
assumed to operate at a common point. This assumption leads to over-
estimation of the increase in noise levels. Also, it is a known fact that there is a
reduction in noise level as the sound wave passes through a barrier. The
transmission loss values for common construction materials are given in Table-
13.18.
Table-13.18: Transmission loss for common construction materials
Material Thickness of construction
material (inches)
Decrease in noise level
dB (A)
Light concrete 4 38
6 39
Dense concrete 4 40
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Material Thickness of construction
material (inches)
Decrease in noise level
dB (A)
Concrete block 4 32
6 36
Brick 4 33
Granite 4 40
Thus, the walls of various houses will attenuate at least 30 dB(A) of noise. In
addition there are attenuation due to the following factors.
Air absorption
Rain
Atmospheric in homogeneities.
Vegetal cover
Thus, no increase in noise levels is anticipated as a result of various activities,
during the project construction phase. The noise generated due to blasting is
not likely to have any effect on habitations. However, blasting can have adverse
impact on wildlife. It would be worthwhile to mention that no major wildlife is
observed in and around the project site. Hence, no significant impact is
expected on this account.
ii) Impacts due to increased vehicular movement
During construction phase, there will be significant increase in vehicular
movement for transportation of construction material. At present, there is no
vehicular movement near the dam site. During construction phase, the increase
in vehicular movement is expected to increase up to a maximum of 5 to 6
trucks/hour.
As a part of EIA study, impact on noise level due to increased vehicular
movement was studied using Federal Highway Administration model. The
results of modeling are outlined in Table-13.19.
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Table-13.19: Increase in noise levels due to increased vehicular movement
Distance (m) Ambient
noise level
dB (A)
Increase in
noise level
due to
increased
vehicular
movement
dB (A)
Noise levels
due to
increased
vehicular
movement
dB (A)
Increase in
ambient noise
level due to
increased
vehicular
movement
dB (A)
10 40 112 112 72
20 40 91 91 51
50 40 76 76 36
100 40 61 61 21
200 40 52 52 12
500 40 46 46 6
1000 40 42 44 4
As mentioned earlier, there will be significant attenuation due to various factors,
e.g. absorption by construction material, air absorption, atmospheric in
homogeneties, and vegetal cover. Thus, no significant impact on this account is
anticipated. Appropriate measures have been suggested as a part of
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) report to minimize impacts on wildlife.
iii) Impacts on labour
The effect of high noise levels on the operating personnel has to be considered
as this may be particularly harmful. It is known that continuous exposures to
high noise levels above 90 dB(A) affects the hearing acuity of the
workers/operators and hence, should be avoided. To prevent these effects, it
has been recommended by Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) that the exposure period of affected persons be limited as per the
maximum exposure period specified in Table-13.20.
Table-13.20: Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA
Maximum equivalent continuous
Noise level dB (A)
Unprotected exposure period per day for 8
hrs/day and 5 days/week
90 8
95 4
100 2
105 1
110 ½
115 ¼
120 No exposure permitted at or above this level
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iv) Noise generated due to drilling
The noise levels monitored at a 10 m distance from the source and operator’s
cabin is given in Table-13.21.
Table-13.21: Noise generated due to drilling
Equipment Noise level at source dB (A)
Standing idle (inside cabin) 110-112
Standing idle (10 m radius) 112-114
On load (inside cabin) 118-80
On load (10 m radius) 82-84
The noise levels during various construction activities have been compared to
various standards prescribed by Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA), which are being implemented in our country through rules framed
under Factories Act. It can be observed that as per unprotected exposure
period specified by OSHA that for an 8 hour duration, equivalent noise level
exposure should be less than 90 dB(A).
The workers who are expected to be exposed to noise levels greater than 90
dB(A), should not work in these areas beyond 6 to 8 hours. In addition, they
also need to be provided with ear plugs. Thus, increased noise levels due to
drilling are not expected to adversely affect the workers operating the drill or
involved in other construction related activities.
13.8 IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY
a) Pre-construction phase
During pre-construction phase, migration of few labourer and technical staff for
survey and field investigation related activities is expected. This population
would use kerosene/ fuel wood for meeting their energy and other
requirements. This would lead to marginal increase in pressure on forests in the
area. The impact on this account is not expected to be significant.
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b) Construction Phase
i) Clearance of forests
The main impact has already been observed before construction has been the
clearance of the trees in areas that are to be submerged or have to be
deforested. Often the trees are felled long before the actual submergence.
Consequently, the area will be deprived of ecological functions of trees even
before this becomes inevitable which has direct impact upon the refusal area of
varieties of animals.
ii) Increased human interferences
The direct impact of construction activity for hydropower project is generally
limited in the vicinity of the construction sites only. The construction site
includes the dam site, underground power site, tunnel, surge shaft and places
where labourer camps and colonies are to be located.
As mentioned earlier about 8500 workers, technical staff and other group of
people are likely to congregate in the area during construction phase. It can be
assumed that the technical staff will be of higher economic status and will live in
a more urbanized habitat and will not use wood as fuel. However, workers and
labourers may use fuel wood, if no alternate fuel is provided, Thus, for them
firewood/ kerosene should be provided. On an average, the fuel wood
requirement could be of the order of about 1.0 kg/day/capita therefore, if no
alternate source of fuel is provided to the labourers then every year felling of
about 1 ha of forest area would be required to meet the fuel wood
requirements.
At this project, construction work is awarded to major contractors involved in
construction of large scale infrastructure projects. As a part of the contract, it is
obligatory for the contractor to provide a community kitchen, where workers are
provided food. The fuel used in the kitchen is LPG. Similar practice shall be
practiced for Pancheshwar Multi-purpose Project as well. Hence, tree cutting is
generally not envisaged for meeting the fuel wood requirements.
iii) Impacts due to increased accessibility
During project operation phase, accessibility to the area will improve due to
construction of roads, which in turn may increase human interferences leading
to adverse impacts on the terrestrial ecosystem viz. flora and fauna of the area,
due to human interferences. Since, no major wildlife species is not reported in
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the project area, therefore adverse impacts of such interferences are likely to
be marginal.
iv) Impacts due to dust
Construction activities usually significantly raise the levels of dust in the
atmosphere. Such dust not only negatively affects the forests and other
vegetation in the region; it also pollutes the river and other water bodies and
consequently aquatic fauna causing deterioration in ecosystem health. There is
also a significant impact on the health of the people living and working in
the region. Impact of dust pollution during construction has not been assessed
in Nepal. Though dust pollution during construction cannot be totally prevented,
it can be minimized in many ways as can the impact on human health and on
the fauna and flora.
v) Impacts of mining/quarrying for construction materials
The soil, stones and sand required for the construction of dams and
canals are often mined and quarried from around the actual site. Such
extraction can also have adverse environmental impacts, especially by
aggravating dust pollution, disturbing wildlife and destroying vegetation. These
impacts that can be prevented by ensuring that such mining or quarrying are
done in environmentally friendly manner and not close enough to the dam to
have a direct impact on it. Where this is unavoidable, the mined area should be
restored prior to submergence.
c) Operation Phase
i) Loss of Forest
The total forest land coming under reservoir submergence on Indian side due to
the project is 2422.5 ha. The details are given in Table-13.9. The project
submergence does not contain any rare endangered or unique species of the
flora. The forest land in general is degraded due to large scale human
interferences in Mahakali river submergence. The submergence of river
Mahakali starts from the dam site at Pancheshwar and extends upto village
Kimkhola, which is at a distance of 6 km upstream of the confluence of rivers
Gauriganga and Mahakali at Jauljibi.
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Mahakali river submergence
The forest land classified as protected forests will be submerged in villages
Raurian, Chinnapani, Daulisera, Chamtoli and Ghingraini. The major type of
forest observed in the area is open forest. The major tree species observed
were Sal (Shorea robusta) alongwith associates such as Pine (Pinus
roxburghii), Toon (Toona ciliata), Haldu (Adina cardifolia), Amaltash (Cassia
fistula), Semal (Bombax ceiba), Bhimal (Grewia optima), Amwala (Emblica
officinalis), Jamun (Syzygiuym cuminii), Ritha (Sapindus mukorossi), etc.
After Jhoolaghat on the upstream side of river Mahakali upto Kimkhola village,
the main species associated with Sal is Toon. The other species found were
Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) and Khair (Acacia catechu). Trees of the various
fruits e.g. Mango (Mangifera indica), Aru (Prunus persica), Anar (Punica
granatum), Lemon (Citrus medica), Naspati (Pyrus communis), Guava
(Psidium guajava), etc. are also observed in the submergence area. The other
edible plants such as Padam (Prunus cornuta), Chura (Diploknema butyracea)
were also coming under submergence. In these forests healthy tree species of
Chura was observed in every village. The tree is of multi-purpose use for the
people in the area. The fruit is used as a medicine and the seed is used for
making vegetable ghee. The leaf is used as fodder for cattle.
The dominant shrub species noticed all over the submergence area were
Rambas (Agaye americana) and Bhimal, Ak (Calotropis procera) and Banritha
(Heynea trijuga).
Gori ganga river Submergence
The submergence on river Gori Ganga starts from Jouljibi at an altitude of 600
m and extends upto Balmara village which is at an altitude 680 m. The
submergence area of the river has mainly open mixed forest. The forests were
observed near Jogyura village which is situated on left bank of the river while
on right bank open scrub forests were observed near Jouljibi. The dominant
scrubs observed in the area was Rambas (Agaye americana), Nagphani
(Opentia tuna). In scrub lands small scattered trees of Sal and Toon and fruit
tree are also noticed between villages Jogyura and Garzia.
Ramganga river submergence
The submergence in river Ramganga starts from Rameshwar temple and
extends upto village Simani. The major types of forest coming under
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submergence are open mixed jungle and dense mixed jungle. The dominant
species in both the forest types was Sal.
The open mixed forest was noticed on both the banks of the river in association
with some trees of Pine (Pinus roxburghii), Ruina (Mallotous phillippinesis),
Bhemal (Grewia optiva), Malu (Bauhinia vahlii), Amaltash (Cassia fistula), Aru
(Prunus persica), etc.
Sarju river submergence
The submergence in Sarju river basin starts from the confluence of river
Mahakali at Pancheshwar temple and extends upto village Umral.
The open mixed forest land consisting mainly of Sal (Shorea robusta) was
observed near villages Palchura, Chamgad, Umerkasara, Taragara and Betta.
On left bank side, dense mixed forest also consisting mainly of Sal was noticed
near villages Bhakunda, Netra Talla and from Ghat to confluence of Panar
River at village Kakarighat. After village Kakarighat, dense forest was again
noticed upto Rasyuna village. On right bank side a patch mainly Sal was
observed near Kunour village. After Rasyuna Sal forest was noticed on both
the banks of the river.
The main associates of Sal in the submergence of river Sarju were Pine (Pinus
roxburghii), Ruina (Mallotus phillippinensis), Sanjan (Moringa oliefera), Bhemal
(Grewia optiva), Kimu (Morus sirratta), Gular (Ficus glomerata), Chura
(Diploknema butyraceae), Kachnar (Bauhinaia variegata), Amaltash (Cassia
fistula), Anjir (Fraxinus palnata) Bau Pipal (Populus ciliata), etc.
Panar river submergence
The major forest land in the submergence area of river Panar are open mixed
type consisting Pine and Sal. The submergence in river Panar starts, from
Kakarighat at an altitude 530 m and extends upto village Dasoula which is at
altitude of 680 m. Open mixed Pine-Sal forest type was observed. The main
associates of the Sal-Pine mixed forest were Bhimal (Grewia optiva), Malu
(Bauhinia vahlii), Sanjan (Moringa oliefera), Ritha (Sapindus mukorossi), Chura
(Diploknema butyraceae), Grapes (Fraxinus micrantha), Anjir (Ficus palmata),
Amaltash (Cassia fistula), Asana (Terminalia alata), Kachanar (Bauhinia
variegata), Kathber (Zizyphus xylopyra), Kandela (Ilex dipyrena), Kinu (Morus
serratta), Gular (Ficus glomerata), etc.
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13.9 IMPACTS ON FAUNA
There is no encroachment of any wildlife reserve. The nearest wildlife
sanctuary is the Askot wildlife sanctuary which is about 3 km upstream of the
tail end of the submergence area. It is located about 50 km from project site,
where main construction activities are likely to take place. Considering the
distance between the major construction sites and the Askot Sanctuary, the
adverse impacts likely to accrue as a result of human interferences during
construction and operation phases of such projects are not expected.
The forests in the submergence and surrounding areas are generally degraded
as a result of indiscriminate tree felling as a result of tremendous pressure due
to human interferences. Due to the degradation of forest in the submergence
and surrounding area no major wildlife is found. Hence, no adverse impact on
the terrestrial fauna is anticipated due to the project.
a) Construction Phase
i) Impacts due to human interferences
It has been indicated that the area does not have a significant faunal
population. During construction stage, a large number of machinery and
construction labour will have to be mobilized. This activity may lead to some
disturbance to the wildlife population in the immediate vicinity of the
construction sites, as a result of increased human interferences due to
congregation of large labour population. Another major impact on account of
large scale tree felling for meeting fuel wood and timber requirements.
As far as impact on fauna is concerned, during construction phase, a large
number of machinery and construction equipment which gets mobilized, can
have some disturbance on the wildlife population. The operation of various
construction equipment is likely to generate significant noise, especially during
blasting. The noise may scare the fauna, which then migrate to relatively
undisturbed areas. However, based on field observations, interaction with
locals, etc. it can be said that no major fauna is observed in the submergence
area and its vicinity. Thus, no major impacts are anticipated on this account.
ii) Impacts on Askot Wildlife Sanctuary
Askot Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the middle of a snow covered peak in the
Kumaon Himalayan at an elevation of 1620 m in the Indian state of
Uttarakhand. The Askot sanctuary has a large collection of herbs, shrubs,
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trees and climbers. The sanctuary has a rich vegetation of Teak, Grevelia,
Eucalyptus etc. This sanctuary has been set up primarily with the objective of
conserving Musk deer (Moschus leucogaster) and its habitat. The other
mammal species found in this sanctuary include Bengal tiger, Indian leopard,
Himalayan Jungle Cat, Civet, Barking Deer, Serow, Goral, Himalayan Brown
Bear. Many species of high altitude avi-fauna are also found in this sanctuary.
The musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) belongs to the family Moschidae and
genus Moschus one of the most primitive deer like ruminants. Musk Deer
generally remains above an elevation of 3000 m asl.
The MWL of the dam is 695 m above msl, and thus, maximum submergence
will be up to this height. Since, lower habitat elevation limit for the Musk deer is
2500 m. Thus, impact of the Pancheshwar Multi-purpose Project on Musk deer
is not envisaged, as its habitat is at a much higher elevation.
The dam site is located 80 km away from the Askot Musk deer Sanctuary;
however the distance from tail-end of the reservoir in Kali River in district
Pithoragarh is within 300 m from the boundary of the Sanctuary. Hence, Wildlife
Clearance is required to be obtained from the National Board for Wildlife
(NBWL).
Askot Wildlife Sanctuary is located about 300 m from the tail end of
submergence. It must be mentioned that no major construction activity is
expected at the tail end of the reservoir. Most of the activities will be near the
dam and power house site which is far away from Askot Wildlife Sanctuary.
However, as a part of EMP, management measures have been recommended.
The details are given in Volume-III, outlined in Environmental Management
Plan of this Report.
iii) Habitat fragmentation
Fragmentation has been associated with changes in both biotic and abiotic
components of landscapes. Effects on the physical environment include
quantitative changes in nutrient cycling and energy budgets (Hobbs, 1993) and
microclimate along edges (Lovejoy et al., 1986; Matlack, 1993). Consequences
of fragmentation include habitat loss for some plant and animal species, habitat
creation for others, decreased connectivity of the remaining vegetation,
decreased patch size, increased distance between patches, and an increase in
edge at the expense of interior habitat (Reed et al 1996). Dams create habitat
fragmentation for mussels, otters (Barbosa et al 2001), and other mammalian
species. Many wildlife species have been sharing riperian habitats by crossing
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Nepal-India borders such as Langurs, Rhesus, Barking deers, Sloth bears,
leopards and wild pigs. Prevention of migratory fish hosts due to freshwater
habitat fragmentation will cause the loss of some freshwater molluscs that
utilize the fish as a host during the life cycle (Sheddon, www.dams.org)
Terrestrial ecology of semi-aquatic animals is underappreciated or overlooked
by managers and conservation planners (Semlitsch and Bodie 2003). Some
semi-aquatic reptiles make only brief visits to terrestrial habitats when nesting,
and hibernacula are rarely observed.
b) Operation Phase
i) Impacts on fauna
During the project operation phase, the accessibility to the area will improve
due to construction of roads, increased tourism activities, etc. The increased
accessibility to the area could have adverse impact on the fauna of the area
due to human interferences. Measures need to be implemented to minimize
adverse impacts due to increased human interferences.
ii) Impacts on migratory route
The construction of the proposed Pancheshwar project, which will form a 80 km
long reservoir, is not expected to have any adverse impact on the migratory
route of any of the endangered species. It has also been reported that these
species are observed in the catchment area, and not in the submergence area,
hence, no impacts on migratory route is anticipated due to reservoir
submergence.
The river Mahakali flows through a deep gorge and in the study area the depth
of the water is substantial and the current is swift. Under these circumstances
no animal can cross the river. It is therefore, evident that the dam and the
consequent submergence is not expected to cause any impact on the migration
of the animals. Thus, the construction of the proposed Pancheshwar multi-
purpose is not expected to cause any significant adverse impact on wildlife.
iii) Habitat fragmentation
Dams create habitat fragmentation for various species. Many wildlife species
including Langur, Rhesus, Barking deer, Sloth beer, leopard and wild pig have
been sharing riperian habitats by crossing Nepal-India borders.
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iv) Impacts on avi-fauna
Water birds are not very common in the area. The main reason for this is that
water birds generally require quiescent or slow moving water environment.
However, in the proposed project area and its surroundings due to terrain
conditions, water flow is swift, which does not provide suitable habitat for the
growth of water birds. With the damming of the river, two reservoirs of an area
of about 11600 ha and 396 ha will be created, with quiescent/tranquil
conditions. The reservoir banks will provide moist environment throughout the
year which can lead to proliferation of vegetation e.g. grass, etc. Such
conditions are generally ideal for various kinds of birds, especially, water birds.
This is expected to increase the avi-faunal population of the area during project
operation phase.
v) Creation of New Habitat
The development of reservoir of 11600 ha due to construction of dam in PMP
will inundate a large area of forest habitat for forest bird species but in the other
hand, ultimately, it will also serve as a very good refuge and breeding places for
many local and migratory birds. A new habitat will be created which will be used
by many wetland bird species and their population in the area will be increased.
The huge lake of about 80 kms length and the new forest habitat creation along
the reservoir rim may provide a habitat for many local and migratory forest
birds, birds of prey, waterfowl and wader birds. Reservoir shall be a good
source of aquatic foods for lots of aquatic and wetlands birds. Therefore,
reservoir formation in the upstream area of dam site would increase the resting
and feeding activities of birds with the availability of more food e.g. fish or
increased food chain.
At the beginning, birds may not be accustomed with the new resting and
feeding areas, but in the long run they would do. If might be a very good resting
and feeding areas as has been observed in the upstream of Koshi barrage,
Gandak barrage, Sharda barrage, Jagdishpur water reservoir in tropical to sub-
tropical environment in Nepal. The reservoir thus formed will provide a good
habitat for different species of birds and will aggravate the number of birds if
less forest areas are cleared during construction period and planting a suitable
broadleaves and indigenous trees and plants for breeding birds to increased
the forest areas as well as if hunting, fishing, trapping, poisoning, killing of birds
is prohibited and pollution control measures are applied effectively.
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13.10 IMPACTS ON AQUATIC ECOLOGY
a) Pre-construction phase
The workers migrating in the area during pre-construction phase could resort to
illegal method of catching fish. Proper surveillance measures shall be
implemented to control this activity.
b) Construction Phase
i) Impacts due to sewage disposal
During peak construction phase, waste water, mostly from domestic sources
will be generated from various camps of workers engaged in the project area.
Due to perennial nature of river Mahakali and the volume of water it carries all
round the year, no significant impact on Dissolved Oxygen level of the receiving
water body are anticipated. Thus, no significant impacts on riverine ecology.
However, it is recommended that sewage generated from labour camps and
project office be treated prior to disposal.
ii) Increased turbidity level
Extraction of gravel and sand during construction phase would have deleterious
effect on fish stocks. Such activities cause destabilising of river sub-strata,
increasing the turbidity of water, silting up the channel bottom and modifying
the flow which in turn may result in erosion of the river banks. The turbidity
could increase upto 100 ppm due to suspended solids which may chokes the
gills of young fish. However, with appropriate measures such as settling tanks
etc, the increase in turbidity is not expected to reach high levels so as to
adversely affect the fish fauna.
iii) Impacts due to excavation of construction material from river bed
During the construction phase a large quantity of construction material like
stones, pebbles, gravel and sand would be needed. Two river shoals are
proposed to be excavated for the project purpose. The extraction of
construction material may affects the river water quality due to increase in the
turbidity levels. This is mainly because the dredged material gets released
during one or all the operations mentioned below:
Excavation of material from the river bed.
Loss of material during transport to the surface.
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Overflow from the dredger while loading
Loss of material from the dredger during transportation.
The cumulative impact of all the above operations is increase in turbidity levels
which with proper dredging practices can be minimized. It has also been
observed that slope collapse is the major factor responsible for increase in the
turbidity levels. If the depth of cut is too high, there is possibility of slope
collapse, which releases a sediment cloud. This will further move outside the
suction radius of dredged head. In order to avoid this typical situation, the depth
of cut be restricted to:
H/C < 5.5
where,
- unit weight of the soil
H - depth of soil
C - Cohesive strength of soil
The dredging and deposition of dredged material may affect the survival and
propagation of benthic organisms. The macro-benthic life which remains
attached to the stones, boulders etc. gets dislodged and is carried away
downstream by turbulent flow. The areas from where construction material is
excavated, benthic fauna get destroyed. In due course of time, however, the
area gets recolonized, with fresh benthic fauna. The density and diversity of
benthic fauna, will however, be less as compared with the pre-dredging levels.
The second important impact is on the spawning areas of fishes. Almost all the
cold water fish breed in the flowing waters. The spawning areas of these fish
species are found amongst pebbles, gravel, sand etc. The eggs are sticky in
nature and remain embedded in the gravel and subsequently hatch. Thus, if
adequate precautions during dredging operations are not undertaken, then
significant adverse impacts on aquatic ecology are anticipated.
iv) Increased silt load and consequent increased turbidity
There could be a hazardous effect on the fish bio-diversity during the
construction phase of the dam. There could be disturbance in the present fish
habitat of the river due to silt during construction phase. The silt produced
during construction of the coffer dams upstream and downstream of the main
dam and the rock filled main high dam (315 m. height), quarrying activities and
construction of access road could make the river water downstream of the
construction site turbid to the extent that the migration of fish upstream and
downstream could be blocked disturbing their breeding activities. This could
cause severe consequences on the fish bio-diversity of the water body
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downstream of the construction site. The disturbances could be caused by
deposit of soil, boulders etc. during digging, blasting and activities.
v) Activities of increased human population in the project area
Upstream of the construction site may not be effected by the by the turbidity
caused by the construction activities. However, excessive fishing activities by
construction workers are likely to cause severe depletion in fish population
upstream of the dam site. There is a large tributary of Mahakali River, Saryu
River flowing from Indian side just about 2-3 km. upstream of the proposed dam
site. Fish species e.g. Tor sp., Schizothorax sp, Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis
and even some of the sub-continental major carps like Labeo sp and Barilius
sp. have upstream and downstream movement in Mahakali as well as the
tributaries even during the construction period for their breeding as well as
growing purposes. Excessive fishing activities could cause severe depletion of
these species to the extent that it could be difficult to re-generate the population
of these species in the reservoir to be created.
Heavy fishing by the workers of the construction work force, could destroy the
fish bio-diversity of the Mahakali River both upstream and downstream. Illegal
fishing could be of any kinds like by diverting the river flow, by dynamiting,
electro fishing or by poisoning which could destroy the fish population of all the
age and size within its effective zone.
vi) Impacts due to diversion of Mahakali River during construction period
Diversion of river for the construction of dam could hinder migration up and
down stream of the river of the migratory fish species due to fast water current
(faster than the present river water current) in the diversion canal. As the
duration of the diversion of river could exceed over a year some of the warm
water fish species may not be able to migrate up stream even in summer which
could result the upstream water body could possibly be devoid of warm water
fish species like Labeo sp., Neolissoheilus hexagonolepis and Bagarius sp. as
the water temperature upstream of high dam site rises above 20 degree
centigrade only during summer time. The winter time (October-December) the
water temperature does not exceed 18 degree which is not favorable for the
warm water fishes.
vii) Impacts due to discharge of sewage from labour camp/colony
The proposed hydropower project would envisage the construction of
temporary and permanent residential colonies to accommodate labourers and
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staff engaged in the project. This would result in production of domestic waste
water which is ultimately discharged into the river. However, it is proposed to
setup appropriate units for treatment of domestic sewage before its disposal in
to the river. Due to perennial nature of river Mahakali, it maintains sufficient flow
throughout the year which shall dilute the treated sewage generated from
residential/labour colonies. Therefore, as mentioned earlier, no adverse
impacts on water quality are anticipated due to discharge of sewage from
labourer camps or project colonies.
viii) Impacts due to human activities
Accumulation of labour force in the project area might result in enhancement in
indiscriminate fishing including use of explosives. The use of explosive material
to catch fish in river in Mahakali and its tributaries in the project area would
result in complete loss of fishes and other aquatic life making a river stretch dry.
This aspect have been adequately covered in the Environmental Management
Plan (EMP).
c) Operation Phase
i) Impacts on migratory fish species
The construction of the dams would hinder migration of species especially
Schizothorax sp., Tor tor and Tor putitora. These fish species undertake annual
migration for feeding and breeding. Under this situation poaching activities may
increase in the area. Most of the species will shift to the section of the river
where they find favourable environment for breeding since the dam is 315 m
high and construction of fish ladders is not feasible in the proposed dam.
However, it is proposed that the artificial seed production in hatchery may be
adopted which can be stocked in the river stretches downstream and upstream
of the proposed dam.
Fish populations are highly dependent upon the characteristics of the aquatic
habitat which supports all their biological functions. This dependence is most
marked in migratory fish which require discrete environment for the main
phases of their life cycle which are reproduction, production of juveniles, growth
and sexual maturation. The fish composition in the project areas are
represented by potadromous species i.e. the species which occur only in
freshwater system and their reproduction and feeding zones are separated by
distances that could vary from few meters to hundreds of kilometers. The
building of a dam generally has an adverse impact on fish population and their
migration.
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Snow Trout (Schizothorax progastus) migrate from lower elevation to higher
elevation in summer months and return to lower elevation in winter months. The
fish species such as Mahaseer (Tor putitora) and Golden Mahaseer (Tor tor)
also migrate to lower elevation in summer months and undertake the reverse
journey in winter months.
Construction of proposed dam would hamper the upward and downward
migratory movement of these fish species namely, snow trout and Mahaseer.
Likewise, migration of fish species from tributaries to river Mahakali would also
be affected on account of creation of two reservoirs. Thus, the project will have
adverse impact on migratory fish species. To mitigate the adverse impact on
the migratory fish species, appropriate & comprehensive fisheries management
plan has been formulated as a part of Environmental Management Plan.
ii) Impact on fish fauna due to damming and reservoir formation
There are two types of effect that could be caused on the aquatic flora and
fauna of the water body (Mahakali River) due to damming and reservoir
creation. One could be considered as the negative impact and the second
could be a positive impact. The negative impact is caused by the submersion of
the present fish habitat and the obstruction of migration upstream and down
stream movement of the fishes due to the construction of the dam. Positive
impact could be expected as the damming will create deeper and wider water
body which could provide suitable habitat for both the coldwater as well as
warm water fish species and wider niches for the aquatic biomass that could
help aquatic bio-diversity as well as could provide more opportunities for
improving the economy of the local community and improve the social
environment of the locality.
iii) Obstruction in fish migration
The habitat of fishes like Asla and Mahaseer could exist up stream of the main
river Mahakali and its major tributaries. Asla (Schizothorax sp.) may be limited
around the confluence areas of its tributaries and along the periphery of the
reservoir/s at shallow water regions because, Asla feed on the plankton and
macro-organisms attached to the substrates like pebbles and boulders of the
river bottom at shallower area.
Also, it has been reported that large fishes like Gaunch (Bagarius spp.) and
Sahar (Tor sp.) are vanishing from upstream of the dam of Kali Gandaki Hydro
Project after the implementation of the project (Kantipur National Daily, 2006).
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 46
The breeding habitat of Gaunch (Bagarius spp.) are likely to be observed
downstream of the dam. The migration of these fishes will be obstructed by the
dam. However, they are expected to remain in the Mahakali River up and down
stream of Pancheshwar area as they were not found to be affected by Sarada
Barrage and Tanakpur Barrage so far and these fishes were found upstream of
Pancheshwar dam area in summer and winter).
However, for warm water fishes like Labeo sp., Barilius sp., Bagarius sp. etc. it
may possibly be affected by the barrier effect of the dam as the water
temperature does not go above 18 degree Celsius upstream of the high dam
during winter. These fishes were rarely found during winter upstream area of
Pancheshwar dam site. They could have migrated upstream during summer
time when the water temperature reached to or over 20 degree Celsius in
summer.
iv) Impacts due to reservoir formation
The high dam at Pancheshwar is expected to convert the fast flowing river
morphology into a large reservoir submerging many of its large and small
tributaries. The present habitat of all the native fish species will be destroyed by
the submersion of these tributaries together with the main river stretch up to the
direct zone. The present breeding grounds of economically important cold
water fishes like Snow Trout (Schzothorax sp.) were found around the
confluence area and upstream of its tributaries, spawning grounds of Mahaseer
(Tor sp.) and Catle (Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis) were found mainly in the
main river stretch, up stream of the Pancheshwar high dam site which is
expected to be submerged by damming at Pancheshwar dam site. This will
lead to adverse impacts on fisheries upstream of Pancheshwar high dam site.
However, marginal areas of the confluences of some of the tributaries of the
reservoir could provide breeding habitats for these fish species. Fishes like
Mahaseer (Tor sp.) are expected to flourish quite well because of the expanded
area of water surface as well as depth could provide more niches for their
feeding. However, the condition of Bagarius sp. (Gounch) could not be
assessed as the breeding season and breeding habitat of these species is not
known yet.
v) Impacts due to change in Water Quality
The water temperature of the reservoir, created by the high dam at
Pancheshwar, should increase by the absorption of more solar heat by its
increased water surface area which should help providing suitable habitat for
warm water fish species, residing downstream of the dam. The expansion of
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 47
water surface area and rise in water temperature is not only expected to
improve in the fish bio-diversity by accommodating more fish species up stream
of the dam but also should help increase fish production to many folds due to
increase in water surface area as well as increase its productivity due to the
accumulation of organic nutrients drained into the reservoir from its watershed
area.
The increase in fish production could be caused due to three main factors: a).
Increase in water surface area and the volume in the reservoir, b). Increase in
water temperature in the reservoir and c). Increase in the productivity of the
reservoir water due to the accumulation of organic nutrients load drained into
the reservoir from forest, settlements and farmland of its watershed area.
Water temperature and pH play a major role for the habitat of cold as well as
warm water fish species. The comparative water temperature and pH, recorded
during winter and summer and fish catch composition clearly indicate the water
temperature can play the role of barrier for their migration. Only a very few of
the warm water species like Labeo sp, Bagarius sp. Barilius sp. and
Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis were available upstream of Pancheshwar
dam site (Sarju-Mahakali confluence area) and that too only in Summer when
the water temperature reaches over 20oC. This indicates that possibly these
fishes do not breed upstream of the Pancheshwar dam site and they migrate up
stream only for grazing purpose up to the place only when and where the water
temperature is favorable for them.
vi) Impacts on Aquatic Ecosystems and Biodiversity
Construction activities, including the diversion of the river through a tunnel,
cause major disturbances and have adverse impacts on the aquatic ecosystem.
In many cases, vulnerable species, with either limited distribution or low
tolerance, become extinct even before the dam is completed. However, in
most projects, the study of aquatic biodiversity has been limited to the study of
fish, and then only the commercially important species. The results of the Tehri
Dam, India (Tehri, 19911) and Uri (UHPP, 1989) indicate that there are
significant adverse impacts on the aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity at and
around the construction site.
Even after the construction of the dam, there can be various adverse impacts
of the dam on aquatic ecosystems. The blocking of a river and the
formation of a lake significantly alters the ecological conditions of the
river: there are changes in pressure, temperature, oxygen levels and
even in the chemical and physical characteristics of the water. Besides, by
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 48
interrupting the flow of water, ecological continuity is broken, especially for
those species of fish whose passage up river to their breeding grounds is
blocked by the dam. According to a World Bank Technical Paper, on the
upstream side, the thermal regime of the flow is changed so that the
impounded water may become anaerobic or it may become hostile to the
wildlife previously supported by the river.
Though the adverse impacts on the aquatic biodiversity cannot be totally
prevented, they can be reduced. Besides, as these are very significant
impacts, they should form a part of the assessment process of a project.
Unfortunately, they have remained largely unanticipated costs. Many studies
suggest that such changes are deleterious to the natural history of the river, not
just within the impoundment, but below it as well. Unfortunately, these long-
term effects are often over shadowed by the perceived and immediate needs of
'development' and 'civilization' (Watters 1996).
Unionoid life cycles involve a parasitic larval stage that attaches to fish hosts.
These fish hosts are largely responsible for the distribution and zoogeography
of unionoids (Watters, 1992). Unionoids are thus influenced by distributional
barriers to their hosts, as well as by barriers to their own movements (Waters
1996). The lack of information on the importance, abundance and life history of
migratory fishes, and freshwater mussels of Mahakali river it is difficult to
measure the exact impacts on such species.
13.11 INCREASED INCIDENCE OF WATER-RELATED DISEASES
a) Pre-construction phase
During pre-construction phase, few individuals are involved in survey activities,
as such no impact is anticipated.
b) Construction Phase
About 8500 labourers and technical staff with a total increase in population by
22,000 will aggregate in the project area during construction phase. The
labourers would live in dormitories provided by the Contractor where proper
sanitary facilities are to be provided as per contract agreement. However, some
of the labourers coming from outside the project area could be carrier of certain
diseases therefore proper screening of labour population will be done by the
contractor.
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 49
i) Excavations
The excavation of earth from borrow pits etc. could accumulate water during
rainy season which could increase breeding ground for various vectors and
mosquitoes. However, in the present case, the borrow areas are within the river
bed, which in any case remain under water. Thus, no additional habitat for
mosquito breeding is created due to excavation. However, fumigation and other
measures are suggested in the EMP.
ii) Inadequate facilities in labour camps
Labourer camps without adequate facilities for potable water supply and
sewage treatment could lead to outbreak of epidemics of water-borne diseases.
Adequate measures for supply of potable water and sewage treatment have
been recommended as a part of Environmental Management Plan.
iii) Water pollution and water borne diseases
Lack of potable water supply could lead to increased incidence of water borne
diseases particularly in camp sites and in adjoining areas. There could
incidence of spread of water-borne diseases in labour camps/colonies.
Communities located in direct impact zone as well as indirect impact zone
could also be severely affected from such epidemics.
iv) Air pollution
Dusts, particulate matters and smoke generated during the time of construction
in project construction sites could increases chances of respiratory diseases
and dust allergies. Project staffs and labor workers could be affected from the
air pollution during the construction of high dam and other relevant engineering
structures during the time of construction period. Dust particles ranging from 1-
10 microns could spread air borne infections. Diseases related to dusts and
smoke such as asthma, bronchitis, eye irritation, throat and nose irritations etc.
could prevail into the communities situated at the direct impact zones during the
time of construction.
v) Noise Pollution
Moving of heavy vehicles from one part to other around project site, use of
excavator/ crane work force and blasting activities will create a noisy
environment for the total community resides in the project site. These activities
will produce not only the annoyance but also will cause ill health. The noise of
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 50
blasting and crouching will create a long lasting effect. The effect of noise
exposure will have either Auditory or Non-Auditory or both. In the Auditory
effect there will be auditory fatigue, deafness and will cause hearing loss. In the
Non-Auditory effect there will be interference with speech, annoyance reduction
in the efficiency of work and other psychological, physiological changes occur.
In addition to this rise in blood pressure and increase of breathing and sweating
will occur.
vi) Occupational Injuries
Overall during construction, a substantial member of potential hazards could be
create; workers may endure injuries form machinery and equipment, chemical,
explosive materials, burns Electrocution, falls, falling objects, dust and vibration
during construction activities. During constructional phase a substantial number
of occupational hazardous will take place. Worker may endure injuries from
machinery and equipment, chemicals, explosions, burns, electrocutions, falls,
falling objects, and vibration. Silicosis, asthma and bronchitis will create an
occupational problems among labour/technical staff involve in project activities.
Workers exposed with sound bigger than 90 dB(A) increased" the risk of noised
induced hearing impairment. The construction activities such as blasting,
quarrying, heavy vehicular movements are associated with high risk of
accidents and injuries for workers as well as surrounding communities.
vii) Solid Waste Management
Solid waste could be the major impacts upon the community and human
resources at the project construction and facility sites. In appropriate and
unsustainable disposal and direct disposal as well as open defecation by the
project staff and labor/workers at the project site could enhance the incidence
of various water-borne diseases, i.e. cholera, dysentery, typhoid etc. could
have substantial affect upon human health of the project staff as well as upon
the population at the community level.
c) Operation phase
The construction of a reservoir replaces the riverine ecosystem by a lacustrine
ecosystem. The vectors of various diseases breed in shallow areas not very far
from the reservoir margins. The magnitude of breeding sites for mosquitoes
and other vectors in the impounded water is in direct proportion to the length of
the shoreline. Thus, there could be increased incidence malaria and other
vector-borne disease during project construction phase.
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Chapter 13: Prediction of Impacts Page 51
13.12 LOSS OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS
The reservoir so constructed as a result of construction of the dam will not
submerge any monument notified by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
However, about 89 temples are likely to be submerged. Among these
temples, three temples located at Pancheshwar, Rameshwar and
Taleshwar are the major temples which are revered not only by the locals but
also by the people in the surrounding areas. The main deity in these three
temples is Lord Shiva. The temple at Pancheshwar is located about 2.5 km
upstream of dam site at the confluence of rivers Sarju and Mahakali. The
Reduced Level of the temple is about 450 m. Thus, the depth of the reservoir
water above this temple will be 230 m. The temple at Rameshwar is situated at
the confluence of rivers Sarju and Ramganga. The R.L. at this site is 550 m.
The depth of the water above the temple will be about 130 m. The other
major temple is at Taleshwar along the banks of river Mahakali, about 10 km
upstream of Jhoolaghat. The depth of water above this temple would be about
120 m. The reservoir depth over the above mentioned temples sites is too high
(120 m to 250 m) to be protected by engineering structures. Thus, these
temples will be submerged as a result of the projects.
13.13 IMPACTS ON MINERAL RESOURCES
No mineral deposits are coming under submergence due to the reservoir.
The project and its surrounding areas have little or no mineral deposits.
ANNEXURE
Minutes of the 93rd Meeting of the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) for
River Valley and Hydroelectric Projects held on 2nd May, 2016 at Indus
Meeting Hall, Ground Floor, Jal Wing, Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, Jor Bagh
Road, New Delhi – 110003.
The 93rd Meeting of the EAC for River Valley and Hydroelectric Projects (RV
&HEPs) was held on 2nd May, 2016 at Indus Meeting Hall, Ground Floor, Jal Wing,
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, Jor Bagh Road, New Delhi – 110003. The meeting was
chaired by Shri Alok Perti, Chairman, RV &HEPs. The list of EAC members and
officials/consultants associated with various projects and who attended the meeting is
at Appendix.
The following Agenda items were taken-up in that order for discussions:
Agenda Item No.1: Welcome by Chairman and confirmation of Minutes of the 92nd
Meeting of EAC held on 28th -29th March, 2016. Thereafter, following agenda items
were taken-up:
Agenda Item No 2.1: Nandprayag-Langasu HEP (100 MW) on Alaknanda
River in Dist. Chamoli, Uttarakhand by M/s UJVN
Limited- for consideration of Environmental
Clearance.
1. The Nandprayag-Langasu HEP (100 MW) is proposed in the middle reach of the
Alaknanda Basin to meet the requirement of power shortage in the Northern region
in general and in the country as whole. The project has been conceptualized as a
Run-of-the-River (RoR) scheme with 162 m wide gated barrage comprising of one
under sluice (11.6 m wide) and 7 barrage bays of 18m width each with 10.3m
height above the river bed and utilising a design discharge of 268.46 cumecs of
Alaknanda river for power generation. The Project Site is located on NH-58 (New
Delhi-Badrinath) almost midway between Karanprayag and Nandprayag in district
Chamoli of Uttarakhand State and is about 190 Kms from the nearest railhead
Rishikesh. The nearest airfield Jolly Grant is about 210 km from the barrage site. The
barrage site is approachable from NH-58 (Delhi-Badrinath Road) upto Nandprayag
and thereafter by Nandprayag – Devikhal – Gopeshwar district road.
2. During the presentation, Project Proponent (PP) informed that Hon’ble Supreme
Court vide orders dated 12-08-2014 and dated 12.10.2015 clarified that ban imposed
on Hydroelectric Power Projects (HEPs) was applicable to 24 HEPs mentioned in the
report of Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun (WII). Further as Nand Prayag
Langasu HEP is not listed in the said 24 project, this project may be considered for
Environment Clearance.
3. It was informed that Terms of Reference (ToR) for the project was issued in October
2010 for 2 years. Repeated communications were made with MoEF & CC for
extension of TOR from October 2012 onwards upto December 2016 by the Project
Proponent, but no communication was received from MoEF & CC. Therefore, in
4. The project proponent presented the pre-feasibility report prepared by NWDA in
1995 and hence it is advised to finalize the technical aspects of the project (DPR)
to ascertain the project specific ToRs by EAC.
Agenda Item No 2.4: Jameri HEP (60 MW) in West Kameng District of
Arunachal Pradesh by M/s KSK Jameri Hydro Power
Private Limited - for consideration of ToR.
The project proponent did not attend the meeting. Therefore, the EAC has not
considered the project and deferred the project.
Agenda Point 2.5: Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in Uttarakhand by M/s
Pancheshwar Development Authority-for consideration of
ToR.
The project proponent made a detailed presentation on the project and informed that the project was appraised for ToR in 83rd meeting held on 24-25 April, 2015.
2. The Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) is envisaged on river Mahakali
(known as Sarada in India) where the river forms the international boundary between
India and Nepal, dividing the Far Western Development Region of Nepal from the
Uttarakhand State in India.
3. It is a bi-national scheme, primarily aimed at energy production. In addition,
project aims at to enhance food grain production in both the countries by providing
additional irrigation resulting from augmentation of dry season flows. Due to
moderation of flood peak at reservoir(s), incidental flood control benefits for both the
countries are also envisaged from the project.
4. The project would comprise of a rock-fill dam with central clay core of 315 m height from the deepest foundation level. It shall have two underground powerhouses, one on each bank of Mahakali River with the total installed capacity of nearly 5600 MW. The power plant at main dam will be operated as the peaking station to meet energy demand in India and Nepal. A re-regulating dam at Rupaligad, 25 km downstream, is proposed to even out powerhouse releases into continuous river flows and irrigation demands in the downstream
5. The project proponent presented the response to issues raised in the 83rd EAC meeting held on 24-25 April, 2015:
The project is being promoted by Pancheshwar Development Authority (PDA) constituted under Article-10 of the Mahakali Treaty between India and Nepal. The Pancheshwar Development Authority is the project proponent, a joint entity of India and Nepal.
It has been clarified by National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) vide their letter no Z-14012/3/2015-FM(Part-2)/828-31 dated 18th March 2016 that the location of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project does not fall under the eco-sensitive zone.
NMCG has further informed that the ban on environmental clearance to Hydro Power Projects in Uttarakhand was applicable only to the projects in Bhagirathi and Alaknanda River Basins. Whereas, the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project is located in Sarada River Basin. As such the ban is not pertaining to it.
EAC recommended that an Integrated EIA study covering Indian and Nepal portion be presented for obtaining Environmental Clearance.
After the detailed deliberations, the EAC noted that under the present dispensation
there is no provision for giving TORs for part of any project. Since this is a special
case where a project is proposed to be implemented by a joint establishment agreed
to by India and Nepal the matter needs a special consideration. In order to ensure
that studies on preparation of EIA/EMP are not delayed the EAC recommends that
TOR for the portion of project falling in India subject to the following conditions:
i. A joint mechanism be set-up for considering the assessment of environmental
impact of the full project. While considering the full project by the proposed joint
mechanism a need arises to modify the TORs the same may be consider by the
EAC for modification of TORs. The EIA/EMP prepared for the full project by the
Project Proponent should be placed before the entity established through the
joint mechanism mentioned earlier for examination and for recommendation to
be given to the Ministries of Environment in both countries for acceptance.
ii. The EIA/EMP studies as depicted in the model ToR of MoEF&CC effective from
April 2015 shall be carried out.
iii. Skill mapping of project affected families shall be carried out and suitable
provisions shall be made in R&R plan.
iv. Minimum e-flow discharge of 20%, 25% and 30% should be planned for Lean
season, Non-lean season and monsoon.
Agenda Point 2.6: Lower Orr Dam under Ken-Betwa Link Project-Phase-II,
Water Resources Department, Govt. Of Madhya Pradesh
and M/s National Water Development Agency for
reconsideration of EC.
The project proponent made a detailed presentation on the project and informed
the Expert Appraisal Committee for River Valley and Hydroelectric Projects that project
was appraised in 91st meeting held on 8-9 February, 2016. It was clarified that the
Lower Orr is an independent project of Govt. of M.P and is not related to Ken-
Betwa link project, however, as and when Ken-Betwa link project materializes, the
Lower Orr project shall become an integral part of Ken-Betwa Link Project Phase-II.
2. It was noted that the project is proposed across Orr River which is a tributary to
Betwa River near the village Didauni on the border of Shivpuri & Ashok Nagar Districts
in Madhya Pradesh. The main objective of the Lower Orr project is to provide irrigation
and domestic water supply to water deficit areas of Shivpuri and Datia Districts
of Madhya Pradesh. The proposed dam site is located at a distance of about 6 km
Appendix.
93rd MEETING OF THE EXPERT APPRAISAL COMMITTEE FOR RIVER VALLEY
AND HYDROELECTRIC POWER PROJECT
DATE &TIME : 2nd May, 2016, 10.30 AM VENUE : INDUS MEETING HALL, JAL WING, GROUND FLOOR, INDIRA PARYAVARAN BHAWAN, NEW DELHI EAC members
ATTENDANCE SHEET
SI. No
Name of Member Contact No / Email
1. Shri Alok Perti, Chairman 9868120880
2. Sh. Vinay Kumar, Central Water Commission Sewa Bhawan New Delhi-110066
9868123768
3. Dr. Vijay Kumar Ministry of Earth Sciences New Delhi-110003
[email protected] [email protected]
4. Shri Manoj Kumar Gangeya Member Secretary, MOEF&CC
9405801777
5. Dr. C.Palpandi, Dy. Director. MoEF&CC
8220725672
1
Minutes of the 5th Meeting of the Expert Appraisal Committee for River Valley and Hydroelectric Projects held on 31st May, 2017 at Indus Meeting Hall, Prithvi Wing, Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, Jor Bagh Road, New Delhi–3. The 5th meeting of the re-constituted EAC for River Valley & Hydroelectric Projects was held with the Chairmanship of Dr. Sharad Kumar Jain on 31st May, 2017 in the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change at Indus Meeting Hall, Jal Wing, Ground Floor, Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, Jorbagh Road, New Delhi. The following members were present:
1. Dr. Sharad Kumar Jain - Chairman 2. Shri Sharvan Kumar - Representative of CEA 3. Dr. J.A. Johnson - Representative of WII
4. Dr. Vijay Kumar - Representative of Ministry of Earth Science 5. Dr. T.P. Singh - Member 6. Shri Chetan Pandit - Member 7. Dr. Poonam Kumria - Member 8. Dr. S. Kerketta - Member Secretary
As requested by Prof. Pradeep P. Mujumdar, the Competent Authority has approved to relieve him from the Expert Appraisal Committee for River Valley and Hydroelectric Projects. Accordingly, his name has been deleted from the Committee list. His services rendered to the Ministry have been duly acknowledged. Further, the Competent Authority has also approved the names of Dr. T.P. Singh and Dr. Poonam Kumria to include as Expert Members in the Committee. The Chairman welcomed the new Expert Members in the committee. The Chairman also gave some briefing to the new Expert Members and highlighted the requirement of maintaining true spirit of neutrality while appraising a project proposal placed before the Committee and felt that in doing so, merit of the case shall be the sole criteria for recommendations by the Committee. Prof. Govind Chakrapani, Dr. R. Vasudeva, Dr. A. K. Sahoo, Dr. D. N. More, Shri N. N. Rai, Dr. J.P. Shukla and Dr. S. R. Yadav could not attend the meeting due to pre-occupation. The deliberations held and the decisions taken are as under:
Agenda Item No. 5.0 Confirmation of minutes of 4th EAC meeting. The Minutes of the 4th EAC (River Valley & Hydroelectric Projects) meeting held on 12.04.2017 were confirmed. Agenda Item No. 5.1 Sunni Dam HEP (355 MW) Project in Mandi & Shimla
Districts of Himachal Pradesh by M/s Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd – For TOR clearance
The project proponent made a presentation on the project. The project is proposed on Satluj River near Khaira in Shimla District of Himachal Pradesh. This is a run-of-the-river scheme. It is proposed to construct a 71 m high concrete gravity dam across Satluj River with an installed capacity of 355 MW. The total land requirement is about 319.09 ha out of which, 262.52 ha is forestland. The total submergence area is about 265.39 ha. No RF, WL, Sanctuary, etc. is present within
7
(Private + Government land) land is in West Bengal and 7 ha (1.30 ha forest land) is in Sikkim. Total project cost is Rs. 633.92 crores. The environmental clearance for this project was accorded on 17.8.2007 for a period of 10 years as per the provisions of EIA Notifications, 1994 and 2006. The validity period will be ending on 16.8.2017. The PP has submitted online application for the extension of validity of EC for 5 years. It was informed that the validity of EC for River Valley Projects is for 10 years and as per EIA Notification, 2006, a provision of extension of validity of EC for further 3 years is available/ existing for River valley Projects. However, PP had requested the extension validity of EC for 5 more years. The PP mentioned that project implementation got delayed due to frequent
interruption by the villagers and also tree felling permission got delayed from District Administration. The PP also submitted the latest compliance report to the EC conditions. Among others, the following are mentioned in the compliance report:
i. The total cost has been revised from Rs. 663.92 crores to Rs. 1381.94 Crores (at 2014 price index). An amount of Rs. 893.035 Crores has been spent so far on the project.
ii. Forest clearance was accorded on 23.05.2008 and wildlife clearance was accorded by Government of West Bengal on 01.02.2008
iii. For CAT plan implementation, Rs. 3.2562 Crores & Rs. 1.189 Crores have been deposited with forest department of West Bengal and Sikkim.
iv. One-time settlement for R&R package to PAFs has been agreed and an amount of Rs. 2.98 Crores has been disbursed as per R&R Policy till 31.3.2017.
The EAC considered the request for extension of the validity of EC for 3 years. It was informed that a provision for extending the validity of EC for further period of 3 year exists as per EIA Notification, 2006. After detailed deliberations and considering all the facts of the project as presented by the PP, the EAC recommended for extension of the validity of EC for a period of three years in order to facilitate the PP to complete the works and commission the project.
Agenda Item No. 5.7 Any other item with the permission of the Chair Agenda Item No. 5.7
(a) Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in Uttarakhand by M/s Pancheshwar Development Authority
The Member Secretary informed EAC that the Secretary, MoWR, RD & GR has written to the Ministry mentioning that EIA report for this project for the Nepal side has been approved by Govt. of Nepal on 16.10.2014. It has also been informed that in connection with the formation of Joint Mechanism, an internal meeting was held on 20.2.2017, which was attended by the officials of MoEF & CC and MEA and the current status of the activities on EIA report was discussed. It has also been informed that both sides have significantly advanced on preparation of EIA/EMP report of the project. Under such circumstances, it was proposed that in lieu of considering the assessment of environmental impact of full project through Joint Mechanism, separate EIA/EMP
8
reports of the project for Indian side & Nepal side be placed before the EAC for considering the EIA of full project. It was also informed that the DPR & EIA study report has been prepared and the documents have been submitted to the Government of Uttarakhand for consideration and appraisal. After their clearance, the documents will be submitted for conducting the Public Hearing for the project for the Indian portion in Uttarakhand as per the EIA Notification, 2006. Then the PP made a presentation along with WAPCOS, the consultant to the project, and inter alia provided the following information: Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project will be located in Uttarakhand and Nepal and will be implemented by M/s Pancheshwar Development Authority, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation. The proposed project is envisaged on river
Mahakali (known as Sarada in India) which forms the international boundary between India and Nepal, dividing the Far Western Development Region of Nepal from the Uttarakhand State in India. It is a bi-national scheme, primarily aimed at energy generation and with other benefits too. The project comprises of a rock-fill dam of 315 m height from the deepest foundation level. It is proposed to have 2 underground powerhouses with an installed capacity of 5,600 MW. The total submergence area is 11,600 ha (India - 7,600 ha + Nepal - 4,000 ha). The Ministry granted scoping/TOR for this project on 13.10.2016 with additional conditions and some are presented below:
i. The EIA/EMP studies as depicted in the model ToR of MoEF & CC effective from
April, 2015 shall be carried out. ii. Minimum e-flow discharge of 20%, 25% and 30% should be planned for lean
season, non-lean season & non-monsoon and monsoon, respectively. iii. The EIA/EMP report for the full project should be placed before the entity
established through the Joint Mechanism mentioned earlier for examination. Recommendation would be given to the Ministries of Environment in both the countries for acceptance.
The EAC observed the following:
i. EIA/EMP studies as depicted in the model TOR of MoEF & CC are effective from April, 2015.
ii. Skill mapping of the project effected families shall be carried-out and suitable
provisions should be made in R&R plan iii. Environmental flows should be planned as per the TOR or based on a detailed
site specific scientific investigation. The EAC was informed by the Member Secretary that the above stipulations are very much present in the model TOR of the Ministry and the same would have to be incorporated by the PP as a part of the EIA/EMP studies. Since the reports are complete in respect of the above ToRs and thus EAC has recommended that there is no objection for finalizing the reports and submitting them to Departments/ Organisations concerned for their consideration and approval. After completing all the formalities, the same could be submitted to Ministry/EAC for consideration. As far as Joint Mechanism Set up is concerned, the EAC is of the view that as of now and considering the progress of preparation of EIA reports, setting up of the Joint Mechanism would rather delay the process of this important international project. Hence, let the Public Hearing be
9
conducted based on the EIA report for Indian portion and the PP may approach the Ministry for final appraisal for environmental clearance. As there being no agenda item left, the meeting ended with a vote of thanks to the Chair.
10
Attendance Sheet
11
12
Approval of Chairman of the EAC –RV&HEP
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Annexure Page 1
ANNEXURE –II
Soil quality in the Command area for summer season
S. No Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 1 pH Value 8.12 8.33 8.18 8.16 8.18 7.85 8.27 8.02 8.41 8.35 2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1 1.11 1 1.13 1.28 1.24 1.14 1.08 1.29 1.05 3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.194 0.08 0.282 0.129 0.186 0.21 0.22 0.249 0.175 0.369 4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 106.6 93.33 329.5 538.85 103.85 944.34 353.43 194 255.39 171.56 5 Porosity, % 59.19 56.86 57.22 61.64 54.37 54.05 44.35 56.8 50.01 56.09 6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 998.91 900.58 1848.28 957.33 1118.08 610.32 1248.52 1590.2 1264.77 1379.51 7 Water Holding Capacity, % 33.41 34.59 37.81 28.57 31.33 27.21 29.51 36.05 28.87 32.69 8 Organic Carbon, % 0.13 0.97 1.04 1.49 1.29 0.5 0.13 1.76 0.82 0.8 9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.37 0.42 0.42 0.34 0.32 0.91 0.32 0.32 0.34 0.42 10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 521.63 423.2 622.21 331.68 400.83 786.32 319.78 358.37 375.62 477.16 11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 5166.1 1879.3 2517.66 1826.46 3270.66 3049.28 1751.62 2237.08 1864.6 3926.9 12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 3519.8 1477.62 6503.15 2591.54 4927.68 1606.93 1804.12 2456.45 2822.76 3147.21 13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 6874.5 3641.4 6176.43 4192.46 4355.37 2452.68 3414.95 4152.73 3805.67 4085.28 14 Salinity, ppt 0.19 0.17 0.59 0.96 0.19 1.71 0.64 0.35 0.46 0.31 15 Texture Clay
Loam
Clay Loam
Silty Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Clay Loam
Clay Loam
Clay Loam
Clay Loam
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Annexure Page 2
Soil quality in the Command area for summer season
S. No Parameters S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 1 pH Value 8.23 7.8 8.7 8.17 8.27 8.14 7.06 8.02 8.23 8.15 2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.03 1.15 0.92 1.11 1.08 1.03 0.98 1.08 1.25 1.09 3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.136 0.1 0.194 0.378 0.189 0.119 0.086 0.137 0.131 0.137 4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 251.99 180.53 208.39 476.07 758.08 283.16 523.14 397.26 411.76 482.66 5 Porosity, % 58.71 55.81 61.92 55.71 56.18 58.6 63.01 69.05 50.85 58.81 6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 912.19 484.81 998.04 587.83 454.22 500.11 126.25 501.27 638.64 581.05 7 Water Holding Capacity, % 34.88 32.62 34.45 30.99 30.77 31.91 38.21 39.89 34.32 28.2 8 Organic Carbon, % 0.21 1.63 1.06 0.22 1.59 2.08 1.06 0.92 0.42 1.06 9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.34 0.38 0.59 0.61 0.35 0.52 0.32 0.33 0.35 0.37 10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 328.93 307.95 712.73 656.94 353.42 427.98 301.09 336.86 379.41 320.28 11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 1650.76 1248.03 2147.47 3298.29 1773.64 1616.29 2473.93 2376.87 2417.79 1795.38 12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 1766.49 1298.97 2997.17 1678.59 1897.98 1341.33 1035.86 1521.11 1646.58 1213.46 13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 3224.36 2204.32 4682.64 4238.4 3464.37 2276.2 3336.78 3851.95 4262.76 2679.54 14 Salinity, ppt 0.45 0.33 0.37 0.86 1.37 0.51 0.94 0.72 0.74 0.87 15 Texture Clay
Loam
Clay Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Clay Loam
Silty Clay
Loam
Clay Loam
Clay Loam
Clay Loam
Clay Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Annexure Page 3
Soil quality in the Command area for summer season
S. No. Parameters S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 1 pH Value 8.32 7.98 8.16 8.22 7.63 7.76 6.94 8.1 8.12 7.9 2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.2 1.21 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 1.08 1.01 1.09 0.85 3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.056 0.053 0.111 0.115 0.084 0.402 0.055 0.071 0.093 0.118 4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 322.09 918.19 117.39 209.2 298 251.72 207.36 340.24 182.35 771.5 5 Porosity, % 54.89 53.38 62.29 61.27 63.82 62.91 56.9 59.92 56.62 70.39 6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 748.12 588.94 1249.48 932.24 713.97 899.61 456.62 829.02 956.93 1162.08 7 Water Holding Capacity, % 34.86 31.55 33.99 36.7 36.41 37.44 34.27 36.53 30.63 39.08 8 Organic Carbon, % 0.7 1.33 2.05 1 1.51 1.85 1.31 0.32 1.5 1.17 9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.34 0.32 0.29 0.25 0.3 0.26 0.29 0.36 0.3 0.29 10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 372.51 315.92 320.48 367.75 342.81 352 334.55 421.98 398.3 334.01 11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 1611.68 1406.44 1733.51 2147.3 2261.17 3606.3 3004.12 2356.86 2524.16 3171.93 12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 1511.23 1006.27 2631.83 4215.62 1350.8 4448.83 1402.38 1424.18 2752.77 1703.23 13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 2977.81 3676.4 3848.21 7478.53 5153.47 5434.44 5066.45 5341.9 6111.24 5171.27 14 Salinity, ppt 0.58 1.66 0.21 0.38 0.54 0.45 0.37 0.61 0.33 1.39 15 Texture Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Clay Loam
Silt Loam
Silty Clay
Clay Loam
Clay Loam
Silty Clay
Silty Clay
Loam
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Annexure Page 4
Soil quality in the Command area for summer season
S. No Parameters S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 1 pH Value 8.46 8.12 8.23 8.19 7.92 8.24 8.35 8.95 8.1 8.45 2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.26 1.02 1.2 1.24 0.97 1.24 1.21 1.24 1.14 1.15 3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.074 0.081 0.103 0.103 0.153 0.34 0.123 0.185 0.082 0.137 4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 252.26 412.68 194.96 94.74 250.62 828.35 428.66 329.81 353.12 254.02 5 Porosity, % 53.17 60.16 53.52 55.75 62.29 54.84 54.54 52.39 66.84 54 6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 956.68 637.84 401.98 901.3 1869.29 818.73 703.1 1017.88 819.6 984.42 7 Water Holding Capacity, % 25.51 36.31 39.15 30.81 43.24 28.84 56.52 29.22 34.7 33.97 8 Organic Carbon, % 1.06 1.17 1.06 1.12 2.78 3.39 0.75 1 1 0.9 9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.23 0.33 0.26 0.21 0.22 0.31 0.25 0.9 0.25 0.69 10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 341.31 422.93 332.37 304.32 370.42 506.76 405.48 1090.26 385 887.7 11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 2180.61 2292.74 169.9 2319.38 2841.43 2492.58 3233.48 2486.17 2316 3648.62 12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 6731.45 2389.19 2878.22 6432.1 7385.42 6758.82 6828.99 3259.09 6489.1 2545 13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 5968.24 5995.25 5560.79 5856.06 8388.55 7897.99 8210.93 4693.95 6043.3 5948 14 Salinity, ppt 0.45 0.74 0.35 0.45 0.45 1.49 0.77 0.59 0.64 0.47 15 Texture Clay
Loam
Clay Loam
Clay Loam
Clay Loam
Clay Loam
Clay Loam
Clay Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Annexure Page 5
Soil quality in the Command area for summer season
S. No Parameters S41 S42 S43 S44 S45 S46 S47 S48 S49 S50 1 pH Value 7.91 7.83 8.1 8.25 7.44 7.48 7.96 8.43 7.58 8.34 2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.06 1.11 1.03 1.28 1.08 1.02 1.16 1.28 1.09 1.36 3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.095 0.103 0.13 0.093 0.103 0.053 0.099 0.101 0.084 0.098 4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 314.02 426.05 420.12 312.15 209.12 312 394.68 238.54 446.81 368.64 5 Porosity, % 50.1 56 62.12 58.22 60.04 64.55 62.02 58.91 48.09 56.09 6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 535.3 464.04 963.24 94989 544.29 541.28 369.9 883.57 552.79 620.63 7 Water Holding Capacity, % 38.81 33.44 36.55 33.59 32.6 29.37 30.74 27.51 29.71 32.26 8 Organic Carbon, % 3.31 0.82 1.9 1.22 1.16 2.94 1.13 0.8 0.79 0.82 9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.38 0.51 0.39 0.44 0.38 0.33 0.38 0.45 0.29 0.39 10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 483.6 548.17 503.5 600 291.98 292.7 421.7 585.02 258.2 508.7 11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 5285.4 2528.3 2044 3126.19 1500.99 1549 209.78 3018.99 1624.9 2870 12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 3154.1 1266.3 3517 2352.3 802.4 912.37 1159.7 1892.5 923.29 2030 13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 5362.4 4463.6 5249.7 6900 2699.19 2878 4832.6 6439 2840 6317.3 14 Salinity, ppt 0.37 0.77 0.76 0.56 0.38 0.56 0.71 0.43 0.81 0.66 15 Texture Sandy
Clay Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
Sandy Clay
Loam
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Annexure Page 6
Soil quality in the Command area for monsoon season
S. No Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 1 pH Value 8.45 8.60 8.25 8.72 8.45 8.50 8.26 8.29 8.20 8.35
2 Bulk Density, g/cm3 1.13 1.24 1.18 1.03 1.07 1.12 1.09 1.03 1.10 0.98
3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.232 0.086 0.094 0.387 0.237 0.183 0.181 0.232 0.316 0.269
4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 323.93 354.28 222.14 281.58 294.53 282.48 258.49 266.25 238.66 286.76
5 Porosity, % 54.61 52.42 52.26 55.41 57.83 57.47 57.59 61.59 59.12 59.47
6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 1180.60 1010.10 605.94 1715.60 656.27 1048.84 835.03 680.71 597.75 724.41
7 Water Holding Capacity, % 67.26 54.51 52.19 67.87 60.34 62.59 65.21 65.94 58.35 61.42
8 Organic Carbon, % 2.31 0.07 0.65 1.02 0.29 0.36 0.40 0.47 0.76 0.69
9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.38 0.39 0.24 0.56 0.51 0.24 0.21 0.15 0.20 0.20
10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 517.99 394.27 228.84 810.68 790.83 363.47 316.71 234.88 254.81 229.58
11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 2247.08 1337.53 2088.75 2915.21 2138.85 2133.32 2107.36 2149.69 2843.55 2278.14
12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 7310.31 2929.58 2651.89 6241.58 9561.89 9561.93 8934.95 9656.85 5130.11 4704.19
13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 3869.16 2749.91 2580.09 5835.07 5261.74 5017.34 5321.18 5641.55 4016.15 3421.63
14 Salinity, ppt 0.59 0.64 0.40 0.51 0.53 0.51 0.47 0.48 0.43 0.52
15 Texture Silt Clay
Loam
Silt Clay
Loam
Silt Clay
Loam
Silt Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Annexure Page 7
Soil quality in the Command area for monsoon season
S. No Parameters S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 1 pH Value 8.05 7.95 8.26 7.88 8.11 8.17 8.18 8.03 8.08 7.54
2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.04 1.00 1.18 1.07 0.97 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.0 1.01
3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.306 0.244 0.122 0.161 0.136 0.179 0.117 0.211 0.207 0.124
4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 419.57 425.04 303.49 257.38 314.78 323.40 296.73 381.48 295.62 285.36
5 Porosity, % 55.93 58.36 51.73 54.53 60.27 63.30 64.11 55.39 69.17 69.82
6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 682.89 510.89 593.94 394.05 589.25 443.41 527.57 386.91 401.31 270.32
7 Water Holding Capacity, % 59.57 64.37 57.20 65.92 72.87 68.99 59.80 61.31 66.77 62.52
8 Organic Carbon, % 1.07 1.12 0.56 0.82 0.65 0.51 0.70 0.50 0.65 0.70
9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.35 0.30 0.60 0.40 0.09 0.10 0.11 2.12 0.12 0.16
10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 401.22 327.33 661.35 449.35 127.67 154.13 164.80 2722.54 187.67 15917
11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 2680.66 2712.53 5085.21 4615.45 1670.35 1631.91 2309.56 1584.76 2166.89 1993.80
12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 4508.18 3918.36 2588.18 2921.92 8339.01 8683.14 8949.83 6023.52 8602.10 2932.06
13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 3339.80 3181.86 4080.46 3976.43 4759.98 5498.64 5374.47 3900.95 5907.13 2938.34
14 Salinity, ppt 0.76 0.77 0.55 0.46 0.57 0.58 0.54 0.69 0.53 0.52
15 Texture Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Annexure Page 8
Soil quality in the Command area for monsoon season
S. No Parameters S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 1 pH Value 7.38 8.08 6.62 8.24 7.81 8.11 8.14 8.40 8.48 8.55
2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 0.95 1.0 1.01 1.07 1.09 1.07 1.10 0.99 1.05 1.27
3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.224 0.141 0.178 0.083 0.118 0.201 0.180 0.127 0.118 0.129
4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 215.21 246.92 146.91 260.64 155.92 169.25 186.0 222.44 132.80 184.11
5 Porosity, % 71.64 58.41 57.44 50.20 56.61 55.58 54.57 57.51 65.34 57.38
6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 592.52 925.69 304.45 549.15 562.77 1024.89 875.61 1030.75 850.66 1272.2
7 Water Holding Capacity, % 69.48 64.56 67.44 50.22 58.60 61.82 54.89 53.72 61.43 54.62
8 Organic Carbon, % 1.08 0.59 1.01 0.41 0.99 0.54 0.50 0.41 0.32 0.60
9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.21 0.13 0.15 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.19
10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 191.25 130.65 129.57 109.66 136.56 209.36 211.23 206.06 237.02 266.50
11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 2034.66 1231.86 2256.38 1147.92 1824.35 3112.05 3026.96 3635.86 3694.21 3652.86
12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 2371.08 4465.49 2006.16 3441.44 2897.62 5803.20 6217.97 3578.62 3840.26 6715.59
13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 2371.08 2286.41 2225.10 1969.20 2656.51 4387.83 4387.51 4068.59 4252.05 4200.68
14 Salinity, ppt 0.39 0.45 0.27 0.47 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.40 0.24 0.33
15 Texture Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Annexure Page 9
Soil quality in the Command area for monsoon season
S. No Parameters S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 1 pH Value 8.68 8.30 8.32 9.34 8.40 8.59 8.53 8.43 8.38 8.29
2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.14 1.03 1.09 1.29 1.44 1.26 0.85 1.14 1.26 0.97
3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.136 0.370 0.134 0.300 0.125 0.113 0.242 0.185 0.183 0.240
4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 187.65 171.91 240.55 215.70 166.21 226.87 125.27 125.77 224.53 146.87
5 Porosity, % 53.46 56.14 55.77 49.39 40.99 49.95 64.37 54.87 50.80 61.14
6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 930.19 1024.48 675.24 2002.99 848.63 1181.04 2249.44 1249.56 1327.51 1266.64
7 Water Holding Capacity, % 55.16 62.71 62.12 40.97 51.40 52.62 75.72 51.40 58.39 67.95
8 Organic Carbon, % 0.19 0.61 0.63 0.28 0.62 0.71 0.65 0.86 0.84 0.88
9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.18 0.54 0.22 0.95 0.32 0.30 0.21 0.15 0.17 0.15
10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 255.88 747.56 248.47 1273.34 344.30 350.43 319.33 229.67 247.61 211.02
11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 2514.65 3977.87 3432.48 2653.75 3002.18 3135.59 3006.65 2526.40 1714.96 1943.6
12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 7704.47 6252.57 3116.56 7339.40 2565.50 3495.19 9283.07 7313.04 7627.93 7589.43
13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 4368.66 4720.86 3730.65 3626.42 3491.35 3664.68 4151.29 4951.91 4947.72 4141.92
14 Salinity, ppt 0.34 0.31 0.43 0.39 0.30 0.41 0.23 0.23 0.41 0.27
15 Texture Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Annexure Page 10
Soil quality in the Command area for monsoon season
S. No Parameters S41 S42 S43 S44 S45 S46 S47 S48 S49 S50 1 pH Value 8.16 8.28 7.40 8.30 8.40 7.90 8.21 7.87 8.15 7.70
2 Bulk Density, g/cm3 1.09 1.11 1.02 1.21 1.29 0.95 0.97 0.90 0.85 0.93
3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.180 0.165 0.190 0.183 0.172 0.141 0.130 0.101 0.121 0.290
4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 210.74 176.37 168.56 199.57 146.84 214.26 148.32 165.41 164.56 154.67
5 Porosity, % 55.87 58.60 65.65 59.39 50.63 57.82 59.26 60.95 64.61 60.95
6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 1316.23 1230.89 1186.77 1140.68 965.07 476.12 636.58 283.40 493.16 370.79
7 Water Holding Capacity, % 67.38 46.53 56.84 55.54 57.36 43.86 56.15 62.34 62.03 56.77
8 Organic Carbon, % 0.39 0.02 1.13 0.31 0.28 0.59 0.43 0.54 0.53 0.29
9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.11 0.17 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.28 0.22 0.18 0.18 0.25
10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 189.29 273.55 233.95 192.54 143.02 282.63 259.21 190.76 223.46 255.37
11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 2182.63 2399.88 2456.53 2337.34 2250.48 2963.34 2540.75 2416.35 2856.89 1996.92
12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 9740.91 9293.82 9284.82 10531.50 10266.83 2194.67 4364.57 2286.73 4649.02 2918.58
13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 5870.54 5730.77 5704.39 6288.89 6034.05 3070.40 3159.59 3179.41 3389.27 2630.56
14 Salinity, ppt 0.38 0.32 0.30 0.36 0.27 0.39 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.28
15 Texture Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Annexure Page 11
Soil quality in the Command area for winter season
S. No Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 1 pH Value 8.21 8.24 8.24 8.23 8.19 8.42 8.12 8.17 8.24 8.13
2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.11 1.21 1.10 1.13 1.12 1.02 1.19 1.23 1.11 1.21
3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.212 0.186 0.192 0.287 0.215 0.123 0.182 0.230 0.328 0.260
4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 324.9 353.8 223.64 280.56 293.54 281.8 257.9 265.75 233.86 287.66
5 Porosity, % 53.91 52.62 51.96 54.91 58.33 56.74 56.95 60.99 59.72 58.78
6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 1146.60 1010.10 604.23 1717.40 655.97 1047.64 834.93 680.21 596.85 723.91
7 Water Holding Capacity, % 62.26 54.51 52.19 67.87 60.34 62.59 65.21 65.94 58.35 61.42
8 Organic Carbon, % 2.32 0.17 0.62 1.22 1.29 0.36 0.46 0.47 0.79 0.69
9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.39 0.40 0.28 0.59 0.52 0.28 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.22
10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 518.9 494.27 229.84 817.68 795.83 463.47 319.89 274.88 264.81 239.58
11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 2217.08 1337.53 2180.75 2929.11 2217.85 212.12 2207.36 2249.19 2243.55 2219.10
12 Calcium (as Ca), mg/kg 7520.18 2819.28 2451.89 5141.28 9019.67 9566.12 8334.56 8956.81 6132.12 4604.10
13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 2869.16 2649.91 2780.09 5935.10 5361.74 4012.14 5321.18 4641.55 5010.15 4421.63
14 Salinity, ppt 0.69 0.61 0.50 0.55 0.57 0.52 0.49 0.49 0.42 0.51
15 Texture Silt Clay
Loam
Silt Clay
Loam
Silt Clay
Loam
Silt Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Annexure Page 12
Soil quality in the Command area for winter season
S. No Parameters S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 1 pH Value 7.35 7.14 8.09 8.01 8.21 8.10 8.21 8.13 8.12 7.94
2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.14 1.02 1.10 1.03 1.09 1.04 1.07 1.03 1.2 1.02
3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.316 0.298 0.212 0.261 0.236 0.279 0.127 0.231 0.217 0.215
4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 421.27 428.14 313.52 258.18 328.18 329.45 301.72 389.18 302.12 289.16
5 Porosity, % 59.13 60.32 54.18 58.13 61.12 61.25 65.18 57.19 66.21 65.12
6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 567.19 520.29 583.23 456.15 602.25 489.19 528.27 389.67 423.41 289.12
7 Water Holding Capacity, % 65.27 62.17 62.10 63.92 69.87 63.99 62.80 63.31 64.79 61.35
8 Organic Carbon, % 1.12 1.22 0.67 0.93 0.69 0.58 0.72 0.53 0.69 0.73
9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.37 0.32 0.63 0.44 0.09 0.12 0.13 0.19 0.17 0.19
10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 421.12 329.13 678.25 506.15 129.24 156.23 165.83 267.23 189.27 176.45
11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 2480.66 2567.59 5128.11 5625.32 2770.15 2131.20 2319.25 2580.16 2269.90 2034.50
12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 4308.28 3918.36 2588.18 2921.92 8339.01 8683.14 8949.83 6023.52 8602.10 2932.06
13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 3539.16 3217.19 4230.46 4176.13 4519.19 5435.78 5325.17 4105.95 5207.23 3013.14
14 Salinity, ppt 0.76 0.77 0.55 0.46 0.57 0.58 0.54 0.69 0.53 0.52
15 Texture Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay
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Soil quality in the Command area for winter season
S. No Parameters S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 1 pH Value 8.04 8.10 7.24 8.14 8.01 8.10 8.12 8.20 8.18 8.25
2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.12 1.2 1.11 1.15 1.12 1.12 1.10 1.12 1.09 1.20
3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.289 0.241 0.270 0.114 0.119 0.212 0.179 0.134 0.129 0.167
4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 216.11 266.92 216.91 267.14 255.92 245.15 198.0 207.56 162.10 189.25
5 Porosity, % 69.14 59.24 58.24 52.17 57.61 57.28 56.27 58.51 68.34 62.38
6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 792.52 825.19 324.45 619.12 589.76 907.19 908.17 1036.25 889.26 1277.90
7 Water Holding Capacity, % 70.48 68.26 69.78 54.19 59.10 64.17 58.29 57.12 62.25 58.12
8 Organic Carbon, % 1.18 1.27 1.10 1.10 1.20 0.78 0.89 0.49 0.87 0.68
9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.27 0.16 0.19 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.15
10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 192.25 130.65 129.57 109.66 136.56 209.36 211.23 206.06 237.02 266.50
11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 1035.66 1231.86 2289.39 2149.87 2824.35 3212.15 3212.16 2735.16 3689.12 4612.16
12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 2470.18 4965.29 2106.10 3541.49 2917.22 5813.29 5217.27 4578.12 4840.16 5715.29
13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 2471.08 2216.21 2025.10 2016.20 2756.53 4489.63 42389.12 3915.14 4316.15 3918.18
14 Salinity, ppt 0.43 0.46 0.28 0.48 0.28 0.32 0.35 0.42 0.24 0.37
15 Texture Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay
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Soil quality in the Command area for winter season
S. No Parameters S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 1 pH Value 8.70 8.40 8.28 9.54 8.65 8.79 8.23 8.93 8.58 8.79
2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.54 1.23 1.79 1.69 1.74 1.66 0.75 1.24 1.36 0.88
3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.156 0.320 0.184 0.270 0.165 0.183 0.282 0.165 0.168 0.290
4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 179.85 170.71 238.85 214.90 158.20 228.87 127.87 127.87 228.53 145.3
5 Porosity, % 54.56 55.24 54.87 48.29 41.79 48.50 65.47 55.27 51.30 60.24
6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 932.18 1027.45 676.34 2003.79 849.53 1180.14 2248.94 1250.86 1328.50 1267.54
7 Water Holding Capacity, % 54.14 65.81 61.32 41.27 50.90 51.82 74.92 50.90 57.89 66.95
8 Organic Carbon, % 0.20 0.64 0.65 0.25 0.60 0.70 0.62 0.84 0.95 0.78
9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.15 0.56 0.25 0.92 0.30 0.28 0.25 0.18 0.15 0.17
10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 253.88 745.55 249.45 1275.35 345.35 351.45 320.32 228.65 248.51 210.12
11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 2513.68 3972.77 3438.28 2654.35 3005.88 3139.79 3001.75 2527.20 1717.56 1947.6
12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 7709.87 6258.47 3117.76 7337.50 2569.70 3492.89 9285.77 7314.14 7627.83 7585.83
13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 4364.66 4725.76 3732.75 3628.52 3493.45 3666.78 4158.79 4950.71 4945.82 4142.72
14 Salinity, ppt 0.35 0.33 0.47 0.37 0.35 0.45 0.26 0.27 0.48 0.22
15 Texture Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay
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Soil quality in the Command area for winter season
S. No Parameters S41 S42 S43 S44 S45 S46 S47 S48 S49 S50 1 pH Value 8.14 8.28 7.42 8.37 8.45 7.98 8.26 7.88 8.19 7.89
2 Bulk Density,g/cm3 1.10 1.15 1.22 1.25 1.28 0.94 0.95 0.98 0.87 0.95
3 Conductivity, millimohs/cm 0.187 0.169 0.198 0.185 0.176 0.148 0.135 0.109 0.128 0.295
4 Chloride (as Cl), mg/kg 210.56 176.40 168.40 199.85 146.92 214.73 148.75 165.55 164.36 154.96
5 Porosity, % 55.25 58.32 65.45 59.85 50.25 57.35 59.85 60.25 64.52 60.19
6 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/kg 1318.43 1229.89 1184.87 1141.58 964.27 478.22 637.88 285.50 491.26 372.29
7 Water Holding Capacity, % 66.48 47.23 58.44 54.74 56.86 42.96 55.75 61.84 63.13 55.87
8 Organic Carbon, % 0.35 0.09 1.23 0.55 0.48 0.49 0.63 0.58 0.83 0.79
9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.15 0.11 0.12 0.19 0.09 0.48 0.27 0.28 0.38 0.55
10 Sodium (as Na), mg/kg 190.21 274.45 232.85 191.44 145.12 281.73 258.91 191.66 224.26 254.97
11 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 2181.43 2398.78 2455.73 2338.34 2252.98 2965.54 2542.55 2415.33 2854.89 1997.82
12 Calicium (as Ca), mg/kg 9741.88 9292.81 9285.22 10532.40 10267.73 2195.47 4365.77 2285.83 4652.80 2915.68
13 Magnesium (asMg), mg/kg 5170.54 4730.17 5104.19 5288.19 5834.15 4770.45 3559.67 3379.25 3889.16 2719.16
14 Salinity, ppt 0.42 0.42 0.32 0.39 0.32 0.38 0.29 0.33 0.31 0.29
15 Texture Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay
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ANNEXURE – III
Water Quality in the command area during summer season
Parameters W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 pH Value 8.32 8.57 8.6 8.33 7.93 8.57 8.16 8.31 8.06 7.64 Temperature, oC 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.5 30.5 30.5 Conductivity, µS/cm 228.6 485.7 377.7 364 311.8 225.5 393.2 444.1 346 1339.7 Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 126.5 275 275 220 187 121 192.5 297 209 572 Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 3.46 13.84 1.73 3.46 5.19 5.19 25.95 19.03 5.19 107.26 Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 132 192 184 171 172 132 204 220 168 356 Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 35.26 27.25 17.63 54.5 49.69 38.47 68.93 43.28 51.29 100.99 Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 10.69 30.13 44.44 19.44 11.66 8.75 7.77 27.21 9.72 25.27 Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 0.94 2.31 1.22 1.56 1.78 0.28 2.16 0.78 2.78 1.44 Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 10.54 13.48 6.36 11.01 3.32 11.39 10.92 1.61 0.75 65.81 Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.07 1.53 0.12 0.24 0.35 0.1 0.27 0.03 1.73 0.44 Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 0.41 0.31 Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 2.9 17.7 12.2 13.4 16.5 6.4 25.8 15.4 22.6 18.3 B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l 1.7 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.6 C.O.D, mg/l 2.8 2.5 3.0 2.5 3.5 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.5 3.1 Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 1 5 1 3 3 1 6 1 1 78 Sodium (as Na),mg/l 3.7 51.3 46.9 9.8 11.1 4.3 8.3 40.6 25.3 167 Potassium (as K),mg/l 1.6 6.5 4.7 3.8 3.8 2.5 1.2 4.6 5.4 8.4 Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.01 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.7 <0.01 0.4 0.3 1.3 0.4 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Lead (as Pb), mg/l 0.2 <0.01 <0.01 0.1 <0.01 0.2 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.3 Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l Zero 1.65 0.95 0.08 0.3 Zero Zero 1.54 0.82 4.32 Fluoride (as F), mg/l <0.01 0.59 0.27 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.06 <0.01 0.34 Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) Absent Absent Absent 14 13 Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
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Water Quality in the command area during summer season
Parameters W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18 W19 W20 pH Value 7.89 8.36 8.6 8.52 8.06 8.09 8.59 8.46 8.37 8.17 Temperature, oC 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 Conductivity, µS/cm 1292.1 511.1 262.6 260.3 981.5 980.8 222.2 314.9 398.6 371.3 Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 544.5 319 154 154 390.5 379.5 126.5 203.5 258.5 242 Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 107.26 6.92 3.46 3.46 103.8 100.34 1.73 3.46 5.19 3.46 Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 388 268 160 168 404 356 136 192 236 216 Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 102.59 51.29 44.88 35.26 59.31 59.31 36.87 40.07 36.87 40.07 Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 32.07 34.02 11.66 19.44 62.21 50.54 10.69 22.35 34.99 28.18 Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 0.18 0.36 0.48 0.22 0.86 0.76 2.12 1.08 0.78 0.86 Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 70.08 4.75 7.21 9.59 65.23 69.89 10.92 0.28 1.61 0.28 Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.07 0.15 0.22 0.14 0.61 0.44 3 0.5 0.3 0.3 Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l 0.32 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 16.1 18.6 15.9 19.8 22.1 14.7 9.9 18.5 21.2 18.1 B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.6 2.0 C.O.D, mg/l 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.1 3.1 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.9 Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 54 12 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 Sodium (as Na),mg/l 175.2 30.6 8.9 114.8 115.9 149.6 8.4 10.5 20.8 12.4 Potassium (as K),mg/l 8.8 4.5 3.2 9.8 9.8 7.1 3.5 4.1 5.9 5.3 Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l 1 1.1 <0.01 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 0.3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l 3.13 1.02 <0.01 Zero Zero 0.47 Zero Zero 0.45 0.68 Fluoride (as F), mg/l 0.6 0.37 0.25 0.61 0.45 0.43 0.14 0.57 0.41 0.49 Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) Absent 10 10 Absent Absent Absent 11 24 Absent Absent
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Water Quality in the command area during summer season
Parameters W21 W22 W23 W24 W25 W26 W27 W28 W29 W30 pH Value 8.65 8.9 8.85 8.7 8.73 8.33 8.49 8.57 8.36 8.5 Temperature, oC 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 Conductivity, µS/cm 400.6 281.5 270 288.8 266.6 422.2 609.5 253.9 291.9 396.8 Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 236.5 148.5 132 165 264 264 374 137.5 165 187 Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 10.38 3.46 3.46 1.73 5.19 6.92 5.19 6.92 5.19 6.92 Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 224 168 152 116 224 224 216 144 184 208 Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 68.93 59.31 65.72 36.87 44.88 44.88 25.64 44.88 57.71 57.71 Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 12.63 4.86 2.91 5.83 27.22 27.22 36.93 7.78 9.72 29.16 Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 2.45 1.54 2.62 1.44 2.44 2.62 1.44 9.82 1.44 2.36 Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 2.56 16.8 15.48 7.59 9.02 1.61 8.45 8.64 10.06 1.14 Iron (as Fe), mg/l 1.7 0.6 1.1 0.7 1.3 1.2 0.9 7.5 0.7 1.3 Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 9.2 7.3 5.4 16 9.1 15.6 11.2 14.2 13.6 25.1 B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.5 C.O.D, mg/l 4.2 3.8 3.8 4.1 2.8 3.0 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.0 Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 1 1 1 1 1 6 2 425 1 1 Sodium (as Na),mg/l 9.7 8.6 9.6 21 7.9 26.1 87.7 7.5 6.9 39.1 Potassium (as K),mg/l 4.1 3.1 3.4 2.8 3.4 5.1 6.6 4.4 1.3 5.3 Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.01 0.8 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1.1 <0.01 0.8 1.1 1.3 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.2 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l Zero Zero Zero 0.98 Zero 0.8 3.16 Zero Zero Zero Fluoride (as F), mg/l 0.14 0.79 0.12 0.18 0.61 0.39 0.21 0.37 0.01 0.6 Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) 11 Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 12 Absent Absent
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Water Quality in the command area during summer season
Parameters W31 W32 W33 W34 W35 W36 W37 W38 W39 W40 pH Value 8.38 8.65 8.71 8.43 8.61 8.17 8.29 8.23 8.29 8.25 Temperature, oC 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.1 30.1 30.1 30.1 30.1 Conductivity, µS/cm 555.1 780.9 307.9 363.9 263.5 492.1 393.6 387.3 531.4 227.8 Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 324.5 258.5 154 209 121 297 242 209 313.5 137.5 Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 5.19 108.99 3.46 5.19 3.46 6.92 1.73 1.73 1.73 0.86 Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 208 296 170 184 140 228 224 220 140 148 Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 65.72 33.66 46.49 64.12 52.9 46.49 24.04 46.49 35.26 35.26 Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 10.69 51.51 14.58 5.83 1.94 27.21 39.85 25.27 12.64 15.55 Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 2.82 6.22 3.32 2.88 1.56 1.32 0.44 0.28 1.38 0.22 Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 9.11 59.25 9.4 7.46 10.16 9.02 3.42 7.5 9.68 7.03 Iron (as Fe), mg/l 1.2 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.98 0.8 0.4 Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 3.8 14 9 15.8 9 26.5 0.8 28.1 17.7 10.4 B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2 C.O.D, mg/l 2.5 3.0 3.2 3.1 2.4 2.2 2.6 3.1 3.0 2.3 Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 1 36 1 3 1 2 56 2 2 1 Sodium (as Na),mg/l 7.3 121.4 10.2 16.8 18.3 51.4 13 8.5 3.5 5.1 Potassium (as K),mg/l 1.5 8.4 4.4 5.9 15.2 4.8 5.4 3.3 2 2.3 Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.2 <0.01 <0.01 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.2 0.3 <0.01 0.2 Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l 2.32 Zero Zero 0.5 Zero 1.38 0.37 Zero 3.47 Zero Fluoride (as F), mg/l 0.16 0.26 0.41 0.1 <0.01 0.95 0.92 0.96 0.88 0.89 Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 161
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Annexure Page 20
Water Quality in the command area during summer season
Parameters W41 W42 W43 W44 W45 W46 W47 W48 W49 W50 pH Value 8.29 8.1 8.3 7.78 8.28 8.1 7.97 8.7 8.23 8.17 Temperature, oC 30.1 30.1 30.1 30.1 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.2 Conductivity, µS/cm 322.5 478.5 224.7 1270.9 202.2 939.7 517.5 314.5 431.6 354.8 Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 192.5 319 132 550 121 352 280.5 159.5 269.5 231 Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 12.11 3.46 1.73 105.33 0.86 105.53 20.76 6.92 5.19 5.19 Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 200 312 140 376 132 388 276 160 228 204 Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 41.68 41.67 35.26 100.99 32.06 60.91 54.5 36.87 38.47 43.28 Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 23.33 50.54 12.63 30.13 12.63 57.35 34.02 16.32 32.07 23.33 Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 0.36 1.22 0.72 2.34 0.88 4.22 1.06 0.96 4.34 1.48 Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 2.47 4.46 9.02 56.31 7.79 68.27 21.36 5.98 6.74 0.95 Iron (as Fe), mg/l <0.01 9.4 0.04 1.27 0.1 5.35 2.26 0.08 4.52 0.1 Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 11.9 13 12.3 10.5 9.2 19.1 25.2 11.3 15.1 18.2 B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.1 1.2 2.0 1.5 2.1 C.O.D, mg/l 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.1 2.3 2.2 2.3 4.0 3.1 4.0 Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 1 17 1 22 1 18 12 1 13 1 Sodium (as Na),mg/l 7.7 12.7 12.9 167.7 4.5 124.3 29.7 4 29.5 9.7 Potassium (as K),mg/l 3 6.1 2.6 8.9 2.5 9 5.2 1.9 5.1 3.7 Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l 0.3 0.4 0.7 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.5 <0.01 1.4 0.7 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Lead (as Pb), mg/l 0.1 0.1 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.5 <0.01 <0.01 Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l Zero 0.22 Zero 3.51 Zero Zero 0.09 0.01 0.83 0.54 Fluoride (as F), mg/l 0.73 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.77 0.34 0.25 0.93 0.15 Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN)
Absent 24 28 Absent Absent Absent Absent 24 24 Absent
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Water Quality in the command area during monsoon season
Parameters W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10
pH Value 8.29 8.31 8.41 8.49 8.21 8.09 8.44 8.31 8.42 8.35
Temperature, oC 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
Conductivity, µS/cm 431.7 429.6 244.4 238.1 285.7 276.2 279.4 212.7 200 225.4
Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 262.5 258.71 138.6 134.4 168.4 163.8 164.6 126 115.5 124.6
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 11.48 12.55 1.9 3.8 2.85 3.8 2.85 2.85 3.8 2.85
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 200 198 132 148 176 172 168 116 120 136
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 3206 32.06 21.16 23.72 28.85 27.57 26.93 18.59 22.44 22.4
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 28.8 28.8 19.24 21.58 26.24 25.08 24.49 16.36 20.41 20.4
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 0.59 0.34 0.56 0.44 0.82 0.74 0.47 0.21 0.05 0.24
Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 0.71 0.66 7.78 7.6 10.63 9.49 9.02 7.5 4.7 11.01
Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.55 0.02 0.1 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04
Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 1.5 1.7 8.4 6.9 4.4 3.7 6.3 2.5 1.25 2.6
B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
C.O.D, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0
Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sodium (as Na),mg/l 24.3 66.7 12.6 12.4 12.8 6.9 7.8 6.6 5.2 9.7
Potassium (as K),mg/l 5.7 4 1.9 1.9 2.5 2.9 2.1 1.4 1.1 2.4
Phenolic Compounds, mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l 1.28 1.26 0.13 Zero Zero Zero Zero 0.24 Zero Zero
Fluoride (as F), mg/l 0.03 0.05 0.32 0.32 0.05 <0.01 0.59 <0.01 <0.01 0.02
Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) Absent Absent 24 17 Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 10
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Water Quality in the command area during monsoon season
Parameters W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18 W19 W20 pH Value 8.5 7.9 8.06 7.97 7.79 8.13 8.01 8.62 7.94 8.42
Temperature, oC 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
Conductivity, µS/cm 431.7 473 526.9 463.5 625.4 279.4 619 285.7 634.9 273
Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 235.2 285.6 319.2 289.8 357 147 357 151.2 361.2 142.8
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 3.8 3.8 9.5 3.8 18.05 1.9 23.75 3.8 18.05 2.85
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 212 288 316 280 368 160 376 164 372 160
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 33.9 46.1 50.6 44.9 59.8 47.5 60.28 50.5 59.64 47.1
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 30.9 42.8 46.1 40.8 53.1 21.3 54.82 19.25 54.24 21.8
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 1.55 1.67 0.8 1.27 1.37 1.34 0.76 0.99 1 1.24
Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 10.82 8.07 12.63 6.65 21.94 10.16 19.28 7.31 20.13 8.74
Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.8 1.2 0.75 0.55 0.75 0.3 1.3 0.15 0.7 0.55
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04
Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 6.4 7.7 5.1 7.5 6.5 4.5 5.8 4.9 9.8 3.3
B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l Nil Nil Nil 3 3 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
C.O.D, mg/l Nil Nil Nil 7.63 7.63 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sodium (as Na),mg/l 24.7 22.9 33.4 24 52.7 7.3 49 8.3 39.6 8.6 Potassium (as K),mg/l 4.7 4.3 5 4.9 5.8 2.6 5.3 2.8 5.1 2.7 Phenolic Compounds, mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l 0.47 Zero 0.07 0.19 Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Fluoride (as F), mg/l 0.3 0.38 0.29 0.32 0.18 0.58 0.16 0.09 0.08 0.54 Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) 12 Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 24 Absent Absent
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Water Quality in the command area during monsoon season
Parameters W21 W22 W23 W24 W25 W26 W27 W28 W29 W30
pH Value 8.18 8.29 8.1 8.46 8.11 8.33 8.32 8.2 8.15 8.28
Temperature, oC 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
Conductivity, µS/cm 387.3 241.3 396.8 253.9 393.6 244.4 250.8 253.9 774.6 580.9
Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 239.4 130.2 239.4 126 239. 117.6 117.6 126 420 340.2
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 1.9 3.8 2.8 1.9 2.8 3.8 3.8 2.8 26.6 13.3
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 240 140 240 138 240 132 136 140 264 252
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 59.25 35.45 65.8 48.25 65.8 45.35 45.85 50.15 63.1 46.7
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 16.95 15.4 18.45 16.25 18.1 18 18.35 17.25 28.8 30.75
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 1.12 1.27 0.18 0.94 0.34 1.22 0.74 0.59 0.2 0.23
Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 7.5 9.2 7.9 9.21 6.55 8.64 8.45 8.83 13.86 14.24
Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.5 0.45 1.2 0.17 0.18 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.08 0.21
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04
Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 7.7 4.1 3.9 6.6 4.1 5.3 7.7 3.1 5.4 5.3
B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l 1 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 3 Nil
C.O.D, mg/l 4.03 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 8.06 Nil
Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0
Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1
Sodium (as Na),mg/l 15.1 7.3 13.5 8.7 12.9 6.2 5.8 9 88.3 51.2
Potassium (as K),mg/l 3.7 5.6 3.1 2.8 3.5 3 3 2.7 4.4 4.1
Phenolic Compounds, mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l 0.44 Zero Zero Zero 0.02 Zero Zero Zero 2.88 1.94
Fluoride (as F), mg/l 0.06 0.9 0.06 0.42 0.12 0.52 0.43 0.32 0.39 0.32
Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) Absent Absent Absent 18 Absent Absent Absent Absent 12 12
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Water Quality in the command area during monsoon season
Parameters W31 W32 W33 W34 W35 W36 W37 W38 W39 W40 pH Value 8.21 8.06 8.54 8.64 8.37 8.71 8.51 8.14 8.41 8.23
Temperature, oC 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
Conductivity, µS/cm 736.5 568.3 409.5 257.1 612.7 476.2 495.2 409.5 358.7 400
Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 415.8 336 256.2 138.6 306.6 298.2 306.6 252 210 222.6
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 27.55 13.3 5.7 2.85 2.85 2.85 12.35 4.75 12.35 13.3
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 264 256 212 148 248 240 260 216 160 176
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 43.25 47.9 42 31.85 43.25 47.1 51.25 47.35 37.4 41.1
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 24.95 30.65 19.4 23.9 27.1 29.85 18.45 19.35 14.4 15.65
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 0.23 3.2 1.21 0.18 0.14 0.15 1.32 0.25 2.44 1.82
Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 14.24 9.02 1.42 10.3 8.64 8.26 4.46 1.52 2.66 3.13
Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.15 0.07 0.15 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.07 0.1 0.1
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04
Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 6.4 4.4 7.1 4.8 6.8 6.2 1.11 7.4 1.2 9.7
B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
C.O.D, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sodium (as Na),mg/l 99.7 52.9 18.2 42.2 6.2 40 37.3 16.5 31.6 34.1 Potassium (as K),mg/l 4.9 4.1 3.7 6.8 5.1 6.4 4.2 3.6 4 4.2 Phenolic Compounds, mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l 4.1 1.81 1.42 Zero 1.74 1.15 2.05 1.09 1.17 1.11 Fluoride (as F), mg/l 0.38 0.33 0.37 0.99 0.35 0.41 0.39 0.4 0.31 0.36 Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
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Water Quality in the command area during monsoon season
Parameters W41 W42 W43 W44 W45 W46 W47 W48 W49 W50 pH Value 8.34 8.64 8.37 8.4 8.35 8.13 8.57 7.77 8.82 8.49
Temperature, oC 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
Conductivity, µS/cm 447.6 377.8 282.5 292.1 276.2 774.6 482.5 914.3 504.8 492.1
Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 260 231 159.6 163.8 159.6 420 294 483 294 289.8
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 18.05 9.5 2.85 2.85 2.8 38 4.75 38 6.6 4.8
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 244 220 164 156 164 160 184 264 184 188
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 27.9 27.25 38.8 41 36 37.4 28.45 42.32 29.6 27.8
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 22.35 22.65 17.85 18.9 16.25 14.1 21.25 38.49 22.35 21.6
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 0.86 0.73 0.66 0.66 0.74 2.44 0.51 0.6 1.94 1.4
Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 19.47 10.07 6.45 6.17 6.55 2.66 11.39 21.8 12.15 13.19
Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.15 0.05 0.15 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.1 0.15
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04
Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 6.8 6.4 1.7 4.7 1.3 1.2 1.6 6.4 6.8 7.3
B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
C.O.D, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sodium (as Na),mg/l 28.6 27.4 5.65 8.1 4.9 138.3 58.4 62.1 61.1 58.9 Potassium (as K),mg/l 5.3 5 2.6 2.75 2.2 5.6 6.65 5.86 6.95 6.65 Phenolic Compounds, mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l 1.97 1.4 Zero Zero 0.05 5.99 2.71 4.38 2.56 2.62 Fluoride (as F), mg/l 0.18 0.38 0.15 0.15 0.09 0.48 1.1 0.52 1.15 1.14 Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
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Water Quality in the command area during winter season
Parameters W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 pH Value 8.59 8.51 8.59 8.55 8.55 8.47 8.31 8.45 8.47 8.61
Temperature, oC 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
Conductivity, µS/cm 238.1 282.5 307.9 219 241.3 209.5 225.4 225.4 228.6 225.4
Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 126 163.8 168 117.6 134.4 114 126 121.8 121.8 117.6
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 3.83 4.79 7.66 2.87 1.91 1.91 1.91 1.91 2.87 3.83
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 144 136 132 132 148 128 116 140 136 132
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 35.27 27.25 24.05 25.65 32.06 33.66 28.86 28.86 28.86 35.27
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 13.61 16.52 17.49 16.52 16.52 10.69 10.69 16.52 15.55 10.69
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 1.76 1.12 1.27 1.67 1.56 0.91 1.39 1.09 1.11 1.59
Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 11.96 1.52 4.08 9.87 12.25 11.39 10.73 12.06 12.63 13.1
Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.15 0.55 0.02 0.6 0.15 1.45 0.8 0.45 0.25 0.02
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04
Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 6.0 9.0 10.6 3.3 4.6 2.8 2.2 4.5 7.1 4.2
Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 3.0 4.0 3.0 1 3.0 2.0 1 2.0 2.0 2.0 Sodium (as Na),mg/l 5.9 13.1 17 3.2 3.9 2.6 3.4 3.7 6.2 2.9 Potassium (as K),mg/l 2.5 2.7 3.2 3.4 2.8 2.2 1.4 3.4 3.0 3.7 Phenolic Compounds, mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l Zero 0.55 0.72 Zero Zero Zero 0.24 Zero Zero Zero Fluoride (as F), mg/l 0.20 0.09 0.07 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.08 <0.01 Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) Absent 10 12 8 Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Annexure Page 27
Water Quality in the command area during winter season
Parameters W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18 W19 W20 pH Value 8.82 8.59 8.39 8.31 8.8 8.19 8.76 8.56 8.5 8.7
Temperature, oC 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
Conductivity, µS/cm 330.2 441.3 301.6 206.3 387.3 396.8 320.6 231.7 282.5 619
Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 210 205.8 172.2 100.8 210 252 180.6 130.2 184.8 289.8
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 3.83 17.23 3.83 4.78 9.57 4.78 5.74 2.87 4.78 43.07
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 180 208 144 120 164 232 180 144 156 256
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 19.24 24.05 35.27 30.46 16.03 24.05 25.65 30.46 27.25 36.87
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 32.07 49.08 13.61 10.69 30.13 41.79 28.19 16.52 21.38 39.85
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 0.91 0.98 1.76 1.17 0.57 0.79 0.3 0.79 20.03 2.55
Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 1.61 22.12 11.96 12.63 13.96 5.51 12.34 9.87 4.37 25.64
Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.04 0.04 0.15 15.9 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.4
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04
Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 5.9 14.9 6.0 6.8 9.6 8.7 7.8 6.2 10.0 10.5
B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
C.O.D, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 1.0 1.0 3 900.0 1.0 2 6.0 2.0 1 1 Sodium (as Na),mg/l 12.4 22.2 5.9 2.1 31.1 12.9 8.3 2.4 13.7 57.9 Potassium (as K),mg/l 4.3 2.2 2.5 6.1 4.8 4.5 15.2 2.0 3.7 2.5 Phenolic Compounds, mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l 0.6 Zero Zero Zero 0.92 0.4 0.01 Zero 0.57 0.67 Fluoride (as F), mg/l 0.18 0.07 0.20 <0.01 0.48 0.28 0.21 0.15 0.27 0.23 Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) 14 Absent Absent Absent Absent 12 Absent Absent Absent Absent
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
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Water Quality in the command area during winter season
Parameters W21 W22 W23 W24 W25 W26 W27 W28 W29 W30 pH Value 8.72 9.03 8.66 8.7 8.95 8.63 8.64 8.87 8.44 8.53
Temperature, oC 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
Conductivity, µS/cm 365.1 603.2 320.6 247.6 419 222.2 622.2 438.1 380.9 241.3
Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 189 357 193.2 159.6 231 117.6 256.2 260.4 235.2 130.2
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 5.7 5.7 4.75 3.8 18.05 1.9 42.75 6.65 6.7 5.7
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 172 164 156 144 168 128 216 180 164 128
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 20.84 6.41 27.25 14.43 6.41 33.67 28.85 9.62 16.03 28.86
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 29.16 35.96 21.38 26.24 36.93 10.69 34.99 37.91 30.13 13.61
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 1.76 1.65 1.77 2.17 2.4 1.59 2.02 2.03 1.97 2.03
Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 25.07 9.31 2.85 2.37 8.73 13.96 42.92 9.4 2.18 6.27
Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.3 1.3 0.45 0.55 2.4 0.85 0.65 0.55 0.7 0.6
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04
Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 8.7 7.7 5.2 7.0 7.3 4.7 7.0 7.3 12.4 8.5
Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 2 29.0 21.0 2.0 83.0 1.0 2.0 28.0 1.0 4.0 Sodium (as Na),mg/l 9.8 71.2 20.4 11.5 32.5 2.9 66.6 38.1 33 11.9 Potassium (as K),mg/l 3.2 7.7 3.3 4.1 4.7 1.3 4.4 4.6 5.1 6.1 Phenolic Compounds, mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l 0.34 3.86 0.74 0.31 1.26 Zero 0.8 1.61 1.42 0.04 Fluoride (as F), mg/l 0.09 0.06 0.01 0.07 0.19 0.44 0.42 0.28 0.38 0.05 Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) 24 Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 10 Absent
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Annexure Page 29
Water Quality in the command area during winter season
Parameters W31 W32 W33 W34 W35 W36 W37 W38 W39 W40 pH Value 8.44 8.49 8.74 8.77 8.63 8.39 8.31 8.6 8.46 8.58
Temperature, oC 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
Conductivity, µS/cm 234.9 1133.3 1184.1 1098.4 253.9 260.3 244.4 257.1 336.5 253.9
Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 126 327.6 306.6 298.2 147 134.4 138.6 142.8 189 130.2
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 3.8 185.2 8.74 185.3 2.9 3.8 1.9 3.8 6.7 1.9
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 136 392 372 356 164 144 156 156 188 148
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 36.87 35.6 24.05 24.05 38.48 44.89 36.87 38.48 19.23 43.3
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 10.69 73.67 75.81 71.92 16.52 7.76 15.5 14.58 34.04 9.72
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 1.78 7.64 8.24 7.66 1.19 1.15 1.33 1.35 1.59 1
Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 11.87 85.7 123.8 90.02 8.96 9.97 11.6 11.8 18.33 11.02
Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.7 0.3 0.11 0.2 0.2 0.07 0.05 0.21 0.08 0.15
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04
Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 4.0 6.5 12.2 7.9 8.1 3.5 5.7 4.3 7.2 7.7
B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
C.O.D, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 9.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1 5.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1 Sodium (as Na),mg/l 5.7 106.7 21.2 108.4 7.2 8.1 12.4 6.8 9.7 15.6 Potassium (as K),mg/l 2.6 110.7 5.4 108.5 4.9 3.3 4.6 3.1 3.2 5.5 Phenolic Compounds, mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Fluoride (as F), mg/l 0.12 0.17 0.16 0.11 0.05 0.05 2.40 0.49 0.26 0.05 Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT CEIA Study Report
Annexure Page 30
Water Quality in the command area during winter season
Parameters W41 W42 W43 W44 W45 W46 W47 W48 W49 W50 pH Value 8.66 8.48 8.8 8.29 8.06 8.44 8.46 8.26 8.07 8.19
Temperature, oC 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
Conductivity, µS/cm 257.1 292.1 314.3 193.6 996.8 273 260.3 400 1092.1 403.2
Total Alakalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 193.2 130.2 264.6 96.6 92.4 134.4 134.4 109.2 142.8 109.2
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 10.6 2.9 4.8 4.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 58.2 331.6 59.9
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 150 176 184 112 616 160 152 240 676 240
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 20 37.9 19.4 25.9 70 30.8 33.5 38.7 117.1 68.8
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 18.8 14.9 18.3 10.7 32.3 18.9 21.6 16.5 50.4 27.4
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 1.02 1.62 1.59 2.17 9.42 1.88 2.13 2.24 10.18 1.59
Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 12.91 11.21 14.4 10.54 86.13 10.63 10.35 45.4 84.13 46.34
Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.25 0.1 0.1 0.35 0.05 0.06 0.25 0.09 0.1 1.7
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04
Total Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 19.1 17.3 10.5 4.0 5.4 4.8 3.7 6.5 4.8 3.6
B.O.D (3 days at 27°C), mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
C.O.D, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Oil & Grease, mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 2.0 2.0 2 1 1.0 1 3.0 26.0 4.0 18.0 Sodium (as Na),mg/l 18.3 8 36.8 3.4 51.8 15.7 26.3 26.3 61.5 31.8 Potassium (as K),mg/l 4.9 3.5 5.8 2.1 4.9 4.5 4.4 2.0 5.0 2.6 Phenolic Compounds, mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Residual Sodium Carbonate, mg/l Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Fluoride (as F), mg/l 0.20 0.64 1.10 0.09 0.12 0.17 0.89 0.10 0.19 0.04 Coliform Organisms/100 ml, (MPN) Absent Absent Absent 14 Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
Consultant:
76-C, Institutional Area, Sector – 18, Gurgaon – 122015, Haryana (INDIA)
Telephone: 0124-2342576, Fax: 0124-2349187 [email protected]
Website: http://www.wapcos.co.in JUNE 2017