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Pages 2-7

Ch.1: An Orientation to the Human Body

Anatomy vs. PhysiologyDifferentiate between the two…

Anatomy is about the structurePhysiology is about the function of that

structureStructure determines function

If the structure changes, the function may as well

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What is Anatomy?Study of the structure and shape of the body

and its partsObservation is used to see sizes and

relationships of partsThe body is studied on a gross and

microscopic level

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Gross Anatomy vs. Microscopic Anatomy Comparing the main digestive system

structures to the cells that comprise themThe next two slides make this comparison

Figure 14.1 The human digestive system: Alimentary canal and accessory organs.

Mouth (oral cavity)

Tongue

Esophagus

Parotid glandSublingual glandSubmandibulargland

Salivary glands

Pharynx

StomachPancreas(Spleen)

Transverse colonDescending colon

Ascending colon

CecumSigmoid colonRectumAppendixAnal canalAnus

Smallintestine

DuodenumJejunumIleum

Liver

Gallbladder

Large intestine

Figure 14.4c Anatomy of the stomach.

Pyloricsphincter

Gastric pits

Ga

str

ic

pit

Ga

str

ic g

lan

d

Surfaceepithelium

Mucousneck cells

Parietal cells

Gastricglands

Chief cells

(c)

Figure 14.4d Anatomy of the stomach.

Chief cells

Enteroendocrinecell

(d)

PepsinogenHCI

Pepsin

Parietal cells

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Levels of Structural OrganizationSix levels of structural organization

1. Atoms2. Cells3. Tissues4. Organs5. Organ systems6. Organisms

Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.

Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules.

1

AtomsMolecules

Smooth muscle cell

Cellular levelCells are madeup of molecules.

2

Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells.

3

Organ levelOrgans are made up ofdifferent types of tissues.

4

Organ system levelOrgan systems consist ofdifferent organs that worktogether closely.

5 Organismal levelHuman organisms aremade up of many organsystems.

6

Smoothmuscletissue

Bloodvessel(organ)

Epithelialtissue

Smoothmuscletissue

Connectivetissue

Bloodvessels

Heart

Cardio–vascularsystem

Slide 1

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The Integumentary SystemForms the external body covering (skin)Protects deeper tissue from injuryHelps regulate body temperatureLocation of cutaneous nerve receptors

Figure 1.2a The body’s organ systems.

(a) Integumentary System

Forms the external body covering; protectsdeeper tissue from injury; synthesizesvitamin D; location of cutaneous receptors(pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands.

Skin

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The Skeletal SystemConsists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and

jointsSupports the bodyProvides muscle attachment for movementSite of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)Stores minerals

Figure 1.2b The body’s organ systems.

(b) Skeletal SystemProtects and supports body organs; provides aframework the muscles use to cause movement;blood cells are formed within bones; storesminerals.

Joint

Cartilages

Bones

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The Muscular SystemSkeletal muscles contract or shortenProduces movement of bones

Figure 1.2c The body’s organ systems.

Skeletalmuscles

(c) Muscular SystemAllows manipulation of the environment,locomotion, and facial expression; maintainsposture; produces heat.

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The Nervous SystemFast-acting control systemConsists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and

sensory receptorsResponds to internal and external changeSends messages via nerve impulses to central

nervous system Central nervous system activates effectors

(muscles and glands)

Figure 1.2d The body’s organ systems.

Brain

Sensory receptor

Spinal cord

Nerves

(d) Nervous SystemFast-acting control system of the body;responds to internal and external changes byactivating appropriate muscles and glands.

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Cardiovascular SystemIncludes heart and blood vessels

Heart pumps blood Vessels transport blood to tissues

Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen and carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes

Figure 1.2f The body’s organ systems.

Heart

Bloodvessels

(f) Cardiovascular SystemBlood vessels transport blood, which carriesoxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.;the heart pumps blood.

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The Respiratory SystemIncludes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx,

trachea, bronchi, and lungsSupplies blood with oxygenRemoves carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h The body’s organ systems.

(h) Respiratory System

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygenand removes carbon dioxide; the gaseousexchanges occur through the walls of the airsacs of the lungs.

Nasal cavityPharynxLarynxTracheaBronchusLeft lung

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The Digestive SystemIncludes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach,

small and large intestines, and accessory organs

Breaks down foodAllows for nutrient absorption into bloodEliminates indigestible material as feces

Figure 1.2i The body’s organ systems.

(i) Digestive System

Breaks food down into absorbable units thatenter the blood for distribution to body cells;indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Anus

Rectum

Large intestine

Small intestine

Stomach

Esophagus

Oral cavity

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The Lymphatic SystemIncludes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and

lymphoid organsReturns leaked fluids back to blood vesselsCleanses the bloodInvolved in immunity

Figure 1.2g The body’s organ systems.

(g) Lymphatic System

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels andreturns it to blood; disposes of debris in thelymphatic stream; houses white blood cellsinvolved in immunity.

Thoracic duct

Lymph nodes

Lymphatic vessels

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Urinary SystemIncludes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,

and urethraEliminates nitrogenous wastesMaintains acid-base balanceRegulates water and electrolytes

Figure 1.2j The body’s organ systems.

Kidney

Ureter

Urinary bladder

Urethra

(j) Urinary SystemEliminates nitrogen-containing wastes fromthe body; regulates water, electrolyte, andacid-base balance of the blood.

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The Endocrine SystemEndocrine glands include:

Pituitary gland Thyroid and parathyroids Adrenal glands Thymus Pancreas Pineal gland Ovaries (females) and testes (males)

Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism

Figure 1.2e The body’s organ systems.

(e) Endocrine SystemGlands secrete hormones that regulateprocesses such as growth, reproduction, andnutrient use by body cells.

Pineal gland

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland (parathyroidglands on posterior aspect)

Thymus gland

Adrenal glandsPancreas

Testis (male)

Ovary (female)

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The Reproductive SystemFor males, includes the testes, scrotum, penis,

accessory glands, and duct system Testes produce sperm Duct system carries sperm to exterior

For females, includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Ovaries produce eggs Uterus provides site of development for fetus

Figure 1.2k-l The body’s organ systems.

(k) Male Reproductive SystemOverall function of the reproductive system is production of offspring. Testes producesperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to thefemale reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remainingstructures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammaryglands of female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn.

(l) Female Reproductive System

Prostate gland

Vas deferens

TestisScrotum

Seminalvesicles

Penis

Mammary glands(in breasts)

Uterine tube

OvaryUterus

Vagina