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Paediatric Cardiology- after one year of age
Jon Skinner
Topics to cover
• Murmur in a well four year old
• ECG in diagnosis of CHD
• CXR in diagnosis of CHD
Murmur in a well four year old
• What are the possibilities?
Murmur in a well four year old
• What are the possibilities?– Innocent murmur
Murmur in a well four year old
• What are the possibilities?– Innocent murmur– Atrial septal defect
Murmur in a well four year old
• What are the possibilities?– Innocent murmur– Atrial septal defect– Ventricular septal defect
Murmur in a well four year old
• What are the possibilities?– Innocent murmur– Atrial septal defect– Ventricular septal defect– Valvar stenosis
Murmur in a well four year old
• What are the possibilities?– Innocent murmur– Atrial septal defect– Ventricular septal defect– Valvar stenosis– Aortic coarctation
Murmur in a well four year old
• What are the possibilities?– Innocent murmur– Atrial septal defect– Ventricular septal defect– Valvar stenosis– Aortic coarctation– Patent arterial duct
Murmur in a well four year old
• What are the possibilities?– Innocent murmur– Atrial septal defect– Ventricular septal defect– Valvar stenosis– Aortic coarctation– Patent arterial duct– Miscellaneous rare stuff- HCM, valvar regurg etc
Murmur in a well four year old
• No. 1 What is this? – Pulses normal, BP 95/60– RV lift– 2-3/6 ESM at upper LSE– ECG-– CXR
Murmur in a well four year old No. 1
•
Murmur in a well four year old No. 1
•
Murmur in a well four year old
• No. 1 What is this? – Pulses normal, BP 95/60– RV lift– 2-3/6 ESM at upper LSE– ECG- normal axis IRBBB– CXR-mild cardiomeg, plethora, prominent PA
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 2
• No. 2 What is this? – Pulses normal, BP 95/60– Normal precordium– 2-3/6 vibratory ESM at upper and lower LSE– ECG- normal axis IRBBB– CXR-normal
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 2- murmur disappears doing this
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 2
• No. 2 What is this? – Pulses normal, BP 95/60– Normal precordium– 2-3/6 vibratory ESM at upper and lower LSE– murmur disappears on stretching the neck– ECG- normal axis IRBBB– CXR-normal
Murmur in a well four year old
• No. 3 What is this? – History of recurrent chest infections– Pulses normal, BP 100/65– RV lift. – 2-3/6 ESM at upper LSE, fixed split of second
sound– ECG- IRBBB– CXR- Cardiomeg, plethora, prominent PA
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 3
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 3
• No. 3 What is this? – Pulses normal, BP 100/65– RV lift. Harrison’s sulci– 2-3/6 ESM at upper LSE, fixed split of second
sound– ECG- IRBBB– CXR- Cardiomeg, plethora, prominent PA– Diagnosis--
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 4
• No. 4 What is this? – Pulses normal, BP 100/65– Parasternal thrill– 4/6 PSM at lower LSE, – ECG-– CXR- Normal
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 4
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 4
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 4
• No. 4 What is this? – Pulses normal, BP 100/65– Parasternal thrill– 4/6 PSM at lower LSE, – ECG- Borderline LVH– CXR- Normal– Diagnosis?
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 5
• No. 5 What is this? – Slim child, recurrent chest infections– Pulses normal, BP 95/60– Overactive precordium– 2/6 low pitched PSM at lower LSE, 2/4
diastolic murmur at apex– ECG-– CXR-
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 5
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 5
Murmur in a “well” four year oldNo. 5
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 5
• No. 5 What is this? – Slim child, recurrent chest infections– Pulses normal, BP 95/60– Overactive precordium– 2/6 low pitched PSM at lower LSE, 2/4 diastolic
murmur at apex– ECG- RVH, LVH– CXR- Cardiomegally and plethora– Diagnosis?
ECG diagnosis of atrial hypertrophy?
ECG diagnosis of atrial hypertrophy?
• Lead II
Conditions causing Atrial hypertophy on the ECG
• RAH
• LAH
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 6
• No. 6 What is this? – BP 130/90– Soft ESM at upper RSE– ejection click– ECG- LVH with strain– CXR- unavailable
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 6
• No. 6 What is this? – BP 130/90– Soft ESM at upper RSE– ejection click– ECG- LVH with strain– CXR- unavailable
– What do you wish to examine now?
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 6
• No. 6 What is this? – BP 130/90– Soft ESM at upper RSE– ejection click– ECG- LVH with strain– CXR- unavailable– What do you wish to examine now?– Diagnosis?- what might the CXR show?
Boys GirlsPaediatrics (suppl) 59:797, 1977
Normal blood pressure values in children
Murmur in a well four year old
• No. 7 What is this? – Pulses normal, BP 90/65– RV lift. – 2-3/6 ESM at upper LSE, fixed split of second
sound– ECG-– CXR-
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 7
Murmur in a well four year oldNo. 7
Murmur in a well four year old
• No. 7 What is this? – Pulses normal, BP 90/65– RV lift. – 2-3/6 ESM at upper LSE, fixed split of second
sound– ECG- LAD IRBBB– CXR- CM plethora– Diagnosis?
Types of ASD
What does this ECG show?
2 year old, loud systolic murmur, mild cyanosis (88%)
What does this CXR show?
3 month cyanotic infant
What does this CXR show?
Topics we have covered (superficially!)
• Murmur in a well four year old• ECG in diagnosis of CHD
– chamber hypertrophy– QRS axis– RBBB in ASD
• CXR in diagnosis of CHD– L-R shunts-> cardiomegally and plethora– oligaemia– chamber hypertrophy
Useful texts• Essential paediatrics- Hull and Johnstone,
Church Liv
• Pediatric Cardiology for practitoners- Myung K Park, Mosby
• How to Read Pediatric ECGs- Park and Guntheroth, Mosby
• Heart Disease in Paediatrics- Jordan and Scott, Butterworths
Paediatric ECGsthe rules
Jon Skinner
Green Lane Hospital
Criteria for chamber enlargement• RA p wave amp >3mm• LA bifid p wave and prolonged >.10 secs - ie 2.5
squares (.08 secs in infants)• RV - use Davignon charts. R in V1>20v (4 squares)
>25v in neonates or S in V6 >7v. OR upright T wave in V1 after 72 hours and up to 5 years. Severe RVH- ST and T wave now invert with ST depression, and small Q wave in lead V1.
• LV R in V6 >25v (5 squares). Severe- ST depression and T wave inversion V6.
Q- waves
• Are allowed (usual) in 1,2, 3 and aVf, V5 and V6 and are narrow and up to 7mm deep in 2 and 3
• Are pathological in V1 (except occasional newborns) and indicate LTGA, single ventricle, severe RVH or anterior MI (deep and wide).
QT interval
• QTc = QT (ms)/ sq root R-R interval (ms)• is less than 0.45sec• Refer to Normal reference values• Measure in lead 2 and V5 (and particularly not in V2- V4)
Abnormal ST segment (up or down)
• Up to 1mm is normal
• Up to 2 mm is normal in V2- V4
• Causes?