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PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
Became President at age 43 1901. Born well to do family in New York William McKinley was assassinated Brought youth and energy
Avid Hunter Expeditions to Africa Big Game in the States
Rancher Ranched in Dakota Territory Lost his Ranch
Rough Rider Colonel in Spanish American War War hero
MORE TEDDY
A worldly man Felt a need to put America on the World stage Expand reach of US
Became Governor of New York in 1898 Felt that he needed to be a steward to the
people To take action for the good of the public (As
President) Thought Government was an arbitor between
big business and labor That government would step in and solve problems
Bust the Trust “speak softly and carry a big stick”
TRUST BUSTER
SQUARE DEAL
Protect small business Keep big business from taking advantage of
small business and poor Did not mean an equal distribution of wealth It meant regulation of what that business could
do Coal strike 1902
Miners wanted higher pay and shorter hours Teddy asked owners to give in a bit Threatened to send in federal troops to seize the mines Mine owners gave small raise and 9 hour days
Coal strike was the first time Government stepped in on the side of workers.
TRUST BUSTING
Carry a big stick Reinforce Sherman Anti-trust Act
Northern Railroad company Was found to be in violation anti-trust act Supreme court forced company to break into smaller
ones Railroad was used as a warning for other trusts
Teddy had “good” and “bad” trusts Big business was bad if it hurt smaller ones and
consumers Supported big business as long as it was fair to
the consumer
HEPBURN ACT
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Made ICC more Powerful 1906 Had the ability to set shipping rates for all
railroad companies Could set and limit shipping costs and rates Also set maximum prices for ferries, bridge tolls, and
oil pipelines
PACKING PLANTS
MEAT INSPECTION ACT Inspect any meat sold across state lines Required federal inspection of process plants
Upton Sinclair The Jungle “All day long the blazing midsummer sun beat down upon
that square mile of abominations: upon tens of thousands of cattle crowded into pens whose wooden floors stank and steamed contagion; upon bare, blistering, cinder-strewn railroad tracks, and huge blocks of dingy meat factories, whose labyrinthine passages defied a breath of fresh air to penetrate them; and there were not merely rivers of hot blood, and carloads of moist flesh, and rendering vats and soap caldrons, glue factories and fertilizer tanks, that smelt like the craters of hell—there were also tons of garbage festering in the sun, and the greasy laundry of the workers hung out to dry, and dining rooms littered with food and black with flies, and toilet rooms that were open sewers.”
PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT
Prohibit the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs.
Passed the same day as the Meat Inspection Act
NATIONAL LAND CONSERVATION
John Muir A naturalist from CA Created Yosemite National Park
Gifford Pinchot United States Forest Service Land was to be used for the
benefit of many Roosevelt added over 100
million acres and protected forests created 51 wildlife preserves
NATIONAL RECLAMATION ACT
Authorized the use of federal funds from land sales to pay for irrigation and land development Made water available to farms where water was
not previously
TAFT
Secretary of War for Roosevelt Felt he was best for the job
The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Wanted to lower tariff Failed to lower tariff and raised some Split progressive party – wanted to lower tariffs
Children’s Bureau Agency that investigates and publicizes
problems with child labor Conservation
Preserved as much or more natural land as Roosevelt
SPLIT WITH ROOSEVELT
Taft has no distinction between good and bad trust Brought twice as many anti-trust lawsuits as
Roosevelt Broke up US Steel for buying a Coal Company
Final straw for Roosevelt – would run for office again
Fired Gifford Pinchot for criticizing Richard Ballinger
Ballinger was secretary of interior Angered many progressives
Roosevelt as angered that Taft was destroying his system for cooperation and regulation with Trusts
ELECTION OF 1912
Bull-Moose Party – 3rd party Progressives nominated Teddy
Taft – Republican Nominee Woodrow Wilson – Democratic Became an election between
Wilson VS Roosevelt Teddy ran on “New Nationalism
Protect women and children in labor Workman’s compensation
Wilson ran on “New Freedom” Destroying monopolies more competition in
business Less government economic control
WILSON WINS
Wilson won 41% of popular vote 435 electoral votes
Roosevelt 27%, 88 votes Taft 23%, 8 votes
Roosevelt and Taft split Republican party Wilson wins easily
NEW FREEDOM
Strict control over government corporations More opportunities for more small business
ECONOMY
16th Amendment Gave power to government to collect on a
person’s income Underwood Tariff Bill
Lowered tariffs on imported goods Proposed the graduated income tax
Wealthy pay higher percentage of taxes than the poor
FEDERAL RESERVE ACT
Created 12 regional banks Hold money in reserve from commercial banks
National supervision of the banking system Could set interest rates the reserve banks
could charge other banks Indirectly controlling the interest rates of the
entire nation Controlled the amount of money in circulation
ANTI-TRUST REGULATION
Federal Trade Commission Monitor business practices that might lead to a
monopoly Watch for false advertising and false labeling
Clayton Anti-trust Act Extension of Sherman Anti-trust act Spelled out practices that business could and
could not do Restricted competition
PROTECTING WORKERS RIGHTS
Workman’s Compensation Act Gives wages to temproarily disabled civil servant
employees
Adamson Act Limited Railroad workers to 8 hours
PROGRESSIVES LASTING EFFECT
Government had changed both legal and public opinion on protecting worker and regulating big business
Policy that Wilson and Roosevelt put into place protect the consumer
They protected natural resources and wildlife conservation acts