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Incidence of organic agriculture onsustainability
15. 06. 2010, Barcelona
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Salvador V. Garibay, Dominic Levit, Adrian Mller
Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, FiBL
Contents
- Work at FiBL- Generalities: Organic agriculture / wine
production- Conclusions
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FiBLs activities in wine production
R & D plant protection
Soil management
Variety testing
Wine making
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Biodynamic grapewine production
Commercial winery Frick
Advisory services
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Aims of research and extension in wineproduction
Improve yield securityReduce/replace copper wherever
feasible
Encourage viable production andcommercialization of resistant
varieties
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Improve soil fertility management
Improve regulatory framework of organicwine production
Topics of sustainable development at FiBL
Soil fertility
Biodiversity
Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
Food securit sustainable livelihoods and
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development
LCA
Organic agriculture/wineproduction
Esoteric or a business case?
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e.g. Biodiversity
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Crdibility Press article
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Other aspects
Soil fertility - plant health
Pesticides, herbicides, etc. - Health issues
Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
Qualit /revenues it works
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Wine production Semiarid subtropical drysummer climate
Mediterranean Area
hot, dry summers
wet winters
2-5 monthsduring the summer without
having any significant precipitation.
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light factoris not limiting
The wines are concentrated, full bodiedwith a high alcohol
content and lower acidity.
Powdery mildiou
Wine production Semiarid subtropical drysummer climate
Mediterranean Area: maindisease
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Core aspects of organicviticulture:Soil fertility / soil
management
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From CODE OF GOOD ORGANIC VITICULTURE AND WINEMAKINGUwe Hofmann,
Gianni Trioli
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General principles of soil management inorganic viticulture
Fertility
The main issues of an appropriate soil fertility
managementare:
to maintain or improve an adequate content of organic matter
/humus in the soil;
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to encourage the soil micro-organisms activity with a rich
andwell-balanced soil fauna and flora;
to preserve a stable aggregate soil structure to guarantee
thenecessary balance between water and air;
to keep the soil covered (temporarily or permanent) to
minimizethe effects of soil erosion;
to allow mechanical operations, avoiding soil compactions;
to enrich the soil with nutritive elements (macro and
micronutrients);
General principles of soil management inorganic viticulture
Stable organic matter is a major factor in improvingsoil
structure and fertility
A good soil structure permits roots to have a largerexploration
field
rovidin water nutrients and ox en for their
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metabolic processes
It binds soil particles into structural units called
living aggregates or clay humus complex,
limiting erosion
At the end the living and well balanced soil,guarantees the
health of plant and the terroir-expression of the wines.
Soil cultivation / Tillage
Soil cultivation has a strong influence on soil fertility
Soil cultivation should be minimized to allow theorganic
vineyard to gain most benefit from astructurall stable and biolo
icall active soil
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This is achieved by cover crops (legumes and grasscrops) mowing,
mulching, green manure, organicfertilisers and soil preparation
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Soil management options
Arid sub-arid climate - Mediterranean Area
Avoidance of water competition and soil erosion.Improvement of
soil structure to avoid compaction.Increasing green manure and soil
fertility to avoid Nitrogen
deficiency in the juice or mush.
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Shallow soil cultivation, tillage in early spring, disking
fromspring to autumn in every row, compost use
Deep ripping after harvest
Winter cover crop
Alicante (Spain): added value
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Soil management optionsCoverCrop Management
- Improvement of soil structure and waterconservation by
permanent root spreading
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From CODE OF GOOD ORGANIC VITICULTURE AND WINEMAKINGUwe Hofmann,
Gianni Trioli
- u r en supp y or so organ sms(earthworms, micro-organisms)
- as basis for high biological activity
- and for the availability of soil nutrients
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Green manure
Gramineae; rye, oat, barley,fescue, Italian or annualryegrass
etc.
Brassicaceae / Cruciferae:canola - ra e, oil-radish,
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white mustard etc
Leguminoseae: bean, pigeonbean, vetch, Egyptian clover,crimson
clover, red andwhite clover, lupine etc.
Green cover & compaction
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Core aspects of organicviticulture:Water Soil-C
Sequestration
The soil management just described has positiveimpacts on water
management adaptation to
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climate change (increasing water stress)
It also enhances soil carbon sequestration and thuscontributes
to mitigation in agriculture
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Core aspects of organicviticulture:
Weed control
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Organic under-vine weed control
Various mechanicaltechniques
New: the use of socalled allelopathic
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p an s; espec a yinteresting in aridclimates because they
have a (semi)dormancyperiod in summer, whenthe water stress
ishighest for the vines.
Trial with allopathic plants for weed regulation
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By now, none of the existing varieties is fit to resist to
aninfection with the main diseases. Yet, there are differentdegrees
of sensitiveness, which range from very sensitive to
Core aspects of organicviticulture:
Pests and Diseases
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very robust. Among the traditional European varieties, it
isseldom to find some which would be more than tolerant,
Up to now, these so called interspecific hybrids or PIWI(from
the German expression pilzwiderstandsfhig = apt toresist to fungi)
are not accepted for Quality Wine production inmost of the European
countries. Yet, the latest generation ofthese so-called hybrids is
accepted in some countries, e.g.Germany, Switzerland, Austria,
Hungary, Czech-Republic.
Major diseases
Problem importance s olution efficacy losses
Downy mildew
(Plasmopara
viticola)
****acidified
clays, copper*** *-****
Powdery mildew
(Uncinula necator)****
sulphur, other
products**** *-***
Phomo sis viticola *-** sul hur *** *
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Pseudopeziza
tracheiphilalocal acidified clays *** *-**
Grey rot (Botrytis
cinerea) **-*** copper ** *-**
Flavescence d. local ? ? ****
Black Rot local sanitation *** *-***
Major pests
Problem importance solution efficacy losses
Eupoecilia
ambiguella and
Lobesia botrana
**mating
disruption, B.t.*** **
Red spider mite * soaps **** **
*** *
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Phylloxera * sulphur *** *
Thrips * sulphur *** *
Lygus *
Empoasca *
Lepidopterae localpyrethrin,
spinosad*** *
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Efficacy gap of pesticides in OF
Efficacy level
100%
Idealpesticide
synthetic
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Disease /pest pressure
organic
Application and timing of sprays are crucial
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Pests: avoidance techniques
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Mating disruption by pheromones is widely established
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Main conclusions from a Case Study in Spain:
Soil with no cover crop have de lowest organicmatter rate .- in
irrigate conditions, soils sowed with(ViciaVicia sativasativa) have
the highest organic matter rate.In dry conditionss the best rate of
organic matterhappens with the mixture Vitis
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Using oats + veza cover crop has a beneficial effecton the
grapes yield => higher weight of the brunches=> higher number
of berries => Higher yield of theclean fruit
Fruits coming from vines located on fields withcover crops are
heavier and thicker and so there aremore resistant to skin breaking
down
Organic agriculture is a viable option in wine production
Crucial aspects: soil fertility/soil managementPlant health
Water
Conclusions
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Climate change adaptation and mitigation
Crucial aspects: weed control / pests and diseases
Health aspects
biodiversity
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Thanks for your
attention!
