Overview of Trends in Optical Fiber SensorsFiber Sensors › paper › MWB4.pdf · FBG-Based Sensors & Arrays: M lti l P t & S liMultiple Parameters & Suppliers ... sensiting systems—bffi

Overview of Trends in Optical Fiber SensorsFiber Sensors

Alexis Méndez, PhDMCH Engineering LLCMCH Engineering, LLC1728 Clinton Ave., Alameda, CA 94501 (USA)[email protected]

1 MCH Engineering, LLCA. Mendez

ContentsContents

I t d ti• Introduction• Original Driving Factors• Original Driving Factors• Applications• Applications• Market SituationMarket Situation• Future ApplicationsFuture Applications• Conclusions


IntroductionIntroduction


Optical Fiber Sensor Roots:T l i tiTelecommunications

After Personick

Over 30 years of R&D, testingproduct development and


After Personickbroad commercial use in

telecoms industry!

Why Fiber Optic Sensors?

Source: NASA LangleyComposite wing IVHM testing

5 MCH Engineering, LLCA. Mendez400 conventional strain gage sensors 3000 fiber optic FBG strain sensors

Advantages of Fiber Optic Sensors

• Galvanic isolation• EMI immunity• Intrinsically safe• Passive: no need for electrical power• Possibility of remote, multiplexed operationy , p p• Small size and lightweight• Integrated telemetry: fiber itself is a data linkIntegrated telemetry: fiber itself is a data link• Wide bandwidth

High sensitivity


• High sensitivity

Fiber Optic Sensor:Basic ConfigurationBasic Configuration

E=E cos(kz - t)Sensing is based on detecting a change in one or more

of the light wave properties:

E=Eo cos(kz - t)

of the light wave properties:intensity phase

polarization frequency


Photonics Components Needed• Optical Sources

– Quantum Cascade Lasers• Light Processing

– FiltersQuantum Cascade Lasers– Tunable lasers– Fiber lasers– LEDs

Filters– Imaging– Beam steering

– Broadband sources

• Detectors– CCDs

• Light Guiding– IR waveguides

– UV, VIS, IR detectors– Multi-spectral spectrometers

g– Specialty optical fibers– Lenses


Optical Fiber Waveguides:Material & Geometry ChoicesMaterial & Geometry Choices

• Glass vs. Crystals vs. Polymer– Amorphous glasses (silica, fluorides, chalcogenide)– Single crystals (Sapphire)– Polycrystalline materials (Halide)y y ( )– Polymeric (PMMA, polycarbonate, etc.)

• Solid vs. Hollow– Index guiding (TIR)– Reflection guiding– Photonic Bandgap guiding


g p g g

Fiber Sensors Configurationsg

Single-point sensor Fiber

Sensing elementMulti-point (quasi-distributed) sensor

Sensing element

Multiple sensing pointsDistributed sensor


Continuous sensing element

Example of a Single-Point Sensor:Intensity Pressure SensorIntensity Pressure Sensor

Pressure, displacement, etc

A= step indexB= graded indexC= 2 fibers


Source: EOTEC

Fiber Bragg Gratings Arrays:M lti P i t FO S iMulti-Point FO Sensing

Spool with a continuous FBG Sensor Array

Up to 100s of FBGs positioned at discrete points along a continuous fiber Each FBG can measure a


along a continuous fiber. Each FBG can measure a specific parameter.

Source: LxSix

Distributed Fiber Sensing:Raman & Brillouin Scattering SystemsRaman & Brillouin Scattering Systems

The fiber is the sensorMeasurements all along a 10km fiber = 10 000 sensors!!

Standard multi-mode optical fibre

Measurements all along a 10km fiber = 10,000 sensors!!

p

T1 T2 T3 T4 ……….

Backscattered light provides measurement point every 1m

1m pulse of light

TT9 997T9,996

T9,995


T9,999T9,998

T9,997

Original FOS Technology DriversO g a OS ec o ogy e s

• Given the dielectric nature of optical fibers and their intrinsic immunity to EMI/RFI, they were the natural choice to develop sensors in high voltage and harshchoice to develop sensors in high voltage and harsh environment applications.

• Key driving applications were originally:

– HV Current & Voltage SystemsD h l il & ll– Downhole oil & gas well sensors

– Military: acoustic & gyro sensors


1st Generation Current Sensor:Magneto Optic Current Transducer (MOCT)

Quartz glass monoblock with optical fiber link Circa 1991

multimode fiber

Quartz glass monoblock with optical fiber link Circa 1991

thin-film polarizers

collimators


2nd Generation:2 Generation:All-Fiber Current Sensor

• All fiber sensing coil• Polymeric lightweight insulator• Polymeric, lightweight insulator

Photos: NxtPhase


Photos: NxtPhaseCirca 2002

Downhole Instrumentation Comparison:El t i Fib O tiElectronic vs. Fiber Optic

ELECTRONIC SYSTEM FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM

Power supply Light beam source

SURFACE UNIT

Opto-electronic devices•Electronic ICs•Solder joints•Batteries

•Passive•No electronics

CABLE

Copper cable Fiber optic cable

•Multi-components•Insulation materials•Moving parts

•Low part count•No moving parts

CABLE

SENSORPower suppliedelectronic circuits

No electronic circuits


Downhole Applications:Well Monitoring


Proven Field Use of FBGs:Downhole P/T SensorsDownhole P/T Sensors>150

Source: Weatherford


The Instrumented OilfieldThe Instrumented Oilfield

Seismic Land Wells PipelinesRefineries Offshore WellsSeismic

• MultiPoint Temp (MPT)• Borehole Pressure (BHP)• Sand Detection• Strain Sensing

• Seismic Streamers• Ocean Bottom

Cables

• Downhole Seismic • MultiPoint Temp (MPT)• Borehole Pressure (BHP)• Sand Detection

• Leak Detection• Perimeter Security

• MultiPoint Temp (MPT)• Perimeter Security• Leak Detection• Inventory Monitoring


Picture courtesy of Sabeus Sensor Systems

FO Seismic & Geophone Sensors:Tow Arrays & OBCsTow Arrays & OBCs


Source: PGS

Pipeline Leak Detectionp

Fiber cable

22 MCH Engineering, LLCA. MendezSNAM-Rete Gas

Fiber Optic Gyro (FOG):ApplicationsApplications

• Mobile Antenna Pointing & Stabilization• Mobile Antenna Pointing & Stabilization• Vehicle Navigation

Autonomous Vehicle Navigation• Autonomous Vehicle Navigation– Material Handling Equipment

• Torpedoes• Torpedoes• Weapons Simulators

Vid C St bili ti• Video Camera Stabilization• Open & closed-loop designs• 1,2,3, 6 axes• Typically PM fiber with 80um OD.

Source: KVH


Source: KVH

NGC FOG Product Family

• Single, two, and three axes fiber optic gyros.optic gyros.

• Self contained and remote operation.

• uFORS product line on top.p p– Performance from 1 to 36 º/hr.– Over 7500 uFORS sold and production

is ongoing.• FOG 200 product line below.

– Performance of 3 º/hr.– Lower left FOG packaged for 200 g rms

vibration environmentvibration environment.

By the 35th FOG anniversary (2011), NGC will have delivered over 100,000 fiber optic gyros!delivered over 100,000 fiber optic gyros!

Big market for PM fiber and PM couplers


Lengthy Commercialization Process: Fiber Optic Gyros (FOG)Fiber Optic Gyros (FOG)

1975First publicationFirst publication

Lab proto @ 0.01 º/hr1985

Lab proto @ 0.01 /hr

1995First commercial applications(Boeing 777)1995 (Boeing 777)

Photo: KVH Industries

2005

Broader Applications:(Subsea, automotive, etc)

Photo: KVH Industries


ApplicationsApplications


FO Sensor Applications:Segment AreasSegment Areas

Oil & Gas Civil– Reservoir monitoring– Downhole P/T sensing– Seismic arrays

– Bridges– Dams– Roads– Tunnelsy

Energy Industry– Power plants

– Tunnels– Land

slides

– Boilers & Steam turbines– Power cables– Turbines Transportation

R il it i– Refineries

Aerospace– Jet engines

– Rail monitoring– Weight in

motionCarriageJet engines

– Rocket & propulsion systems– Fuselages

– Carriage safety


Successful Fiber Optic Biosensor:20 Years of Product Sales!

Reached a sales volume of

Camino®

Reached a sales volume of 60,000 units/year!

®

Camino® 110-4BIntracranial Pressure Monitoring KitThe ICP Monitoring Catheter is designed for Rapid Placement with instant monitoring at the e C o to g Cat ete s des g ed o ap d ace e t t sta t o to g at t esource. A rapid rise in intracranial pressure resulting from severe head injury or other pathology requires early recognition and intervention.

PressureO ti l FibOptical Fibers


Medical Pressure Sensor:S b 3200/P liSamba 3200/Preclin


Medical Sensors:L Di bl M k t!Large, Disposable Market!

Intra-aortic pressure sensor


Cardiac Force Probe:Endosense

31

Endosense

• Motivation• Atrial Fibrillation, AF, affects 6

million todayImpro ed catheter ablation• Improved catheter ablation

• Real-time feedback• Multi-billion dollar market

• Endosense Touch+TM Force Sensing Technology is based on a

b fitt d ith 3 FBGprobe fitted with 3 FBGs.• Immune to EMI• Probe cost allows for one time use• Probe cost allows for one time use –

no autoclave


FBG Fabrication: Reel-to-Reel Process:Hi h V l d FBG AHigh Volume and FBG Arrays

-Fully automated process:fib t i i- fiber stripping

- recoating- testing- testing- winding

- Continuous Write Sequenceq- Capacity for 150,000 units/yr- Arrays with 100s of FBGs - No Contamination—hands free - Flexible and programmable- 100% inspection


FBG-Based Sensors & Arrays:M lti l P t & S liMultiple Parameters & Suppliers

Accelerometer Displacement meter

Strain meter Pressure meter

Incline meter Thermometer

Reliability is the main


Reliability is the main commercial issue

FBG Interrogators:M lti l S li & St lMultiple Suppliers & Styles

New Photo and Bullets

Lab

Field/OEM

Module


Module

Hand-held

Conventional Strain Gages & FBGs gIn May 2007 HBM—the world’s largest supplier of strain

i t b ff i ti l t isensing systems—began offering optical strain gages and interrogators based on FBG technology!!

This is the first time that a conventional foil strain gage manufacturer has

d t d d b d FBGadopted and embraced FBGs.

A broad and hard commercial pull should be expected from this initiativeshould be expected from this initiative. Will help motivate others in the industry.


Source: HBM

Driving Factors for On-line Monitoring: D i Ci il I f t tDecaying Civil Infrastructure


Smart Structures – Materials with Integrated "Nervous System"

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer CompositeCarbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Compositewith embedded fiber optic Bragg grating sensor

100µm

37 MCH Engineering, LLCA. MendezPhotograph: DaimlerChrysler

Photo: Daimler-Chrysler

Smart Fabrics:Civil & Geotechnical Applications

Source: FOS&SSource: FOS&S

D t t & h i l i l dfill• Detect gases & chemical in landfills• Monitor water ground table• Detect and monitor corrosion in reinforce concrete Source: BAM Germany


Source: BAM, Germany

Smart Fabrics:P ti t M it i OFSETH P j tPatient MonitoringOFSETH Project

Monitoring or cardiacFBG sensors

Monitoring or cardiac and respiratory rhythms in healthcare patients

Prevention of SIDS in newbornsPrevention of SIDS in newborns

59 FBG Sensors woven within a special textile


www.ofseth.org

Load Monitoring in Wind T bi Bl dTurbine Blades

FBG Strain / TemperatureFBG Strain / Temperature Sensor Pads

D 3.1 D 3.2 D 3.3

Signal Processing

D 1.1 D 1.2 D 1.3

Signal Processing

Rotor diameter: 112 m


Source: IPTH, Jena

Temperature Monitoring of Rail CarsTemperature Monitoring of Rail Cars

20 FBG sensors are20 FBG sensors are mounted on different parts of a train car.p

Hong Kong Rail System


Sensor Installation


Measurement Traces (Temperature differences)

Axle box (Front)Axle box (Back)

Bare and packaged FBGs Four brakesin front motor


Cryogenic LNG Tanker:C t t M it iCompartment Monitoring


Active Fiber Coatings

External Measurands:

gTransmitted Light

•Phase changeExternal Measurands:•Temperature•Pressure•Stress/strain•Electromagnetic fieldsBi l i l t

•Phase change•Transmittance •Wavelength•Polarization

•Biological agents•Chemical substances

Fiber coating

Optical fiberOptical fiber Coating response•Refractive index change•Fluorescence•AbsorptionSt i tiA h dl l d i th •Striction

•Spectral shift•Scattering

An area hardly explored in the Specialty Optical Fiber field…


Water Leak Detection:Distributed Moisture Sensor

A special polymer coating swells in the f i di dpresence of moisture, expanding and

producing microbending losses on thestrapped multi-mode fiber.


Source: B. Culshaw

Evanescent-Wave Sensor PrincipleChemically Induced Cladding ChangeChemically-Induced Cladding Change

Ch i l tChemical agent

So

S1n1

n2Waveguide core

So

Waveguide cladding

• Presence of chemical agent in cladding region changes optical properties•

• Light propagating through sensor waveguide is affected by changes in exposed region


Source: IOS Inc.

DICAST® Chem Sensor FibersFully distributed, intrinsically sensitive, chemically active, cladding-based fiber optic sensor elements provide seamless coveragebased, fiber optic sensor elements provide seamless coverage.

Cl HCNCl2 HCN

H2S Nerve


Source: IOS Inc.

PCF Applications:Gas SensingGas Sensing

Source: IPTHFiber Cross-section Side laser-drilled hole


Optical Fiber Arrays:Multiple Agent Sensing

Individually CladOptical Fibers

Multiple Agent SensingOptical Fiber

Array

1 mm

5x

80x

Specifications:

80x

Specifications:~50000 fibers3.1 μm diameter4.5 μm diameter

10xSource: D Walt/Tufts Univ


5 μ d a ete Source: D. Walt/Tufts Univ.

Microsphere Arrays:p yAssembly Process

MicrospheresMicrospheres

10 μm

10 μm


Source: Dickinson, T. A.; Michael, K. L..; Kauer, J. S.; Walt, D. R.; Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 2192-2198.

Surface Micromachining + Active Coatings

Chemical or bio agent

Source: Fiberlogix, Ltd.


Market PerspectiveMarket Perspective


Global Optoelectronics Market

Source: OIDA


Telecom vs FO SensorsTelecom vs. FO SensorsOptical Telecom FO SensorsOptical Telecom FO Sensors


Sensors Market SizeSensors Market Size

Development of the World Market Share of Fiber Optical Sensors until 2008

SENSORS WORLD MARKET

50000

60000

Fiber Optical SensorsTotal sensors

US $ Million SENSORS WORLD MARKET

1998 – U$32,534.0M2003 – U$42,158.4M2008 – U$50,594.3M

30000

40000

50000 2008 U$50,594.3M

AVERAGE OF ANNUAL GROUTH RATE – 4,5%

10000

20000

30000

FOS WORLD MARKET

1998 – U$175,0M – MKT SHARE (0,54%)

19982003

0

10000 $ , ( , )2003 – U$283,4M - MKT SHARE (0,67%)

2008 – U$1,450,0M – MKT SHARE (2,87%)

AVERAGE OF ANNUAL GROUTH RATE – 23,5%


Source: INTECHNO CONSULTING2008

2008 FOS Market2008 FOS Market


Source: Lightwave Venture LLC & Qorex

Distributed Optical Fiber S M k tSensor Market

S Li ht V t /OIDA


Source: Lightwave Venture/OIDA

Market Hurdles & Barriers• Fragmented Markets & Applications

U f ili it ith th t h l• Unfamiliarity with the technology• Conservative/no-risk attitude of some industries• Need for a proven field record & Reliability• Compatibility with existing equipment• Cost• Long R&D and NPI cycles• Availability of trained personnel• Turn-key type systems (sensing solution)y yp y ( g )• Lack of standards• Quality, performance, packaging & reliability


Quality, performance, packaging & reliability deficiencies across vendors

Technology Development Forces

Application Pull• Applications• Systems• Applications• Systems

pp

• Subsystems• Module• Subsystems• Module• Device• Process• Device• ProcessProcess• Materials• Science

Process• Materials• Science• Science• Science Technology Push


Where Are The Opportunities?• Point Sensing

– Oil & gas– Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)– Chem/Bio Sensing– Medical/Life Sciences (disposable sensors)

W t Q lit /W t t T t t– Water Quality/Wastewater Treatment– Automotive (very low cost requirements)– Aerospace & Shipboard applications (reduction in size & weight)– Low Cost Sensors (Plastic fibers)Low Cost Sensors (Plastic fibers)– Food Industry/Agriculture?

• Distributed– Intrusion detection/Perimeter protection– Transmission Lines (Dynamic Energy Rating)– Homeland security– Home Security (FTTH spin-off)

• New BreakthroughsPh t i C t l Fib (OCF) b d


– Photonic Crystal Fibers (OCF) based sensors

Future Market Opportunities:pp

• Low cost sensors all applications & markets

• Disposable sensors medical & health care

• Distributed sensors all areas

• Smart fabrics geotechnical, medical, aerospaceSmart fabrics geotechnical, medical, aerospace

• Hydrogen sensors fuel cells

• Food industry water & food safety

• Environmental power plant & refinery emissions• Environmental power plant & refinery emissions, plane & vehicle cabin air quality


Future R&D Opportunities:N l S i lt Fib & C tiNovel Specialty Fibers & Coatings

• Custom-tailored specialty fibers– Multi-core

Tapered– Tapered– Brillouin scattering enhanced– Perforated claddings

• Active fiber coatings• Holey and hollow-core fiber based sensors• Fiber arraysFiber arrays• Plastic fiber sensors & FBGs


ConclusionsConclusions


Conclusions• Fiber Optic Sensors (FOS) are an Enabling Technology for diverse

civil, industrial and defense applications.

• FOS technology offers the possibility of sensitive, non-destructive, and in-situ measurements of temperature, stress, strain and deformation of different materials & structures.

• Novel applications for on-line monitoring and service lifetime in a variety of applications and industries are made possible by FOS.

• Theoretical and experimental research is needed to investigate:

– Fiber embedding techniques– Mechanics of host material/fiber interfaces– Adequate fiber coatings and packaging designs– Sensor design and configuration


Documents

Overview of Trends in Optical Fiber SensorsFiber Sensors › paper › MWB4.pdf · FBG-Based Sensors & Arrays: M lti l P t & S liMultiple Parameters & Suppliers ... sensiting systems—bffi