Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

WHAT TO EXPECT THIS YEAR

What is It?

The branches of anatomy and physiology are complementary to each other

Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body parts and their relationships with one another Gross anatomy or macroscopic-study of LARGE body

structures (those that would be visible with the naked eye) Microscopic anatomy-cannot be seen with the naked eye,

must use a microscope Developmental anatomy traces structural changes that

occur in the body through life (embryology)Physiology deals with the study of function of the

body

Gross Anatomy Microscopic

Regional anatomy-studies the structures in a particular region

Systemic-system by system

Surface-study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Cytology-study of cells

Histology-study of tissues

The Subdivisions of Anatomy

Levels of Organization

The human body has many levels of organization

The most basic is the chemical level (chapter 2)-at this level atoms combine to form molecules which will combine to make organelles

Organelles make cells (chapter 3)Cells make tissues (chapter 4)Tissues make organs which in turn make

organ systems (chapters 5-27)

How Do We Live?Maintaining boundaries- internal

environment remains distinct from external environments

MovementResponsiveness (irritability)-ability to sense

changes in the environment and respondDigestionMetabolism-breaking substances downExcretion-removing wastesReproductionGrowthNutrition

Pause-Activity 1

Break into 9 groupsEach group will have a different topic of how we

live and will create a posterYou will only get ONE piece of construction paperYou must include the following:

What is your topic What does it mean to you Examples Pictures Which body systems help Anything relevant

HomeostasisThe ability to maintain a relatively stable

internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium

Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

There are two types of feedback mechanisms: positive and negative

Feedback MechanismsNegative Feedback Positive feedbackIn negative feedback

systems, the output shuts off/declines the original stimulus

Most common type found in the human body

EX: body temperature

The output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

EX: Regulation of blood clotting (once clotting starts, it speeds up)

Homeostatic Control MechanismsThere are three essential components of

control mechanisms: Control Center, Receptor and Effector

Control Center: analyzes the input, determines the appropriate response and activities the effector

Receptor: senses changes in the environment and responds by sending information to the control center

Effector: makes the changes needed to maintain homeostasis

Pathways for HomeostasisAfferent: the nerve structures through which

an impulse, especially a sensory impression, is conducted to the cerebral cortex.

Efferent: the nerve structures through which an impulse passes between groups of nerve cells or between the central nervous system and an organ or muscle

The Language of Anatomy

These MUST be memorized!!

Directional Terms Anatomical Position- The body is erect

(standing up straight) with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward so that your thumbs point away from the body

Note: the terms left and right refer to the positionof the person being viewedNOT the observer

UP and DOWNSuperior (Cranial)

Inferior (Caudal)

Toward the head or upper body (above)

Away from the head or lower body (below)

FRONT and BACK

Anterior (ventral)

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward or at the front of the body

Toward or at the back of the body

In Between

Medial

Lateral

Toward or at the midline of the body (inner side of)

Away from the midline of the body (outer side of)Intermediate• Between a more

medial and more lateral structure

Extremities-UP and Down

Proximal

Distal

Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

Farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

IN and OUTSuperficial (external)

Deep (internal)

Toward or at the body surface

Away from the body surface

Activity 2-in pairs

• Create one set of labels for the anatomical directions we’ve just learned (EXCEPT superficial and deep)

• Have one person in the group lay in the CORRECT anatomical position and have the other partner label the directions

• When finished, switch and let the other person try

Activity 3

• Create a foldable using a different color for each pair; put the pairs across from one another (for example: hot would be on one side, cold on the other-both would be written in the same color)

• Fold paper into hot dog shape, and make six tabs (five cuts) on each side

• The top two tabs, cut completely off your paper this will be the title of the foldable: directional terms

More on Activity 3

• For the rest of the tabs label as follows: Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Posterior, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal, Superficial, Deep

• Inside the tab you need to define what each is AND provide an example; use BASIC anatomy parts in which you know such as arm, shoulder, chest, leg, foot, etc.

Axial Appendicular

Makes up the main axis of our body

Includes head, neck and truck

Consists of appendages (limbs)

These are attached to the axis

Regional Terms

IN YOUR TEXTBOOK, PG. 14 FIGURE 1.7 LISTS ALL

THE REGIONAL TERMS USED TO DESIGNATE

SPECIFIC BODY AREAS-YOU MUST KNOW THESE

AS WELL!!!

More Regional Terms

Body Planes and SectionsSagittal Plane Frontal/coronal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is the midsagittal plane

All other sagittal planes are called parasagittal planes (para-near)

Lie vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse/horizontal Plane Runs horizontally from

left to right dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

Sometimes these are referred to as cross sections

Body Cavities

Dorsal Cavity Protects the organs of

the nervous system Has TWO subdivisions:

Cranial (skull) and Vertebral (spinal cord)

Because both of these are essentially part of the same organ, the two cavities are continuous with one another

Ventral Body Cavity More anterior and larger

cavity Houses internal organs

collectively called the viscera

Has TWO major subdivisions: Thoracic (surrounded by ribs) and abdominopelvic (abdomen and pelvic regions)

The two major divisions are separated by the diaphragm

Other Cavities

Oral and digestiveNasalOrbital (eyes)Middle earSynovial (joint)

Subdivisions of Abdominopelvic Region

Left/Right hypochondriac region: Part of the liver, gallbladder, & part of diaphragm in right; part of diaphragm and part of stomach in left

Left/Right lumbar region: Ascending colon of large intestine in right; Descending colon of large intestine in left

Left/Right iliac/inguinal region: Cecum of large intestine in right; Part of sigmoid colon of large intestine in left

Epigastric Region: Most of the stomachUmbilical Region: Transverse colon of large

intestine, small intestineHypogastric/pubic Region: Bladder

Activity 4-pairs

Again make labels, this time for the body cavities AND their subdivisions (use chart paper for the abdominal subdivisions)

Repeat the same procedure as we did in activity 1