STORIES project

Addressing barriers to STORage technologies for increasing the penetration of Intermittent Energy Sources

Overcoming RES - Storage barriers on the Spanish Islands: the Case of

the Canary Islands

Canary Islands Institute of Technology

Workshop Dubrovnik, Oct 2, 2009

Salvador Suárez

• Current Energy Situation

• Strategies for Maximizing RES Penetration

• RES - Energy Storage Projects

• Hydrogen Technologies

• Water Technologies

• Wind-Pumped-Hydro system: El Hierro Island

• Battery Storage: La Graciosa Island PV-Wind microgrid

• Other ITC Technological activities contributing to RES penetration

CANARY ISLANDS: Integration of RES and Energy StorageCANARY ISLANDS: Integration of RES and Energy Storage

Current Energy Situation of The Canary Islands

Total energy dependence from outside resourcesGeneration of electric energy from fossil fuels (oil)Independent electric systems High rise of the electric demand

Importance of the energy-water relation

Energy framework of European Islands

LA PALMAInternal M. 106Navigation 16

Total 122 In thousands of metric tons

TOTAL CANARIAS

Internal M. 3,648

Navigation* 3,477

Total 7,126

*Air and sea navigation

Fossil Fuel Consumption in the Canary Islands

TENERIFEM. Interior 1.578Navigation 1.188

Total 2.766

LA GOMERAInternal M. 27Navigation 0.5

Total 28

LANZAROTEInternal M. 304Navigation 140Total 444

GRAN CANARIAInternal M. 1,359Navigation 2,028

Total 3,388EL HIERROInternal M. 16Navigation 0.1

Total 16FUERTEVENTURAInternal M. 258Navigation 104Total 362

OIL 95 %

Structure of internal fossil fuel market

Other (Industrial,

Residential...)12.1%

Combined water-

electricity production

2.4%

Electricity generation

55.6%

Road Transport

29.9%

Installed Electric Power and Energy Produced

GRAN CANARIAPower (MW) 981

Energy (GWh) 3.653

EL HIERROPower (MW) 13.3

Energy (GWh) 35.7

LA GOMERAPower (MW) 23.1

Energy (GWh) 66.7

TENERIFEPower (MW) 970.5

Energy (GWh) 3,625

LA PALMAPower (MW) 89.3

Energy (GWh) 254.8

LANZAROTEPower (MW) 200.9

Energy (GWh) 820.4

FUERTEVENTURAPower (MW) 219.7

Energy (GWh) 638.3

TOTALPower (MW) 2,497.8Energy (GWh) 9,097

Strategies for Maximizing RES Penetration in the Canary Islands

Wind potentialAverage wind speeds from 6 to 8 m/s

Solar potentialSunshine > 3000 h/yearRadiation 6 kWh/m2 day

RES Potential of the Canary Islands

Installed Electric Power and Energy Produced

Current Wind Power Installed 137,33 MW

LANZAROTE

Power (kW) 6,405

Energy (MWh) 4,404

% penetration 0.5

GRAN CANARIA

Power (kW) 76,295

Energy (MWh) 213,317

% penetration 5.8

TENERIFE

Power (kW) 36,680

Energy (MWh) 77,530

% penetration 2.2

LA PALMA

Power (kW) 5,880

Energy (MWh) 11,190

% penetration* 4.4

FUERTEVENTURA

Power (kW) 11,610

Energy (MWh) 22,509

% penetration 3.5* % Wind penetration = energy produced / total energy demand

LA GOMERA

Power (kW) 360

Energy (MWh) 411

% penetration 0.6EL HIERRO

Power (kW) 100

Energy (MWh) 251

% penetration 0,7

CANARIAS% Wind Penetration * 3.65

Type 2006 PECAN (2015)Wind 137 MW 1.025 MWHydro 1,3 MW 13,6 MW*Solar Photovoltaic 0,6 MW 160 MWSolar Thermal 80.000 m2 460.000 m2

Solar Thermoelectric 30 MWBiofuels 30 MWWaves 50 MW

PECAN (Energy Plan for Canary Islands): RES objectives 2015

MAXIMIZING PENETRATION OF RES

Barriers to wind energy penetration in the Canary IslandsBarriers to wind energy penetration in the Canary Islands

Electric System Land Planning Economic-Administrative issues

Prediction of wind and solar resources

Energy storageNetwork stability studies

Estrategy for maximizing RES penetration in the Canary Islands in the power grids

Estrategy for maximizing RES penetration in the Canary Islands in the power grids

• 100 % RES La Graciosa

STABILITY STUDIES: finding the maximum admissible levels for RES penetration, and proposing actions to reinforce insular electrical grids

• 100 % RES Fuerteventura• 100 % RES El Hierro

ENERGY STORAGE: solutions allowing storage of RES excess produced during valley intervals, and injecting it back to the grid during demand peaks. Finding energy vectors for RES applications in Transport.

RES MAXIMIZATION: based on work on El Hierro experience, the experience will be extrapolated to 100 % RES models for other islands.

Characterization of renewable energetic RESOURCES.World most dense network of radiometric stations (22) allowing development of prediction models for RES.Providing wind potential evaluation services for particular locations, as well as feasibility studies for wind farms

● Reduction in energy demand● Reduction in energy demandEnergy efficiencyEnergy efficiency

Energy savingsEnergy savings

Strategies for maximizing RES penetration

• Installation of wind farms for self energy consumption (water desalination)

●Advance in effective tariff schemes for RES-energy storage power systems and regulatory / legislative frameworks

Repowering of wind farms

One 5 MW wind turbine can substitute 27 machines of 180 kW.

The generation capacity of a line of wind turbines is proportional to the size of its rotor.

Reduce visual impact: one big wind turbine is able to substitute several small ones, and their rotor speed is slower.

The Cañada del Rio wind farm, in operation since 1994 in Fuerteventura, has 180 kW wind turbine.

Off-shore wind farms

Hydrogen Technologies

RES – Energy Storage

HYDROGEN

RES - HYDROGEN Systems:• ITC vision: islands could be first RE hydrogen economies

RES - HYDROGEN Systems:• ITC vision: islands could be first RE hydrogen economies

compression

��

transportelectrolysis

power generation

filling station

��

Energy storage for stationary applications

GRID STABILITY

RE Hydrogen projects at ITCRE Hydrogen projects at ITC

RenewIslands

HYDROBUS

HYDROHYBRID

RES2H2

RenewIslands

HYDROBUS

HYDROHYBRID

RES2H2

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

1 51 101 151 201 251 301 351

1st of July to 31 of June

Power demand [kWe]

Storage state [kgH2]

Fuel cell power supply [kWe]

Wind power supply [kWe]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

1 51 101 151 201 251 301 351

1st of July to 31 of June

Power demand [kWe]

Storage state [kgH2]

Fuel cell power supply [kWe]

Wind power supply [kWe]

Covered Demand

Installed Wind power

Installed Fuel Cells

Installed Gas

Turbines Installed

Electrolysers

Capacity of

storage system

Surplus Hydrogen at the end of the year

(MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MWh) (MWh) Electricity 600 177 152 557 273,000 60,900Electricity and Transport 900 177 152 855 431,000 204,600

Porto SantoPorto Santo

Fuerteventura

HYDROBUS – Hydrogen buses for Macaronesian IslandsHYDROBUS – Hydrogen buses for Macaronesian Islands

With 1,025 MW installed power (PECAN objective 2015), and using excess energy during valleys of demand curve, enough H2 to fuel 600 buses could be produced.

HYDROGEN: Most relevant RES – H2 projects

HYDROHYBRID

RES2H2 H2 as an energy carrierPractical experiences which are allowing ITC to advance in the learning curve of H2 technologies

ºººº

HYDROHYBRIDHYDROHYBRID

Wind turbine 10 kW

Low pressure H2 storage (15 bar)

Water purification equipment

PEM electrolyzer: 1.16 Nm3H2/h nominal production

High pressure H2 storage (200 bar)

Power electronics

System components

Booster compressor for hydrogen

Photovoltaic de 3 kWp

RES2H2RES2H2

Wind turbine: 225 kW

High pressure alkaline electrolizer (25 bar): 55 kW Nominal production: 11 Nm3H2/h

H2 storage: 500 Nm3H2 at 25 bar

H2 purification unit

Fuel: 30 kW

RO desalination plant: 40 kW

System components

Hydrogen production with concentrated solar power.

Parabolic Concentration Cylinder

Organic Rankine Cycle

Alcaline Electrolyzer

Integration of a PCC + ORC + Electrolyzer

• Design• Model building and simulation• Mounting• Model validation

Objectives:• To introduce solar-concentration technologies in the Canary Islands,

coupled to energy storage systems• To study technical and economic feasibility of these systems

Water Technologies

RES – Energy Storage

Energy and water

Residential & touristic 430,000 m³/day 153 plants

Agriculture 170,000 m³/day 100 plants

Use of desalinated water

20% of energy production goes to water desalination and water distribution.

Energy consumption for water desalination: Energy consumption for water desalination:

1Kgr fuel/ m1Kgr fuel/ m³³ of desalinated water.of desalinated water.

-- For 600,000 mFor 600,000 m³³/day/day

-- Import 172,000 Ton fuel /year.Import 172,000 Ton fuel /year.

Wind farm – RO desalination plant: La Florida

5,000 m3/day

2.64 MW = (4 X 660 kW)

2003• Wind farm production: 10,210,109 kWh• Self consumption of RO plant: 1,547,244 kWh• RO consumption from grid: 681,101 kWh• Total energy consumption: 2,228,345 kWh

Specific Consumption

2.8 kWh/m3

Selling price of desalinated water: 60 cent€ /m3 (0.84 $/m3)Average selling price of electricity: 7 cent€ /kWh (0.1 $/kWh)

SDAWESSDAWES

ENERCON E30 (2 X 230 ENERCON E30 (2 X 230 kW)kW)

Flywheel and Flywheel and synchronoussynchronous

machine (100 kVA)machine (100 kVA)

8 x 25 m8 x 25 m33/d RO plants/d RO plants

50 m50 m33/d VVC unit/d VVC unit(50 (50 –– 100%)100%)

192 m192 m33/d EDR unit/d EDR unit(3.5 (3.5 –– 8 m8 m33/h)/h)

GENERALGRID

WT WT

UPSSM

F 8 x RO VC EDR SW PUMPST 1:1

T

WT UPSSMF TROVCEDR

Wind TurbineUninterrupted Power System Synchronous MachineFlywheelTransformerReverse OsmosisVapour CompressionElectrodyalisis Reversible

------

Small desalination unitsSmall desalination unitsSODESA – Solar MEH 0.5 – 3 m3/dLow Temperature (< 80 ºC) solar thermal

DESSOL® 4 m3/dStand alone photovoltaic RO

AEROGEDESA® 15 m3/dStand alone small wind powered RO

Easy to transport off-grid RO plantCONTEDES ® 50 m3/d

Renawable Energy Code

Rural electrification Ouassen

RO Plant ALHUCEMAS

Wind map

“Islas Canarias” parkRO Banc D’Argin

RO plant Ksar Ghilène

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER to developing countriesTECHNOLOGY TRANSFER to developing countries

MOROCCO

MAURITANIA

TUNISIA

El Hierro IslandWind-Pumped-Hydro system

Energy Storage

INSULAR 100% RES MODELSINSULAR 100% RES MODELS

Wind-hydro power stations (example: El Hierro)Wind-hydro power stations (example: El Hierro)

Lower Reservoir

Upper Reservoir

Control

Desalination Plant

Pumping Station

Wind Farm

Hydro Power Station

EL HIERRO WIND-PUMPED-HYDRO POWER STATION

Tendencia de emisiones de CO2 del actual modelo energético System Configuration

Wind Farm 10/12 MW

Hydro Plant 10 MW

Pumping Station 10 MW

Upper Reservoir 500.000 m3

Lower Reservoir 150.000 m3

New Diesel GenSets 0

Renewable Energy Penetration 80 %

Peak load (2010) 7,56 MW

Off-Peak load (2010) 2,59 MW

EL HIERRO WIND-PUMPED-HYDRO POWER STATION

Tendencia de emisiones de CO2 del actual modelo energético

Impact of the Wind-Hydro System

The systems avoids:The systems avoids:The systems avoids:

The system avoids the equivalent of 20 oil tankers of 2.000 Tm each (26 are currently necessary to meet the demand)

742 Tm

SO2

2.697 TmNOx

130.118 TmCO2

47 Tm

VOC

41.257 TmFuel-Oil

La Graciosa IslandPV-Wind microgrid with Battery Storage

STORIES project

Minimizing the needs for fossil fuels to satisfy the electricitydemands from households, productive activities and public services, by maximizing the penetration of RES.

Minigrid for La Graciosa

Currently there is a submarine cable connection with power capacity of 1,030 kW, and a yearly electric consumption of 3.484.914 kWh.

Objectives658 permanent residents342 houses

Electrric Loads

Hr Potencia1 337.9 kW2 320.1 kW3 313.5 kW4 310.2 kW5 310.5 kW6 314.7 kW7 351.5 kW8 381.5 kW9 413.9 kW

10 434.1 kW11 441.3 kW12 448.0 kW13 454.4 kW14 453.6 kW15 424.4 kW16 403.3 kW17 404.8 kW18 404.4 kW19 424.8 kW20 453.8 kW21 478.3 kW22 479.5 kW23 415.4 kW24 373.9 kW

Minimum power 204,08 kWMaximum power 668,00 kW

Solar resourcesSolar resourcesLatitud: 29’ 13 ‘’ North

Longitud: 13’ 30’’ West

Wind resources

Average radiation

kWh/m2/dayJan 3.2Feb 3.7Mar 4.6Apr 5.3May 5.9Jun 6.1Jul 6.6Ago 6.2Sep 5.8Oct 4.3Nov 3.4Dic 3.0

4.9

Average wind speed

m/s

Jan 6.4Feb 4.4Mar 6.7Apr 6.0May 5.8Jun 5.9Jul 6.3Ago 5.5Sep 5.1Oct 5.0Nov 5.3Dic 5.5

Annual av. 5.7

La Graciosa Simulation

SIMULATION WITH HOMER

HOMER “Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables” developed by NREL (National Renewable Energies Laboratory, USA).

• The optimal size of the system components of a hybrid system: number of photovoltaic modules, power of wind generators, size of backup diesel genset, number and capacity of battery storage, power of rectifiers and inverters connecting the DC and AC bus.

Wind turbine

Diesel genset)

Inverter

Rectifier

Batteries

Loads La Graciosa

9.5 MWh/day668 kW (Max.)

Losses

Losses

Losses

Converter

Photovoltaic

CA

bus

DC

bus• Determine whether the renewable energy resources are adequate

• Economic sensitivity analysis to changes in cost , RES availability and consumption loads.

• Investment cost of the hybrid system and annual O&M costs

Photovolt. 300 kWp 503,146 kWh/year 10 %Wind 1,500 kW 3,426,194 kWh/year 68 %Diesel 400 kW 1,116,102 kWh/year 22 %Yearly prod. 5,045,442 kWh/year 100 %Electric demand 3,485,007 kWh/yearExcess 1,395,872 kWh/año

Total Net Present Cost: 13,507,992 €

Levelized cost of energy: 0,338 €/kWh

Batteries

Control and power conditioning unit

Loads

The microgrid will combine photovoltaic, wind and diesel systems to supply, in a stand alone mode, the electrical needs of the island of La Graciosa.

La Graciosa Simulation

Energy storage: only batteries

Battery: 2,000 Trojan L16P

Investment 600,000 €

Variable Value UnitsBattery throughput 448,448 kWh/yr

Battery life 4.79 yr

Battery autonomy 7.60 hours

Energy storage system : Batteries

Components Initial Capital(€)

PV Array 1,500,000Fuhrländer 250 1,500,000Diesel Genset 600,000Batteries 600,000Converter 40,000Other 0Totals 4,240,000

Initial Capital(€) Emissions (kg/yr)

Carbon dioxide 995,318Fuel saved/yr 377,969

TOTAL INVESTMENY COST

EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS

Variable ValueExcess electricity: 1,395,872 kWh/yrSpecific consumption:

2.4 kWh/m3

Water production 582,613 m3/year

Variable ValueExcess electricity 1,395,872 kWh/yrSpecific consumption

4,5 kWh/ Nm3H2

Hydrogen production

310,194 Nm3H2/year

RO Desalinated Water Production

Electrolitical Hydrogen Production

Electricity Production 5,045,442 kWh/yearElectric Demand 3,485,007 kWh/yearExcess Electricity 1,395,872 kWh/year

EXCESS ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION

Other ITC Technological activities contributing to RES penetration

Assessment of Wind and Solar Energy Potential

Turbulence at 60 m

Wind speed at 60 m

Measurement of wind resources at 148 sites.

Measurement of solar radiation at 25 sites

Wind and Solar Forecast Modeling

Quantitative aspects of results• Annual mean velocities• Spatial resolution: 100 m• Reliability: 85%-90%

• 48 hours Wind and solar forecasting and energy prediction

• Combination of global climatic forecasting models (MM5) with micro-sitting software tools

• Advance in the methodology for model adjustment

DERLAB: Distributed Generation Laboratory

• Assessment of new approaches for electric network control• Load and storage Management• Communication protocol interfaces aimed at improving management

and control strategies (ITC’s)• Microgrid testing• Distributed Generation interconnection elements testing• Strategies for the integration of distributed generation sources (solar,

wind …) in the insular electric networks

R+D+i lines

SOLAR HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning)

• 9 Wagner Solar LB-HT - 7.6 m² (68.4 m²) equipments

• Hot water storage: 3,000 l• Yazaki WFC SC 10 (35 kW cooling)• Inertial tank: 1,000 l• Area to be air-conditioned: 400 m²

http://www.solcoproject.net/

“Supression of non-technological barriers for solar cooling technology within Southern Europe Islands

SOLCO: EIE/06/116/SI2.448522

TA PUTotal number of training courses participants

54 194

SummarySummary

Given the need to reduce dependency on costly and polluting fossil fuels, the energy regulatory framework of European Islands will move towards ever more ambitious goals regarding RES share of the global energy mix.

Solar Thermal Energy will considerably reduce electrical demand

Wind energy is the most promising RES in most European Island

Technological development of energy storage solutions will condition future development of RES in island regions. It is necessary an R&D effort to overcome existing technical restrictions imposed by weak and small island grids

Water desalination with RES offers interesting possibilities for transferring technology to neighboring developing countries

Energy savings together with RES are key issues for the clean and sustainable energy model of European islands

Hvala