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8/13/2019 Out of the Church Basement and into Cyberspace: Internet-Based Religious Education for Youth
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/out-of-the-church-basement-and-into-cyberspace-internet-based-religious-education 1/47
MCCORMICK THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
OUT OF THE CHURCH BASEMENTAND
INTO CYBERSPACE
INTERNET-BASED RELIGIOUS EDUCATION FOR YOUTH
A THESIS ARTICLESUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTSFOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF MINISTRY IN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION
BY
STUART D. SMITH
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
APRIL 2001
8/13/2019 Out of the Church Basement and into Cyberspace: Internet-Based Religious Education for Youth
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8/13/2019 Out of the Church Basement and into Cyberspace: Internet-Based Religious Education for Youth
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Abstract
Stuart D. Smith
OUT OF THE CHURCH BASEMENT AND INTO CYBERSPACE:
Intrnt!Bas" R#i$i%us E"ucati%n &%r Y%uth
Mos !"#i$io%s "&%'(o!s) i*+o#+""* i " i*"!*" (s /""* (s ( #('" o os ("/ /!o'%!" o! "i! i*si%io*, o! "(i#, (*& (s (* "*! oi* i*o /oo3so!"s o!#i/!(!i"s. Tis !o4"' i## &"o*s!(" "o&o#o$i"s o %s" " i*"!*" (s ( +"*%" o!!"#i$io%s "&%'(io*5s"'ii'(## !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* o! 16- o 27-"(!-o#& "!so*s o(!" *o "## i*"$!("& i*o !(&iio*(# 'o%*ii"s o (i.
P!o$!"ssi+" !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* is #(!$"# affective education. I is *o &"si$*"&!i(!i# o "(' s3i##s o! ('s /% o ('i#i(" &*(i' "*$($""* i " s%/4"'("!. D%!i*$ " i!s "(!s o " i*"!*")s "8is"*'", "'*i'(# i*o!(io*&oi*("& o*#i*" 'o*"*. R"#"'i*$ ( &"*o(i+" s#", os '%!!"* "/-/(s"&!"#i$io%s i*s!%'io* is (%o!i(!i(* (*& i"!(!'i'(#9 i &o"s *o "*'o%!($" i*"!('io*o*# i*o!(io* &"#i+"!. I is &"'#(!(i+", /% s"#&o "+o'(i+", (*& (#os *"+"!&"si$*"& o ('i#i(" !"so*s" o! i*"!('io*. Co*s":%"*#, os (i-/(s"& si"s!('i'" ( 'o*s"!+(i+" (!(&i$ o #"(!*i*$ "+"* "* " 'o*"* is "o#o$i'(##!o$!"ssi+".
C%!!"* "/ "'*o#o$ ('i#i("s " &is!i/%io* o %#i"&i(, " '!"(io* o!"(#-i" s(## $!o% ""i*$s (*& "ss($" /o(!&s, (*& (* "s o i*"!('io* (*&!"so*s". T"s" '(* (## /" %s"& o $oo& ""' i* (* "&%'(io*(# "*+i!o*"*. T"'%!!"* "'*o#o$ is !i" o! " &"+"#o"* o !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* !"so%!'"s (*&"o&o#o$i"s ( os"! "*$($""* (*& (!" o!" i*"!('i+". Tis !o4"' i##
&"o*s!(" " %s" o " i*"!*" o '!"(" ( 'o%*i o #"(!*"!s. O%! (!i'i(*so! is !o4"' i## /" "*#is"& !o "!so*s o (+" (#i"& o (!i'i(" i* "!o4"' / 'o#"i*$ (*& s%/ii*$ (* (#i'(io* !o P!i&" Mi*is!i"s) "/ si",'("!i&".'o. Tis !o4"')s %#i(" (%&i"*'", o"+"!, i## /" os" "&%'(o!s o(!" /"$i**i*$ o #oo3 o " i*"!*" (s ( #(o! !o i' o !('i'" "i! +o'(io*.
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C%ntnts
A/s!('.............................................................................................................................iii
Co*"*s............................................................................................................................i+
Si%(io* A*(#sis..............................................................................................................1
R"s"(!'..........................................................................................................................10
T"o!"i'(# F!("o!3....................................................................................................1;
I*"!+"*io*s....................................................................................................................2<
E+(#%(io*........................................................................................................................<2
Si$*ii'(*'"......................................................................................................................<=
A"*&i8 A - A B!i" Hiso! o C(> P!i&"......................................................................<6
A"*&i8 B ? C(> P!i&")s Si!i%(#i P!o4"'.................................................................=1
Bi/#io$!(...................................................................................................................127
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8/13/2019 Out of the Church Basement and into Cyberspace: Internet-Based Religious Education for Youth
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OUT OF THE CHURCH BASEMENT AND INTO CYBERSPACE:
Intrnt!Bas" R#i$i%us E"ucati%n &%r Y%uth
Situati%n Ana#'sis
I (## s(!"& i /o!"&o. H" (s #oo3i*$ o! " *"8 %* i*$ (*& #i3" (*
s"+"*""*-"(!-o#& (#" "!" "!" os" o!o*"s " 'o%#&*) :%i" i$*o!". C!%isi*$
" "/ (s @'oo#. I (s (s i "+"! i'%!" (*& "+"! i&"( "+"! "#& i* (*/o&)s
"(& (s o*#i*" o! i o '"'3 o%. H" o%*& si"s "!" " 'o%#& (3" !"" '#(ss"s
o* /%i#&i*$ is o* "/ si", "!" " 'o%#& #is"* o is (+o!i" %si', (*& "!" "
'o%#& 'o##"' " 'oo#"s s'!""* s(+"!s (*& !""(!" $ios o! is 'o%"!. H" "+"*
o%*& si"s "!" " 'o%#& 4oi* !"(#-i" 'o*+"!s(io*s (*& "" o"! 3i&s #i3" i.
Fo! ( 3i& o (s %*'oo!(/#" i* so'i(# $("!i*$s /% o (s (#so "!!i/#
#o*"#, '( !oos "!" ( $!"( #('" o @#is"* i* o* 'o*+"!s(io*s (*& "+"*%(##, (
#('" o '( i " o"! &"*i"*s o @" !oo. T" 'o*+"!s(io*s i* " '(
!oos "!" o!" i*"!"si*$ (* "#"+isio* !o$!(s. T" 'o*+"!s(io* o*#i*" (s
s"8 (*& so"i"s "!" (s (* "#""* o " o!/i&&"* o! o &(*$"!9 /% i* " '(
!oos, " (s (*o*o%s "*o%$ o ""# ( s"*s" o s(". T" "/ "+"* "*(/#"&
i o ! o% *" i&"*ii"s. I* o*" !oo, " &"s'!i/"& is"# i* is !oi#" (s ( 26-
"(!-o#& $%9 i* (*o"!, " (s ( o!-i+"-"(!-o#& (*9 (*& i* ( i!&, " (s 4%s
is"#. ii* ( " ""3s o "*"!i*$ is (+o!i" '( !oos, " (s o!" ( o"
i* " (* (o*$ is '#(ss("s ( s'oo# (*& o!" 'oo!(/#" (#3i*$ i is *"
@'/"! !i"*&s (* i is o* (!"*s.
No ( i (s "+"! "(s o (#3 i (* o is (i# "/"!s. D(& (& /""*
os# o% o " i'%!" o! "(!s. Mo (& "! o* #i", (*& is o#&"! si/#i*$s (&
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8/13/2019 Out of the Church Basement and into Cyberspace: Internet-Based Religious Education for Youth
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#o*$ ($o $i+"* % o* " /i! (i#. H")& (#so 'o" o !"(#i" ( is (3(!&*"ss
(s ( (! o is /"i*$ &i"!"* !o is '#(ss("s i* &"""! (s. S"8 (s o!"
'o#i'("& o! i (* i s"""& o! " o"! /os i* is $!(&", (*& " 3*" (
(* :%"sio*s o* is (! o%#& o*# "8os" i o !i&i'%#". o 'o%#& " (#3 o I
&i&*) (3" i #o*$ o &is'o+"! " o!" s"'i(#i"& '( !oos (*& "/ si"s "!"
" 'o%#& /!i*$ is s"'i(# :%"sio*s. A i!s, " %s"& (* (#i(s o !o"' is"# /%
/"o!" oo #o*$ ( !o"'io* (s o*# ( "o!. H" so"i"s "# ( is o*# !"(#
#i" (s o*#i*".
Si*'" " s%"! o 17, I (+" /""* i*+o#+"& i* ( is *o 3*o* (s P!i&"
Mi*is!i"s) C(> P!i&" !o4"'. L(" ( s%"!, I s( o%s I (& 3*o* (s ( s!""
i*is"! (!!"s"& o! #oi"!i*$ "!"# /"'(%s" *o 'o"!'i(# "s(/#is"* (s o"* o
" i* " #(" "+"*i*$s. I* D"'"/"! o 17, C(> P!i&" o"*"& i* " /(s""* o
Ho# Co+"*(* U*i"& M"o&is C%!' o /" ( s(" s('" o! "s" o%s. A"! (
"(! i* ( s('", " o+"& o " "##osi (## o L(3" i" P!"s/"!i(* C%!'
"!" " !"(i* o&(.
M #i" (s *o /""* i*"!i*"& i so" o "s" o%s o! o+"! i+" "(!s. I
#is"* o "i! so!i"s9 " "*'o%!($"& " o /%i#& o%! i!s "/ si". A*& o$""! "s"
'o%!($"o%s (*& o%!($"o%s o%*$ "o#" (*& os" o %s o s"!+" (s (&%#
+o#%*""!s (+" os"& (*& i*is"!"& o *"(!# <00 o%s o (+" (*&"!"&
!o%$ s""3i*$ ( s(" s('".
A C(> P!i&", " (+" " s"+"!(# o%*$ o"* (*& "* o! o " o*#i*"
o!#& is o!" (* ( (*(s "s'(". T" ""# ( i is "i! o*# s(" #('". No
%*#i3" " s#(+"s i* (*"/"##% A"!i'( o "s(/#is"& s(" #('"s o "" i* " &(!3
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o *i$ (( !o " +i"5(*& 'o*!o#5o "i! (s"!s, (* o%s (+" o%*&
" "/ o /" "i! @'#"(!i*$ o !""&o Ho&$so*, 1 . ;1 I is "!" " (3"
!i"*&s, "!" " $(i* " s('" o i*3 (*& !o'"ss, "!" " '(* #"(!* o (*&
( " (!" /"'oi*$. T" "/ (s /"'o" o! (* ( '%!'"s, so'i(# s"!+i'"
'"*"!s, ("! s'oo# '#%/s, (*& 'o""o%s"s 'o%#& (+" /""*. I is si$*ii'(* ( "
(4o!i o " *"(!# <00 o%s o (+" si'(## +isi"& P!i&" Mi*is!i"s) C(>
P!i&" (+" o%*& %s o%$ o%! "/ si", (*& i* o+"! i+" "(!s *o o*" (s !"o!"&
( " o! s" o%*& %s o%$ o*" o o%! so*so!i*$ '%!'"s.
Tos" o %s o #i+" i*si&" " C%!' (*& "! +(!io%s s"'i(#i"& s%o!
i*si%io*s "*& o o!$" ( o! (* "!so*s5(!i'%#(!# o%*$ "!so*s5"
'%!' is (* (*('!o*is i +i!%(## *o !"#(io* o 'o*"o!(! +(#%"s, si!i%(#i,
o! "i'(# 'oi'"s. " (i*(i* s#"s o o!si ( "!" 'o&ii"& *"(!# o%!
'"*%!i"s ($o (*& "o&s o o%!"(' ( (&" o!" s"*s" i* ( '"'3"!"& (s.
C%!'"s (!" o"* /""! 3*o* i* " o%#(! '%#%!" (s !i$-o-'"*"! o#ii'(#
i*si%io*s (* (s /"(!"!s o T!%. Y", (s i* (## ($"s, " C%!' is '(##"& o !"('
i*o " (!3"#('" o i&"(s i ( o!& o $!('". B% o '(* " C%!' !"(' "
o%*$ (* i* o%! o"*i*$ (!($!(s Li3" P(%# i* A"*s o+i*$ !o "
'o*$!"$(io*, o " (!3"#('", (*& "* o " '"*"! o i*"##"'%(# &"/(", M(!s)
Hi##, i " (!" o i*"!(' i os" o (+" o%*& *o "*! i*o o%! /!i'3 (*& o!(!
'%!'"s, " *""& o o+" o% /"o*& " (##s o o%! '#(ss!oos i*o " '"*"! o
o&()s i*"##"'%(# (!3"#('"5" i*"!*".
T" '%!' '(**o i$*o!" " o"*i(# o! &oi*$ o%!"(' (*& "&%'(io* o* "
o!#& i&" "/. T" '!%'i(# :%"sio* /"o!" " '%!' is o o %s" is *"
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"&i% o ""'i+"# 'o%*i'(" " $os"#. Ho &o " s"i" " ossi/i#ii"s o
!"(' os" o (!" '!%isi*$ " "/ %*$! o! so"i*$ o!" (* "("! !"o!s,
so'3 !i'"s, (*& !(' i'%!"s o is ""3)s o%#(! Ho##oo& s(!s
Mo+i*$ !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* o% o " '%!' /(s""* (*& i*o '/"!s('"
i*+o#+"s s"+"!(# %!&#"s /o s(## (*& $!"(, i' '(* /" $!o%"& i*o o%! (!"(sJ
♦ T"'*i'(# Iss%"s,
♦ E&%'(io*(# Iss%"s,
♦ D"+"#o"*(# Iss%"s, (*&
♦ T"o#o$i'(# Iss%"s.
Technical Issues
E+"! *" 'o%*i'(io* i*+o#+"s so" *" "'*o#o$. Fo!%*("#, (*o*" o
'(* %s" ( o!& !o'"ssi*$ !o$!( o o!( ( &o'%"* o! ( &"s3o !i*"! '(*
'!"(" ( (ss(/#" "/ si". I* (', *o si*'" " i*+"*io* o " so(/o8 (s i /""*
so "(s (*& i*"8"*si+" o !"(' "o#". T" ":%i"* *""&"& i*'#%&"s ( 'o%"!
i ( 'o**"'io* o " i*"!*" (*& ( s('" o* so" os 'o%"!9 os /"$i**"!s
i## s(! i ( !"" osi*$ s"!+i'" #i3" .!io&.'o o! .$"o'ii"s.'o.
Fo! !"(so*s ( i## /" o/+io%s #("!, ( !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* si" so%#& i*'#%&"
si8 "#""*sJ
♦ "*$($i*$ "8,
♦ #i*3s o o*#i*" "&i( s%' (s %si', +is%(# (!, i'io*, *"s("!s o! +i&"o,
♦ s"#-"+(#%(io* i*s!%"*s,
♦ "(i# #i*3s /('3 o " si")s (&i*is!(o!"('"!,
♦ ( '( !oo, (*&
♦ ( "ss($" /o(!& (#so '(##"& ( $%"s /oo3, o!%, o! "/ /o(!&.
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Mos o "s" "#""*s (!" (i#i(! o (*o*" i ( (ssi*$ (':%(i*(*'" i
" i*"!*". A " &"s"!+" ( /i o!" "8#(*(io*. C( !oos (*& "ss($" /o(!&s
(!" "'*o#o$i"s ( "!i %#i-(! 'o%*i'(io* (o*$ (## " #"(!*"!s i*+o#+"& i*
" o*#i*" "&%'(io*(# "*"!!is". Hosi*$ s"!+i'"s o"* !o+i&" si#" +"!sio*s o
"s" (#i(*'"s. Fo! o!" %## "(%!"& +"!sio*s o '( !oos o! "ss($" /o(!&s,
(&+(*'"& %s"!s ( 'oos" o i*s(## o*" o s"+"!(# !"" so(!" !o$!(s o!
%!'(s" ( !"o!("& (#i(*'". B% "+"* i " si#"s !"" so(!", i i## /"
ossi/#" o! #"(!*"!s o* oosi" si&"s o " #(*" o 'o!!"so*& i* !"(# i" i* ( '(
!oo (*& o! " #"(!*"!s o i*3 o " !i$ i*$ o s( ( &( o! ( ""3 #("! o
'o%*i'(" (*& (!i'i(" o$""! +i( " "ss($" /o(!&.
A "##-/%i# "/ si" i## (#so 'o*(i* s"+"!(# "'(*iss o! "+(#%(io*.
A#o%$ i* !(&iio*(# ('(&"i' s"i*$s i is %s%(## " "('"! o &o"s "
"+(#%(i*$, " #"(!*"! '(* /" "*'o%!($"& (*& "8'i"& / s%''"ss%# s"#-"+(#%(io*s
(*& "ss. T" %s" o " (+(S'!i #(*$%($" (3"s '!"(i*$ "'(*i'(## $!(&"&
:%i"s :%i" "(s. T" "('"! ( "+"* 'oos" o &"si$* " i*s!%"*s o !"'"i+"
"(i# !"'o!&s o " i*&i+i&%(# #"(!*"!s) !o$!"ss o* "s" :%i"s. T" "'*i'(#
'o&i*$ o! s%' :%i"s (#!"(& "8iss i* #i/!(!i"s o*#i*". T" "&%'(o! "!"# *""&s o
s"#"' ( s#" o "+(#%(io* (*& i*s"! " !o"! "8 i*o " "#(".
Educational Issues
T" i!s si$*ii'(* "&%'(io*(# iss%" ( %s /" (&&!"ss"& is ( "!"# !"s"*i*$
i*o!(io* o*#i*" o! i* " '#(ss!oo is *o "&%'(io*. Fo##oi*$ P(%#o F!"i!" (*&
/"## oo3s, "&%'(o!s (+" /"'o" ((!" o " !o/#" o (ss%i*$ ( " (!"
"&%'(i*$ "* " (!" "!"# !"s"*i*$ i*o!(io* (*& *o "*'o%!($i*$ !"so*s",
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i*"!('io*, (*& "+"* s!%$$#" i " s%/4"' ("!. T" B!(i#i(* F!"i!" (s '(##"&
" %s" o %!" &"'#(!(i+" "8 @" /(*3i*$) 'o*'" o "&%'(io* 1< .72-6;
i' o*# (##os " #"(!*"! o %## o% o is o##o /(*3-#i3" "(& ("+"! "! o! is
"('"! % i*o i. I* ( s"*s", F!"i!" 'o*"*&s " #"(!*"! is "*s#(+"& *o #i/"!("& /
s%' &"osi"& i*o!(io*. R"#i$io%s "/ si"s ( &o *o "*'o%!($" !"so*s",
"*$($""*, (*& "+"* &iss"* "8"#i F!"i!")s '!ii:%". E8(#"s i*'#%&" " "/
si" o " G!""3 O!o&o8 A!'&io'"s" $o(!'.o!$(''"sso!o&o8 i is #o*$
"ss(s &"#i*"(i*$ ( o*" so%#& /"#i"+" (*& ( o " $( s%o!i+" E+(*$"#i'(#s
Co*'"!*"& o!$(*i(io* "'!.o!$, i' o* " :%"sio* o /"#i" si# %/#is"s "
Aos#"s C!""&, " Ni'"*" C!""&, (*& " N(io*(# Asso'i(io* o E+(*$"#i'(#s
S(""* o F(i. T"s" !"s"*(io*s o !"#i$io%s ("!i(# &o *o '!"(" o"*i*$s o!
'o*+"!s(io* o! "*$($""*. Tis is "!" " +(#%"s (*& oo!%*ii"s o '( !oos,
"ss($" /o(!&s, (*& "(i# /"'o" o/+io%s. O"*-"*&"& "+o'(i+" :%"sio*s i* (
!(&iio*(# "8 '(* /" %s"%#, /% o %' o!" %s"%# "* " "+o'(i+" :%"sio*
'(* /" o##o"& / $i+" (*& (3" !"so*s"s. T" A!i'(* A"!i'(* "&%'(o! /"## oo3s
o%#& "+"* '#(i ( " "&%'(o! (s o /" i##i*$ o "/!('" '(*$" (*& "
%!/%#"*'" (*& #%i&i o %#i'%#%!(# i&"*i 'o*#i' o /" !%" o " +o'(io* o
"&%'(o! 1= . ==.
A* i"&i"* o "&%'(io* o*#i*" is " (ss%io* ( " "*i!" "8"!i"*'"
o*#i*" is (/o% "8. A#o%$ " o&" s""& *""&"& o &o*#o(& !"(#-i" +oi'"
'o*+"!s(io* (*& !"(#-i" +i&"o is o*# s#o# /"'oi*$ (+(i#(/#", ( s""& is
i*'!"(si*$ (*& /"'oi*$ o!" i&"# (+(i#(/#" 'o*s(*#9 o"+"!, "+"* io% "s"
"'*i'(# (&+(*'"s i is ossi/#" o #i*3 " #"(!*"!s i ( +(!i" o so%!'"s ( '(*
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"*(*'" " #"(!*i*$ "*+i!o*"* i (%&io+is%(# ("!i(# !"#"+(* o " oi' (
(*&.
Ho(!& G(!&*"! i* is /oo3 Frames of Mind i&"*ii"s ( (s si*'" 'o" o
/" 3*o* (s %#i#" i*"##i$"*'"s5" s"+"!(# (s " /!(i* (3"s i* i*o!(io*,
!o'"ss"s i, (*& !(*sis i i* ( *" o!. A#o%$ " "/ '(**o (&&!"ss (## "
i*"##i$"*'"s G(!&*"! i&"*ii"s1, i &o"s "!i o!" (* ( "8/oo3 o! "+"* (
o!3/oo3 (#o*" (*& !o+i&"s o! %#i"&i( ossi/i#ii"s ( os !"#i$io%s "&%'(io*
'#(ss!oos '%!!"*# #('3. E&%'(io*(## "!" is *o !"(so* ( (* o*#i*" "&%'(io*(#
"8"!i"*'" '(**o /" !i' (*& &i+"!s".
Developmental Issues
O*#i*" "&%'(io* '(* (#so /" s!%'%!"& o (''o%* o! " &i"!"* &"+"#o"*(#
(/i#ii"s ( +(!io%s ($"s !"s"*. Si*'" is !o4"' is &"si$*"& o (3" i*o (''o%*
" i*"!"ss (*& &"+"#o"*(# iss%"s !"#("& o (&o#"s'"*'", i #oo3s (*& @('s
&i"!"* !o o*" ( is (i"& ( " &"+"#o"*(# iss%"s !"s"*"& / ( s"*io!
'ii"*)s o*#i*" Bi/#" s%& o! (* o*#i*" !"-s'oo# !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* '#(ss. B"o*&
" s%!('" iss%"s o 'o#o! 'oi'"s, $!(i's, (*& #"+"# o "*$($""* i " "8, "
o*#i*" !"s"*(io* *""&s o (3" i*o 'o*si&"!(io* " ("*io* s(* o " (%&i"*'",
" *""& o! "*'o%!($i*$ ""&/('3, (*& " io!(*'" o 'o%*(# +"!s%s i*&i+i&%(#
i*"!('io* i " ("!i(#.
1
G(!&*"! i&"*ii"s (*& "8(i*"s #i*$%isi' i*"##i$"*'", %si'(# i*"##i$"*'", #o$i'(#-("(i'(#
i*"##i$"*'", s(i(# i*"##i$"*'", /o&i#-3i*"s"i' i*"##i$"*'", (*& " "!so*(# i*"##i$"*'"s. H" %!"!
(ss%"s ( " #is is i*'o#"".
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Mos "&%'(o!s s!%$$#" i si#"*'" P(!3"!, 1 . 2. I is o"* "(si"! o i##
" +oi& /"""* "('"! (*& #"(!*"! i o!&s (* o (##o s('" o! o%$.
T(3i*$ &"+"#o"*(# iss%"s i*o (''o%*, " "&%'(o! i## 3"" o%*$"! #"(!*"!s
si%#("& (*& "*$($"& i ('io*, so%*&, (*& oio*s o! i*"!('io* i#" " s("
"&%'(o! i$ i*s"! !"#"'i+" %si' '#is o $i+" " o!" o%$%# o#&"! #"(!*"!s (
'(*'" o !o'"ss " "8 ( (s 4%s !"s"*"&.
No*-!"("*i*$ "+(#%(io* !o+i&"s " #"(!*"! (!o!i(" o"%## osii+"
""&/('3 (*& (* oo!%*i o !"'o$*i" ( #"(!*i*$ is $oi*$ o*. T" %s%(# %#i#"-
'oi'" :%i o*#i*" i*'#%&"s ( 'o!!"' (*s"! (*& *o o!" (* o ossi/#"-so%*&i*$
i*'o!!"' (*s"!s (*& so" o/+io%s# i*'o!!"' (*s"!s. T" "&%'(o! %s
!""/"! ( "s" :%i"s (!" *o o i&"*i (s"! /% o &"o*s!(" o "
#"(!*"! ( s" o! " is i* (' #"(!*i*$. L"(!*"!s "s"'i(## 16- 27-"(!-o#& #"(!*"!s
(!" o!" #i3"# o 'o*i*%" i* ( #"sso* i " "8"!i"*'" s%''"ss. I " ""# "
&i&*) #"(!*, (s (* (*o*o%s s%!"!, " (+" #i#" i*'"*i+" o 'o*i*%". O#&"!
#"(!*"!s o* " o"! (*& ( /" i*s%#"& / :%"sio*s ( &o *o '(##"*$" ".
So" o*#i*" (#i(*'"s (##o " #"(!*"! o s"" o is o! "! s'o!"s !"#(" o
o"!s o (+" (3"* " :%i. T"s" "#("s (!" o"* #(/"#"& *o (s :%i"s /%
(s o##s. Tis is io!(* o! o%s o (!" !i*$ o $" ( s"*s" o o " i i*
(*& o "## " (!" ('i"+i*$. A#o%$ i is *o is" o &"## oo "(+i# o* s%'
'o(!iso*s, i is (* o/+io%s ( o !"i*& " #"(!*"!s ( " (!" *o (#o*" i* is
"*&"(+o!. S%' 'o(!iso*s o/+io%s# o%#& /" #"ss io!(* o! o%*$"! #"(!*"!s
o (!" si## #(!$"# s"#-o'%s"&.
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Theological Issues
T" os *oo!io%s o " o"*i(# "o#o$i'(# i"&i"*s o is !o4"' is ( i &o"s
*o ('i#i(" 'o%*i, /% !("! '(* /"'o" ( s%/si%" o! 'o%*i. A#o%$
"!" (!" "!so*s o %s" " "/ 'o%#si+"#, " s(" '(* /" s(i& o! (* *%/"!
o "'*o#o$i"s. T" !"so*s" o " (!$%"* ( " "/ '(* '!"(" iso#(io* !("!
(* 'o%*i is o !o+i&" #i*3s o! " %s"!s o ( !"#i$io%s "/ si" o #o'(# #"s-(*&-
/#oo& 'o*$!"$(io*s ( (!" i##i*$ o !o+i&" ('"-o-('" i*is!.
A !"#("& i"&i"* o &oi*$ o*-#i*" !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* o is 3i*& is "
:%"sio* o ""! ( si$*ii'(* *%/"! o #o'(# 'o*$!"$(io*s !"(## (* " o%s
( i## /" !"('"& o%$ o*#i*" "+(*$"#is (*& "&%'(io*. P"!(s " os
'oo* :%"sio* !o " o%s o (+" 'o*('"& " / "(i# o+"! " #(s !""
"(!s o .'("!i&".'o )s "8is"*'" is "!" " '(* i*& ( '%!' "!" th'
i## /" "#'o". Si*'" I ( %s%(## !"#i*$ o o%s o i*o!i s"8%(# o!i"*(io*, I
!":%"*# (+" (& o !""! "s" o%s o 'o*$!"$(io*s ( (!" o%!s (( !o
"i! o"s. A#o%$ " s'o" o is !o4"' is *o o s%& " i*"$!(io* o!
!"i*!o&%'io* i*o 'o%*i ( is ( " "(! o !"#i$io*, I (+" &"'i&"& o i*'#%&" o*
C(> P!i&")s "/ si" #i*3s o 'o*$!"$(io*s ( (+" (&" ( %/#i' &"'#(!(io* o
i*'#%sio*.
I "(!i# ($!"" i M(!3 U. E&(!&s ( " 'o%*i ( is "s(/#is"&
(o*$ #"(!*"!s o*#i*" is *o (* (#"!*(i+" o #"s (*& /#oo& 'o%*ii"s "!"
"o#" "8"!i"*'" (## " *o*-&i$ii(/#" :%(#ii"s (*& (i#i*$s o %(* i*"!('io*.
T" +"! s(!i*$ o " E%'(!is is"# !":%i!"s o!" (* '/"! !"s"*'" 2000 .
1262. I is o" ( "s" o*#i*" "*&"(+o!s5!("! (* !"#('""*s o
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'o%*i5'(* /" ( *" " o "+(*$"#is !o%$ "&%'(io* !"+"(#i*$ *o o*#
Go&)s %*'o*&iio*(# #o+" /% (#so " i*'#%si+" #o+" o !"#i$io%s 'o%*ii"s "!" "
o!& is &"'#(!"& (*& " s('!("*s (!" o/s"!+"&.
Rsarch
So" i*s (/o% " !"s"(!' ( is !o4"' i## i*+o#+" (+" /""* #(i& i* "
!"+io%s ($"s. A#o%$ is i## /", !i(!i#, ( &"o*s!(io* !o4"' &"si$*"& o
!o+" ( " i*"!*" '(* /" %s"& ""'i+"# o! :%(#i !"#i$io%s "&%'(io*, "
s!%'%!" o is !o4"' (s "o#o$i'(# !oos &"" i* C!isi(* !(&iio*, 'o*"o!(!
'%#%!", so'i(# (*(#sis, (*& "!so*(# "8"!i"*'".
Christian Tradition
T" &"'#(!(io* o " $oo& *"s is " "(! o " C!isi(* !(&iio*. F!o (*'i"*
(*& o&"!* issio*(! o+""*s o " o#" &"+"#o"* o " i"#& o !"#i$io%s
"&%'(io*, " C%!' (s so%$ o o/" " G!"( Coissio* (s !"'o!&"& i*
M(" 2J1-20, M(!3 16J17-1, L%3" 2=J=6-=;, (*& A's 1J. Y", "+"* ( '%!so!
(*(#sis o "s" !"#("& (ss($"s i*&i'("s ( "!" (s *o %*io! ($!"""*
(/o% " *(%!" o is 'o!" "('i*$ ii* " "(!# C%!'. S%&&"*# " &"'#(!(io*
o " $os"# /"'o"s ( %' o!" 'o#"8 iss%". A*o*" ("i*$ o &o !"#i$io%s
"&%'(io* o! "+(*$"#is io% (+i*$ (3"* " i" o 'o" o $!is i "s"
&ii'%#i"s !%*s " !is3 o /"i*$ 'o*o%*&"& / ( F!i"&!i' S'#"i"!('"! i* 1;
'(##"& !"#i$io*)s @'%#%!"& &"sis"!s. S'#"i"!('"! is !":%"*# i&"*ii"& (s "
("! o " '%!!"* #i/"!(# o+""* ii* " R"o!"& !(&iio*. As s%', i* "
'o*"8 o ( &is'%ssio* o o*#i*" !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* (*& "+(*$"#i(io*, o"+"!, " is
o*" o " i!s i* is ($" o !"'o$*i" ( "+(*$"#i(io* (s *o "!"# " (s3 o
os" E%!o"(*s (ss"/#i*$ 'o#o*i(# "i!"s. B% ( *" (s o %*&"!s(*&i*$ "
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""!$i*$ @!i$s o (* !":%i!"& *" (s o &"'#(!" " #o+" o Go&. His %s" o
@#i/"!(# (!o('"s o s'!i%!" (s *o i*"*&"& o /" (* (('3 o* &i+i*" (%o!i /%
(s ( ( o &oi*$ "+(*$"#is i* ( o!#& ( (s (*& si## is i* " !o'"ss o
!"4"'i*$ i"!(!'i'(# "%&(# (%o!i. S'#"i"!('"! '(!"& "*o%$ o %s" "
""!$i*$ (!(&i$s o is i" o &"'#(!" " $os"# i* ( (**"! (!o!i(" o is
!i"*&s5'%#%!"&, i*"##"'%(#s o "!" !"4"'i*$ " $os"# (s " o+"!%!*"& "
&"sis"& "%&(# (!(&i$ o i"!(!'i"s i* (## %(* !"#(io*sis. I* oi*io*,
S'#"i"!('"! *"+"! " /""!-!"(!"& @'%#%!"& &"sis"!s o! o!" Go&-%*$!
o%*$ "o#" (* o&()s MT $"*"!(io*.
"!" o*" "+"*%(## s"#"s i* " s!%$$#" i "s" iss%"s i## &""!i*" (
$!"( &"(# (/o% o o*")s "ss($" i## /" 'o%*i'("&. As ( i*is"! i* "
R"o!"& !(&iio* o " C!isi(* '%!', I /"#i"+" ( ( "!so*)s s(#+(io* is *o
&""*&"* o* (* ('io*s, 'o*s(*', o! i## o " i*&i+i&%(# /% is so#"# " o!3 o
Go& !o%$ "s%s. As ( "/"! o " R"o!"& !(&iio* #i+i*$ i ( 'o*"o!(!
i*"!!"(io* o ( !(&iio* I 'oos" o /"#i"+" (, so"o, " #o$i' o &o%/#"
!"&"si*(io* (*& #ii"& s(#+(io* o " 'o*!(!, &i+i*" $!('" is (#!"(& i* #('" o!
(##, i* " o!&s o Ti%s 2J11, ( @" $!('" o Go& (s ("(!"& /!i*$i*$ s(#+(io* o
(## NRS.
O"* !"(i*i*$ 'o*sis"* i " ('%(# o!&s o ( (ss($" !":%i!"s o*" o
!"(i* !oo"& i* " Fi!s-C"*%! 'o*"8. U*i+"!s(# s%!($" (s *o o* " i*&s o
" !i"!s o " N" T"s("*. E+"* "* " %*i o (## /"#i"+"!s (s &"'#(!"& (s
i is i* G(#(i(*s <J2 "!" is *o i*&i'(io* ( " '%!' oo3 is (ss($" (s (
&"'#(!(io* ($(i*s s#(+"!, s"8is, o! "*i' &i+isio*. As P""! Go"s (s oi*"&
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o%, P(%# (s "(i' @( i* is #i" &isi*'io*s &o 'o%* . . M "!so*(#
"*$($""* i " Gos"# 'o"#s " o''(sio*(## o '% #oos" !o "s" Fi!s-
C"*%! (ss%io*s (*& "/!('" (* "$(#i(!i(* o&"# o s(#+(io* ( is *o !oo"& i*
'#(ss &isi*'io*s o! " &"'#(!(io*s o (%o!i(i+" 'o%*'i#s.
B"'(%s" o #('""* i* " C!isi(* !(&iio* 'o*'"!*i*$ " *(%!" o
s(#+(io*, I '(* !"so*si/# s!%'%!" ( "/ si" ( is *o i"&i("# o''%i"& i
/"(+io! o&ii'(io* o* " (! o " %*'%!'"& o! &"'%!'"& #"(!*"!. I ( *o
/o%*& o :%i'3# !"ss o! "i"! (* i"&i(" i*"##"'%(# (':%i"s'"*'" o (*
si#ii"& @#(* o s(#+(io*2 o! o! (* i"&i(" "8"!'is" o " s('!("* o /(is.
Tis si" i## /" s!%'%!"& %*&"! " (ss%io* ( " G!"( Coissio* (*& o%!
"+(*$"#isi' issio* is o '!"(" (* (os"!"5(* o"*i*$5( ('i#i("s " Ho#
Si!i)s o!3 o "*(/#i*$ " #"(!*"! o !"'o$*i" (*& "*4o " $i o s(#+(io* (#!"(&
i* #('". I* "s" "!s, !""*(*'" is *o (/o% "8!"ssio* o so!!o o! $%i# o! "+"*
"*i!"# (/o% so" 3i*& o /"(+io! o&ii'(io* (s %' (s (/o% %!*i*$ !o
(#i"*(io* !o Go& o "*4o"* (*& %#i("# $#o!ii'(io* o Go&. I, "!"o!", i## /"
s!%'%!i*$ is si" (*& i*+ii*$ "!so*s o (''"ss i io% !"$(!& o ""! o! *o
" 'o*si&"! "s"#+"s o /" C!isi(*s o! /"#i"+"!s!('iio*"!s o (* !"#i$io*.
2 I &o *o #i$# &is(!($" " %s" o s'!i%!" o 'o*"*& i ( s""3"!)s s!%$$#". I &o, o"+"!,
&is($!"" i " %s" o !($"*s o P(%#)s 'o#"8 &is'o%!s"s s!i"& !o "i! oo!i*$s o #"(& o (
oo i$# $%i&"& i*"##"'%(# (ss"*5'o*+"!sio* / @"sis %si*$. I ( %!"! (**o"& / !"*(*s
o C!isi(* '%#%!(# i"!i(#is "8"#ii"& i* ("s ( 'o*+"!sio* / s(i*$. I o%#& 'o*"*& (
.(#"##.'o is ( "## &"si$*"& (*& #(!$"# i*o"*si+" si" &oi*$ " o!"! (*& (
.$o&("s($s.'o(i* is ( /"(%i%## &"si$*"& " i*"*io*(## o"*si+" si" &"o*s!(i*$ "
#("!.
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M 'o*"*io* i* !ii*$ '%!!i'%#% is *o so #i/"!(# (s o !"s"' *o /o%*&(!i"s
/% !("! is i##i*$ o !"'o$*i" ( " #"(!*"!s ( *o (## /" "!so*s o o%#& /"
'oo!(/#" i* o! (* (!o!i(" (' i " 'o*$!"$(io* "!" I o!si. T"
/o%*&(!i"s o (* i*&i+i&%(# 'o*$!"$(io* *""& *o /" " /o%*&(!i"s o ( $i+"*
"&%'(io*(# s"i*$. No (## s%o!i+" '%!'"s (+" " s(" '(!('"! o! o#"!(*'".
A @"#'oi*$ U*i(!i(* C%!' i## /" :%i" &i"!"* !o ( @Mo!" Li$ P!"s/"!i(*
C%!' (*& /o i## /" &i"!"* !o (* i*'#%si+" i$-'%!' Eis'o(# 'o*$!"$(io*
o! (* i*'#%si+" R"o!"& "is 'o*$!"$(io*. T"s" (i 'o%*ii"s (!" /o
'(!"(3"!s o 'o#"8 '%#%!(# !(&iio*s an" 'o%*ii"s i i*"$!(# "o&s o
'o%*i'(i*$ os" +(#%"s (*& /"#i" ss"s. Fo! "8(#", " s"!! o%! i* (*
Eis'o(# (!is (*& " '(!! i* &i**"! o* " $!o%*&s ( ( !%!(# P!"s/"!i(*
'o*$!"$(io* "(' "(' i %*i:%" i*"$!i " "*!(*'", #ii*(# s($"s, (*& %##
"/"!si ii* ( 'o%*i. A#o%$ I /!oo3 *o &is(!($""* o " #('" o
o!(# !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* i* "(' 'o%*i, *o o!(# "&%'(io*(# s"i*$
'o%*i'("s " 'o#"8 i#i'i (*& *%## '%!!i'%#( " ( ( s(!"& "(# &o"s.
O*#i*" !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* '(* "*$($" o%*$ $(, #"s/i(*, /is"8%(#, (*& !(*s$"*&"!
o%s !o (## o "s" s"i*$s ( " s(" i", /% "+"* " /"s o*#i*" "8"!i"*'"
is *o s%/si%" o! ( S"&"!.
E+(*$"#is i %*&"!soo& !o ( !("o!3 o #i/"!(io* "o#o$, (&&!"ss"s *o
"!"# #('3 o 3*o#"&$" o Go& (s i* !(&iio*(# o!o&o8 "o#o$ o! ( *""& o
"8"!i"*'" Go&s #o+" i* ("!i(# o! s'oso'i(# (s (s i* %!"# #i/"!(# "o#o$,
/% (* ('3*o#"&$"* o Go&s #o+" o! (## '!"(io* (*& " i*&i+i&%(#s 'o**"'io* o
(## " o"! #i#" o*"s i' o i /"#o*$. T!(&iio*(# "+(*$"#is is (/o%
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(/so#+i*$ $%i# /"o!" (* (/so#%is Go&. Li/"!(# "+(*$"#is is (/o% o+"!'oi*$
i$*o!(*'" o o%! !"#(io*si o Go&. Li/"!(io* "+(*$"#is is (/o% !"'o*i$%!i*$
'o**"'io*s. Do!o"" So## (s (%$ 10 . 66-6; ( #i/"!(io* "+(*$"#is
(o*$ (!$i*(#i"& "!so*s is ( !o'"ss, *o o attacking !i&", (s R"i*o#& Ni"/%!
(%$ 1=1 . 1-1, /% o building !i&". E+(*$"#is (o*$ s"8%(# i*o!i
"!so*s is o!" (* "('i*$ ( " "*i"* is #o+"& / Go&9 i is "('i*$ "(' o
%s o %!* !o s(" (*& !"4"'io* o Go&s '!"(io* i* o%!s"#+"s o s"# (''"(*'"
an" i*"$!(io* i (## Go&s $oo& '!"(io*.
Contemporary Culture and Social Analysis
M%' (s (#!"(& /""* s(i& i* is ("! (/o% " *""& o! (i#i(!i (*& "*$($""*
i " 'o*"o!(! "*o"*o* 3*o* (s " i*"!*". T"!" (!", o"+"!, o"!
"#""*s o " 'o*"o!(! '%#%!" ( %s /" (&&!"ss"& (s "##.
Ro/"! B"##( (*& is s%&"*s (+" &o*" %' o (3" %s ((!" o "
i*&i+i&%(#isi' *(%!" o 'o*"o!(! A"!i'(* !"#i$io*. M(* !"#i$io* !i"!s (+"
&"'!i"& " iso#(io* (*& (#i"*(io* '!"("& "* "!so*s 'oos" o s"(!(" !o
o!sii*$ 'o%*ii"s (*& "*$($" i* so#o si!i%(# 4o%!*"s5( B"##( '(##s
@S"i#(is . 221. Gi+"* " *(%!" o !"'"* %*"(# 'o%*i ('i+i (o*$
(* !"#i$io%s $!o%s, !o " '!"(io* o ((!"i& i* So% A!i'( o " s('3 o
Koso+o, o"+"!, (* (i%# "!so*s %s o*&"! ( is (s C!isi(* '"*%!)s
$#o!ii'(io* o o!$(*i"& !"#i$io%s $!o%s i (''"ss o o"!. Ao*$ " o%s (
C(> P!i&" o ""# " (+" /""* &!i+"* !o " '%!' (*& /("!"& i* " *(" o
Go&, " C%!' is *o o"* s""* (s " +"i'#" o Go&)s #o+" /% !("! (s " '"*"!
o !i$-i*$ o#ii'(# o!$(*ii*$ (*& o''(sio*(## " #(i! o "/o&i"& (".
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I is ( 'oo* o/s"!+(io* ( "!so*s (3i*$ ('(&"i' '#(ss"s i* !"#i$io* (*&
"+"* (* 'o##"$" $!(&%("s 'oi*$ o s"i*(! *""& i!s o /" s!i"& o " (%#
@!"#i$io%s "&%'(io* " (+" (/so!/"& !o " 'o*"o!(! '%#%!". T" "o#o$
o " %#i is *o (#(s " !o/#" "!". T" o#3 "o#o$ ( "8iss i* "
'o%*i s%!!o%*&i*$ " C%!' is o"* :%i" o"!%# (*& "!+(si+". B% "+"*
@'%!' "o#o$ (s &o*" is &(($"9 (* o"* o "!" (%$ s"#-(/(s""*,
(* !('i(# i*o!i "!so*s o "!" (%$ (ssi+i, (*& (* s"8%(# i*o!i
"!so*s o "!" (%$ s(" !"'"i+"& is i*s!%'io* &i!"'# !o ( %#i. io%
i$*o!i*$ o! &""(*i*$ " issio* o " C%!', i is o"* "(si"! o &o !"#i$io%s
"&%'(io* i "!so*s o &o *o /!i*$ " @/($$($" o #i" i* !"#i$io%s 'o%*i.
Tis !o4"' (s ( i$"! ossi/i#i o s%''"ss /"'(%s" (#o%$ (* o%s (+"
(/so!/"& so" o " *"$(i+" (s"'s o " '%#%!")s o#3 "o#o$ os %*-'%!'"&
s""3"!s (!" *o (#!"(& oss"ss"& o " !"'o*'"io*s (*& !"4%&i'"s ( (*
o%s ii* " '%!' /!i*$.
A*o"! 'o*"o!(! iss%" ( is 'o*'%!!"* i is !o4"' is " '!(+i*$ o!
si!i%(#i (o*$ " o%s ( I (+" "*'o%*"!"&. T" !is" i* !i/(# (oos9 "
s(#"s o E(s"!* (*& @N" A$" '(*&#"s, /oo3s, (*& (!("!*(#i(9 " o%#(!i o
"#"+isio* sos i si!i%(#is (s ( ""9 (*& "+"* o%)s !"o''%(io* i
o"#"ss# !o(*i' #o+" i*&i'(" ( o%*$ "!so*s o"* s""3 so"i*$ &"""! (*
" "!" (':%isiio* o i*$s. To B"(%&oi*, i* is /oo3 Virtual Faith, (3"s (s is
'"*!(# !"is" ( (* o%*$"! "!so*s ar ('i+"# s""3i*$ "(*i*$ (*& &""#
'!(+" " si!i%(# "+"* i#" !"4"'i*$ " i*si%io*(# '%!'. P"!so*s i* "i! #("
""*s (*& "(!# "*i"s ar o"* (s3i*$ " i#osoi'(#, "i'(#, (*& "o#o$i'(#
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:%"sio*s "i! $!(*&(!"*s "!" (!(i& o (s3 /% is $"*"!(io* is s"#&o (s3i*$
os" :%"sio*s o " C%!'.
Personal Experience
Si*'" 17, #i" (s /""* i*"!i*"& i "s" o%s. I #is"* o "i! so!i"s9 "
"*'o%!($"& " o /%i#& o%! i!s "/ si". " (+" #(%$"& (*& '!i"& o%$ ( /i (*&
/"'o" !i"*&s (*& %%(# s%o!.
O*" o o%*$ !i"*&s, ( si8""*-"(!-o#& /o, (s !o* o% o is o" i*
B(!'"#o*(, S(i* "* is ("! o%*& o% " o%*$ (* (s $(. His o"! /o%$
i (* (i!#i*" i'3" o Ci'($o o #i+" i* s(" i (* (%*. i#" is #(*" (s o+"!
" A#(*i' s" "* o*o " i*"!*" (*& s"(!'"& o! ( s(" #('" i* Ci'($o o! "!
so*. S" o%*& .'("!i&".'o (*& '(##"& i "* " #(*&"& o "## i (/o%
" #('" ( %s /" s(" /"'(%s" i (s i* ( '%!'. O (*& o* o! o "(!s, "
("*&"& " C(>. So" o o%! o%*$ "* (%$ i o &o is o* #(%*&!, (*& "
(%$ " o 'oo3 (%"*i' S(*is '%isi*". Tis (s H(##o""*, o*" o o%! (&%#
+o#%*""!s i ( #(o 'o%"! (*& ( &i$i(# '("!( oo3 i'%!"s ( " C(>)s
'os%" (! (*& "(i#"& " o o%! (/s"* !i"*& ('!oss " A#(*i' (*& " ""* i*
E%!o" "(i#"& /('3 o os" o %s i* Ci'($o is '!ii:%" o "(' o o%! 'os%"s.
T" o%*$ (* is *o (!i(## !"'o*'i#"& i is ("!, ("*&i*$ 'o##"$", (*&
#(**i*$ o* (3i*$ " o*#i*" '#(ss &"s'!i/"& i* is ("! !o is 'o##"$" &o!io!
!oo (# ( o!#& ((.
Ro&!i$o)s o"! is *o " o*# o*" #oo3i*$ o! !"so%!'"s o*#i*". I* " i!s
o!-i+" &(s o (+i*$ " @Si!i%(#i P!o4"' o*#i*" " !"'"i+"& =,012 +isio!s !o
o+"! "* 'o%*!i"s i*'#%&i*$ <7 +isis !o " '(%s o o* "s!(*$"& (#( ("!
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Bo/ o*"s U*i+"!si. M "!so*(# "8"!i"*'" i*o!s " ( (so!(# i*is!,
!"#i$io%s "&%'(io*, (*& "+(*$"#i(io* '(* /" &o*"5i* (' is /"i*$ &o*" *o5i
" (i& o " i*"!*", ( "!" (!" "o#"5(## 3i*&s o "o#"5s"(!'i*$ '/"!s('"
o! !"#i$io%s !"so%!'"s, (*& ( 'o%*i '(* i*&""& /" "s(/#is"& (*& (i*(i*"&
!o%$ " '!"(i+" %s" o is *" "&i(.
Th%rtica# Fram(%r)
Tis !o4"', i#" !i(!i# ( &"o*s!(io* o o :%(#i !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* '(* /"
&o*" o+"! " i*"!*" i*+o#+i*$ #"(!*"!s !o (## o+"! " o!#&, is (#so (* i*"$!(# (!
o P!i&" Mi*is!i"sC(> P!i&"9 'o*s":%"*#, i is ( (! o o%! "+(*$"#isi' o%!"(' (s
"## (s ( &"o*s!(io* !o4"' o! " #(!$"! 'o%*i o !"#i$io%s "&%'(o!s.
Theological Mandate
Go& %s"s " C%!' i* " o!3 o !"so!i*$ (*& !"'o*'i#i*$ /o i* " +isi/#" !"(# o
'!"(io* (*& i* " i*+isi/#" !"(# o " "(! (*& so%#. I* " #(s '"*%!, " '("
i*o oss"ssio* o !""*&o%s *" "'(*iss i i' o 'o%*i'(" "
"ss($" o Go&)s #o+" o!" i&"# (* "+"!. Y", " "(!# '"*%!)s (ss
'o%*i'(io* "o!s !o%$ oio* i'%!"s, !(&io, (*& "#"+isio* o"* (i#"&
/"'(%s" " 'o%#& *o os"! i*"!('i+" 'o%*i %*#"ss " "!" %s"& i* i*i("
!"#(io* o "8isi*$ !"#i$io%s 'o%*ii"s. Mi*is!i"s 'o*'"*!(i*$ so#"# o* "s"
"&i( "*&"& o iso#(" o*" o M(!i( H(!!is)s (s"'s o !"#i$io%s '%!!i'%#% <53"!$(
o! !o'#((io*5(*& o %s" i o '!"(" !"#i$io%s 'o%*i. I*s"(& o "*'o%!($i*$
"*$($""*, I 'o*"*& ( "s" "&i( os"!"& (ssi+i (*& ( s"'(o! "*(#i.
< H(!!is i&"*ii"s i+" (s"'s o! '%!!i'%#(, ( o$""!, (!" " +o'(io* o !"#i$io%s 'o%*i. T" i+"
(!" 3oi*o*i(J " '%!!i'%#% o 'o%*i, L"i%!$i(J " '%!!i'%#% o !("!, &i&('"J " '%!!i'%#% o
"('i*$, 3"!$(J " '%!!i'%#% o !o'#((io*, (*& &i(3o*i(J " '%!!i'%#% o s"!+i'". 1 .7-6
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o!si is *o #o*$"! " o!3 o " "o#" i is " !"#i$io%s so ( is s%''"ss%# i*
!"#(io* o o "## i o%'"s " (%&i"*'")s "oio*s.
I is " !"('io* o is s"'(o! "*(#i i* !"#i$io%s #i" (*& " !"4"'io* o "
i*si%io*s ( (+" /""* (sso'i("& i i ( (s $i+"* s!"*$ o i*&i+i&%(#isi'
"o#o$ (*& is (* !"#("& !o/#"s. T"s" "'*o#o$i"s "#& $!"( !ois", /%, I
'o*"*&, " (+" o"* &(($"& " C%!'.
" &i& &%!i*$ is (s '"*%!, o"+"!, #"(!* o %s" " "#"o*" o
s!"*$"* (*& /%i#& (i 'o%*ii"s. F" A"!i'(* '%!'"s *o ("! o
iso#("& (+" *o %s"& " "#"o*" o 3"" i* o%' i s%-i*s, o s(!" !("!
!":%"ss ( i"s o '!isis, (*& o o!$(*i" (*& s'"&%#" i*'i&"*(# ""i*$s. T"
'!%'i(# &i"!"*'" /"""* i#, !(&io, (*& "#"+isio* (*& " "#"o*" is i*"!('i+i.
T" i*"!*", #i3" " "#"o*", i' is !i(!i# ( "!so* o "!so*5#is"* (*&
(*s"!5"'*o#o$, "!is, "*'o%!($"s, (*& "+"* &"(*&s i*"!('io* (*&
!"so*s". C( !oos, "ss($" /o(!&s, i*"!('i+" :%i"s, o##s, i*"!('i+" $("s,
"(i#, (*& *o ""!$i*$ (%&io (*& +i&"o !"'o!&i*$ (*& osi*$s (##o o! "!so*-o-
"!so* !"so*s"s. T" "#"+isio* o! !(&io "+(*$"#is &o"s*) 3*o ""! I ( i* "
!oo o! *o. T" &i!"'o! (*& !o&%'"! o " i*si!(io*(# i# &o"s*) "(! " i I (s3
o! (* "8#(*(io*. M(ss "&i( '(* *"+"! /" ("*i+" o " (%s"s, (*& #"(&i*$
:%"sio*s o "+"! i*&i+i&%(# (%&i"*'" "/"!. B% " &i!"' :%"sio*, " o(# #('3 o
!"so*s", (*& " !"$*(* (%s" "+i&"* o* " "#"o*", " '( !oo, (*& i*
+(!io%s (s i* "(' o "s" i*"!('i+" "'*o#o$i"s (##os " "&%'(o! (*& "
"+(*$"#is o o&i " !"s"*(io* o /"s !"(' "(' #"(!*"!. B ('i#i(i*$
i*"!('io*, "s" "'*o#o$i"s /%i#& 'o%*i.
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O*" o " os "8'ii*$ iss%"s !"#("& o 'o%*i (*& i*"!('i+i is "
!"#"(s" i* F"/!%(! 2001 o Phantasy Star Online, (* o*#i*" $(" ( (##os "!so*s
%si*$ &i"!"* #(*$%($"s o i*"!(' (*& '( i* !"(# i" %si*$ !(*s#(io* (!i'"s (
(!" /%i# i* o " $(". Tis @i*s(* !(*s#(io* (#i'(io* is " *"8 $"*"!(io* o
'oo* o*#i*" !(*s#(io* !o$!(s s%' (s A#( is()s B(/"#is
/(/"#is.(#(+is(.&i$i(#.'o. I* ( " "(!s i i## /" ossi/#" (*& I o" :%i"
'oo* o (+" !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* o* " i*"!*" (+(i#(/#" si%#(*"o%s# o #"(!*"!s
i* s"+"!(# #(*$%($"s. Tis "'*o#o$ i## (##o " C%!', ( #"(s o* ( o!&-o!-o!&
/(sis i *o " ( '%#%!(# /(sis, o "*$($" i* " 3i*& o o%!"(' ( (s (! o "
i!('#" o is /i! ( P"*"'os. Tis "'*o#o$ (s " o"*i(# o /%i#& ( 'o%*i
o #"(!*"!s ( is o!#&i&".
Behavioral Challenges
M +isio* o! is !o4"' is o s"" !"#i$io%s "&%'(o!s ( (## #"+"#s /!i*$ " +(s (*&
&i+"!s" '!"(i+" (/i#ii"s " (#!"(& oss"ss (s "('"!s o is *" +"*%" (*& o
(3" (&+(*($" o " %#i"&i( 'o%*i'(io* ossi/i#ii"s (+(i#(/#" !o%$ "
i*"!*" o "8(*& "i! i*is!i"s. Fo! "(!s, " !"#i$io%s "&%'(o! (s /""* !i*$ (*&
'!"(i+"# %si*$ &i+"!s" "o&o#o$i"s o (3" " $oo& *"s (''"ssi/#". F!o "
/#('3/o(!& (*& #(**"# $!(, o " i#s!i, o+i" !o4"'o!, (" !"'o!&"! (*& +i&"o
!"'o!&"!, !"#i$io%s "&%'(o!s (+" /""* " #"(&"!s i* " '!"(i+" %s" o "&i( i* "
'%!'. No i is i" o "*"! is *" i"#&. i *o o!" ":%i"* (* os
'%!'"s (#!"(& oss"ss5( 'o%"! i (* i*"!*" #i*35" "&%'(o! '(* !"('
(!o%*& " o!#& ( " s""& o #i$ i " "ss($" o " $os"#.
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A* (s"' o " i*"!*" ( ( /" (* i"&i"* o o!" i&"s!"(& %s" is
" "'*oo/i( ( (## *" "&i( "*$"*&"!s. A#o%$ I "*& o /"#i"+" ( os
!%" "&%'(o!s (!" "8'i"& / " !os"' o *" "'*o#o$i"s (*& /!o(&"! (%&i"*'"s,
i is ossi/#" ( !o##i*$ ( '(! i ( +i&"o !"'o!&"! (*& ( "#"+isio* i*o ( '#(ss!oo is
" #ii o %#i"&i( (&+"*%!" o! so" o 'o##"($%"s. I* ( '(s", I o" o
&"o*s!(" ( o*" *""& *o /" ( "'*i'(# i(!& o '!"(" $oo& o*#i*" "&%'(io*(#
"*+i!o*"*s.
I o%#& (#so #i3" o s"" "&%'(o!s *o o*# /%i#& $oo& ($"s, /% (#so #i*3 o o"!
"/ si"s "!" (#"*"& "&%'(o!s (+" % o$""! (!o!i(" si"s. T"'*i'(##
(&+(*'"& "('"!s 'o%#& '!"(" (*& os "#("s o! ($"s i /%i# i* i*"!('i+i
!o%$ o!s, :%i"s, (*& o##s ( i## "*(/#" " #"ss (&+"*%!o%s o /"$i*
o&ii*$ (*& /%i#&i*$ "i! o* ($"s "+"* :%i'3"!. O*#i*" %/#isi*$ o! "&%'(o!s
'(* $!o !o " s(!i*$ o #"sso* #(*s ( is $oi*$ o* *o o s(!i*$ #i*3s, ($"
&"si$*s, (*& o!i$i*(# (!o!3 o! ($"s, (*& $"*"!(## "*'o%!($i*$ o*" (*o"! i* "
!('i'" o %si*$ is *" "&i%. So" s"'%#(! "&%'(io* ("!i(#s o! o*#i*"
"&%'(io* (!" (#so %s"%#, *o(/# T" G"o!$" (si*$o* U*i+"!si "&%'(io*(# TIP
'"*"! .$%."&%i, S!('%s" U*i+"!si)s M(*(# E#-Ti$i)s s%& o o*#i*"
"&%'(io* "/.s!."&%("#i$i, (*& T" U.S. D"(!"* o E&%'(io*)s
E&%'(io*(# R"so%!'"s I*o!(io* C"*"! ERIC "!i'i!.s!."&%.
O*" i*si%io*(# /"(+io! ( I o%#& #i3" o s"" o&ii"& !":%i!"s "
!"'o$*iio* ( /%i#&i*$ ( $oo& o*#i*" "&%'(io*(# si" is i*&""& ( i*is! (*&
&"s"!+"s " ("*io*, i", (*& s%o! o s(. Tis is *o so"i*$ ( '(* /"
os"& (*& o!$o"* #i3" #(s o*)s s"!o*. I *o o*# (3"s i" o '!"("9 i (3"s
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i" o (i*(i*. T" "&%'(o! i## /" o&"!(i*$ '( !oos, (*s"!i*$ "(i#,
%&(i*$ #i*3s, (*& $"*"!(## 'o*i*%i*$ o "(' ( '#(ss (s #o*$ (s " si" !"(i*s o*
" "/. R"#i$io%s i*si%io*s *""& o o##o " #"(& o s"'%#(! "&%'(io* i*si%io*s
(*& " !(i*i*$ &i+isio*s i* i*&%s! (*& '(*$" "i! (i%&"s !"$(!&i*$ " %s" o
%*&s (*& s( i" o (!o!i("# %s" is *" "&i%. S(*&i*$ i* so#" (*& $o*
i* !o* o ( 'o*$!"$(io* o! i '(#3 i* (*& /"o!" ( '#(ss is *o #o*$"! " o*# i"
(* "&%'(o! is ('i+"# !"s"*i*$ " $os"#.
T" !i(! "!so*s ( i## &i!"'# (!i'i(" i* is !o4"' (!" os" o &o
*o *""& o /" 'o*+i*'"& o " %i#i o " "/. T" (!" o%s o (+" s"#
s"#"'"& o (!i'i(" i* is s%& (*& o i* (* '(s"s &is'o+"!"& is !o4"'
/"'(%s" o "i! o* s"(!' o! o*#i*" si!i%(#i !"so%!'"s. T" %#i(" (%&i"*'" o!
is &"o*s!(io*, o"+"!, is !"#i$io%s "&%'(o!s i* s"i*(!i"s (*& 'o*$!"$(io*s
o '%!!"*# #ii "i! i*is!i"s "i"! ii* ( si*$#" /!i'3-(*&-o!(! '#(ss!oo o! o
!(&iio*(## %/#is"& i*3-(*&-("! ("!i(#s.
Change Theory
Si*'" is is ( &"o*s!(io* !o4"', " '(*$" "o! i## %i#i" ( '(*$" s!("$
( is !i(!i# "&%'(io*(# (*& o''(sio*(## '%#%!(#. I i## !o+i&" ( s"!i"s o oio*s
(*& &"o*s!(" o "(' '(* /" %s"& i* " "*"!!is" o !"#i$io%s "&%'(io*. Fo!
os !"#i$io%s "&%'(o!s " 'o*'" o /%i#&i*$ '!"(i+" (*& i**o+(i+" "&%'(io*(#
si"s o*#i*" is ( &!"(. So" (#!"(& (+" is &!"( /% &o*) 3*o o o! "!" o
%!s%" i (*& o"!s (!" si## i* " !o'"ss o o'%si*$ i* o* " &!"(. Fo! o"!s
(!i'%#(!# o#&"! "!so*s, o"*, (*& A!i'(* A"!i'(*s, " i*"!*" is oo (sso'i("&
i o%*$ i" (#" i*"!"ss (*& (s /""* o%si&" "i! %*&"!s(*&i*$ o
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'o*$!"$(io* o* Ci'($o)s so% si&", i' (s /!o(&'(s is s"!+i'"s o*#i*" si*'"
1. Sii#(! $(i*s '(* (#so /" i&"*ii"& (o*$ His(*i' A"!i'(*s (#o%$,
(''o!&i*$ o " U.S. D"(!"* o Co"!'", (#o*$ i N(i+" A"!i'(*s " (!"
si## si$*ii'(*# %*&"!!"!"s"*"& o*#i*". T" &i+i&" ("(!s o /" /"'oi*$ o!" (
!%!(#%!/(* "*o"*o* !("! (* ( %!"# !('i(# o*" &i$i(#&i+i&".$o+.
Tis &"o*s!(io* !o4"' so%#& s(!3 i&"(s. B% " '(*$" I ( 'o*'"!*"&
i (s o &o i " "8"!i"*'" o /"i*$ !o"* i*o o#&"! o!s o 'o%*i'(io*,
!o"* i* " ('" o %*(i#i(! "'*o#o$, !o"* i* " i"!(!'i"s o o so%#& /"
o!3i*$ i is "'*i'(# ("!i(# "&%'(o!s o! "'*i'(# "*$i*""!s (*& !o"* i*
&o%/s (/o% o "## ("'i+" "&%'(io* '(* /" &o*" i is "&i%. T!o%$ is
("! (*& " %/#i'(io* o P!i&" Mi*is!i"sC(> P!i&" Si!i%(#i P!o4"'
.'("!i&".'osi!i, I o" o &"o*s!(" is *" "'*o#o$ (*& /"$i* "
!o'"ss o !"!""i*$ " i*"*&"& (%&i"*'" i*o 'o*i&"* (''"(*'" o " %i#i (*&
ossi/i#ii"s o o*#i*" "&%'(io* i* "i! s"i*$s.
Intr*nti%ns
T" "&%'(io*(# !o'"ss"s I i## /" ("i*$ o &"o*s!(" o*#i*" (!"J
♦ E*$($""* !o%$ !"(#-i" &"/(" (*& osi*$s '!"(i*$ %#i(!&is'%ssio*s ( "*(/#" " #"(!*"!s o /"'o" %## (!i'i(*s i* " "&%'(io*(#"*+i!o*"*, (s oos"& o /"i*$ (ssi+" !"'ii"*s (s P(%#o F!"i!" (*& /"##oo3s (+" '!ii:%"&.
♦ P!"s"*(io* o ( '!oss s"'io* o " ("!i(#s ( (#!"(& "8is o* " i*"!*"
(*& ( '(* /" /!o%$ i*o " "&%'(io*(# s"i*$. A#o%$ I '(**o "*$($"(## " i*"##i$"*'"s ( Ho(!& G(!&*"! (s &"#i*"("&, I '(* i*!o&%'" (+(!i" o "&i( ( i## "*!i' " #"(!*i*$ s"i*$.
♦ D"o*s!(io* o "o&s o ""&/('3 ( 3"" is ( #i+i*$ "&%'(io*(#"8"!i"*'" !o%$ "(i# (*& o*#i*" "+(#%(io* i*s!%"*s.
I i## (#so /" (*s"!i*$ " o##oi*$ :%"sio*sJ
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♦ Ho 'o#i'("& is " !o'"ss
♦ Ho "8"*si+" is " !o'"ss
♦ Ho i" 'o*s%i*$ is " !o'"ss (*&
♦ Ho '(* " %/#is " !o&%' so ( " (+"!($" s""3"! '(* i*& i
T" !%" o/4"'i+" o! is !o4"' is o &"o*s!(" ( :%(#i !"#i$io%s
"&%'(io* '(* /" &o*" %si*$ " "8isi*$, !"#(i+"# i*"8"*si+" "'*o#o$i"s (#!"(&
(+(i#(/#" (*& " "8isi*$ +is%(# (*& (%&io !"so%!'"s o " i*"!*". Tis o/4"'i+" i##
/" " !o%$ " !"s"*(io* o ( s"!i"s o #"sso*s, i'5(#o%$ %s"%# i* (*& o
"s"#+"s i## !i(!i# &"o*s!(" " %s" o "s" !"so%!'"s. E(' o "s"
#"sso*s /"$i**i*$ ( .'("!i&".'osi!i i## /" /o (* i*"!+"*io* (*& (*
"8(#".
E(' #"sso* i## 'o*(i* "8 !"s"*i*$ " 'o*'"s ( (*&9 #i*3s o ( +(!i" o
(!o!3, +oi'" !"'o!&i*$s, %si' i#"s, (*i(io* (*& i'io* si"s, (*& ( s" o !"+i"
:%"sio*s. A ( %%(## ($!""& %o* i", (## " #"(!*"!s i## (+" /""* i*+i"& o
'o" o$""! i* " '( !oo o! ( !"(#-i" &is'%ssio* o " oi's (*& " !"#"+(*
@s%!i*$. T!o%$o% " "*i!" "!io& o " !o4"' " i## /" (/#" o os #o*$"!,
o!" "!(*"* o/s"!+(io*s (*& :%"sio*s o* " "ss($" /o(!&.
T" s"$"*s "s"#+"s (!"J
♦ ( &o"s i "(* o /" si!i%(#
♦
( &o"s i "(* o /" (! o ( 'o%*i♦ Ho '(* I 3*o !"(# #o+"
♦ Ho '(* I (3" s"*s" o (i* (*&
♦ Ho '(* I i$%!" o% %%!"
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Ho Complicated Is the Process!
T" i!s "/ si" ( C(> P!i&" (& (s o* G"o'ii"s.'o, ( !"" os. I &"si$*"& i
%si*$ o*# " $!(i's (*& &"si$* i&"(s ( "!" (+(i#(/#" !o G"o'ii"s.'o o! (
I o%*& o* o"! si"s. Bo G"o'ii"s.'o (*& T!io&.'o, (*o"! !""-osi*$ si",
o"! ( "(# o (&+i'", !"" (#i(*'"s, (*& o*#i*" "&ii*$ !o$!(s so ( i o%#& /"
ossi/#" o '!"(" ( $oo& si" i *o o"! i*%. A!$%(/#, "+"! '%!' i (
'o%"!, o&", o*" #i*", (*& i*"!*" (''"ss "+"* !"" (''"ss #i3" N""!o.*"
'(* (+" ( "/ si" i *o %!"! "8"*s" /"o*& s( i". I, o"+"!, o*" is
*o (* i"&i(" i"&i"* (*& o%)& #i3" o $o (* "+"* "(si"! !o%", Co"!'i(#
osi*$ si"s i /%i#-i* (#i(*'"s (*& "(s o #"(!* 'o"!'i(# "/ (%o!i*$
!o$!(s #i3" Mi'!oso)s F!o*P($", M('!o"&i()s D!"("(+"!, o! A##(i!")s
Ho"Si" si#i %' o " o!3 o /%i#&i*$ (* (!('i+" si". T"!" (!" (#so !""
so(!" !o$!(s o (i& o% i* "/ &"si$* (*& i* " '!"(io* o $!(i's o! " "/.
Fo! "8(#"s, s"" &o*#o(&.'*".'o&o*#o(&s. A&&iio*(## o! ( s"!io%s o%#( o
'(s V<000 s%$$"s"& !"(i# M('!o"&i()s "/ L"(!*i*$ S%&io is s"'ii'(##
&"si$*"& o /%i#& o*#i*" #"(!*i*$ (*& !(i*i*$ si"s i*'o!o!(i*$ "+"!i*$ !o "8
(*& $!(i's o (*i(io*, (%&io, (*& +i&"o.
I /"$(* o %s" " o*#i*" "&ii*$ !o$!( o* " G"o'ii"s si" (*& :%i'3# (& (
%s"%# (#o%$ s(i' si". I (s !i(!i# ( ( o !oo" o%! o!$(*i(io* (*& #"
o"!s 3*o o " "!", "!" " "!", (*& ( " /"#i"+"& i*. "! :%i'3#,
o"+"!, I !"'o$*i"& ( (*i*$ ( I (& '!"("& o* 'o%"! !o #i"!s (*&
*"s#""!s o ("!s o! D.Mi*. '#(ss"s 'o%#& +"! "(si# /" os"& o is si" (*&
(&" (+(i#(/#" o (*o*" s""3i*$ o #"(!* o!" (/o% o%! o!3.
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M i!s o!( i*o " o!#& o i*"!('i+i (s o '!"(" ( o! ( (##o"&
s%!"!s o s"*& " (* "(i# (s3i*$ o /" (&&"& o o%! *"s#""! (i#i*$ #is. I (#so
/"$(* o (ss"/#" ( #is o i*"!('i+" #i*3s o o"! o!$(*i(io*s ( 'o#""*"&
C(> P!i&")s issio*. E+"*%(## (&&i*$ ( '( !oo, "ss($" /o(!&s, (*& (* o*#i*"
/oo3so!" "!" #o$i'(# o%$!os.
I* " o!#& o so(!" (*& "/ &"si$*, ii(io* is #("!. I is "!"'#
(''"(/#" o #oo3 ( " 'o&i*$ o so"o*" "#s")s ($" o s"" o o $" ( '"!(i*
!"s%#. A#o%$ o/+io%s# i o%#& /" !o*$ o s"(# so"o*" "#s")s &"si$*, i is
(#(s (''"(/#" o #"(!* !o "i! "8(#"s. T" si#"s #"+"# o "/ &"si$* is "
"!"8 (!3% #(*$%($" o! #. I is ( +"! si#" #(*$%($" (*& '(* /" #"(!*"&
o*#i*" i* %o!i(#s s%' (s oi!"&.#'os.'o"/o*3"(%o!i*$. I #"(!*"& "
/(si's o # "!". O+"! i", I &"+"#o"& o* 'o##"'io* o #i*3s, i' I !"$%#(!#
%s" o i*!o&%'" %si' (*& (! i*o o*" o "/ si"s. I !""! " !"(&"! o
.'("!i&".'osi!iso%!'"s. o s"" (* (sso!"* o ( " "/ o"!s.
Ho Expensive Is the Process!
T"!" (!" o s'oo#s o o%$ 'o*'"!*i*$ " "8"*s" o is !o'"ss. Yo% '(* $o
(s '"(# (s ossi/#" (*& i*+"s ( $oo& &"(# o i" o! o% '(* i*+"s ( #i#" o*"
(*& s(+" ( #o o i". I* ('%(#i, #i#" '(* /" &o*" i i$ !i'"& so(!" (
'(**o /" &o*" i !"" so(!". T" &i"!"*'" is i* " "8"*&i%!" o i". So"
'o&i*$ ( o%#& (3" i+" i*%"s i* ( "/ (%o!i*$ so(!" !o$!( '(* (3" o%!s
o i*$ o"!is". T" o*# 'oss I (+" 'os"* o i*'%! o* " C(> P!i&" si" (!" "
!"$is!(io* o ( *(", !"*i*$ s('" o* ( 'o"!'i(# osi*$ si", (*& %!'(si*$
Mi'!oso)s F!o*P($" So(!". Tis (&&s % o V<7 ( "(! o !"$is"! ( *("
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B% o %' i" so%#& o*" /%&$" o 3"" ( si" % o &(". A !"s"*, I
#(* o* o%! o i+" o%!s ( o* o i*"-%*" (*& (i*(i* " si". I (#so #(* o* (
%' i" o (*s"! (*& '((#o$ " "(i# " si" $"*"!("s. T" o!i$i*(# si" (s
/""* !"&o*" s"+"!(# i"s so I &o*) 3*o " "8(' (o%* o i" i oo3 o % %,
/% I o%#& $%"ss i oo3 (/o% 120 o%!s o /%i#& " o!i$i*(# si", '!"(" is $!(i's,
(*& !i" os o is 'o*"*. So" o " 'o*"* (s !o&%'"& o! o"! !o4"'s (*&
i*s"!"& "!" #("!. T" o#" si" is =; ($"s #o*$ (*& so" o os" ($"s (!"
s"+"!(# s'!""*s #o*$. Tis o%#& 'o!!"so*& o (!o%*& 200 ($"s o !(&iio*(# "8.
A*o"! (4o! "8"*&i%!" o i" i## /" (3"* % i " '!"(io* o
(!o!i(" "+(#%(io* i*s!%"*s. T"s" (!" *o (!i'%#(!# &ii'%#, /% " '(*
o''(sio*(## /" !i'3 (*& *""& o /" "s"& (*& !"-"s"& o+"! (*& o+"! ($(i*. I* "
o*#i*" !o4"' I (+" 'os"* o %s" i+" &i"!"* s#"s o "+(#%(io* i* o!&"! o
&"o*s!(" so" o " ossi/i#ii"s (+(i#(/#". I* ( !"$%#(! si", " "&%'(o! i$
'oos" o %s" 4%s o*" o! o s#"s o "+(#%(io* i*s!%"*s (*& %s" " o!"
!":%"*# i ""! i"s. I (+" (#so !i"& o 3"" % o &(" o* " +(!io%s
"'*o#o$i"s (+(i#(/#" o! '( !oos (*& "ss($" /o(!&s. Yo% ( *o" ( I
'%!!"*# (+" o '( !oos !%**i*$ si%#(*"o%s# o* " '( !oo ($"
.'("!i&".'o'(.#. Tis is !i(!i# o &"o*s!(" " ossi/i#ii"s o
i" /o(!& %s($" o+"! " i*"!*", ( "'*o#o$ ( i$ /" %s"%# o! so" !"(#-
i" '#(ss"s o*#i*".
A#o%$ "!" (!" s"+"!(# #(*$%($"s ( '(* /" %s"& o '!"(" ('i+" ($"s, I
(+" s("& i (+(S'!i. A !"s"*, i is " os 'oo* o " i*"!('i+"
#(*$%($"s (*& s"+"!(# o*#i*" #i/!(!i"s ".$. .4(+(s'!is.'o, .4so!#&.'o,
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(*& 4(+(s'!i.i*"!*".'o (!" %## o '%-(*&-(s" "#("s (#!"(& !i"* i* (
#(*$%($". O"! o!s o "+(#%(io* (*& ""&/('3 (i*(i* (*& (''"ss ( &((/(s"
( is $"*"!("& !o " %s"!s) i*%. P"!(s o% (+" +isi"& (* o*#i*" /oo3so!"
#i3" A(o* o! B(!*"s (*& No/#" (*& o* "*"!i*$ o%! *(" (*& (sso!& i*& (
" si" @!""/"!s o%! (&&!"ss, " #(s i+" /oo3s o% %!'(s"&, (*& "!(s
"+"* o%! '!"&i '(!& *%/"!. I($i*" i o%! s%&"*s 'o%#& 'o" o ( ($" (*& ("!
si$*i*$ i* /" !"i*&"& o "!" " #" o i* " #"sso*, ( "i! s'o!"s "!" o* "
#(s !"" :%i"s, o! "!" " !(*3"& (o*$ " o"! o*#i*" #"(!*"!s. Tis is (##
ossi/#" o! (* o*#i*" "&%'(io*(# s"i*$ *o, /% " "'*i'(# "8"!is" is /"o*& (*
"*!-#"+"# &is'%ssio* #i3" is. ii* ( " "(!s, o"+"!, "s" "'*i'(# oio*s i##
s"" *o o!" 'o#"8 (* " i#s!i !o4"'o!.
Ho Can "e Pu#lish the Product so that the Average See$er Can %ind It!
Posi*$ ( si" io% o!3i*$ o (3" i (''"ssi/#" o os" o (!" s""3i*$ o% o%#&
/" #i3" !ii*$ ( /oo3 (*& "* #"(+i*$ (## " !i*"& 'oi"s i* ( (!"o%s". T"!" (!"
"*s o o%s(*&s o si"s !ooi*$ '%!'"s (*& +(!io%s !"#i$io%s i*si%io*s i* (*
#(*$%($"s (*& !o (* "!s"'i+"s. M(3i*$ o%! si" 3*o* is "ss"*i(# i o% (!"
o (+" ( i&"! (%&i"*'" (* os" o% '(* !"(' / o!" 'oo* "(*s.
T" i!s s" i* (3i*$ o%! si" 3*o* is o !"$is"! i " (4o! s"(!'
"*$i*"s. So" o os" !"$is!(io* si"s (!"J
♦ Y(oo-- J&o's.(oo.'oi*os%$$"s,
♦ Ho/oL'os-- Jo/o.#'os.'o(&&%!#.(s,
♦ A#(+is(-- J&o'.(#(+is(.'o(&&%!#, (*&
♦ Goo$#"-- J&o.o!$(&&.#.
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R"$is!(io* i*+o#+"s (*s"!i*$ ( s" o :%"sio*s (/o% " 'o*"* (*& i*"* o
" si" (*& o o%! o!$(*i(io* (*& "* s%/ii*$ " si" o o*" o! o!" o "
'("$o!i"s " s"(!' "*$i*" %s"s.
Fo! " P!i&" Mi*is!i"sC(> P!i&" si" I (#so i*s"!"& ( s"!i"s o @"( ($s i*
" so%!'" 'o&" o (3" " ($" o!" "(si# +isi/#" o " so(!" !o$!(s '(##"&
@/os (*& @si&"!s ( !"$%#(!# s"(!' " *" o! '#%"s o '((#o$i*$. S"+"!(#
'o(*i"s "8is o*# o !i" "s" ($s (*& s"" o ! o 3"" " o#" !o'"ss (
s"'!". MSN S"(!' o! i*s(*'" '(!$"s !o V1 o V o '((#o$ ( 'o"!'i(#
si" (*%(##. T" !o'"ss o (3i*$ o%! si" +isi/#" o " s"(!' "*$i*"s !o/os is,
!"(##, *o "!!i/# 'o#"8. Yo% 4%s *""& o i$%!" o% o o% (* o /" '#(ssii"&
(*& (3" s%!" ( o% (+" ( ($ ii* " 'o&i*$ o o%! ($" ( 'o%*i'("s
( '#(ssii'(io*. I #"(!*"& o &o is / (3i*$ o*#i*" %o!i(#s. I s%$$"s
oi!"&.#'os.'o"/o*3"671i*&"82(.#,
.s"(!'"*$i*"('.'o"/(s"!s"(.#, o!
i*o."/'!(#"!.'o(3!o4"'s!o/os"(-%s"!.#.
A*o"! "+"* o!" "#""*(# ( o !ooi*$ o%! si" is / (3i*$ !i"*&s
i o"!s o (+" sii#(! si"s. As (*o*" o (s s%!"& " "/ 3*os, o%
&o*) o"* i*& ( o% (* i* o%! i!s so. Yo% '"'3 #i*3s (*& #oo3 o! !"#("&
si"s !o%$ o*" ("! (*o"!. C(> P!i&" is #i*3"& i (## " "/"!s o "
o##oi*$ o!$(*i(io*s, " Q%""! Yo% "/ Ri*$ .o%!"so%!'".'o, " Ri*$
o! G( Yo% "/"!s.(o#.'oLoLo!"+"!, (*& " G( T""* R"so%!'"s Ri*$
.$(""*!"so%!'"s.o!$. A&&iio*(## " s(!" #i*3s i o%! s%o!i*$ '%!'"s
(*& i ( +(!i" o so'i(# s"!+i'" o!$(*i(io*s (*& $( !"#i$io%s '(%'%s"s. A#o%$
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i is !%" ( is i## "+"*%(## #i*3 o% ii* ( " @'#i'3s o o"*i(## o/4"'io*(/#"
("!i(#, i '(* /" (!$%"& ( ( 'o!!"so*&i*$ "o! o " @si8 &"$!""s o s"(!(io*
/"""* (* o "o#" o* "(! is " /"#i" ( o% '(* s%! !o (* si" o
!('i'(## (* o"! !o"!# #i*3"& si" i *o o!" (* "* @'#i'3s.
H"!" (!" ( " !(*&o s%$$"sio*s !o "8"!i"*'" ( I o%#& #i3" o (ss
o* o o"! "&%'(o!sJ
♦ Do *o i*3 o " "/ si" (s ( /oo3 ( %s /" "!"' /"o!" i '(* /"o*#i*". As i* i*3-(*&-("! %/#i'(io*, " "!"' is (#(s " "*" o "$oo&. G" " i*$ o*#i*" (*& 'o*i*%" o o!3 (*& !"o!3 i. I o% (i i##
"+"!i*$ is "!"', o% i## *"+"! $" o*#i*". I o% i*& ( /""! #i*3 o! ( /""!( o s(i*$ so"i*$, o% '(* (#(s (3" ( '(*$". T" i!s $!"( (s"'o i*"!*" i*"!('i+i is o%! (/i#i (s "/ (%o!s o i*"!(' i o%! o*!ii*$.
♦ o!3 o "+"*%(## (3" o%! si" 'o*o! o " A"!i'(*s i Dis(/i#ii"s A'.T" (' /"$(* o 'o+"! $o+"!*"* "/ si"s i* A%$%s o 2000 (*& ( *"+"!/" "*o!'"& ($(i*s !"#i$io%s "/ si"s, /% I (+" 3*o* s"+"!(# /#i*& i*"!*"%s"!s (*& (+" ('"& " !%s!(io* " (+" i "/ si"s ( (!" *o&"si$*"& o /" 'o(i/#" i " s"'i(# *o*-$!(i' /!os"!s " %s". Is%$$"s ( (s ( 4%si'" iss%" (s "## (s ( !('i'(# o*" ( " o!3 o 3"" o%!o*#i*" #"sso*s (s (''"ssi/#" (s ossi/#". Fo! $%i&(*'" i* is (!"(, I s%$$"s
o% #oo3 ( .<.o!$AI.
♦ B" 'o*s'io%s o " *(+i$(io* s!%'%!" o o%! si". G!"( $!(i's (*&'o"##i*$ "8 '(* /" #os i " si" is o 'o#i'("& o s%! !o%$. M(*&"si$*"!s ! o (3" s%!" "!" (!" (#(s o @&oo!s i*o (* o " *"8($"s ii* o%! si" ( o% (!" s%$$"si*$ o o%! (%&i"*'". R""/"! (o%! (%&i"*'" ( *o /" %si*$ " os s(" o " (! /!os"! (*& ( *o /"(/#" o s"" #" (#o*" '#i'3 o* " *i &(*'i*$ "s%s o% (+" %s"& o #i*3 oo%! #"sso* o* " s*oi' $os"#s.
♦ Fi*(##, (+oi& " %s" o (*' ""'s. S"'ii'(## I s%$$"s o% (+oi& " %s" o@!("s5" &i+isio* o ( ($" i*o s"+"!(# s(##"! ($"s ( s'!o## (*&
'(*$" i*&""*&"*#. Tis "'*i:%", (#o%$ '((/#" o (3i*$ ( +(!i" oi*"!"si*$ ""'s, is o*" o " os 'o#i'(io*-!o*" o (* "'*o#o$ o*" "/. Fo! i*s(*'", i is :%i" &ii'%# o /oo3(!3 s%' ( '(*$"(/#" ($" o!(&& i o ( (+o!i"s #is. F!("s5#i3" /#i*3i*$ "8, s'!o##i*$ "8, !o(i*$(i#/o8"s (*& "/"&&"& %si' i#"s o% '(**o %!* o5(!" " $!oi*$ (i*so " "/ (*& (!" o"* 'o*si&"!"& " (!3 o (* (**oi*$, (("%! "/ si".
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E*a#uati%n
Si*'" is is ( &"o*s!(io* !o4"', "!" i## ('%(## /" o (%&i"*'"s i*+o#+"& i*
&""!i*i*$ " s%''"ss o is "sis !o4"'J " (&o#"s'"* #"(!*"!s (*& " #(!$"!
'o%*i o !"#i$io%s "&%'(o!s. To "+(#%(" is !o4"' (o*$ " #"(!*"!s
i"&i("# i*+o#+"&, ( " "*& o " i+" #"sso*s, I (s3"& (!i'i(*s o !o+i&" "
i ( 'o#""& o*#i*" o! (&" % o %#i#" 'oi'" (*& so! (*s"! :%"sio*s
"+(#%(i*$ "i! "8"!i"*'". S"'ii'(##J
♦ Di& o% i*& (!i'i(io* i* " Si!i%(#i P!o4"' %s"%#
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o! "'*o#o$i"s ( '(* /" !"#i'("& i* !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* ("!i(#s o* o"! oi's.
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(+(i#(/#" o*#i*" ( &i!"'# (!(##"# ( " i$ 'oos" o /!i*$ i*o ( /!i'3-(*&-
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A++n"i, A ! A Bri& Hist%r' %& Ca&- Pri"
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"!so*s o (!" $(, #"s/i(*, /is"8%(#, !(*s$"*&"!, o (!" :%"sio*i*$ "i!
o!i"*(io*, o! o (!" s%o!i+" !i"*&s o s%' o%s. T" C(> is *o (* (" o
'(*$" (*o*"s o!i"*(io*, *"i"! is i ( #('" o! !(&iio*(# so'i(# s"!+i'"
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"*+i!o*"*. I is s("& / (&%#s o (!" i*"$!("& i*o " #o'(# 'o%*i (*& i*o
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&"s!%'i+" /"(+io!s I i*"ss"& (o*$ $( (*& #"s/i(* (&%#s %s%(## s""&
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" (& (/so!/"& (#os i "i! o"!s i#3.
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/"'(%s" o " !"#(i+" o/i#i (*& !""&o o " #(" ""*($" "(!s, o 'o" o "
("*io* o #( "*o!'""* "!so**"# (*& s'oo# oi'i(#s (s !o/#"s /"'(%s" o
"i! o+"! s"8%(#i o! (3(!& o!(s i*o " o!#& o (#'oo#, &!%$s, (*&o!
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( Go&s #o+" i*'#%&"s " (!" *o i* " 'o*$!"$(io* o! ((!" o "
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( "s(/#is"*, !"+io%s# ( 'o""o%s", !"'"i+"& ( #i:%o! #i'"*s" (*& 'o%#& *o
#o*$"! os "!so*s %*&"! "*-o*" "(!s-o#&. ii* ( " ""3s, s"+"!(# o
o%*$ !i"*&s (& /""* (!!"s"& o! &"(i*"& o! (*$i*$ o% o* " s!""s. T"
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*""&"& ( #('" o /", o so'i(#i", o #(%$, (*& i *o 'o"!'i(# "s(/#is"*
"#'oi*$ ", " o#i'" &""!i*"& ( o"!is" (!#"ss (*$i*$ o% (s
(*(*&#i*$ o! ( 'o+"! o! so#i'i(io*. A&&iio*(##, o! (* o "s" o%s, o /"
(!!"s"& o! (''%s"& o i##"$(#i (s " #(s /(!!i"! o ('%(## !i*$ o% so" o "s"
i##i'i ('i+ii"s. T"s" o%*$ (&%#s "!" $"i*$ i* !o%/#" i " (%o!ii"s o! *o
o"! !"(so* (* ( "!" (s *o s(" #('" o! " o 'o*$!"$(". Y" (*
*i$s, " "!" /"i*$ (!!"s"& ii* ( " "" o ( &(!3"*"& '%!' /%i#&i*$. T"
*""&"& (*& &"s"!+"& ( '(*'" ( s(*'%(!.
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(!!(*$""*s. " !i+"& o! ( "(! i* " /(s""* o Ho# Co+"*(* U*i"&
M"o&is C%!' o* Di+"!s" A+"*%". C%!!"*#, L(3" i" P!"s/"!i(* C%!' (
A&&iso* (*& B!o(&( oss C(> P!i&", (*& " C(> !"'"i+"s %*&i*$ (*& (&&iio*(#
s%o! !o Li*'o#* P(!3 P!"s/"!i(* C%!', Fi!s U*i"& C%!' o O(3 P(!3, (*&
G!('" B(is C%!'. E+"* o*" o " #o'(# s*($o$%"s (s !"'o$*i"& %s (s (
+(#%(/#" 'o%*i !"so%!'" (*& #is"& %s o* "i! "/ ($".
E+(*$"#is (o*$ s"8%(# i*o!i "!so*s is o!" (* "('i*$ ( Go& #o+"s
" "*i"*9 i is "('i*$ " "*i"* o $!o % (*& o*o! "!s"# o! is"#5o #"(!*
o si*$ Go&s !(is"s i o*"s o* +oi'". P"!so*s o (* (!$i*(#i"& $!o%s *""&
o "8"!i"*'" ( " N" T"s("* G!""3 "!s metanoia, o"* !(*s#("&
!""*(*'" #i"!(## %!*i*$ !o o! %!*i*$ ((, *o (s %!*i*$ (( !o !i&"
(*& !"/"##io* o $o&# s%/issio* /% (s %!*i*$ !o s(" (*& !"4"'io* o Go&s
'!"(io* i* o*"s s"# o s"# (''"(*'" an" i*"$!(io* i (## Go&s $oo& '!"(io*.
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P!i&" Mi*is!i"s (s o%*&"& (s ( !"s%# o o%!s o (!3i*$ #o 'o*+"!s(io*s
(o*$ C(> P!i&"s s( (*& i*"!"s"& !i"*&s. T"s" 'o*+"!s(io*s #"& o "
o##oi*$ 'o*'#%sio*s.
♦ T"!" "8iss ( *""& o &o (!o!i(" "+(*$"#is i* s"8%(# i*o!i 'o%*ii"s(!i'%#(!# i* " *"i$/o!oo&s " (& i&"*ii"&.
♦ C(> P!i&" '(* ""'i+"# &o i*is! (o*$ o*# o*" ($" $!o% o s"8%(#i*o!i "!so*s.
♦ M(* 'o*$!"$(io*s !"'o$*i" " *""& o !"(' o% o "!so*s (!$i*(#i"& (s( !"s%# o i*o!i o!i"*(io* /% (!" i## ":%i"& !o%$ !(&iio*(# o&"#s o!o+i&" (!o!i(" o%!"('. T"s" 'o*$!"$(io*s 'o%#& /"*"i !o os" o%s (sso'i("& i C(> P!i&" ($$!"ssi+"# (!3"i*$ o%!s"#+"s (s s"(3"!s (*&'o*s%#(*s (*&o! %/#isi*$ (s "8"!s i* s"8%(# i*o!i, #i/"!(io*
"+(*$"#is.
B"'(%s" o "s" 'o*+"!s(io*s i*ii("& / o%! ("s o (&( o o%! s!i*$ o
'!is"s, " +o#%*""! s( o C(> P!i&" /"$(* o (!o(' #o'(# 'o*$!"$(io*s (*&
!"so%!'" "!so*s o '!"(" ( /!o(&"! s"#-s%s(i*i*$ o!$(*i(io* o (*($" C(>
P!i&" (*& (&&!"ss " o"! *""&s " (& o/s"!+"&. " o%#& 'o" o '(## is
o!$(*i(io* P!i&" Mi*is!i"s.
Pri" Ministris /isi%n0Missi%n Statmnt
P!i&" Mi*is!i"s is &"&i'("& o " !oosiio* ( " Goo& N"s o Go&s #o+" is
/!o(&"! (* (* o*" &"*oi*(io*(# '!""& o! !"#i$io%s %*&"!s(*&i*$. I is, "!"o!",
*o #ii"& o s"!+i'" (o*$ (* o*" " o !"#i$io%s 'o%*i. P!i&" Mi*is!i"s is
&"&i'("& o " 'o*'" ( " *""&s o (## "!so*s !(*s'"*& " "!"# ("!i(#
(*& i*'#%&" (''"ss o !"#i$io%s !(&iio*, !i%(#, 'o%*i #i", (*& oo!%*ii"s o
s"!+" o"!s.
1Thr&%r, P!i&" Mi*is!i"s is ( !"#i$io%s o!$(*i(io* ( "8iss
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♦ To !o+i&" (ssis(*'" o !"#i$io%s 'o%*ii"s 'o*si&"!i*$ o%!"(' (o*$"!so*s i* "i! *"i$/o!oo&s s"8%(# i*o!i 'o%*ii"s.
♦ To 'o*s%# i !"#i$io%s 'o%*ii"s &"si$*i*$ o! !"&"si$*i*$ s"8%(# i*o!io%!"(' !o$!(s o! (* " o !(&i'(## i*'#%si+" i*is!.
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Bib#i%$ra+h'
B"(%&oi*, To. Virtual Faith: he Irreverent S!iritual "uest of #eneration $% S(*F!(*'is'oJ oss"-B(ss P%/#is"!s, 1.
B"##(, Ro/"! " (#. &abits of the &eart: Individualism and 'ommitment in (merican
)ife% N" Yo!3J H(!"! (*& Ro, 17.
B!o*i*$, F!(*3. he 'ulture of *esire: Parado+ and Perversity in #ay )ives oday% N" Yo!3J i*($" Boo3s, 1=.
E&(!&s, G"o!$" R. #ay,)esbian )iberation: ( Biblical Pers!ective. N" Yo!3J Pi#$!iP!"ss, 1=.
E&(!&s, M(!3 U. @i!%(# o!si. 'hristian 'entury , D"'"/"! 6, 2000.
Fo!%*(o, o*. -mbracing the -+ile% N" Yo!3J S"(/%! P!"ss, 12.
F!"i!", P(%#o. Pedagogy of the O!!ressed: .e/ Revised 01 th (nniversary -dition.N" Yo!3J Co*i*%%, 1.
G(!&*"!, Ho(!&. Frames of Mind: he heory of Multi!le Intelligences2enth (nniversary -dition. N" Yo!3J B(si'Boo3s, 1<.
G(!&*"!, Ho(!&. Multi!le Intelligences: he heory in Practice. N" Yo!3JB(si'Boo3s, 1<.
Go"s, P""!. he #ood Book: Reading the Bible /ith Mind and &eart% N" Yo!3Ji##i( Mo!!o (*& Co(*, 16
G%!i(*, Mi'("#. ( Fine 3oung Man: 4hat Parents5 Mentors and -ducators 'an *o toSha!e (dolescent Boys into -+ce!tional Men% N" Yo!3J "!" P. T(!'"!P%*(, 1.
H(!!is, M(!i(. Fashion Me a Peo!le: 'urriculum in the 'hurch% Lo%is+i##"J "si*s"!o* K*o8, 1
H"ss, C(!o# L(3". 'aretakers of Our 'ommon &ouse: 4omen6s *evelo!ment in'ommunities of Faith. N(s+i##"J A/i*$&o*, 1;
Ho&$so*, P""! C. Revisioning the 'hurch: -cclesial Freedom in the .e/ Paradigm% Mi**"(o#isJ Fo!!"ss P!"ss, 1.
Ho##(*&, o" (*& P""! H"*!io, S.. Social (nalysis: )inking Faith and 7ustice5 !"+. "&.M(!3*o##, N.Y.J O!/is Boo3s, 1<.
oo3s, /"##. eaching to ransgress: -ducation as the Practice of Freedom . N" Yo!3JRo%#"&$", 1=.
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I*si%" o! Hi$"! E&%'(io* Po#i'. "uality on the )ine: Benchmarks for Success inInternet8Based *istance -ducation% .i".'o, A!i# 2000.
Ni"/%!, H. Ri'(!&. 'hrist and 'ulture% N" Yo!3J H(!"! W Ro, 171.
M"i!o, ('3. ransformative *imensions of (dult )earning . S(* F!(*'is'oJ oss"-B(ss P%/#is"!s, 11.
P(#"!, P(!3"! . he 'ourage to each: -+!loring the Inner )andsca!e of aeacher6s )ife. S(* F!(*'is'oJ oss"-B(ss P%/#is"!s, 1.
P(#"!, P(!3"! . o 9no/ as 4e (re 9no/n: -ducation as a S!iritual 7ourney% S(*F!(*'is'oJ H(!"!Co##i*s, 1<.
R(s%ss"*, L(!! L. Moral Fragments Moral 'ommunity: ( Pro!osal for 'hurch andSociety% Mi**"(o#isJ Fo!!"ss P!"ss, 1<.
S"o%!, ('3. Ma!!ing 'hristian -ducation: (!!roaches to 'ongregational )earning%N(s+i##"J A/i*$&o* P!"ss, 1;.
SX##", Do!o"". hinking (bout #od: (n Introduction to heology% Lo*&o*J SCMP!"ss, 10.
Ti"(**, Ro*(#& F. (*& i##i( C. P#('"! "&s. 4hy (re 4e &ere; -veryday"uestions and the 'hristian )ife% H(!!is/%!$, P"**.J T!i*i P!"ss I*"!*(io*(#,1.
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