Our Social World. Guide to Reading Main Idea Modern technology has helped to bring the world’s diverse peoples closer together. Terms to Know ethnic

CHAPTER 1 SECTION 1 NOTES

Our Social World

Guide to ReadingMain Idea

Modern technology has helped to bring the world’s diverse peoples closer together. Terms to Know

ethnic group

custom minority group majority group

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.


(pages 23–25)

The World Next DoorAmerican communities include various

groups of peoples called ethnic groups.

An ethnic group is a group of people who have a common origin, and share a language and a history.

Often ethnic groups are also minorities. A minority group is a group of people

whose culture, race, sex, or ethnic origin is different from most of the people in the region.


Sometimes, but not always, the minority group is treated differently from the majority.

The majority is the group in society that controls most of the wealth and power; however, it is not always the largest group in numbers.

Schools are the place where most young people first meet people from other ethnic groups.

The World Next Door (cont.)

(pages 23–25)

Technology Shrinks the World

World not really shrinking but seems it Contact with different cultures Need to learn to understand & respect

differences Global Village idea

Inventions Change the World Communication

Phones - fiber optic cablesSatellites – tv and radio- news

instantaneousCellular phones

TransportationAir travel – jet planesTrains – bullet train – subway systemsAutomobilesSteamboat

Internet Technology

InformationCable and satelliteComputerHome computerInternetCellular devices

World Next Door

Global Village Exposed to people from all over world

Ethnic Groups

Location of Origin Language Customs History

Minority Groups

Different from Group with most power, wealth, or largest numbers

Can be gender, ethnic, racial or other

Majority Group

More than 50% population More than any other group Group with most power and wealth South Africa example

Building Bridges

Schools – first exposure to different cultures

Middle School – groups of like identity form

Sociologists – study organized groups of people

Education can help “build bridges”Learn about other culturesPeople fear unknown

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Recalling Facts

Culture Explain the difference between a minority group and an ethnic group.

An ethnic group shares an origin, language, or history while a minority group is different from those who hold most of the power.



Place In what country was the group that controlled the wealth and power not the largest ethnic group?

In South Africa the group that controlled the wealth and power was not the largest ethnic group.

Recalling Facts (cont.)



Technology In what way is technology shrinking the world? Give examples.

Technologies allow us to move around and communicate at will. We have access to information at our fingertips at all times.




Understanding Cause and Effect Why do you think minority groups are sometimes treated differently from the majority?

Possible answer: Minority groups are sometimes treated differently because they look or sound different.

Critical Thinking



Making Comparisons What do you think it means that some groups are divided by religious beliefs and values?

Some people think their beliefs or values are superior and are unaccepting of the beliefs of others.

Critical Thinking (cont.)



Interpreting Time Lines Look at the time line on page 23 of your textbook. During which century were most modern communication and modern transportation invented?

Most modern communication and transportation were invented in the 20th century.

Applying Social Studies Skills

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Defining Terms

__ 1. group of people who are different in some characteristic from the group with the most power and wealth in a region

__ 2. group in society that controls most of the wealth and power, though not always the largest group in numbers

__ 3. people who share a common culture, language, or history

__ 4. practice handed down from the past

A. ethnic groupB. customC. minority

groupD. majority

groupD

A

B

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

C



(pages 27–28)

The Social SciencesSocial scientists – scientists who study

the interaction of people and society.

Anthropologists- study people and societies.

Sociologists- study human behavior as it relates to groups of people.

Human geographers- look at people and their environments.

Historians- study past events


(pages 28–30)

What Is Culture?Culture is the way of life of people who

share similar beliefs and customs.

The culture of a people also includes their government, food, music, religion, literature, and the ways they make a living.

Judging other people in terms of one’s own culture and standards is called ethnocentrism.


Cultural borrowing is when one group of people adopts another group’s culture traits.

Cultural diffusion is how a culture spreads from one area to another.

Today, cultural diffusion occurs through radio, television, telephones, computers, and the Internet.

What Is Culture? (cont.)

(pages 28–30)


History is the story of the past.

History also tells how past conflicts influence the present.

Studying history can also teach us important lessons and can guide our behavior in the present.

(pages 30–31)

Important Lessons in History



What is meant by the well-known saying, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it”?

This means if we do not study our own history, we may end up making the same mistakes of earlier generations.

(pages 30–31)

(page 31)

Government Is Necessary

People need rules in order to live together without conflict.

In countries, rules are created by governments or rulers.

• First set of written laws was?

GOVERNMENTS- LIMITED OR UNLIMITED In a limited government, constitutions or other

laws set limits on the power of government officials.

Democracy and constitutional monarchies are forms of limited government.

The United States is a representative democracy. In a representative democracy, people elect

representatives who then make and enforce laws.

Great Britain has a constitutional monarchy, where there is both a king or queen, and an elected government. The queen does not have unlimited power.


In an unlimited government, power belongs to the ruler or rulers.

Unlimited governments include dictatorships and absolute monarchies.• Dictators often take and or keep

power by force, and can be good or bad leaders.

• Absolute monarchs usually inherit power through families.

(page 31)

GOVERNMENTS- LIMITED OR UNLIMITED

What is an example of a dictatorship and what is an example of an absolute monarchy?

An example of a former dictatorship was Saddam Hussein’s rule in Iraq. In an absolute monarchy, kings or queens are born into ruling families. Their power is inherited and unlimited. King Fahd ibn Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarch. (page 31)


(page 32)

Balancing Our Wants and NeedsThe different ways people and nations go

about meeting their daily needs are known as economic systems.

All economic systems are concerned with producing goods.

In a traditional economy, people meet their needs based on their customs.

Under a command economy, government makes all the decisions.

Communism and socialism are mainly command economies.

In a market economy, individuals make most of the decisions about what to produce, who will want it, how much to produce, and how much to charge.

Capitalism is a market economy.Most nations have a mixed economy.

Balancing Our Wants and Need (cont.)

(page 32)



How is the United States a mixed economy?

The United States prides itself on its market economy. However, the government may regulate prices or set rules, as in the airline industry and companies that provide gas and electricity.

(page 32)

(page 35)

Differences in Development

Countries differ in how much manufacturing and industry they have.

Industrialized (developed) countries –much manufacturing and technology occur. They hold 97 percent of all patents (rights to inventions).

Developing countries - are working toward industrialization. They lack technology and industry.

Recalling Facts

Culture What four groups of scientists study society?

The four groups of scientist that study society are: anthropologists, sociologists, human geographers, and historians.

Government People in the United States who call themselves Americans believe in certain political values. What are they?

People of the United States believe in freedom of speech, free public education, and the right to practice a religion of their choosing.


Culture What are the main agents of cultural diffusion today?

The main agents of cultural diffusion today are the radio, television, telephones, computers, and the Internet.




Defining Terms

__ 1. government under the control of one all-powerful leader

__ 2. type of government where, through law, some control is placed on leadership’s powers

__ 3. way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs

__ 4. when a group of people adopt another’s cultural traits

__ 5. government in which a king or queen is the official head of state, but elected officials run the government

A. cultureB. cultural

borrowingC. limited

governmentD. dictatorship E. constitutional

monarchy

C

A

B


E

D


Guide to Reading


Main Idea

All over the world people are moving from one place to another looking for freedom, jobs, and a better life. Terms to Know

• migrate • urbanization • refugee • rights

• responsibilities • interdependence • globalization


(pages 34–35)

Human Migration

Migrate- or move, in great numbers.

When people leave villages and farms and move to cities, it is called urbanization. • The most common reason people move to

cities is to find jobs. Refugees are people who are forced to leave

their homeland because of wars or unjust governments.



What are some of the problems faced by refugees?

Refugees often do not speak the language or know the customs of the people in their adopted countries. They usually must work at the lowest-paying jobs and often without benefits earned by other workers.

(pages 34–35)

(page 35)

Population Growth

There has been a rapid increase in world population in recent years.

• An increase in the number of people means that more food is needed.

• Since 1950 world food production has increased faster than population on all continents except Africa.

• Because so many people in Africa need food, bad weather or war can ruin crops and bring disaster.

What are some other problems of rapidly growing populations?

Populations that grow rapidly may use resources more quickly than populations that do not grow as fast. Some countries face shortages of water and housing.

(page 36)

Conflict and Cooperation

As technology brings us closer together, nations are beginning to understand the importance of cooperation.

Disagreement over land is a common reason for conflict between groups and nations.

This is especially true when one culture has been displaced, or moved, by another culture. Example- Israel

Other conflicts are about religion, race, and politics.

When groups and nations cooperate, they work together to find peaceful solutions to problems.

Conflict and Cooperation (cont.)

(page 36)

What is an example of conflict between nations, and what are two examples of cooperation?

•The Israelis and Palestinians have been fighting over land for more than 50 years. •The country-members of the European Community and the North American Free Trade Agreement [NAFTA] work together to benefit all members.

(page 36)

(pages 36–37)

Civic Participation

Civic participation is being concerned with the public affairs of a community, state, nation, or the world.

In a democracy, rights are benefits and protections guaranteed to you by law.

In a democracy, responsibilities are duties that you owe to your fellow citizens to make sure that the government continues.

In totalitarian governments, the people have no rights.

Their responsibilities are to obey the laws of the land.

Civic Participation (cont.)

(pages 36–37)



What are some examples of responsibilities in a democracy?

A major responsibility of democratic citizenship is voting. You also have a responsibility to respect the property and privacy of others.

(pages 36–37)

(pages 37–38)

Globalization

Interdependence is when countries depend on one another for goods, raw materials to make goods, and markets in which to sell goods.

The World is sometimes referred to as a “global village” because in a village, people depend on each other (often people from very different backgrounds) to provide what they need to live.

Around the world, countries depend on each other as well.

Globalization is the development of a world culture and interdependent economy.

One danger of globalization is that it might erase traditions and customs of smaller groups.

Globalization (cont.)

(pages 37–38)

Defining Terms

__ 1. duties owed by citizens to their government to make sure it can continue its functions

__ 2. dependence of countries on one another for goods, raw materials to make goods, and markets in which to sell goods

__ 3. to move from one place to another__ 4. development of a world culture and interdependent

world economy__ 5. person who flees to another country to avoid

persecution or disaster

A. migrateB. refugeeC. responsibilitiesD. interdependenceE. globalizationD

AE


B

C

Recalling Facts

Place About how much of the world’s population lives in cities?

About nearly half the world’s people live in cities.

Movement What is the most common reason people move to cities?

The most common reason people move to cities is to find jobs.


Government What responsibilities do people in democracies have?

People in democracies have the responsibility of voting, and respecting the property and privacy of others.


Understanding Cause and Effect How can conflict affect human migration?

Wars or unjust governments can cause people to leave their homeland and migrate to other countries.

Critical Thinking (cont.)

Understanding Citizenship Describe the civic participation expected of citizens of the United States.

They should be aware of their rights and responsibilities.

Applying Social Studies Skills

Documents

Our Social World. Guide to Reading Main Idea Modern technology has helped to bring the world’s diverse peoples closer together. Terms to Know ethnic