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Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold War
Chapter 26 Section 1Chapter 26 Section 1
A New WarA New War
Cold WarCold War Era of confrontation and competition Era of confrontation and competition
b/w the US and the Soviet Unionb/w the US and the Soviet Union After WWII to about 1990After WWII to about 1990 The two sides had different goals of The two sides had different goals of
what to do in Europe after WWIIwhat to do in Europe after WWII
Soviet Goals for EuropeSoviet Goals for Europe
The Soviet Union wanted…The Soviet Union wanted…1.1. Keep Germany weakKeep Germany weak
2.2. Countries b/w Germany and the SU Countries b/w Germany and the SU under Soviet controlunder Soviet control
3.3. Encourage communism in other Encourage communism in other nations (especially in Europe)nations (especially in Europe)
Paranoid that capitalist nations would Paranoid that capitalist nations would eventually try to destroy communist eventually try to destroy communist nationsnations
American Goals for EuropeAmerican Goals for Europe
The US wants…The US wants…1.1. Promote economic growth through Promote economic growth through
trade b/c we blamed WWII on…trade b/c we blamed WWII on… The Depression – allowed Hitler’s rise and The Depression – allowed Hitler’s rise and
Japan’s desire to expand their empireJapan’s desire to expand their empire Isolationism – made depression worse b/c Isolationism – made depression worse b/c
countries cut back on trade and were countries cut back on trade and were forced to go to war to gain the resources forced to go to war to gain the resources they neededthey needed
The US wants… (2)The US wants… (2)
2.2. Promoted democracyPromoted democracy B/l that democratic govt. w/ protection B/l that democratic govt. w/ protection
of people’s rights made countries more of people’s rights made countries more stable and peacefulstable and peaceful
3.3. Promoted free enterprisePromoted free enterprise Free enterprise system w/ private Free enterprise system w/ private
property and limited govt. intervention property and limited govt. intervention in the economy was the best route for in the economy was the best route for prosperityprosperity
The Yalta ConferenceThe Yalta Conference
Yalta Conference – Yalta Conference – February 1945, b/f the end of WWIIFebruary 1945, b/f the end of WWII FDR, Stalin, and Churchill meet at YaltaFDR, Stalin, and Churchill meet at Yalta
Yalta – a Soviet resort on the Black SeaYalta – a Soviet resort on the Black Sea To plan the postwar worldTo plan the postwar world
Issues discussedIssues discussed PolandPoland Declaration of Liberated EuropeDeclaration of Liberated Europe Division of GermanyDivision of Germany
Yalta - PolandYalta - Poland PolandPoland
Two govts. claiming the right to govern Two govts. claiming the right to govern Poland (1 communist and 1 non-Communist)Poland (1 communist and 1 non-Communist)
FDR and Churchill argued the Poles should FDR and Churchill argued the Poles should choose their own type of govt.choose their own type of govt.
Stalin stated the Polish govt. had to be Stalin stated the Polish govt. had to be friendly to the Soviet Unionfriendly to the Soviet Union
Eventual compromiseEventual compromise FDR and Churchill would recognize the FDR and Churchill would recognize the
communist govt. set up by the Sovietscommunist govt. set up by the Soviets Stalin agreed the govt. would include members Stalin agreed the govt. would include members
of the prewar Polish govt. and that free elections of the prewar Polish govt. and that free elections would be held ASAPwould be held ASAP
Yalta - EuropeYalta - Europe
The Declaration of Liberated EuropeThe Declaration of Liberated Europe Asserted “the right of all people to Asserted “the right of all people to
choose the form of govt. under which choose the form of govt. under which they will live”they will live”
The Allies also promisedThe Allies also promised To create temporary govts. that To create temporary govts. that
represented all democratic elements and represented all democratic elements and pledged to have free elections of govts. pledged to have free elections of govts. as early as possibleas early as possible
Yalta – Germany Yalta – Germany Dividing GermanyDividing Germany
Divide Germany into 4 zonesDivide Germany into 4 zones Each zone would be governed by a different country Each zone would be governed by a different country
(Britain, US, Soviet Union, and France(Britain, US, Soviet Union, and France The same 4 countries would also divide BerlinThe same 4 countries would also divide Berlin
Berlin sat in the Soviet zone of GermanyBerlin sat in the Soviet zone of Germany Stalin demanded that Germany pay heavy Stalin demanded that Germany pay heavy
reparations for the war damage of WWIIreparations for the war damage of WWII FDR agreed but wanted the payments to be FDR agreed but wanted the payments to be
based on Germany’s ability to paybased on Germany’s ability to pay Germany to pay w/ trade goods and products instead Germany to pay w/ trade goods and products instead
of cashof cash Stalin agreedStalin agreed
This debate on reparations and economic This debate on reparations and economic policy in Germany increased tensions b/w the policy in Germany increased tensions b/w the US and the SovietsUS and the Soviets
It would b/c one of the major causes of the Cold WarIt would b/c one of the major causes of the Cold War
Tensions Begin to RiseTensions Begin to Rise
The Soviet Union…The Soviet Union… Pressured the King of Romania into Pressured the King of Romania into
appointing a communist govt.appointing a communist govt. Refused to allow more than 3 non-Refused to allow more than 3 non-
communist Poles to serve in an 18 communist Poles to serve in an 18 member Polish govt.member Polish govt.
Also, there was no indication that they Also, there was no indication that they planed to hold free elections as promisedplaned to hold free elections as promised
US accused the Soviets of violating US accused the Soviets of violating the Declaration of Liberated Europethe Declaration of Liberated Europe
Truman Takes Over
Truman Strongly anticommunist Suspicious of Stalin B/l that WWII started b/c
Britain tried to appease Hitler
Truman was determined not to make the same mistake w/ Stalin
Sends a message to Stalin demanding that he hold free elections in Poland as he had promised to do at Yalta
The Potsdam ConferenceThe Potsdam Conference
Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference July 1945 b/f end of WWIIJuly 1945 b/f end of WWII Truman and Stalin meet in PotsdamTruman and Stalin meet in Potsdam
Potsdam – near BerlinPotsdam – near Berlin To work out a deal on GermanyTo work out a deal on Germany
Regarding reparations and their economyRegarding reparations and their economy
Potsdam ConferenceJuly 1945
Potsdam’s GoalPotsdam’s Goal Work out a deal on GermanyWork out a deal on Germany
US wanted Germany’s economy to revive so US wanted Germany’s economy to revive so they didn’t turn to communism out of they didn’t turn to communism out of desperationdesperation
Truman takes a firm stand against heavy Truman takes a firm stand against heavy reparationsreparations
Stalin wants Germany to pay moreStalin wants Germany to pay more Truman proposes – Soviets take reparations Truman proposes – Soviets take reparations
from their zone and allow the other zones of from their zone and allow the other zones of Germany to recover economicallyGermany to recover economically
Stalin refused b/c most of the Soviet zone was Stalin refused b/c most of the Soviet zone was agricultural and could not provide all the agricultural and could not provide all the reparations that Stalin wantedreparations that Stalin wanted
The other zones had a lot of industryThe other zones had a lot of industry
The Potsdam DealThe Potsdam Deal
Truman and Stalin’s dealTruman and Stalin’s deal Stalin gets a small amount of German Stalin gets a small amount of German
industrial equipment from other zones, industrial equipment from other zones, but…but…
The Soviets had to pay for part of it w/ food The Soviets had to pay for part of it w/ food shipments from their zoneshipments from their zone
Truman accepts the new German-Polish Truman accepts the new German-Polish border the Soviets had establishedborder the Soviets had established
Truman also tells Stalin that the atomic Truman also tells Stalin that the atomic bomb had been successfully testedbomb had been successfully tested
A threat!A threat!
The Iron CurtainThe Iron Curtain
Communist countries Communist countries of Eastern Europe of Eastern Europe came to be called came to be called satellite nationssatellite nations
Not under direct Not under direct Soviet control, but Soviet control, but they had to remain they had to remain Communist and Communist and friendly to the friendly to the SovietsSoviets
Satellite NationsSatellite Nations East GermanyEast Germany PolandPoland RomaniaRomania BulgariaBulgaria AlbaniaAlbania YugoslaviaYugoslavia HungaryHungary CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia