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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Shu et al., 1999
Reading: Benton Chap 1
Phylogeny and classification
Origin of vertebrates
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
The next two labs will meet in the William R. Adams Zooarchaeology lab (12:20-2:15 pm)
Lab is located in the basement of the Student Building (Room 025)
A 1,400 square foot facility run by the Anthropology Department that includes over 10,000 modern comparative faunal remains.
Directed by Dr. Laura Scheiber, an Associate Professor in the Anthropology department, and managed by archaeology graduate student Matthew Rowe.
It is a privilege for G404 to be able to use the Zooarchaeology Lab facilities and specimens – please be careful with the skeletons and please leave the Lab as clean and orderly as you found it.
Zooarchaeology lab
(P.D. Polly)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Class AgnathaLampreys and hagfish
Class ChondrichthyesSharks, rays and chimaeras
Class “Osteichthyes”Ray-finned and lobe-finned fish
Class AmphibiaFrogs, salamanders and gymnophonians
Class MammaliaMammals
Class “Reptilia”Lizards, snakes, crocodilians
Class AvesBirds
The phylogeny of living vertebrates
Reptilia
Amniota
Tetrapoda
Vertebrata
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Features commonly found in vertebrates
•Skeleton composed of cartilage or mineral tissue composed of hydroxyapatite in form of bone (with collagen matrix), dentine, and enamel
•Bilateral symmetry
•Head with multiple sense organs
•Brain and spinal cord (CNS, central nervous system)
•Skeleton supporting base of brain and body axis, usually elaborated more fully
•Segmented body axis with muscles
•Paired appendages
•Mouth, stomach, and gut
•Heart and circulatory system ventral to CNS
•Pharyngeal pouches with aortic arches (gill apparatus)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Swalla and Smith, 2008.
Deuterostomes
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Living deuterostomes
Urchin (echinodermata) Acorn worm (hemichordata)
Pterobranch (hemichordata) Tunicates (urochordata)
Branchiostoma (cephalochordate)
Teleost fish (vertebrata)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Phylogenetic relationships of living deuterostomes and their synapomorphies
Vertebrata
Cephalochordata
(Branchiostom
a)
Urochordata (tu
nicates)
Echinoderm
ata
Deuterostomia* blastopore becomes anus during development
Chordata* notochord* dorsal nerve tube* tail used for swimming* somites (segmented muscles)* neural tube with grey and white matter* shared patterns of developmental gene expression
Olfactores
Craniata * neural crest (tissue related to head development)* brain with eyes* paired olfactory capsules, semicircular canals
* di!use nerve network* tricoelomic development* muscular stalk* branched tentacular system
Hemichordata
* molecular sequence data
Ambulacraria
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Swalla and Smith, 2009
Timing of deuterostome divergencesBlack bars = known fossil occurrencesGrey bars = molecular clock estimates with error bars
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Today
Geo
logi
cal P
ast
Crown group A Crown group B
Stem group B
Stem group A
Crown groups and stem groupsCrown group - clade consisting of last common ancestor of the living members and all the descendants of that ancestor
Stem group - taxa more closely related to one crown group than another
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Shu et al, 1999, Nature, 402: 42-46.
Chengjiang (E. Cambrian)Many early deuterostomes
•525-520 Ma siltstones (Maotianshan Shales) from Yunnan
•10,000+ specimens, 90+ species
•Earliest good deuterostome fossils and oldest known true vertebrates
•UNESCO World Heritage site
Other important Cambrian Sites:•Burgess Shale, M. Cambrian, Alberta
•Wheeler Shale, L. Cambrian, North America
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Shu et al., 2001
Didazoon (a vetulicolian)Stem deuterostome (?)
• putative gill slits
• putative muscle segments
• putative endostyle
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Jefferies, 1984
Carpoids (=Calcichordates, Stylophorans)Stem Echinodermata (argued to be stem chordates by Jefferies)
• Ordovician through Devonian
• Calcitic, plated skeleton
• putative gill slits, putative tail
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Virtual fossil museum
Graptolites (Pterobranch-like Hemichordata)
Cambrian through Mississippian
• Colonial organism
• Skeleton composed of stipes with tubular structures that hold the individual animals
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Photo credit
ShankouclavaUnquestionable urochordate
• Branchial basket
• Esophagus, stomach and anus
• Endostyle
• receding tail?
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Shu et al., 1999, Nature, 402: 42-46,
Haikouichthys (=Myllokunmingia)Earliest craniate / vertebrate
• Mouth and gut tube
• Myotomes (muscle segments)
• Notochord
• Dorsal fin
• Gill pouches
• Heart
• Nasal and otic capsules
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Swalla and Smith, 2009
Fossil deuterostomes
1. Haikouichthys (L. Cambrian, craniate). 2. Cathaymyrus (L. Cambrian, cephalochordate). 3. Haikouella (L. Cambrian, chordate or stem craniate). 4. Rhabdopleura (M. Cambrian pterobranch hemichordate). 5. Stromatocystites (L. Cambrian, crown-group echinodermata). 6. Trochocystites (M. Cambrian, stem-group echinoderm). 7. Shankouclava (L. Cambrian, tunicate). 8. Phlogites (L. Cambrian, stem ambulacrarian). 9. Vetulicola (L. Cambrian, contested deuterostome affinities).
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Vertebrata
Cephalochordata
(Branchiostom
a)
Urochordata (tu
nicates)
Echinoderm
ata
Deuterostomia* blastopore becomes anus during development
Chordata* notochord* dorsal nerve tube* tail used for swimming* somites (segmented muscles)* neural tube with grey and white matter* shared patterns of developmental gene expression
Olfactores
Craniata * neural crest (tissue related to head development)* brain with eyes* paired olfactory capsules, semicircular canals
* di!use nerve network* tricoelomic development* muscular stalk* branched tentacular system
Hemichordata
* molecular sequence data
Ambulacraria
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2013, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Scientific papers for further readingJefferies, R. P. S. 1984. Locomotion, shape, and external ontogeny in some mitrate calcichordates. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4: 292-319.
Shu, D.-G., H.-L. Luo, S. C. Morris, X.-L. Zhang, S.-X. Hu, L. Chen, J. Han, M. Zhu, Y. Li, and L.-Z. Chen. 1999. Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China. Nature, 402: 42-46.
Swalla, B. J. and A. B. Smith. 2008. Deciphering deuterostome phylogeny: molecular, morphological, and palaeontological perspectives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363: 1557-1568.