TownA town is a human settlement. Towns are generally larger than villages butsmaller than cities, though the criteria to distinguish them vary considerablybetween different parts of the world.

Origin and use

Age of towns scheme

By countryAfghanistanAlbaniaArabAustraliaAustriaBulgariaCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFranceGermanyGreece and CyprusHong KongHungaryIcelandIrelandIndiaIranIsle of ManIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLatviaLithuaniaMalaysiaNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPhilippinesPolandPortugalRomaniaRussia

Lemgo, an old hanseatic town inGermany

Çeşme, Turkey a coastal Turkishtown with houses in regional styleand an Ottoman Castle

The alpine town of Davos in theSwiss Alps

Contents

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SingaporeSouth AfricaSpainSwedenUkraineUnited Kingdom

England and WalesScotland

United StatesAlabamaArizonaCaliforniaHawaiiIllinoisLouisianaMarylandNevadaNew EnglandNew JerseyNew YorkNorth CarolinaPennsylvaniaTexasUtahVirginiaWashingtonWisconsinWyoming

Vietnam

See also

Notes

References

External links

The word town shares an origin with the German word Zaun, the Dutch wordtuin, and the Old Norse tun. The German word Zaun comes closest to theoriginal meaning of the word: a fence of any material. An early borrowing fromCeltic *dunom (cf. Old Irish dun, Welsh din "fortress, fortified place, camp",dinas "city").

In English and Dutch, the meaning of the word took on the sense of the spacewhich these fences enclosed, and through which a track must run. In England, atown was a small community that could not afford or was not allowed to buildwalls or other larger fortifications, and built a palisade or stockade instead. In theNetherlands, this space was a garden, more specifically those of the wealthy,

Reading, England, is a large townwhich has unsuccessfully tried tobecome a city.

The town of Mecca in the ArabianPeninsula, before its inflation, in1880.

The historical town of Skalica inSlovakia

The Marian town of Fátima (Portugal)

Origin and use

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which had a high fence or a wall around them (like the garden of the palace of Het Loo in Apeldoorn, which was the model forthe privy garden of William III and Mary II at Hampton Court). In Old Norse tun means a (grassy) place between farmhouses,and the word is still used with a similar meaning in modern Norwegian.

In Old English and Early and Middle Scots, the words ton, toun, etc. could refer to diverse kinds of settlements from agriculturalestates and holdings, partly picking up the Norse sense (as in the Scots word fermtoun) at one end of the scale, to fortifiedmunicipalities. The words toun and burgh (from Anglo-Saxon byrig), both meaning fortified municipality, were effectivelyinterchangeable.

In some cases, "town" is an alternative name for "city" or "village" (especially a larger village). Sometimes, the word "town" isshort for "township". In general, today towns can be differentiated from townships, villages, or hamlets on the basis of theireconomic character, in that most of a town's population will tend to derive their living from manufacturing industry, commerce,and public services rather than primary industry such as agriculture or related activities.

A place's population size is not a reliable determinant of urban character. In many areas of the world, e.g. in India at least untilrecent times, a large village might contain several times as many people as a small town. In the United Kingdom, there arehistorical cities that are far smaller than the larger towns.

The modern phenomenon of extensive suburban growth, satellite urban development, and migration of city dwellers to villageshas further complicated the definition of towns, creating communities urban in their economic and cultural characteristics butlacking other characteristics of urban localities.

Some forms of non-rural settlement, such as temporary mining locations, may be clearly non-rural, but have at best aquestionable claim to be called a town.

Towns often exist as distinct governmental units, with legally defined borders and some or all of the appurtenances of localgovernment (e.g. a police force). In the United States these are referred to as "incorporated towns". In other cases the town lacksits own governance and is said to be "unincorporated". Note that the existence of an unincorporated town may be legally set outby other means, e.g. zoning districts. In the case of some planned communities, the town exists legally in the form of covenantson the properties within the town. The United States Census identifies many census-designated places (CDPs) by the names ofunincorporated towns which lie within them; however, those CDPs typically include rural and suburban areas and evensurrounding villages and other towns.

The distinction between a town and a city similarly depends on the approach: a city may strictly be an administrative entity whichhas been granted that designation by law, but in informal usage, the term is also used to denote an urban locality of a particularsize or importance: whereas a medieval city may have possessed as few as 10,000 inhabitants, today some consider an urbanplace of fewer than 100,000 as a town, even though there are many officially designated cities that are much smaller than that.

Australian geographer Thomas Griffith Taylor proposed a classification of towns based on their age and pattern of land use. Heidentified five types of town:[1]

Infantile towns, with no clear zoningJuvenile towns, which have developed an area of shopsAdolescent towns, where factories have started to appearEarly mature towns, with a separate area of high-class housingMature towns, with defined industrial, commercial and various types of residential area

Age of towns scheme

By country

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Loo_Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeldoornhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_II_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Courthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermtounhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_servicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_industryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_England_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_communityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Censushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_placehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Griffith_Taylorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_usehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Househttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_area

In Afghanistan, towns and cities are known as shār (Dari: شهر, Pashto: 2].(�ار] As the country is an historically rural societywith few larger settlements, with major cities never holding more than a few hundred thousand inhabitants before the 2000s, thelingual tradition of the country does not discriminate between towns and cities.

In Albania "qytezë" means town, which is very similar with the word for city ("qytet"). Although there is no official use of theterm for any settlement. In Albanian "qytezë" means "small city" or "new city", while in ancient times "small residential centerwithin the walls of a castle".

The center is a population group, larger than a village, and smaller than a city. Though the village is bigger than a hamlet.

In Australia, towns or "urban centre localities" are commonly understood to be those centers of population not formally declaredto be cities and having a population in excess of about 200 people.[3] Centers too small to be called towns are generallyunderstood to be a township.

In addition, some local government entities are officially styled as towns in Queensland, Western Australia and the NorthernTerritory, and before the statewide amalgamations of the 1990s in Victoria some local government entities were styled as towns,but now towns are only localities that contain an urban centre with a population greater than 200.

The Austrian legal system does not distinguish between villages, towns, and cities. The country is partitioned into 2098municipalities (German: Gemeinden) of fundamentally equal rank. Larger municipalities are designated as market towns(German: Marktgemeinden) or cities (Städte), but these distinctions are purely symbolic and do not confer additional legalresponsibilities. There is a number of smaller communities that are labelled cities because they used to be regional populationcenters in the distant past. The city of Rattenberg for example has about 400 inhabitants. The city of Hardegg has about 1200inhabitants, although the historic city core − Hardegg proper without what used to be the surrounding hamlets − is home to just80 souls.

There are no unincorporated areas.

Of the 201 cities in Austria, 15 are statutory cities (Statutarstädte). A statutory city is a city that is vested, in addition to itspurview as a municipality, with the duties of a district administrative authority. The status does not come with any additionalautonomy: district administrative authorities are essentially just service centers that citizens use to interact with the nationalgovernment, for example to apply for driver licenses or passports. The national government generally uses the provinces to runthese points of contact on its behalf; in the case of statutory cities, the municipality gets to step up.

Bulgarians do not, in general, differentiate between 'city' and 'town'. However, in everyday language and media the terms "largetowns" and "small towns" are in use. "Large towns" usually refers to Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas, which have populationover 200,000. Ruse and Stara Zagora are often included as well due to presence of relatively developed infrastructure and

Afghanistan

Albania

Arab

Australia

Austria

Bulgaria

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population over 100,000 threshold. It is difficult to call the remaining provincial capitals "large towns" as, in general, they are lessdeveloped and have shrinking population, some with as few as 30,000 inhabitants.

In Bulgaria the Council of Ministers defines what constitutes a settlement, while the President of Bulgaria grants each settlementits title. In 2005 the requirement that villages that wish to classify themselves as town must have a social and technicalinfrastructure, as well as a population of no fewer than 3500 people. For resort settlements the requirements are lower with thepopulation needing to be no fewer than 1000 people but infrastructure requirements remain.

The legal definition of a town in Canada varies by province or territory, as each has jurisdiction over defining and legislatingtowns, cities and other types of municipal organization within its own boundaries.

The province of Quebec is unique in that it makes no distinction under law between towns and cities. There is no intermediatelevel in French between village and ville (municipality is an administrative term usually applied to a legal, not geographicalentity), so both are combined under the single legal status of ville. While an informal preference may exist among Englishspeakers as to whether any individual ville is commonly referred to as a city or as a town, no distinction and no objective legalcriteria exist to make such a distinction under law.

In Chile, towns (Spanish: pueblos) are defined by the National Statistics Institute (INE) as an urban entity with a population from2001 to 5000 or an area with a population from 1001 to 2000 and an established economic activity.

In the Czech Republic, the word město (city) is used for very wide variety of municipalities, ranging from Prague, the largest andcapital city with approximately 1.2 million inhabitants, to the smallest, Přebuz, with just 74 inhabitants. Technically, amunicipality must have at least 3,000 inhabitants to be granted the město title, although many smaller municipalities, especiallysome former mining towns, retain the title město for historic reasons. Currently, approximately 192 of the 592 města have lessthan 3,000 inhabitants.

Some municipalities have been amalgamated together, such that the whole is considered as a město.

Statutory cities (statutární město), which are defined by law no. 128/2000 Coll.,[4] can define their own self-governing municipaldistricts.. There are 25 such cities, in addition to Prague, which is a de facto statutory city.

In 2006, the legal concept of a town (městys, or formerly městečko) was reintroduced. Currently, around 213 municipalities holdthe title městys.

Municipalities which do not qualify as a město or a městys default to the title of obec (a municipality) or, unofficially, a vesnice(village), even though they may consist of one or more villages.

In Denmark, in many contexts no distinction is made between "city", "town" and "village"; all three translate as "by". In morespecific use, for small villages and hamlets the word "landsby" (meaning "country town") is used, while the Danish equivalent ofEnglish "city" is "storby" (meaning "large town"). For formal purposes, urban areas having at least 200 inhabitants are counted as"by".[5]

Canada

Chile

Czech Republic

Denmark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Bulgariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Bulgariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Bulgariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99ebuzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_city_(Czech_Republic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Bstyshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area

Historically some towns held various privileges, the most important of which was the right to hold market. They wereadministered separately from the rural areas in both fiscal, military and legal matters. Such towns are known as "købstad"(roughly the same meaning as "borough" albeit deriving from a different etymology) and they retain the exclusive right to the titleeven after the last vestiges of their privileges vanished through the reform of the local administration carried through in 1970.

In Estonia, there is no distinction between a town and a city as the word linn is used for both bigger and smaller settlements,which are bigger than villages and boroughs. There are 30 municipal towns (omavalitsuslik linn) in Estonia and a further 17towns, which have merged with a municipal parish (vallasisene linn).

From an administrative standpoint, the smallest level of local authorities are allcalled "communes". However, some laws do treat these authorities differentlybased on the population and different rules apply to the three big cities Paris,Lyon and Marseille. For historical reasons, six communes in the Meusedépartement exist as independent entities despite having no inhabitant at all.

For statistical purposes, the national statistical institute (INSEE) operates adistinction between urban areas with fewer than 2,000 inhabitants and biggercommunes, the latter being called "villes". Smaller settlements are usually called"villages". The French term for "town" is "bourg" but in fact, the French laws do not really distinguish between towns and citieswhich are all commonly called "villes".

Germans do not, in general, differentiate between 'city' and 'town'. The Germanword for both is Stadt, as it is the case in many other languages that do notdifferentiate between these Anglo-Saxon concepts. The word for a 'village', as asmaller settlement, is Dorf. However, the International Statistics Conference of1887 defined different sizes of Stadt, based on their population size, as follows:Landstadt ("country town"; under 5,000), Kleinstadt ("small town"; 5,000 to20,000), Mittelstadt ("middle town"; between 20,000 and 100,000) andGroßstadt ("large town"; over 100,000).[6] The term Großstadt may be translatedas "city". In addition, Germans may speak of a Millionenstadt, a city with over one million inhabitants (such as Munich, Hamburgand Berlin).

Historically, many settlements became a Stadt by being awarded a Stadtrecht in medieval times. In modern German language use,the historical importance, the existence of central functions (education, retail etc.) and the population density of an urban placemight also be taken as characteristics of a Stadt. The modern local government organisation is subject to the laws of each stateand refers to a Gemeinde (municipality), regardless of its historic title. While most Gemeinden form part of a Landkreis (district)on a higher tier of local government, larger towns and cities may have the status of a kreisfreie Stadt, combining both the powersof a municipality and a district.

Designations in different states are as diverse as e.g. in Australian States and Territories, and differ from state to state. In someGerman states, the words Markt ("market"), Marktflecken (both used in southern Germany) or Flecken ("spot"; northern Germanye.g. in Lower Saxony) designate a town-like residential community between Gemeinde and Stadt with special importance to itsouter conurbation area. Historically those had Marktrecht (market right) but not full town privileges; see Market town. The legal

Estonia

The town of Salins-les-Bains, France

France

Putbus on Rügen Island, Germany

Germany

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denomination of a specific settlement may differ from its common designation (e.g. Samtgemeinde – a legal term in LowerSaxony for a group of villages [Dorf, pl. Dörfer] with common local government created by combining municipalities[Gemeinde, pl. Gemeinden]).

In ordinary speech, Greeks use the word χωριό (=village) to refer to smaller settlements and the word πόλη or πολιτεία (=city) torefer to larger ones. Careful speakers may also use the word κωμόπολη to refer to towns with a population of 2,000–9,999. InGreek administrative law there used to be a distinction between δήμοι, i.e. municipalities with more than 10,000 inhabitants orconsidered important for some other geographical (county seats), historical or ecclesiastical (bishops' seats) reason, andκοινότητες, referring to smaller self-governing units, mostly villages. A sweeping reform, carried out in two stages early in the21st century, merged most κοινότητες with the nearest δήμοι, dividing the whole country into 325 big self-governing δήμοι. Theformer municipalities survive as administrative subdivisions (δημοτικά διαμερίσματα, δημοτικές ενότητες).

Cyprus, including the Turkish-occupied areas, is also divided into 39 δήμοι (in principle, with at least 5,000 inhabitants, thoughthere are exceptions) and 576 κοινότητες.

Hong Kong started developing new towns in the 1950s, to accommodateexponential population increase. The very first new towns included Tsuen Wanand Kwun Tong. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, another stage of new towndevelopments was launched. Nine new towns have been developed so far. Landuse is carefully planned and development provides plenty of room for publichousing projects. Rail transport is usually available at a later stage. The firsttowns are Sha Tin, Tsuen Wan, Tuen Mun and Tseung Kwan O. Tuen Mun wasintended to be self-reliant, but was not successful and turned into a bedroomcommunity like the other new towns. More recent developments are Tin ShuiWai and North Lantau (Tung Chung-Tai Ho).

In Hungary there is no official distinction between a city and a town (the wordfor both in Hungarian is: város). Nevertheless, the expressions formed by adding the adjectives "kis" (small) and "nagy" (large) tothe beginning of the root word (e.g. "nagyváros") have been normalized to differentiate between cities and towns (towns beingsmaller, therefore bearing the name "kisváros".) In Hungary, a village can gain the status of "város" (town), if it meets a set ofdiverse conditions for quality of life and development of certain public services and utilities (e.g. having a local secondary schoolor installing full-area sewage collection pipe network). Every year the Minister of Internal Affairs selects candidates from acommittee-screened list of applicants, whom the President of Republic usually affirms by issuing a bill of town's rank to them.Since being a town carries extra fiscal support from the government, many relatively small villages try to win the status of "városirang" nowadays.

Before the fall of communism in 1990, Hungarian villages with fewer than 10,000 residents were not allowed to become towns.Recently some settlements as small as 2,500 souls have received the rank of town (e.g. Visegrád, Zalakaros or Gönc) and meetingthe conditions of development is often disregarded to quickly elevate larger villages into towns. As of middle 2013, there are 346towns in Hungary, encompassing some 69% of the entire population.

Greece and Cyprus

Hong Kong

Nearly every town in Hong Kong hasits own town hall. The picture showsthe Sha Tin Town Hall in the town ofSha Tin.

Hungary

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greekshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuen_Wan_New_Townhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwun_Tonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_New_Townhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuen_Wan_New_Townhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuen_Mun_New_Townhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseung_Kwan_Ohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuen_Mun_New_Townhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedroom_communityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Shui_Wai_New_Townhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lantau_New_Townhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_communismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ShatinTownHall_20070529.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Town_Hallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin

Towns of more than 50,000 people are able to gain the status of "megyei jogú város" (town with the rights of a county), whichallows them to maintain a higher degree of services. (There are a few exceptions, when towns of fewer than 50,000 people gainedthe status: Érd, Hódmezővásárhely, Salgótarján and Szekszárd)[7] As of middle 2013, there are only 23 such towns in Hungary.[8]

The Local Government act 2001 provides that from January 1, 2002 (section 10 subsection (3) Within the county in which theyare situated and of which they form part, there continue to be such other local government areas as are set out in Schedule 6which – (a) in the case of the areas set out in Chapter 1 of Part 1 of that Schedule, shall be known as boroughs, and – (b) in thecase of the areas set out in Chapter 2 of Part 1 and Part 2 of that Schedule, shall be known as towns, and in this Act a referenceto a town shall include a reference to a borough.

These provisions affect the replacement of the boroughs, Towns and urban districts which existed before then. Similar reforms inthe nomenclature of local authorities ( but not their functions) are effected by section 11 part 17 of the act includes provision(section 185(2)) Qualified electors of a town having a population of at least 7,500 as ascertained at the last preceding census orsuch other figure as the Minister may from time to time prescribe by regulations, and not having a town council, may make aproposal in accordance with paragraph (b) for the establishment of such a council and contains provisions enabling theestablishment of new town councils and provisions enabling the dissolution of existing or new town councils in certaincircumstances

The reference to town having a population of at least 7,500 as ascertained at the last preceding census hands much of the powerrelating to defining what is in fact a town over to the Central Statistics Office and their criteria are published as part of eachcensus.

Planning and Development Act 2000

Another reference to the Census and its role in determining what is or is not a town for some administrative purpose is in thePlanning and Development act 2000 (part II chapter I which provides for Local area plans)

A local area plan shall be made in respect of an area which —(i) is designated as a town in the most recent census of population,other than a town designated as a suburb or environs in that census, (ii) has a population in excess of 2,000, and (iii) is situatedwithin the functional area of a planning authority which is a county council.

Central Statistics Office criteria

These are set out in full at 2006 Census Appendices (http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/documents/census_2006_Appendices.pdf).

In short they speak of "towns with legally defined boundaries" ( i.e. those established by the Local Government Act 2001) and theremaining 664 as "census towns", defined by themselves since 1971 as a cluster of 50 or more occupied dwellings in whichwithin a distance of 800 meters there is a nucleus of 30 occupied houses on both sides of the road or twenty occupied houses onone side of the road there is also a 200 meter criterion for determining whether a house is part of a census town.

Iceland

Ireland

India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_servicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rdhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3dmez%C5%91v%C3%A1s%C3%A1rhelyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salg%C3%B3tarj%C3%A1nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeksz%C3%A1rdhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_councilhttp://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/documents/census_2006_Appendices.pdf

The 2011 Census of India defines towns of two types: statutory town and censustown. Statutory town is defined as all places with a municipality, corporation,cantonment board or notified town area committee. Census towns are defined asplaces that satisfy the following criteria:

1. Minimum population of 5,0002. At least 75% of male working population engaged in non-agricultural

pursuits

3. Density of population at least 400/km2. (1,000 per sq. mile).

All the statutory towns, census towns and out growths are considered as urbansettlements, as opposed to rural areas.[9]

In contemporary Persian texts, no distinction is made between "city" and "town"; both translate as "Shahr" (شهر). In olderPersian texts (until the first half of the 20th century), the Arabic word "Qasabeh" (قصبه) was used for a town. However, in recent50 years, this word has become obsolete.

There is a word in Persian which is used for special sort of satellite townships and city neighborhoods. It is Shahrak (شهرک),(lit.: small city). Another smaller type of town or neighborhood in a big city is called Kuy (کوی). Shahrak and Kuy each havetheir different legal definitions. Large cities such as Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Tabriz, etc. which have millions of populations arereferred to as Kalan-shahrکالن شهر (metropole).

The pace in which different large villages have gained city status in Iran shows a dramatic increase in the last two decades.

Bigger cities and towns usually are centers of a township (in Persian: Shahrestan (شهرستان). Shahrestan itself is a subdivision ofOstan استان (Province).

There are four settlements which are historically and officially designated as towns (Douglas, Ramsey, Peel, Castletown);however

Peel is also sometimes referred to as a city by virtue of its cathedral.Onchan and Port Erin are both larger in population than the smallest "town", having expanded in modern times,but are designated as villages.

Modern Hebrew does provide a word for the concept of a town: Ayara (עיירה), derived from Ir (עיר), the biblical word for "city".However, the term ayara is normally used only to describe towns in foreign countries, i.e. urban areas of limited population,particularly when the speaker is attempting to evoke nostalgic or romantic attitudes. The term is also used to describe a Shtetl, apre-Holocaust Eastern European Jewish town.

Within Israel, established urban areas are always referred to as cities (with one notable exception explained below) regardless oftheir actual size. Israeli law does not define any nomenclature for distinction between urban areas based on size or any otherfactor – meaning that all urban settlements in Israel are legally referred to as "cities".

The exception to the above is the term Ayeret Pituakh (עיירת פיתוח, lit. "Development Town") which is applied to certain cities inIsrael based on the reasons for their establishment. These cities, created during the earlier decades of Israeli independence (1950sand 1960s, generally), were designed primarily to serve as commercial and transportation hubs, connecting smaller agricultural

A street in Paravur town, India

Iran

Isle of Man

Israel

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settlements in the northern and southern regions of the country (the "Periphery") to the major urban areas of the coastal andcentral regions. Some of these "development towns" have since grown to a comparatively large size, and yet are still referred toas "development towns", particularly when the speaker wishes to emphasize their (often low) socio-economic status. Nonetheless,they are rarely (if ever) referred to simply as "towns"; when referring to one directly, it will be called either a "development town"or a "city", depending on context.

Although Italian provides different words for city (città), town (paese) and village (villaggio, old-fashioned, or frazione, mostcommon), no legal definitions exist as to how settlements must be classified. Administratively, both towns and cities are ruled ascomuni/comunes, while villages might be subdivisions of the former. Generally, in everyday's speech, a town is larger or morepopulated than a village and smaller than a city. Various cities and towns together may form a metropolitan area (areametropolitana). A city, can also be a culturally, economically or politically prominent community with respect to surroundingtowns. Moreover, a city can be such by Presidential decree. A town, in contrast, can be an inhabited place which would elsewherebe styled a city, but has not received any official recognition. Remarkable exceptions do exist: for instance, Bassano del Grappa,was given the status of "città" in 1760 by Francesco Loredan's dogal decree and has since then carried this title. Also, the Italianword for town (paese with lowercase P) must not be confused with the Italian word for country/nation (Paese usually withuppercase P).

In Japan city status (shi) was traditionally reserved for only a few particularly large settlements. Over time however the necessaryconditions to be a city have been watered down and today the only loose rules that apply are having a population over 50,000 andover 60% of the population in a "city centre". In recent times many small villages and towns have merged in order to form a citydespite seeming geographically to be just a collection of villages.

The distinction between towns (machi/chō) and villages (mura/son) is largely unwritten and purely one of population size whenthe settlement was founded with villages having under 10,000 and towns 10,000–50,000.

In both of South Korea and North Korea, towns are called eup (읍).

In Latvia, towns and cities are indiscriminately called pilsēta in singular form. The name is a contraction of two Latvian words:pils (castle) and sēta (fence), making it very obvious what is meant by the word – what is situated between the castle and thecastle fence. However, a city can be called lielpilsēta in reference to its size. A village is called ciemats or ciems in Latvian.

In Lithuanian, a city is called miestas, a town is called miestelis (literally "small miestas). Metropolis is called didmiestis (literally"big miestas).

In Malaysia, a town is the area administered by Municipal Council (Malay: Majlis Perbandaran).

Italy

Japan

Korea

Latvia

Lithuania

Malaysia

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Before 1848 there was a legal distinction between stad and non-stad parts of the country, but the word no longer has any legalsignificance. About 220 places were granted stadsrechten (city rights) and are still so called for historical and traditional reasons,though the word is also used for large urban areas that never obtained such rights. Because of this, in the Netherlands, nodistinction is made between "city" and "town"; both translate as stad. A hamlet (gehucht) usually has fewer than 1,000inhabitants, a village (dorp) ranges from 1,000 up to 25,000 inhabitants, and a place above 25,000 can call itself either village orcity, mostly depending on historic reasons or size of the place. As an example, The Hague never gained city rights, but because ofits size - more than half a million inhabitants - it is regarded as a city. Staverden, with only 40 inhabitants, would be a hamlet, butbecause of its city rights it may call itself a city.

For statistical purposes, the Netherlands has three sorts of cities:

kleine stad (small city): 50,000 — 99,999 inhabitantsmiddelgrote stad (medium-sized city): 100,000 — 249,999 inhabitantsgrote stad (large city): 250,000 or more

Only Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht are regarded as a grote stad.

In New Zealand, a town is a built-up area that is not large enough to be considered a city. Historically, this definitioncorresponded to a population of between approximately 1,000 and 20,000. Towns have no independent legal existence, beingadministered simply as built-up parts of districts, or, in some cases, of cities.

New Zealand's towns vary greatly in size and importance, ranging from small rural service centres to significant regional centressuch as Blenheim and Taupo. Typically, once a town reaches a population of somewhere between 20,000 and 30,000 people, itwill begin to be informally regarded as a city. One who regards a settlement as too small to be a town will typically call it a"township" or "village."

In Norway, "city" and "town" both translate to "by", even if a city may be referred to as "storby" ("large town"). They will all bepart of and administered as a "kommune" ("municipality").

Norway has had inland the northernmost city in the world: Hammerfest. Now the record is held by New Ålesund on theNorwegian island Svalbard

In the Philippines, the local official equivalent of the town is the municipality(Filipino bayan). Every municipality, or town, in the country has a mayor(Filipino alkalde) and a vice mayor (Filipino bise alkalde) as well as local townofficials (Sangguniang Bayan). Philippine towns, otherwise called asmunicipalities, are composed of a number of villages and communities calledbarangays with one (or a few cluster of) barangay(s) serving as the town centeror poblacion.

Unique in Philippine towns is that they have fixed budget, population and landrequirements to become as such, i.e. from a barangay, or a cluster of such, to atown, or to become cities, i.e. from town to a city. Respectively, examples of these are the town of B.E. Dujali in Davao del Norte

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Philippines

The town center of Loboc, Bohol.

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province, which was formed in 1998 from a cluster of 5 barangays, and the city of El Salvador, which was converted from a townto a city in 2007. Each town in the Philippines was classified by its annual income and budget.

A sharp, hierarchical distinction exists between Philippine cities (Filipino lungsod or siyudad) and towns, as towns in the countryare juridically separate from cities, which are typically larger and more populous (some smaller and less populated) and whichpolitical and economic status are above those of towns. This was further supported and indicated by the income classificationsystem implemented by the National Department of Finance, to which both cities and towns fell into their respective categoriesthat indicate they are such as stated under Philippine law. However, both towns and cities equally share the status as localgovernment units (LGU's) grouped under and belong to provinces and regions; both each are composed of barangays and aregoverned by a mayor and a vice mayor supplemented by their respective LGU legislative councils.

Similarly to Germany and Sweden, in Poland there is no linguistic distinctionbetween a city and a town. The word for both is miasto, as a form of settlementdistinct from following: village (wieś), hamlet (przysiółek), settlement (osada),or colony (kolonia). Town status is conferred by administrative decree, newtowns are announced by the Government in a separate Bill effective from thefirst day of the year. Some settlements tend to remain villages even though theyhave a larger population than many smaller towns. Town may be called indiminutive way as "miasteczko", what is colloquially used for localities with afew thousand residents. Such localities have usually a Mayor (burmistrz) as achief of town council.

Cities are the biggest localities, generally must be bigger than 100 thousand ofresidents, they are ruled by President (prezydent) as a chief of City Council.There are bare a few (mainly historic or political) exemptions which haveallowed towns lesser than 100 thousand of people, to obtain President title for their Mayors, and to become recognized as Citiesthat way. Just to name a few: Bolesławiec, Gniezno, Zamość.

Like other Iberian cultures, in Portugal there is a traditional distinction between towns (vilas) and cities (cidades). Similarly,although these areas are not defined under the constitution, and have no political function (with associated organs), they aredefined by law,[10] and a town must have:

at least 3,000 inhabitantsat least half of these services: health unit, pharmacy, cultural centre, public transportation network, post office,commercial food and drinking establishments, primary school and/or bank office

In this context, the town or city is subordinate to the local authority (civil parish or municipality, in comparison to the NorthAmerican context, where they have political functions. In special cases, some villages may be granted the status of town if theypossess historical, cultural or architectonic importance.

The Portuguese urban settlements heraldry reflects the difference between towns and cities,[11] with the coat of arms of a townbearing a crown with 4 towers, while the coat of arms of a city bears a crown with 5 towers. This difference between towns andcities is still in use in other Portuguese speaking countries, but in Brazil is no longer in use.

Poland

Zamość in Poland is an example of autopian ideal town. It was declared aUNESCO World Heritage Site in1992

Portugal

Romania

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In Romania there is no official distinction between a city and a town (the word for both in Romanian is: oraş). Cities and towns inRomania can have the status either of oraş municipiu, conferred to large urban areas, or only oraş to smaller urban localities.Some settlements remain villages (communes) even though they have a larger population than other smaller towns.

Unlike English, the Russian language does not distinguish the terms "city" and"town"—both are translated as "город" (gorod). Occasionally the term "город"is applied to urban-type settlements as well, even though the status of those isnot the same as that of a city/town proper.

In Russia, the criteria an inhabited locality needs to meet in order to be grantedcity/town (gorod) status vary in different federal subjects. In general, to qualifyfor this status, an inhabited locality should have more than 12,000 inhabitantsand the occupation of no less than 85% of inhabitants must be other thanagriculture. However, inhabited localities which were previously granted thecity/town status but no longer meet the criteria can still retain the status forhistorical reasons.

In Singapore, towns are large scale satellite housing developments which are designed to be self contained. It includes publichousing units, a town centre and other amenities.[12] Helmed by a hierarchy of commercial developments, ranging from a towncentre to precinct-level outlets, there is no need to venture out of town to meet the most common needs of residences.Employment can be found in industrial estates located within several towns. Educational, health care, and recreational needs arealso taken care of with the provision of schools, hospitals, parks, sports complexes, and so on. The most populous town in thecountry is Bedok.

Bishan, one of Singapore's towns is the 38th biggest in terms of geographical size and the 21st mostpopulated planning area in the country.

In South Africa the Afrikaans term "Dorp" is used interchangeably with the English equivalent of "Town". A "town" is asettlement that has a size that is smaller than that of a city.

Russia

The town of Reutov is separatedfrom the city of Moscow just by theMKAD highway

Singapore

South Africa

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In Spain, the equivalent of town would be villa, a population unit between a village (pueblo) and a city (ciudad), and is notdefined by the number of inhabitants, but by some historical rights and privileges dating from the Middle Ages, such as the rightto hold a market or fair. For instance, while Madrid is technically a villa, Barcelona, with a smaller population, is known as a city.

The Swedish language does not differentiate between towns and cities in theEnglish sense of the words; both words are commonly translated as stad, a termwhich has no legal significance today. The term tätort is used for an urban areaor a locality, which however is a statistical rather than an administrative conceptand encompasses densely settled villages with only 200 inhabitants as well as themajor cities. The word köping corresponds to an English market town (chipping)or German Markt but is mainly of historical significance, as the term is not usedtoday and only survives in some toponyms. Some towns with names ending in -köping are cities with over 100 000 inhabitants today, e.g. Linköping.

Before 1971, 132 larger municipalities in Sweden enjoyed special royal chartersas stad instead of kommun (which is similar to a US county). However, since1971 all municipalities are officially defined as kommun, thus making no legaldifference between, for instance, Stockholm and a small countrysidemunicipality. Every urban area that was a stad before 1971 is still often referredto as a stad in daily speech. Since the 1980s, 14 of these municipalities brand themselves as stad again, although this has no legalor administrative significance, as they still have refer to themselves as kommun in all legal documentation.

For statistical purposes, Statistics Sweden officially defines a stad as an urban area of at least 10,000 inhabitants. In the Swedishlanguage the term for a major city is storstad (literally "big town"), but there is no clear definition as to when a stad should becalled a storstad. Most Swedes would only call Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö storstäder, i.e. "major cities", althoughUppsala fulfills the definition of "municipality with a population that exceeds 200 000 inhabitants".[13]

In Ukraine the term town (містечко, mistechko) existed from the Medievalperiod until 1925, when it was replaced by the Soviet regime with urban typesettlement.[14] Historically, town in the Ukrainian lands was a smaller populatedplace that was chartered under the German town law and had a market square(see Market town). Today informally, town is also referred to cities of districtsignificance, cities with small population, and former Jewish shtetls.

In England and Wales, a town traditionally was a settlement which had a charter to hold a market or fair and therefore became a"market town". Market towns were distinguished from villages in that they were the economic hub of a surrounding area, andwere usually larger and had more facilities.

Spain

Sweden

View towards St Mary's Cathedral inVisby, Sweden. Visby is one of themost well-preserved formerHanseatic cities in Sweden and aUNESCO World Heritage Site. Todayit is the seat of Gotland Municipality.

Ukraine

Fire station in town of BohorodchanyUnited Kingdom

England and Wales

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In parallel with popular usage, however, there are many technical and officialdefinitions of what constitutes a town, to which various interested parties cling.

In modern official usage the term town is employed either for old market towns,or for settlements which have a town council, or for settlements which elsewherewould be classed a city, but which do not have the legal right to call themselvessuch. Any parish council can decide to describe itself as a town council, but thiswill usually only apply to the smallest "towns" (because larger towns will belarger than a single civil parish).

Not all settlements which are commonly described as towns have a "TownCouncil" or "Borough Council". In fact, because of many successive changes to the structure of local government, there are nowfew large towns which are represented by a body closely related to their historic borough council. These days, a smaller town willusually be part of a local authority which covers several towns. And where a larger town is the seat of a local authority, theauthority will usually cover a much wider area than the town itself (either a large rural hinterland, or several other, smallertowns).

Additionally, there are "new towns" which were created during the 20th century, such as Basildon, Redditch and Telford. MiltonKeynes was designed to be a "new city" but legally it is still a town despite its size.

Some settlements which describe themselves as towns (e.g. Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire) are smaller than some largevillages (e.g. Kidlington, Oxfordshire).

The status of a city is reserved for places that have letters patent entitling them to the name, historically associated with thepossession of a cathedral. Some large municipalities (such as Northampton and Bournemouth) are legally boroughs but not cities,whereas some cities are quite small — such as Ely or St David's. The city of Brighton and Hove was created from the two formertowns and some surrounding villages, and within the city the correct term for the former distinct entities is somewhat unclear.

It appears that a city may become a town, though perhaps only throughadministrative error: Rochester in Kent had been a city for centuries but, when in1998 the Medway district was created, a bureaucratic blunder meant thatRochester lost its official city status and is now technically a town.

It is often thought that towns with bishops' seats rank automatically as cities:however, Chelmsford was a town until 5 June 2012 despite being the seat of thediocese of Chelmsford, created in 1914. St Asaph, which is the seat of thediocese of St Asaph, only became a city on 1 June 2012 though the diocese wasfounded in the mid sixth century. In reality, the pre-qualification of having acathedral of the established Church of England, and the formerly establishedChurch in Wales or Church of Ireland, ceased to apply from 1888.

The word town can also be used as a general term for urban areas, including cities and in a few cases, districts within cities. Inthis usage, a city is a type of town; a large one, with a certain status. For example, central Greater London is sometimes referredto colloquially as "London town". (The "City of London" is the historical nucleus, informally known as the "Square Mile", and isadministratively separate from the rest of Greater London, while the City of Westminster is also technically a city and is also aLondon borough.) Camden Town and Somers Town are districts of London, as New Town is a district of Edinburgh – actually theGeorgian centre.

A traditional English town centre atRugby

Bishop's Stortford

Scotland

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_townhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basildonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telfordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keyneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipston-on-Stourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidlingtonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_David%27shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hovehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medwayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsfordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Chelmsfordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Asaphhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_St_Asaphhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_in_Waleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Irelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminsterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_boroughhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Townhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somers_Town,_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburghhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburghhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rugby_town_centre.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby,_Warwickshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windhill.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford

A town in Scotland has no specific legal meaning and (especially in areas which were or are still Gaelic-speaking) can refer to amere collection of buildings (e.g. a farm-town or in Scots ferm-toun), not all of which might be inhabited, or to an inhabited areaof any size which is not otherwise described in terms such as city, burgh, etc. Many locations of greatly different size will beencountered with a name ending with -town, -ton, -toun etc. (or beginning with the Gaelic equivalent baile etc.).

A burgh (pronounced burruh) is the Scots' term for a town or a municipality. They were highly autonomous units of localgovernment from at least the 12th century until their abolition in 1975, when a new regional structure of local government wasintroduced across the country. Usually based upon a town, they had a municipal corporation and certain rights, such as a degreeof self-governance and representation in the sovereign Parliament of Scotland adjourned in 1707.

The term no longer describes units of local government although various claims are made from time to time that the legislationused was not competent to change the status of the Royal Burghs described below. The status is now chiefly ceremonial butvarious functions have been inherited by current Councils (e.g. the application of various endowments providing for publicbenefit) which might only apply within the area previously served by a burgh; in consequence a burgh can still exist (if only as adefined geographical area) and might still be signed as such by the current local authority. The word 'burgh' is generally not usedas a synonym for 'town' or 'city' in everyday speech, but is reserved mostly for government and administrative purposes.

Historically, the most important burghs were royal burghs, followed by burghs of regality and burghs of barony. Some newersettlements were only designated as police burghs from the 19th century onward, a classification which also applies to most of theolder burghs.

The definition of "town" varies widely from state to state and in many statesthere is no official definition. In some states, the term "town" refers to an area ofpopulation distinct from others in some meaningful dimension, typicallypopulation or type of government. The characteristic that distinguishes a townfrom another type of populated place — a city, borough, village, or township, forexample — differs from state to state. In some states, a town is an incorporatedmunicipality; that is, one with a charter received from the state, similar to a city(see incorporated town), while in others, a town is unincorporated. In someinstances, the term "town" refers to a small incorporated municipality of lessthan a population threshold specified by state statute, while in others a town canbe significantly larger. Some states do not use the term "town" at all, while inothers the term has no official meaning and is used informally to refer to apopulated place, of any size, whether incorporated or unincorporated. In still other states, the words "town" and "city" are legallyinterchangeable.

Small town life has been a major theme in American literature, especially stories of rejection by young people leaving for themetropolis.[15]

Since the use of the term varies considerably by state, individual usages are presented in the following sections:

In Alabama, the legal use of the terms "town" and "city" is based on population. A municipality with a population of 2,000 ormore is a city, while less than 2,000 is a town (Code of Alabama 1975, Section 11-40-6 (https://web.archive.org/web/20130616104014/http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/acas/CodeOfAlabama/1975/11-40-6.htm)). For legislative purposes, municipalities are

United States

The tiny farming community of Wyatt,Indiana

Alabama

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burghhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burghhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Scotland_1973_to_1996https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_corporationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-governancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_burghhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh_of_regalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh_of_baronyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_burghhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_townshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporated_townhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabamahttps://web.archive.org/web/20130616104014/http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/acas/CodeOfAlabama/1975/11-40-6.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wyatt-indiana-from-above.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyatt,_Indiana

divided into eight classes based on population. Class 8 includes all towns, plus cities with populations of less than 6,000 (Code ofAlabama 1975, Section 11-40-12 (https://web.archive.org/web/20130616104906/http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/acas/CodeOfAlabama/1975/11-40-12.htm)).

In Arizona, the terms "town" and "city" are largely interchangeable. A community may incorporate under either a town or a cityorganization with no regard to population or other restrictions according to Arizona law (see Arizona Revised Statutes, Title 9).Cities may function under slightly differing governmental systems, such as the option to organize a district system for citygovernments, but largely retain the same powers as towns. Arizona law also allows for the consolidation of neighboring townsand the unification of a city and a town, but makes no provision for the joining of two adjacent cities.

In California, the words "town" and "city" are synonymous by law (see Cal. Govt. Code Secs. 34500–34504). There are two typesof cities in California: charter and general law. Cities organized as charter cities derive their authority from a charter that theydraft and file with the state, and which, among other things, states the municipality's name as "City of (Name)" or "Town of(Name)." Government Code Sections 34500–34504 applies to cities organized as general law cities, which differ from chartercities in that they do not have charters but instead operate with the powers conferred them by the pertinent sections of theGovernment Code. Like charter cities, general law cities may incorporate as "City of (Name)" or "Town of (Name)."

Some cities change their minds as to how they want to be called. The sign in front of the municipal offices in Los Gatos,California, for example, reads "City of Los Gatos", but the words engraved on the building above the front entrance when the cityhall was built read "Town of Los Gatos." There are also signs at the municipal corporation limit, some of which welcome visitorsto the "City of Los Gatos" while older, adjacent signs welcome people to the "Town of Los Gatos." Meanwhile, the village doesnot exist in California as a municipal corporation. Instead, the word "town" is commonly used to indicate any unincorporatedcommunity that might otherwise be known as an unincorporated village. Additionally, some people may still use the word "town"as shorthand for "township", which is not an incorporated municipality but an administrative division of a county.

The Hawaiian Island of Oahu has various communities that may be referred to as towns. However, the entire island is lumped as asingle incorporated city, the City and County of Honolulu. The towns on Oahu are merely unincorporated census-designatedplaces.

In Illinois, the word "town" has been used both to denote a subdivision of a county called a township,[16] and to denote a form ofmunicipality similar to a village, in that it is generally governed by a president and trustees rather than a mayor.[17] In some areasa "Town" may be incorporated legally as a Village (meaning it has at large Trustees) or a City (meaning it has aldermen fromdistricts) and absorb the duties of the Township it is coterminous with (maintenance of birth records, certain welfare items).Evanston, Berwyn and Cicero are examples of Towns in this manner. Under the current Illinois Municipal Code, an incorporatedor unincorporated town may choose to incorporate as a city or as a village, but other forms of incorporation are no longerallowed.[18]

In Louisiana a "town" is defined as being a municipal government having a population of 1,001 to 4,999 inhabitants.[19]

Arizona

California

Hawaii

Illinois

Louisiana

https://web.archive.org/web/20130616104906/http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/acas/CodeOfAlabama/1975/11-40-12.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizonahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Gatos,_Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honoluluhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_placehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinoishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanston,_Illinoishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwyn,_Illinoishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero,_Illinoishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana

While a "town" is generally considered a smaller entity than a "city", the two terms are legally interchangeable in Maryland. Theonly exception may be the independent city of Baltimore, which is a special case, as it was created by the Constitution ofMaryland.

In Nevada, a town has a form of government, but is not considered to be incorporated. It generally provides a limited range ofservices, such as land use planning and recreation, while leaving most services to the county. Many communities have found this"semi-incorporated" status attractive; the state has only 20 incorporated cities, and towns as large as Paradise (186,020 in 2000Census), home of the Las Vegas Strip. Most county seats are also towns, not cities.

In the six New England states, a town is a municipality and a more important unit than the county. In Connecticut, Rhode Islandand 7 out of 14 counties in Massachusetts, in fact, counties only exist as map divisions and have no legal functions; in the otherthree states, counties are primarily judicial districts, with other functions primarily in New Hampshire, Maine, and Vermont. In allsix, towns perform functions that in most states would be county functions. The defining feature of a New England town, asopposed to a city, is that a town meeting and a board of selectmen serve as the main form of government for a town, while citiesare run by a mayor and a city council. For example, Brookline, Massachusetts is a town, even though it is fairly urban, because ofits form of government.

A "town" in the context of New Jersey local government refers to one of five types and one of eleven forms of municipalgovernment. While Town is often used as a shorthand to refer to a Township, the two are not the same. The Town Act of 1895allowed any municipality or area with a population exceeding 5,000 to become a Town through a petition and referendumprocess. Under the 1895 Act, a newly incorporated town was divided into at least three wards, with two councilmen per wardserving staggered two-year terms, and one councilman at large, who also served a two-year term. The councilman at large servedas chairman of the town council. The Town Act of 1988 completely revised the Town form of government and applied to alltowns incorporated under the Town Act of 1895 and to those incorporated by a special charter granted by the Legislature prior to1875.

Under the 1988 Act, the mayor is also the councilman at large, serving a term of two years, unless increased to three years by apetition and referendum process. The Council under the Town Act of 1988 consists of eight members serving staggered two-yearterms with two elected from each of four wards. One councilman from each ward is up for election each year. Towns withdifferent structures predating the 1988 Act may retain those features unless changed by a petition and referendum process. Twonew provisions were added in 1991 to the statutes governing towns, First, a petition and referendum process was created wherebythe voters can require that the mayor and town council be elected to four-year terms of office. The second new provision definesthe election procedure in towns with wards. The mayor in a town chairs the town council and heads the municipal government.The mayor may both vote on legislation before council and veto ordinances. A veto may be overridden by a vote of two-thirds ofall the members of the council. The council may enact an ordinance to delegate all or a portion of the executive responsibilities ofthe town to a municipal administrator. Fifteen New Jersey municipalities currently have a type of Town, nine of which operateunder the town form of government.

Maryland

Nevada

New England

New Jersey

New York

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Marylandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use_planninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nevadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise,_Nevadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Striphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_townhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusettshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermonthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_meetinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_selectmenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts

In New York, a town is similarly a division of the county, but with less importance than in New England. Of some importance, atown provides a closer level of governance than its enclosing county, providing almost all municipal services to unincorporatedcommunities, called hamlets, and selected services to incorporated areas, called villages. In New York, a town typically contains anumber of such hamlets and villages. However, due to their independent nature, incorporated villages may exist in two towns oreven two counties (example: Almond (village), New York). Everyone in New York who does not live on an Indian reservation ora city lives in a town and possibly in one of the town's hamlets or villages. (There are no towns in the five counties – also knownas boroughs – that make up New York City.

In North Carolina, all cities, towns, and villages are incorporated as municipalities. According to the North Carolina League ofMunicipalities,[20] there is no legal distinction among a city, town, or village—it is a matter of preference of the localgovernment. Some North Carolina cities have populations as small as 1,000 residents, while some towns, such as Cary, havepopulations of greater than 100,000.

In Pennsylvania, only one municipality is incorporated as a "town": Bloomsburg. Most of the rest of the state is incorporated astownships (there are also boroughs and cities), which function in much the same way as the towns of New York or New England,although they may have different forms of government.

In Texas, although some municipalities refer to themselves as "towns" or "villages" (to market themselves as an attractive place tolive), these names have no specific designation in Texas law; legally all incorporated places are considered cities.

In Utah, the legal use of the terms "town" and "city" is based on population. A municipality with a population of 1,000 or more isa city, while less than 1,000 is a town. In addition, cities are divided into five separate classes based on population.[21]

In Virginia, a town is an incorporated municipality similar to a city (though with a smaller required minimum population). Butwhile cities are by Virginia law independent of counties, towns are contained within counties.[22]

A town in the state of Washington is a municipality that has a population of less than 1,500 at incorporation, however an existingtown can reorganize as a code city.[23] Town government authority is limited relative to cities, the other main classification ofmunicipalities in the state.[24] As of 2012, most municipalities in Washington are cities. (See List of towns in Washington.)

Wisconsin has Towns which are areas outside of incorporated cities and villages. These Towns retain the name of the CivilTownship from which they evolved and are often the same name as a neighboring City. Some Towns, especially those in urbanareas, have services similar to those of incorporated Cities, such as police departments. These Towns will, from time to time,incorporate into Cities, such as Fox Crossing in 2016 from the former town of Menasha.[25] Often this is to protect against beingannexed into neighboring cities and villages.

North Carolina

Pennsylvania

Texas

Utah

Virginia

Washington

Wisconsin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(New_York)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_(New_York)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond_(village),_New_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_(New_York_City)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_North_Carolinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary,_North_Carolinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsburg,_Pennsylvaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_(Washington)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Washingtonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Crossing,_Wisconsinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menasha_(town),_Wisconsin

A Wyoming statute indicates towns are incorporated municipalities with populations of less than 4,000. Municipalities of 4,000or more residents are considered "first-class cities".[26]

In Vietnam, a district-level town (Vietnamese: thị xã) is the second subdivision, below a province (tỉnh) or municipality (thànhphố trực thuộc trung ương). A commune-level town (thị trấn) a third-level (commune-level) subdivision, below a district(huyện).

Commuter townCompany townDeveloped environmentsList of townsLocation (geography)Megalopolis (city type)Proto-cityTown charterTown HallTown limitsTown privilegesTown square

1. Goodall, B. (1987) The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography. London: Penguin.

2. "A dictionary of the Puk'hto, Pus'hto, or language of the Afghans" (http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:687.raverty). dsalsrv0 2.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2018-05-04.

3. "The Australian", December 13, 2012

4. "Consolidated version of Law no. 128/200 Coll" (http://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2000-128). Zakonyprolidi.cz.2000-05-15. Retrieved 2018-04-18.

5. "Byopgørelsen pr. 1. januar – Varedeklaration – Danmarks Statistik" (http://www.dst.dk/Vejviser/dokumentation/Varedeklarationer/emnegruppe/emne.aspx?sysrid=000766). Dst.dk. 2005-03-22. Retrieved 2010-08-06.

6. Universität Dortmund: Kleine und mittlere Städte – Blaupausen der Großstadt? (http://www.raumplanung.uni-dortmund.de/srp/web/dokumente/downloads/64_SRPapers%20Nr.1.pdf), Dokumentation des Expertenkolloquiumsam 29. April 2004 in Dortmund

7. Megyei jogú városok (http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/regiok/veszpremmjv10.pdf) – essay of HungarianCentral Statistical Office (Hungarian, July 2012)

8. "Magyarország megyei jogú városai" (http://www.terport.hu/telepulesek/telepulestipusok/megyei-jogu-varosok/magyarorszag-megyei-jogu-varosai) – list of Hungarian town with the rights of a county on "Térport" relatedwebpage of Ministry of National Development (Hungarian, access date: May 4, 2013.)

9. "Some Concepts and Definitions" (http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/kerala/13-concept-34.pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Retrieved 7 February 2015.

10. "Law n.º 11/82 (Lei das designações e determinação de categoria das povoações), of June, 2nd" (http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20100608050009/http%3A//www.povt.qren.pt/tempfiles/20080213151143moptc.pdf) (PDF). Archivedfrom the original (http://www.povt.qren.pt/tempfiles/20080213151143moptc.pdf) (PDF) on 2010-06-08. Retrieved2010-08-06.

Wyoming

Vietnam

See also

Notes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyominghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District-level_town_(Vietnam)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune-level_town_(Vietnam)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Vietnamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_townhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_townhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_environmentshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_townshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_(geography)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalopolis_(city_type)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_charterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Hallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_limitshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_privilegeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_squarehttp://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:687.ravertyhttp://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2000-128http://www.dst.dk/Vejviser/dokumentation/Varedeklarationer/emnegruppe/emne.aspx?sysrid=000766http://www.raumplanung.uni-dortmund.de/srp/web/dokumente/downloads/64_SRPapers%20Nr.1.pdfhttp://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/regiok/veszpremmjv10.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Central_Statistical_Officehttp://www.terport.hu/telepulesek/telepulestipusok/megyei-jogu-varosok/magyarorszag-megyei-jogu-varosaihttp://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/kerala/13-concept-34.pdfhttp://arquivo.pt/wayback/20100608050009/http%3A//www.povt.qren.pt/tempfiles/20080213151143moptc.pdfhttp://www.povt.qren.pt/tempfiles/20080213151143moptc.pdf

11. "Portuguese municipal flags" (http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/pt-_m.html#rules). Flags of the World.Crwflags.com.

12. Wong, Maisy (July 2014). "Estimating the distortionary effects of ethnic quotas in Singapore using housingtransactions". Journal of Public Economics. 115: 131–145. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.04.006 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2014.04.006).

13. "Bilaga 1. Begrepp och definitioner" (http://www.scb.se/statistik/BE/LE0102/2002A01/LE0102_2002A01_BR_12_BE51ST0307.pdf) (PDF) (in Swedish).

14. Mistechko (https://web.archive.org/web/20160829023834/http://ukrlit.org/slovnyk/%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE). Public electronic dictionary of Ukrainian language (ukrlit.org)

15. Miles Orvell, The Death and Life of Main Street: Small Towns in American Memory, Space, and Community(University of North Carolina Press; 2012)

16. See the Township Code, 60 ILCS 1 et seq.

17. See Phillips v. Town of Scales Mound, 195 Ill. 353, 357, 63 N.E. 180 (1902)

18. See generally Article 2 of the Illinois Municipal Code, 65 ILCS 5/2‑1‑1 et seq.

19. "Individual State Descriptions: 2002" (https://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/gc021x2.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved2018-04-18.

20. "How NC Cities Work" (https://www.nclm.org/advocacy/how-nc-cities-work). North Carolina League ofMunicipalities. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100516211303/http://www.nclm.org/resource-center/Pages/How-Municipalities-Work.aspx) from the original on 2010-05-16.

21. "Utah Code, Title 10, Chapter 2, Section 301" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110808233054/http://le.utah.gov/~code/TITLE10/htm/10_02_030100.htm). Utah State Legislature. Archived from the original (http://le.utah.gov/~code/TITLE10/htm/10_02_030100.htm) on August 8, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2010.

22. Charles A. Grymes (http://cfs.gmu.edu/bio/grymes_c.html). "County vs. Town vs. City in Virginia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100620092601/http://virginiaplaces.org/vagupnova/countytowncity.html). Archived from theoriginal (http://virginiaplaces.org/vagupnova/countytowncity.html) on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2011-05-31. "Citiesown and maintain their roads, while Virginia counties (except for Arlington and Henrico) rely upon VDOT for roadmaintenance. Cities get a fixed allocation of state funding for building and maintaining those roads, whilecounties must compete with each other and other VDOT priorities for a substantial portion of their road budget.Cities have been granted more authorities, such as the right of city councils to issue bonds to build roads withouta voter referendum (counties must get voter approval in a referendum before issuing road bonds)... In Virginia,towns have distinct boundaries, established by the General Assembly or by courts guided by laws passed by thelegislature. Towns are *not* independent from counties; residents of towns are still residents of the county inwhich the town is located. For example, residents of the four towns of Haymarket, Quantico, Dumfries, andOccoquan are also residents of Prince William County. They pay both town and county property taxes, and townresidents get to vote for a town council/mayor."

23. "Classification of Washington Cities" (http://www.mrsc.org/subjects/governance/locgov31.aspx). MunicipalResearch and Services Center of Washington. Retrieved December 14, 2012.

24. "A Comparison of the Powers of a Town and a Noncharter Code City" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080725204227/http://www.mrsc.org/Subjects/Management/forms/townandcodecity.aspx). Municipal Research and ServicesCenter of Washington. Archived from the original (http://www.mrsc.org/subjects/management/forms/townandcodecity.aspx) on July 25, 2008. Retrieved December 14, 2012.

25. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170211054509/http://www.town-menasha.com/town-of-menasha-incorporation-update/). Archived from the original (http://www.town-menasha.com/town-of-menasha-incorporation-update/) on 2017-02-11. Retrieved 2017-03-04.

26. "Title 15 - Cities and Towns; Chapter 1 - General Provisions; Article 1 - Powers and Miscellaneous Matters; 15-1-101. Definitions" (http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:kaqBkF5KiQgJ:wyoleg.gov/statutes/compress/title15.docx+&cd=8&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-b-1-d). State of Wyoming.

References

http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/pt-_m.html#ruleshttp