Organizing Violence Wealth, Power, And Governance

8/3/2019 Organizing Violence Wealth, Power, And Governance

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Ercfd`z`dc Zèbhdnh ]fch 6

]YHB@L@DFYP GYFJW? ]bhfsh ge det n`th

Ercfd`z`dc Zèbhdnh?

Shfbta, ]ewhr, fdg Cevhrdfdnh

Yeihrt Ifths∓ , Fvdhr Crh`j ∓ ∓ , fdg ^l`tf ^`dca∓

@dtreguntèd

Fs Iunafdfd fdg Wubbenk (60:9) ednh frcuhg, typ`nfbby peb`t`nfb sn`hdt`sts stugy nehrnèd

wa`bh hnedel`sts stugy hxnafdch. Sh rhohnt ta`s g`st`dntèd fs frt j`n`fb. @dghhg, tah prhl`sh ej ta`s pfphr `s taft nehrnèd `s fs luna f pfrt ej derlfb b`jh fs `s hxnafdch; waft

neudts `s det `ts prhshdnh er fishdnh iut rftahr `ts strunturh fdg ercfd`zftèd. @d edhjerl, nehrnèd `s pr`vfthby prev`ghg (stfthbhss sen`ht`hs)? Zèbhdnh `s hlpbeyhg `d pr`vfthfnts ej prhgftèd fdg ft ihst rhsubts `d lhrh rhg`strìutèd. Iut, wh frcuh, wahd

strunturhg fdg ercfd`zhg, nehrnèd nfd ih sen`fbby pregunt`vh. Hxpber`dc tah hqu`bìrùl

nedg`tèds ej f ‒nedtrfnt“ ihtwhhd f sphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh fdg pr`vfth fchdts, wh saewtaft tahrh hx`sts f pr`nh ft wa`na sphn`fb`sts `d vèbhdnh w`bb ghpbey nehrnèd pregunt`vhby,hb`n`t`dc tah levhlhdt ej rhseurnhs jrel udpregunt`vh l`b`tfry fnt`v`t`hs te pregunt`vhbfier. Wa`s ‒nedtrfnt“ `d hsshdnh trfdsjerls tah sphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh `dte f cevhrdlhdt.

@d hxpber`dc tahsh tahlhs, wh taus jenus det ed tah hx`sthdnh ej nehrnèd iutrftahr `ts ercfd`zftèd. Sh ihc`d iy fdfbyz`dc stfthbhss sen`ht`hs, `d wa`na nehrnèd `s

pr`vfthby suppb`hg. @d suna sen`ht`hs, phepbh shnurh `dnelhs jrel ieta vèbhdnh fdgbfier; wh j`dg taft `d suna sen`ht`hs tah bhvhb ej whbjfrh fttf`dfibh `s nedstrf`dhg iy tahjfnt taft phfnh lust ih trfghg ejj fcf`dst presphr`ty. Sh tahd `dtregunh f sphn`fb st `d

]rhpfrhg jer prhshdtftèd ft tah 9=== Fddufb Lhht`dcs ej tah Flhr`nfd ]eb`t`nfb

^n`hdnh Fssen`ftèd, Sfsa`dcted, G.N., ^hpthlihr 6->, 9===. Nepyr`cat iy tahFlhr`nfd ]eb`t`nfb n`hdnh Fssen`ftèd.

∓ Afrvfrg Xd`vhrs`ty∓∓ tfdjerg Xd`vhrs`ty




vèbhdnh „ `.h. fd fchdt waesh `dnelh ghr`vhs det jrel pregunt`vh fnt`v`ty iut rftahr

jrel tah hxtrfntèd ej whfbta jrel etahrs. Sahd n`t`zhds nedtrfnt w`ta f sphn`fb`st te prethnt tah`r prephrty, sen`hty nfd trfdsnhdg tah jredt`hr ghj`dhg iy tah trfghejj ihtwhhd

presphr ty fdg vèbhdnh.

Sh hlifrk uped ta`s hxfl`dftèd ej tah prephrt`hs ej ieta stfthbhss sen`ht`hs fdgsen`ht`hs rubhg iy sphn`fb`sts `d vèbhdnh iy hstfib`sa`dc f g`fbecuh ihtwhhd tahery fdg

gftf. Xs`dc f jerlfb leghb, wh hxpberh tah bec`n taft cevhrds ihafvèr udghr g`jjhrhdthqu`bìr`f. Wah jerlfb frculhdts ghj`dh tah ept`lul nae`nh ej strfthc`hs, fdt`n`pft`dc

tah ihst rhspedsh iy etahrs. F leghb taft afs b`ttbh rhbhvfdnh te rhfb sen`ht`hs `s ej b`l`thg ush; se tee edh taft lhrhby nfpturhs `d jerlfb bec`n s`tuftèds taft afvh ihhdeishrvhg fdg ghsnrìhg. ê wa`bh ghvhbep`dc ta`s pr`dn`pfb b`dh ej frculhdt, wh fbse

hxpberh `ts `lpb`nftèds. êlh phrtf`d te tah stfi`b`ty ej stfths; etahrs te stfth jf`burh. Shneds`ghr hlp`r`nfb hxflpbhs cbhfdhg jrel a`stery fdg tah nedthlperfry ghvhbep`dc

werbg „ fdg hsphn`fbby tah jrfc`bh stfths ej Fjr`nf. Hxpber`dc tah bec`n ej tah jerlfbfrculhdt `bbul`dfths tah peb`t`nfb s`cd`j`nfdnh ej puib`n rhvhduhs (fdg jerh`cd f`g); tah peb`t`nfb er`c`ds ej ‒tah rhseurnh nursh;“ fdg tah g`vhrsh pftas iy wa`na stfths jrfnturh

fdg g`sfsshlibh.

F Leghb ej ]rethntèd fdg ]reguntèd `d ^tfthbhss ên`ht`hs

@d eur leghb, vèbhdnh nfd ih hlpbeyhg ieta te hxprepr`fth tah prephrty ej etahrs(rf`g`dc), fdg te prethnt edh‐s ewd prephrty jrel lfrfug`dc. We fpprex`lfth f stfthbhsssen`hty, wh stfrt w`ta f s`lpbh leghb ej shbj-ghjhdsh fdg lutufb ghthrrhdnh. Sh w`bb

hxthdg ta`s leghb bfthr `d tah pfphr te `dnbugh f cevhrdlhdt, iut `d ta`s shtup, tah edby pbfyhrs frh pr`vfth fchdts wae werk, rf`g/ghjhdg, fdg nedsulh.

@d ghvhbep`dc eur frculhdt, wh fssulh twe (syllhtr`n) pbfyhrs; f chdhr`n pbfyhr

`s rhjhrrhg te fs pbfyhr , wahrh < 6,9. Wahsh pbfyhrs nfd ih `dg`v`gufbs er trìhs, nbfdser hvhd htad`n creups. Jer s`lpb`n`ty ej hxpes`tèd, wh `cderh fbb `ssuhs rhbfthg te tah

`dthrdfb ercfd`zftèd ej tahsh ud`ts, `dnbug`dc nebbhnt`vh fntèd preibhls, ghn`sèd-lfk`dc prenhsshs, fdg jrhh-r`g`dc.6 Hfna pbfyhr afs f c`vhd fleudt ej rhseurnhs ej t`lh

fdg hjjert, ghdethg iy W`,, taft sah lust ghn`gh aew te fbbenfth. Ft tah stfrt ej hfna phrèg, pbfyhrs s`lubtfdheusby fbbenfth tah`r j`d`th rhseurnhs fledc werk`dc (w`),fnqu`r`dc l`b`tfry nfpfi`b`t`hs (l`), fdg bh`surh (b ), wahrh w`, l`, b =, fdg W ` < w` + l` +

b @ . Ft tah sflh t`lh, pbfyhrs lust fbse ghn`gh wahtahr te ut`b`zh tah`r l`b`tfry sk`bbs, fdgrf`g tah whfbta ej tah etahr pbfyhr. Ghj`dh r < {=, 6} te hqufb 6 `j pbfyhr rf`gs fdg hqufb

= `j sah gehs det fttfnk.

Edby tah rhseurnhs ghvethg te werk`dc, w@, frh sen`fbby pregunt`vh, fdg rhsubt `d fd

6 Sh fssulh twe ud`ts `d erghr te s`lpb`jy tah hxpes`tèd. Eur rhsubts weubg aebg `j wh

fssulhg f bfrchr hvhd dulihr ej pbfyhrs, se bedc fs tah pbfyhrs nfddet neephrfth `d tahush ej vèbhdnh.



Ercfd`z`dc Zèbhdnh ]fch >

eutput ej J(w`) jer pbfyhr `. 9 ]bfyhr nfd fbse ghveth ahr rhseurnhs te eitf`d`dc l`b`tfry

sk`bbs, l`, wa`na sah nfd ush h`tahr te rf`g tah etahr pbfyhr‐s whfbta er te ghjhdg ahr ewd prephrty. Wah `dvhstlhdt `d l`b`tfry sk`bbs y`hbgs pfyejjs ghthrl`dhg iy L(•)? @j pbfyhr `

fttfnks fdg pbfyhr „ ghjhdgs, tahd L ( l , l-`) `s tah safrh ej pbfyhr „ 's whfbta taft pbfyhr s fibh te hxprepr`fth `j sah fbbenfths l` ud`ts ej hjjert te phrjhnt`dc ahr l`b`tfry

nfpfi`b`t`hs, fdg tah etahr pbfyhr, pbfyhr „`, fbbenfths l-` ud`ts.

>

@j f pbfyhr lfkhs del`b`tfry `dvhstlhdt, sah nfddet hxprepr`fth fdy ej tah etahr pbfyhr‐s whfbta `d f rf`g (`.h.,L(•)<=). Wah lerh sah `dvhsts `d l`b tfry nfpfi`b`ty tah a`cahr ahr y`hbg jrel f rf`g;

aewhvhr, tah lerh l`b`tfry fi`b`ty f phrsed fnqu`rhs, tah lerh sah `s fibh te hdcfch `dghjhdsh fdg tah lerh g`jj`nubt `t `s te hxprepr`fth ahr whfbta. L taus ghdeths tahthnadebecy ej vèbhdnh; `t nfpturhs tah nerrhspedghdnh ihtwhhd l`b`tfry nfpfi`b`t`hs fdg

rhg`strìut`vh eutnelhs.

^`dnh ieta pbfyhrs nfd rf`g hfna etahr, tah dht tetfb `dnelh ej pbfyhr `, @`(w , l , w-

, l-`) hqufbs ahr `dnelh jrel werk fdg rf`g`dc bhss ahr besshs jrel ih`dc rf`ghg. ê,@`(•) < J(w`) + r J(w-`)L(l , l-`) - r -`J(w`)L(l-` , l`).

Fdy rhseurnhs det ghvethg te w` er l` `dnrhfsh tah fleudt ej bh`surh, b , taft f pbfyhr nedsulhs. ]bfyhr 's ut`b`ty jrel `dnelh fdg bh`surh `s ghdethg iy X(@ `(•), b ),wahrh @ `s taft pbfyhr's `dnelh fdg b frh tah rhseurnhs fbbenfthg te bh`surh. Sh lf`dtf`d

tah usufb fssulptèds w`ta rhsphnt te tah judntèd X(•), `dnbug`dc nednfv`ty `d hfna ej `tshbhlhdts.

Wahrhjerh, ]bfyhr 's fntèd sht, F < {( w , l , b , r )? w , l , b ≨ = fdg w + l + b <

W`, r ∁ {=, 6}}, y`hbgs ahr f edh-phrèg pfyejj ej `(w , l , b , w-` , l-`) < X(@`(•), b ).

Sh hlpbey ta`s shtup te hxpberh tah hqu`bìrùl prephrt`hs ej sen`ht`hs taft bfnk stfths.

J`rst ihst hqu`bìr ul. ^`dnh fnqu`r`dc l`b`tfry fi`b`ty fdg rf`g`dc y`hbg zhre

`dnelh jer h`tahr pbfyhr, c`vhd tah syllhtry ej tah cflh, tah j`rst ihst hqu`bìrùlweubg `dvebvh fd ept`lfb fbbenftèd ej rhseurnhs te werk`dc fdg bh`surh, w`ta de l`b`tfry

`dvhstlhdt. @d erghr te fna`hvh tah j rst ihst fbbenftèd, tah lfrc`dfb pregunt`v`ty ej

9 J(•) `s fssulhg te ih f tw`nh nedt`dueusby g`jjhrhdt`fibh, nednfvh judntèd taft lfps

jrel pbfyhr 's hjjert te ahr `dnelh.> Wah jebbew`dc `s fssulhg w`ta rhsphnt te tah judntèd L? (`) L ∁ [=, 6\. Eivèusby,

de pbfyhr nfd hxprepr`fth lerh tafd waft tah etahr pesshsshs. (``) L / l` = fdg L / l-` =; 9L / l`

9 = fdg 9L / l-`9 =. L `s ded-ghnrhfs`dc `d l fdg ded-

`dnrhfs`dc `d l-`. @t `s f tw`nh nedt`dueusby g`jjhrhdt`fibh judnt ed w`ta ghnrhfs`dcrhturds, wa`na lhfds taft tah pertèd ej pbfyhr „ ‐s whfbta taft pbfyhr nfd hxprepr`fth`s nednfvh `d l fdg nedvhx `d l -`. (```) L 4 = `jj l` 4 = . Waft `s, `j fdg edby `j pbfyhr `

`dvhsts `d l`b`tfry fi`b`ty nfd sah hxprepr`fth pfrt ej tah etahr pbfyhr‐s `dnelh. (`v) 9L / l` l- 2 =. Wah nress pfrt`fb ghr`vft`vh ej L w`ta rhsphnt te l fdg l-` s

dhcft`vh. Waft `s, tah lerh l`b`tfry fi`b`ty f phrsed fnqu`rhs, tah lerh sah `s fibh tehdcfch `d ghjhdsh fdg tah lerh g`jj`nubt `t `s te hxprepr`fth ahr whfbta.




l`b`tfry hjjert lust ih bhss tafd tah lfrc`dfb pregunt`v`ty ej werk. 7 @d etahr wergs, hvhd

wahd edh pbfyhr `s vubdhrfibh te f rf`g (`.h., l`<=), tah etahr dedhtahbhss lust j`dg `t `dahr `dthrhsts te rhjrf`d jrel waft prel`shs te ih f sunnhssjub rf`g `j sah fnqu`rhs l`b`tfry

fi`b`ty (`.h., l-`4=). F lelhdt‐s rhjbhntèd `bbustrfths tah `lpbfusì`b`ty ej ta`srhqu`rhlhdt. @t `lpb`hs taft phepbh lust rhjrf`d jrel tahjt `d tah prhshdnh ej suna

thlptftèds fs udprethnthg nreps fdg udcufrghg nfttbh. Wa`s hxflpbh udghrsnerhs tahg`jj`nubty ej fna`hv`dc tah j`rst ihst eutnelh `d f s`dcbh phrèg cflh.

Jer tah irefghr frculhdt ej tah pfphr, `t `s fbse `lpertfdt te deth taft `d f s`dcbh pbfy ej tah cflh tah rhqu`rhlhdts jer tah j`rst ihst hqu`bìrùl frh bhss b`khby te aebg tah

bewhr tah lfrc`dfb pregunt`v`ty ej werk`dc, J(w`JI)/ w` fdg tah a`cahr tah tetfb

pregunt J(w-`JI). @dsejfr fs hnedel`n presphr ty `lpb`hs ghnrhfs dc lfrc`dfb rhturds te

bfier fdg crhfthr tetfb preguntèd, tah `lpb`nftèd `s nbhfr? tah a`cahr tah bhvhb ej

hnedel`n presphr`ty, tah lerh g`jj`nubt `t `s te rhs`st tah thlptftèd te hdcfch `d prhgftèd.

@d s`dcbh pbfys ej tah cflh, tah j`rst ihst fbbenftèd lfy det ih sustf`dfibh fs fdhqu`bìrùl ej tah cflh. @t `s whbb kdewd, aewhvhr, taft eutnelhs taft nfddet ihfttf`dhg fs hqu`bìr`f `d f edh saet cflh lfy whbb ih fttf`dfibh wahd f cflh `s rhphfthg

`dj`d`thby. @t afs ihnelh nelledpbfnh `d peb`t nfb sn`hdnh te fpphfb te tah se-nfbbhg‒jebk taherhl“ (Jhughdihrc fdg Lfsk`d 601:) fdg te frcuh taft taft `d s`tuftèds ej

rhphfthg pbfy, tah `dnhdt`vhs hdchdghrhg iy pud`salhdt strfthc`hs nfd y`hbg tahfttf`dlhdt ej j`rst ihst whbjfrh lfx`l`z`dc eutnelhs fs hqu`bìr`f.

Fbtaeuca, fs weubg ih hxphnthg jrel tah jebk taherhl, `j tah pr`vfth fchdts'

g`sneudt jfnter, η `, `s sujj`n`hdtby nbesh te edh, tah j`rst ihst eutnelh nfd ih fttf`dhg `d

hqu`bìrùl8, tah nedg`tèds jer tah j`rst ihst te nedst`tuth fd hqu`bìrùl ej tah rhphfthg

cflh frh st`bb hxtrhlhby rhstr`nt`vh. Fs `bbustrfthg `d tah Fpphdg`x, jer tah j`rst-ihsteutnelh te ih fd hqu`bìrùl, ieta pbfyhrs lust safrh tah sflh hxphntftèds rhcfrg`dc

tah etahrs' pbfy, fdg tahy lust ge se `d fbb nedt`dchdn`hs. Jurtahrlerh, jer ‒tah safgewej tah juturh“ (Fxhbreg 6017) te suppert tah j`rst ihst, ieta pbfyhrs lust ih sujj`n`hdtby pft`hdt. @d pfrt`nubfr, hfna lust ih se pft`hdt taft hvhd wahd tah etahr l`cat bfnk lhfds

ej ghjhdsh, ah weubg det rf`g a`l, jhfr`dc f rhvhrsèd te nafes.

Sa`bh snaebfrs jrhquhdtby fpphfb te tah Jebk Waherhl `d oust`j`nftèd ej

ghnhdtrfb`zhg lhfds ej suppby`dc peb`t`nfb erghr (Kheafdh 6017; Ifths 601>i; Wfyber 603:), tahy bhss jrhquhdtby fnkdewbhgch fd eivèus `lpb`nftèd. Sa`bh tahrh hx`sts fg`sneudt jfnter taft lfy bhfg fnters te ihafvh `d wfys taft y`hbg tah j`rst ihst pfyejj `d

hqu`bìrùl, iy tah vhry sflh rhfsed`dc, jer fdy t`lh g`sneudt jfnter, tahrh `s fdhqu`bìrùl pfyejj taft w`bb evhrturd tah j`rst ihst fs fd hqu`bìrùl.

7 hh Fpphdg`x jer tah jerlfb frculhdts, hquftèd >.8 hh Fpphdg`x, ]repes`tèd 6.





Ercfd`z`dc Zèbhdnh ]fch :

hjjert, w DL, bew hdeuca te jerhstfbb rf`g`dc. Hfna pbfyhr ghthrs tah etahr jrel rf`g`dc iy

tarhfthd`dc te rhvhrt te tah fbb-ghjhnt hqu`bìrùl fdg iy lfk`dc ahrshbj peer hdeuca se

taft rf`g`dc `s det prej`tfibh. Bh`surh `s nedsulhg det edby jer jud, iut fbse `d erghr te prhvhdt prhgftèd. Wah prephrt`hs ej ta`s hqu`bìr ul taus a`cab`cat f khy hnedel`nrhfb`ty jer sen`ht`hs taft shhk te prethnt prephrty r`cats fdg te prhshrvh puib`n erghr

tareuca shbj-ahbp rftahr tafd tareuca cevhrdlhdts? phepbh `d suna sen`ht`hs lust rhgunhtah bhvhb ej eutput te jerhstfbb vèbhdnh.

Wa`s `lpb`nftèd succhsts f shnedg quhstèd? nfd selh fleudt ej `dvhstlhdt `dl`b`tfry nfpfi`b`t hs prev`gh f ghthrrhdnh te rf`g`dc w`taeut afv`dc te rhgunh preguntèd5We fdswhr ta`s quhstèd, wh turd te f hqu`bìrùl te eur cflh taft fbbews jer l`b`tfry

`dvhstlhdt, taeuca bhss tafd tah bhvhbs `d tah fbb-ghjhnt hqu`bìrùl.

]es`t`vh L`b`tfry @dvhstlhdt (]L) Hqu`bìrùl. Wah ]L hqu`bìrùl rhshlibhs

tah DL hqu`bìrùl, hxnhpt taft hfna fchdt ghveths pes`t`vh fleudts ej hjjert te tahfnqu`s`tèd ej l`b`tfry nfpfi`b`ty, iut bhss tafd tah fleudt taft nafrfnthr`zhs tah fbb-ghjhnt hqu`bìrùl, = 2 l`

]L 2 l`G. Wah fleudt ghvethg te werk `s fbse crhfthr, w`

]L 4

w`G. Hfna pbfyhr's strfthcy nfbbs jer `dvhst`dc l`

]L ud`ts ej hjjert te l`b`tfry fi`b`ty fdgw`

]L ud`ts te werk, fdg rhjrf`d`dc jrel rf`g`dc, fs bedc fs tah etahr pbfyhr afs dhvhr

rf`ghg fdg afs fbse fbbenfthg w-`]L te werk fdg l-`

]L te l`b`tfry prhpfrhgdhss. Wahhqu`bìrùl strfthcy fbse nfbbs jer rf`g`dc fdg tahd rhvhrt`dc te pbfy`dc tah fbb-ghjhntstrfthcy jerhvhr `j tah etahr pbfyhr afs hvhr fbbenfthg ud`ts l-` l-`

]L te l`b`tfry fi`b`ty

er lerh tafd w-`]L ud`ts te pregunt`vh bfier. 1

Wah s`cd`j`nfdnh ej ta`s hqu`bìrùl jer eur frculhdt ghr`vhs jrel tah jfnt taft

ghsp`th tah wfsthjub `dvhstlhdt `d l`b`tfry rhseurnhs, tah pes`t`vh-l b`tfry hqu`bìrùlnfd ]frhte gel`dfth tah de-l`b`tfry hqu`bìr ul. @t tahrhjerh a`cab`cats tah trfgh ejj ihtwhhd presphr ty fdg vèbhdnh. F de-l`b`tfry hqu`bìrùl rhstr`nts tah pbfyhrs' fi`b`ty

te ghveth rhseurnhs te werk ihnfush tah fleudt ej hjjert ghvethg te werk `s rhstr`nthg iytah dhhg te rhgunh tah pregunt`v`ty ej rf`gs iy tah etahr pbfyhr. @dsthfg, rhs`gufb

rhseurnhs frh ghvethg te bh`surh rftahr tafd te bfier. Ihnfush tahy ghveth lerh rhseurnhste ghthrr`dc rf`g`dc, taesh wae fgept f ]L hqu`bìrùl strfthcy nfd ghveth lerhrhseurnhs te pregunt`vh fnt`v`ty fs whbb.

Lerh prhn`shby, tah ]L hqu`bìrùl nfd gel`dfth tah DL hqu`bìrùl wahd frhg`strìutèd ej hjjert `d tah DL hqu`bìrùl jrel bh`surh te werk fdg l`b`tfry prhpfrhgdhss y`hbgs fd `dnrhfsh `d hnedel`n eutput taft nelphdsfths jer tah bess ej

bh`surh, wa`bh st`bb ih`dc bew hdeuca te hdsurh taft rf`g`dc (wa`na hdtf`bs f rhvhrsèd tetah fbb-ghjhnt hqu`bìrùl) rhlf`ds udprej`tfibh. Sahtahr tah sa`jt `d rhseurnhs fwfy

jrel bh`surh `s ]frhte hjj`n`hdt ghphdgs uped tah judntèdfb jerls ej tah lfrc`dfb pregunt`v`ty ej werk, tah lfrc`dfb ut`b`ty jrel bh`surh, fdg tah lfrc`dfb ut`b ty ej `dnelh,s`dnh wh kdew `dvhstlhdt `d l`b`tfry hjjert rhgunhs tah lfrc`dfb ihdhj`t ej rf`gs.

1 hh Fpphdg`x, hquftèd 66.




@d f ]L hqu`bìrùl, sen`hty `s nafrfnthr`zhg iy nedstfdt g`spbfys ej l`b`tfry

fi`b`ty er sk rl`sahs. Wah ghledstrftèd ej jernh iy edh pbfyhr `dg`nfths te tah etahr pbfyhr taft saeubg sah ta`dk ej rf`g`dc, tah prej`tfi b`ty ej suna rf`gs weubg ih l`d`lfb.

ûna sen`ht`hs frh wfrb`kh, iut tahy fbse frh hnedel`nfbby lerh pregunt`vh tafd sen`ht`hswaesh n`t`zhds ge det ihfr frls.

@lpb`nftèds jer ^tfthbhss ên`ht`hs

Eur nelpfr`sed ej tah hqu`bìr`f succhsts tah hx`sthdnh ej rhcubfr`t`hs taft wh saeubg j`dg

`d stfthbhss sen`ht`hs.

• @d sen`ht`hs `d wa`na nehrnèd `s pr`vfthby ghpbeyhg jer tah rf`g`dc fdg prethntèd ej

prephrty, presphr ty w`bb ih fssen`fthg w`ta vèbhdnh. Wa`s prephrty ghr`vhs jrel tahdhhg, `d hqu`bìrùl, te lf`dtf`d ‒pfr`ty“ ihtwhhd bfier pregunt`v`ty fdg tahlfrc`dfb rhturds te l`b`tfry `dvhstlhdt? Fs rhturds te bfier `dnrhfsh, se ge tah

`dnhdt`vhs te ghveth rhseurnhs te vèbhdnh.

Fs f nerebbfry, wh saeubg eishrvh f nerrhspedghdnh ihtwhhd bfier pregunt`v`ty fdg

vèbhdnh. @d etahr wergs, stfthbhss sen`ht`hs l`cat ih h`tahr whfbtay fdg vèbhdt er phfnhjub fdg peer.

• We hsnfph jrel tah nedstrf`dt `lpeshg iy ta`s trfgh-ejj ihtwhhd phfnh fdg

presphr`ty, suna sen`ht`hs l`cat shhk tah `dtreguntèd ej f nhdtrfb`zhg jerl ej peb`t`nfb erghr. Wahy lfy shhk tah `dtreguntèd ej sphn`fb`sts `d tah ush ej vèbhdnh,

wa`na wh w`bb nfbb tah stfth.

@j eur nbf`ls fdg fdfbys`s frh nerrhnt, wh saeubg ih fibh te `ghdt`jy hlp`r`nfb hxflpbhstaft jebbew tahsh pftthrds. We fsshss eur frculhdts, wh dew turd te lfthr`fbs grfwd

jrel a`stery fdg tah nedthlperfry hxphr`hdnhs ej tah ghvhbep`dc werbg.

]resphr`ty fdg Zèbhdnh

@d tah bfth 6>ta Nhdtury, Hureph hxphr hdnhg f phrèg ej hnedel`n presphr`ty. @d dertahrdHureph, `dvhsters ihcfd grf`d`dc ghbtfs fdg swflpbfdgs, g`vhrt`dc r`vhrs, fdg hlpbey`dcwfthrpewhr te gr`vh lfna`dhs taft creudg crf`d, safphg lhtfb, fdg nfrghg weeb. Wewds

suna fs ]fr`s, Bedged, Yeuhd, Iruchs, fdg Cahdt oe`dhg tah rfdks ej tah seutahrd n`ty-stfths fs `lpertfdt nhdthrs ej nellhrnh. Dhw thnadebec`hs jer jfrl`dc, ir`gch iu`bg`dc,

lfdujfntur`dc, fdg nellhrnh hlhrchg taft weubg, w`ta tah Ibfnk Ghfta, ih sahbvhg, te ih rhv`vhg nhdtur`hs bfthr. 0

Fs w`ta tah `dgustr`fb rhvebutèd ej tah 61ta Nhdtury, tah presphr`ty ej tah 6> ta wfs

lfrkhg iy tah r`sh ej tah thxt`bh `dgustry. Wah urifd nhdthrs ej tah bewbfdgs, fdg `d

0 ^hh tah g`snussèd ej tah rh-`dvhdtèd ej tahsh thnadebec`hs fjthr tah 68 ta Nhdtury `d(Irfughb 6009).




pfrt`nubfr Iruchs, ihnflh lfoer nhdthrs jer tah nfrg`dc fdg sp`dd`dc ej weeb. Fdg w`ta

fd `dnrhfsh `d tah ghlfdg jer weebhds nflh f r`sh `d tah ghlfdg jer sahhp. Sa`bh n`t`hs`d tah bewbfdgs pregunhg thxt`bhs, `t wfs tah rurfb neudt`hs ej Hdcbfdg taft prev`ghg tah

rfw weeb. Nedsubt`dc trhft`shs ed hstfth lfdfchlhdt, fiiets fdg lfcdfths tareucaeutHdcbfdg turdhg te tah rf`s`dc ej sahhp. @d tah wergs ej H`bhhd ]ewhr, tah 6>ta Nhdtury

ihnflh ‒tah cebghd fch ej Hdcb`sa ghlhsdh jfrl`dc“ (]ewhr 6076), p. >8.

Sa`bh tah 6>ta Nhdtury lfy afvh hxphr`hdnhg presphr`ty, `t g`g det hxphr`hdnh phfnh. Saft Sfbbfnh LfnNfjjrhy weubg wr`th ej tah 68ta Nhdtury wfs truh ej tah 6> ta fs

whbb? `d ‒tah fishdnh ej f stredc reyfb phrsedfb`ty, tah peb`t`nfb werbg tahd turdhg `dte ‒fdfrhdf wahrh de pr`zhs … whrh eut ej rhfna, iut wahrh tahrh wfs de shnur`ty jer tah b`jh,bìhrty, er prephrty ej tah nedthstfdts“ (LfnNfjjrhy 60:6), p. 0:. Hvhd Ahdry @@ ‒afg

edby f pr`l`t`vh nednhpt ej tah stfth, v`hw`dc a`s ‑hlp`rh‐ fs pr`vfth jfl`by prephrty,“Wurdhr wr`ths (Wurdhr 6007), p. :8; fdg wahd tah ghsnhdghdts ej tah jeudghr ej tah

Fdchv`d b`dh jhbb eut fledc tahlshbvhs, tahy tahd oe`dhg tah rfdks ej etahr lfcdfths `dtah nelpht`tèd jer whfbta fdg pewhr.

S`ta tah r`sh `d tah ghlfdg jer weeb, tah stfkhs resh `d tah nedthst jer r`cats evhr bfdg fdg peb`t`nfb udnhrtf`dty `dnrhfshg fs tah lhlihrs ej tah reyfb b`dhfch nedthsthg jer pewhr. Bfdg r`cats whrh werta j`cat`dc jer w`ta tah crewta ej tah weeb trfgh.

@d shhk`dc te vhst tah`r r`cats `d prephrty, tahd, rurfb lfcdfths `dvhsthg `d l`b`tfrynfpfi`b`t`hs. Wrfn`dc tah neursh ej S`bb`fl Lfrsafbb, phrafps tah lest jfleus lfcdfth`d tah Fdchv`d hrf, Gfv`g Nreuna (600=) deths taft Lfrsafbb, b`kh etahrs, fna`hvhg pewhr

‒iy fttfna`dc `dghphdghdt, `djbuhdt`fb lhd `dte a`s jebbew`dc“ (Nreuna 600=), p. 7.Hxtrfnt`dc ledhy jrel taesh wae ahbg bfdg iy r`cat ej jhugfb shrv`nh, Lfrsafbb iu`bt f

l`b`tfry aeushaebg taft ah hdgewhg w`ta a`s ewd ghv`nh fdg nebers. Fs g`g Lfrsafbb, seg`g etahrs; nedvhrt`dc whfbta `dte jebbew`dcs, rurfb hb`ths jerlhg b`vhr`hg nelpfd`hs taft

tahd prev`ghg tah peb`t`nfb lusnbh w`ta wa`na ieta te hxpfdg tah`r nbf`ls te bfdg fdg teghjhdg tah`r prephrty.

Yurfb Hdcbfdg lfy afvh ihnelh whfbtay, tahd. Iut `t fbse ihnflh vèbhdt,

hdthr`dc tah phrèg wa`na LfnJfrbfdh (603>, 6016) fdg etahrs (h.c. A`nks 6008) nfbbhgtah hrf ej ‒Ifstfrg Jhugfb`sl“.

Nedthlperfry stug`hs ej sen`ht`hs `d tah ghvhbep`dc frhfs prev`gh fgg`tèdfb

hv`ghdnh ej tah nevfr`ftèd ej whfbta fdg vèbhdnh. Enteihr 3, 6089, rhfnt`dc te tahfssfss`dftèd ej hdèr Na`hj Sfruaù wf Kudcu, tah nebed`fb cevhrder ej Khdyf

ghnbfrhg f stfth ej hlhrchdny. ^hnur`ty, ah ghnbfrhg, wfs tarhfthdhg iy f shnrht sen`hty

nfbbhg ‒Lfu Lfu,“ wa`na afg ihhd ercfd`zhg fledc tah K`kuyu `d tah rhshrvhs, taha`cabfdgs, fdg tah tewdsa`ps ej Df`rei`.

Lfdy ej tah ieeks wr tthd fieut Lfu Lfu ‗fdg tahrh frh audgrhgs ej tahl(Nbeuca fdg Ofnksed 6038)-- hlpafs`zh `ts `ghebecy. Jer bìhrfbs, `t seucat te evhrturd

nebed`fb rubh fdg tah gel`dftèd ej wa`ths evhr ibfnks `d Khdyf (Yesihrc fdg Dett`dcafl 60::). Jer Lfrx`sts, `t seucat te `lphgh tah jurtahr `dnursèd ej cbeifbnfp`tfb`sl `dte tah ghvhbep`dc frhfs (Ifrdhtt fdg Doflf 60::). @dnrhfs`dcby, aewhvhr,




snaebfrs afvh turdhg jrel suna lfnre-bhvhb `dthrprhtftèds te l`nre-bhvhb stug`hs fdg

jenushg ed tah trfdsjerlftèd ej tah K`kuyu nellud`t`hs taft prev`ghg tah peb`t`nfb ifshjer tah rhihbbèd (h.c. Newhd 6031, Khrsafw 6003).

Wah K`kuyu nedst`tuth edh ej tah lfdy stfthbhss sen`ht`hs ej Hfst Fjr`nf (Bflihrt608:; L`ggbhted 608>). @d jfnt, Sfruaù, waesh fssfss`dftèd spfrkhg tah stfth ej hlhrchdny, afg ihhd lfgh f na`hj iy tah nebed`fb cevhrdlhdt, det a`s ewd phepbh.

Yftahr tafd k`dcs er na`hjs, tah K`kuyu whrh cevhrdhg iy jfl`b`hs fdg bfdg-ewd`dcfssen`ftèds, wae pbfnhg rhprhshdtft`vhs ed neudn`bs taft rhcubfthg tah fjjf`rs ej tah trìh

(shh fbse Khdyfttf 608>).

@d tah 9=ta Nhdtury, twe jernhs trfdsjerlhg tah hnedel`n fdg peb`t`nfb b`vhs ej tahK`kuyu. J`rst nflh tah frr vfb ej tah wa`th shttbhrs, wae sh`zhg bfdgs taft tahy ghhlhg

`gbh er vfnfdt; lfdy ej tahsh bfdgs `d jfnt whrh ewdhg iut det ennup`hg, fs tah K`kuyuafg thlperfr`by vfnfthg tahl `d tah l`gst ej f rhnhdt greucat fdg jfl`dh (Bhfkhy 6033).

Ednh ghs`cdfthg ‒wa`th,“ aewhvhr, tahsh bfdgs whrh best te tah K`kuyu. ^hnedg nflh frfg`nfb hxpfdsèd ej hnedel`n eppertud`t`hs w`ta tah crewta ej Df`rei` fs f trfg`dc aui

tah r`sh ej nejjhh hxperts. Wah bew-by`dc bfdgs ej tah K`kuyu sprhfg `dte tah suiuris ej Df`rei`, wa`na wfs tah lest rfp`gby crew`dc n`ty `d Hfst Fjr`nf. Fdg taesh taft bfy fta`ca hbhvftèds prevhg `ghfbby su`thg jer tah preguntèd ej nejjhh, edh ej tah lest

vfbufibh pregunts trfghg `d werbg lfrkhts. Oust fs tah bfdgs ej tah K`kuyu ihnflhsnfrnh, tahy fbse ihnflh vfbufibh.

@d rhspedsh te tah `dnrhfshg vfbuh ej rhfb prephrty, phepbh ihcfd te ‒rf`g“ tah

aebg`dcs ej etahrs. @d`t`fbby, tahy hlpbeyhg b`t`cftèd, nedthst`dc tah bfdg r`cats ej etahrs`d erghr te hxpfdg tah`r ewd; fdg fwfrh ej tah pessì`b`ty ej ih`dc suiohnt te b`t`cftèd,

jfl`b`hs `dvhsthg `d bhcfb ghjhdshs fdg j`bhg neudthr su`ts te taesh wae hlpbeyhg tahneurts te afrfss tahl (Newhd 6031; Khrsafw 6003; Doedoe 6003). Fs Khrsafw (6003)

stfths `d ahr stugy ej @c`, f K`kuyu nellud`ty `d K`fli`? ‒@j Doerech ireucat f nfshevhr f slfbb pfrt ej Ludcf`‐s bfdg, deta`dc prhvhdthg Ludcf`, phrafps te wfrd Doerechfcf`dst jurtahr b`t`cftèd, jrel rhspedg`dc iy ir`dc`dc f nfsh evhr f pfrt ej Doerech‐s

bfdg“(Khrsafw 6003, p. 6=:).

Fs peb`t`n`fds jrel tah nhdthr phdhtrfthg tah K`kuyu neudtrys`gh, tahy pbfyhguped tahsh thdsèds w`ta`d benfb nellud`t`hs. Wahy trfdsjerlhg bfdg nfshs `dte peb`t`nfb

nfushs te rhnru`t supperthrs ft tah benfb bhvhb. Fdg fs tah dftèdfb`st levhlhdt fgepthglerh l`b`tfdt tfnt ns, b`t`cftèd cfvh r`sh te vèbhdnh. @d tah v`bbfch stug`hg iy Khrsafw, f

creup ej peb`t`nfbby fnt`vh yeutas lurghrhg f creup ej r`vfbs. ^hhk`dc te ghjhdg a`lshbj `d neurt, edh ej tah fnnushg ireucat te tah surjfnh tah thdsèds taft udghrbfy tah nfsh. Ah

‒b`hs,“ tah fnnushg stfthg ej f w`tdhss, ‒ihnfush `j @ fl afdchg, ah w`bb `dahr`t ly bfdg“(Khrsafw 6003, p. 987).

Wah nfsh ej Lfu Lfu taus hv`ghdnhs rhbftèdsa`ps taft pfrfbbhb taesh `d lhg`hvfb

Hdcbfdg. Fd `dnrhfsh `d tah vfbuh ej bfdg `dsp`rhg tah nafddhb`dc ej rhseurnhs `dtenehrn`vh fntèd? b`t`cftèd, `d`t`fbby, iut bfthr ghfgby vèbhdnh. Wah leghb taus fpphfrs te`bbul`dfth nfshs w`ghby shpfrfthg `d pbfnh fdg t`lh. Lerhevhr, tah bec`n ej eur frculhdt

„ saew`dc tah b`dks ihtwhhd pregunt v`ty fdg vèbhdnh „ fpphfrs ihtthr te fnnerg w`ta tah



Ercfd`z`dc Zèbhdnh ]fch 6=

jfnts tafd ge `dthrprhtftèds ejjhrhg iy etahrs. êlh afvh trhfthg Lfu Lfu fs f prethst

fcf`dst rfn`fb gel`dftèd (Yesihrc fdg Dett`dcafl 60::); iut wa`bh k`bb`dc dhfrby 9,===jhbbew K`kuyu, tah jrhhgel j`cathrs k`bbhg iut ta`rty-twe wa`th nebed`sts (Hgchrted 6010,

p. 6=:). Der wfs Lfu Lfu f prethst fcf`dst nfp`tfb`st `ll`shrftèd. Fledc `ts bhfghrsdulihrhg shvhrfb ej tah lest sunnhssjub K`kuyu ius`dhsslhd (Newhd 6031; Doedoe

6003). Fdg, fs wh afvh shhd, ft tah crfss reets bhvhb, tah vèbhdnh wfs det fdt`-nfp`tfb`st;rftahr, `t crhw jrel f struccbh jer r`cats ej ewdhrsa`p taft weubg hdfibh K`kuyu jfrlhrste shnurh `dnrhfshs `d pr`vfth `dnelhs lfgh pessìbh iy nellhrn`fb fcr`nubturh.

Ieta tah r`sh ej nedjb`nt `d 6>ta Nhdtury Hdcbfdg fdg 9= ta Nhdtury Khdyf succhsttaft wahd pr`vfth pfrt`hs prev`gh tah`r ewd ghjhdshs, fs tah rhturds te bfier `dnrhfsh, setee ge tah `dnhdt`vhs te ghveth rhseurnhs te vèbhdnh.6= Wah s`cd j`nfdnh ej ta`s frculhdt

hxthdgs ihyedg tah twe nfshs te fcrfr`fd sen`ht hs lerh chdhrfbby. Fs j`rst dethg iyLeerh (Leerh 60::) fdg suishquhdtby genulhdthg iy etahrs (h.c. Sebj 60:0, ^kenpeb

6030), leghrd rhvebutèds ejthd er`c`dfth `d tah rurfb shnter. C`vhd taft ieta rfg`nfbLfrx`sts fdg bìhrfb leghrd`zftèd taher`sts weubg hxphnt peb`t`nfb fntèd te er`c`dfth `dtah urifd-`dgustr`fb shnter, ta`s j`dg`dc nedst`tuthg fd fdelfby. Eur fdfbys`s ahbps te

rhsebvh `t. @dsejfr fs fcrfr fd sen`ht`hs frh ercfd`zhg iy jfl`by fdg k`dsa`p systhls, tahbec`n ej eur leghb weubg bhfg us te hxphnt taft fs ghvhbeplhdt prenhhgs fdg phr nfp`tf

`dnelhs r`sh, se te weubg fcrfr`fd vèbhdnh.

Zfr`ftèds w`ta`d ‒Wrfg`tèdfb“ ên`hty

Iy prev`g`dc `ds`cat `dte tah er`c`ds ej rurfb vèbhdnh, eur frculhdt taus ahbps us ihtthr

te udghrstfdg tah rhbftèdsa`p ihtwhhd tah hnedel`ns fdg peb`t`ns ej ghvhbep`dcsen`ht`hs. @d fgg`tèd, `t rhl`dgs us taft, w`ta`d tah ghvhbep`dc werbg, se-nfbbhg

‒trfg`tèdfb sen`ht`hs“ nfd vfry `d tah`r hnedel`n fdg peb`t`nfb prephrt`hs, fdg prev`ghs`ds`cat `dte way tahy l`cat ge se.

Htadecrfpahrs afvh strhsshg tah pfn`j`n dfturh ej selh fcrfr`fd sen`ht`hs „ tah

a`ca nedtreb ej fccrhss ed (Kbunkaead 6077), tah bew bhvhbs ej nedjb`nt (Jr`hg 60:3), fdgtah lfcd`tugh ej tah hjjerts ghvethg te tah fve`gfdnh ej vèbhdnh (Nebsed 6037). ]hrafps

tah lest v`v`g hxflpbhs nelh jrel audt`dc fdg cftahr`dc sen`ht`hs, suna fs tah Iusalhdej tah Kfbfafr` er tah `dg`chdeus `dafi tfdts ej tah Fustrfb`fd ‒eutifnk.“ @d ahr shvhdthhd ledtas ej eishrvftèd ej f ifdg ej Iusalhd, jer hxflpbh, Berdf Lfrsafbb

eishrvhg iut jeur `dn`ghdts ej `dthrphrsedfb nedjb`nt (n`thg `d Nebsed 6037, p. 7>). Wahrhnergs ej tah Fustrfb`fd-Flhr`nfd ^n`hdt`j`n Hxphg`tèd te Frdahl Bfdg succhsts f

s`l`bfr bhvhb ej nedjb`nt fledc tah fier`c`dfb pepubftèd ej Fustrfb`f (shh tah g`snussèd`d ^fab`ds 60:6).

6= @dghhg, Khrsafw deths, c`vhd tah nests ej j`b`dc nfshs, rhnerg`dc nfshs, pursu`dcfpphfbs, benft`dc fdg rh`liurs`dc w`tdhsshs, fdg sphdg`dc t`lh fwfy jrel werk

ftthdg`dc neurt, ‒b`t`cftèd nests“ nflh te hxnhhg ‒fbb etahr nests ej preguntèd“(Khrsafw 6003, p. 6=:).




Ej crhft rhbhvfdnh te eur frculhdt `s taft det edby frh suna creups nafrfnthr`zhg

iy tah`r bfnk ej `dthrphrsedfb nedjb`nt; tahy frh fbse nafrfnthr`zhg iy tah`r bfnk ej lfthr`fb pesshssèds. Fs ^fab`ds (60:6) stfths `d a`s rh-fdfbys`s ej tah htadecrfpa`hs ej suna

sen`ht`hs, `j edby ihnfush tahy lust rhlf`d lei`bh, audthrs fdg cftahrs fnnulubfth jhw ihbedc`dcs. Lerhevhr, tah`r hnedel`hs frh suna taft tahy ge det hxphdg bfier

trfdsjerl`dc rfw lfthr`fbs `dte nelleg`t`hs; fs tahy bfier, tahy nedsulh. Wah rhsubt, `d^fab`ds wergs, `s f ‒_hd“ nubturh? f nubturh ej bh`surh fdg nel`ty, `d wa`na b`ttbh hjjert `shxphdghg `d bfier er `d fdt`n`pft`dc fdg neudthr`dc prhgftery fntèds iy etahrs.

@d nedtrfst te audthrs fdg cftahrs stfdg sen`ht`hs taft afvh gelhst`nfthg dfturh, iy shbhnt`dc fdg nubt`vft`dc pbfdts er iy irhhg`dc fdg ahrg`dc fd`lfbs. Wah Duhr prev`ghfd fppes`th hxflpbh (Hvfds-]r`tnafrg 607=). B`kh audthrs fdg cftahrhrs, tah Duhr frh

lei`bh, l`crft`dc w`ta tah`r b`vhstenk. Xdb`kh audthrs fdg cftahrhrs, aewhvhr, tah Duhr fnnulubfth pesshssèds, lest detfiby tah nfttbh wael tahy afvh gelhst`nfthg. Fs edh

weubg hxphnt, c`vhd tah bec`n ej eur frculhdt, tah Duhr g`jjhr jrel tah Iusalhd fdgFier`c`d`hs `d taft tahy hxphdg rhseurnhs ed j`cat`dc. Jer, `d tah wergs ej Hvfds-]r`tnafrg (Hvfds-]r`tnafrg 607=), ‒nfttbh frh tah`r ghfrhst pesshssèds fdg [tah Duhr\

cbfgby r`sk tah r b`vhs te … p`bbfch taesh ej tah`r dh`caiers“ (p. 6:). Fledc tah Duhr,yeudc lhd ihnelh wfrrèrs; phrjhnt`dc sk`bbs ej nelift, tahy shnurh tah nfpfn`ty te rf`g

fdg te ghjhdg tah`r pesshssèds. Wah Duhr frh lerh presphreus tafd tah audthr cftahrhrs, iut tahy frh fbse lerh vèbhdt.

‒Wrfg`tèdfb sen`hty“ `s taus det f aelechdheus nfthcery. êlh ‒trfg`tèdfb

sen`ht`hs“ pesshss stfths; etahrs ge det. Lerhevhr, stfthbhss sen`ht`hs nfd tahlshbvhsg`jjhr; lerh sphn`j`nfbby, tahy nfd ih peer fdg pfn`j`n, fs `bbustrfthg iy audthrs fdg

cftahrhrs, er whfbtay fdg wfrb`kh, fs fledc pfsterfb`st phepbhs.66 Wah bec n ej tahsysthls `d wa`na vèbhdnh `s prev`ghg pr`vfthby succhsts taft suna vfr`ftèd `s te ihhxphnthg fdg ahbps te fnneudt jer `t.

Wah Vuhst jer f Dhw Erghr

Z`hwhg edh wfy, tah bec`n ej stfthbhss sen`ht`hs, fs nfpturhg `d eur leghb, succhsts f

dhnhssfry trfghejj ihtwhhd presphr`ty fdg vèbhdnh. Z`hwhg fdetahr, `t `lpb`hs tahhx`sthdnh ej f jredt`hr taft b l`ts tah bhvhb ej whbb-ih`dc fttf`dfibh iy phrseds `d sunasen`ht`hs. Fs eur irefghr frculhdt succhsts, `j phepbh neubg rhnedj`curh tah`r

rhbftèdsa`ps, tahy l`cat ih fibh te hsnfph tah trfghejj ihtwhhd phfnh fdg presphr`ty`lpeshg iy tah bec`n ej shbj-ghjhdsh fdg ihnelh ihtthr ejj fs f rhsubt ej hdoey`dc

`dnrhfshg bhvhbs ej ieta.

@d fsshss`dc tah lhr`ts ej ta`s frculhdt, `t `s tahrhjerh ushjub te deth taft `d ietatah a`ster`nfb fdg nedthlperfry rhnerg, wh j`dg hv`ghdnh taft, shhk`dc te `lprevh tah`r

66 Lhbv`d fdg Nfreb Y. Hlihr, wae lfdfch tah Aulfd Yhbftèds Frhf J`bhs, weubgg`sfcrhh. Afv`dc rhfg tah`r pfphrs, @ weubg wfdt te rhturd te tah htadecrfpa`n rhnergs te

cftahr jurtahr gftf ihjerh neds`ghr`dc eur frculhdt prevhg er rhohnthg ^hh, jer hxflpbh,(Hlihr fdg Hlihr 6000).




b`v`dc nedg`tèds, lhlihrs ej suna sen`ht`hs afvh `dghhg ftthlpthg te fbthr tah`r

`dst`tut eds. êlh fpphfr te afvh seucat te sa`jt jrel tah pr`vfth prev`sèd ej tahghjhdsh ej tah`r prephrty te f systhl `d wa`na shnur`ty `s prev`ghg iy sphn`fb`sts `d

vèbhdnh.

Yhturd`dc te tah nfsh ej bfth lhg`hvfb Hureph, tah bergs fdg lfcdfths lfy afvh,`d Lfnfjjjrhy‐s wergs, `dvhsthg `d tah ‒irutfb sk`bbs ej tah frlhg rhtf`dhr, afbj sebg`hr,

afbj cfdcsthr (LfnNfjjrhy 60:6, p. 08), iut tahy fbse fpphfrhg te afvh ihhd `dthdshbyfwfrh ej tah nests ej b`v`dc `d ta`s lfddhr. Iy tah t`lh ej Y`nafrg @@, ]frb`flhdt,

rhphfthgby ‒prhsshg jer rhstr`ntèds ed b`vhr`hg nelpfd`hs,“ deths A`nks (6008, p. 691),fdg ]frb`flhdt wfs gel`dfthg iy tah vhry lfcdfths waesh nebers tahy ierh.Wahlshbvhs ieta phrphtrfters fdg v`nt`ls ej vèbhdnh, tah bergs turdhg te tah Nrewd fdg

ghlfdghg fd `dnrhfshg bhvhb ej bfw fdg erghr. F s`l`bfr s tuftèd fpphfrs te afvh prhvf`bhg `d Jrfdnh, wahrh benfb nellud`t`hs nfbbhg jer tah ‒`dst`tutèd ej tah phfnh,“

wahrh`d puib`n ejj`n`fbs, rftahr tafd pr`vfth jfl`b`hs, weubg prev`gh peb`t`nfb erghr (Guiy6013), p. 676. @d Chdef, tah wfrr`dc nbfds oe`dhg `d nedtrfnt dc jer tah shrv`nhs ej sphn`fb`sts `d vèbhdnh, wae weubg ghthr gelhst`n nedjb`nt fdg hb`n`t neephrftèd, tah

ihtthr te shnurh tah`r jertudhs jrel nellhrnh (Crh`j 6001). Fdg `d waft `s dew Yuss`f,fnnerg`dc te f 69ta Nhdtury nared`nbhr, tah ^bfvs pht`tèdhg tah ^whghs, wr`t`dc ‒Eur

neudtry `s r`na fdg `llhdsh, iut `t `s rhdt iy g`serghr. Nelh fdg cevhrd us….“ (Neaft6009).

Sh hdneudthr hv`ghdnh ej s`l`bfr ihafvèr `d Fjr`nf‐s ghvhbep`dc sen`ht`hs.

]hrafps lest phrsufs`vh `s tah hv`ghdnh cftahrhg iy Hb`zfihta Nebsed jrel tah ]bfthfuWedcf ej Dertahrd Yaeghs`f (dew _fli`f) ft tah ah`cat ej tah struccbh fcf`dst nebed`fb

rubh. B`kh etahr Fjr`nfd sen`ht`hs, tah Wedcf stredcby ifnkhg tah dftèdfb`st levhlhdt; iut, Nebsed‐s fnneudt lfkhs nbhfr, tahy g`g det shhk tah evhrtarew ej cevhrdlhdt(Nebsed 6037). Yftahr, tahy seucat `ts nfpturh. Jer tahy jhfrhg f ‒rhturd te nedg`t eds

tahy rhlhlihrhg wahd tahy afg te ghjhdg tahlshbvhs jer hdsur`dc b`jh fdg prephrty,rftahr tafd ed tah prhshdnh ej tah g`str`nt fgl`d`strftèd, fdg tah lerh rhleth nhdtrfb

cevhrdlhdt (@i`g., p. :3). Wahy jhfrhg f rhturd te tah ghnhdtrfb`zhg ush ej nehrnèd, w`tatah `dshnur`ty `t udbhfsahg fdg tah nests `d thrls ej ihdhj`ts jercedh er b`jh fdg prephrtyghstreyhg.

Detfibh tee `s êutafbb‐s stugy ej tah Fbur ej dertahrd Xcfdgf wa`na genulhdtstah`r `lpertftèd ej na`hjs `d fd fppfrhdt hjjert te shnurh ‒dhw thnadebec`hs ej

phfnhkhhp`dc, fri`trftèd, fdg nedjb`nt lfdfchlhdt“ (êutafbb 608:, p. 1=). Fdg G`kh, Dertarep Etthdihrc fdg etahrs (G`kh 608:; Oedhs 60:>; Dertarup 6031; Etthdihrc 6081)ghsnr ih aew tah Fre, sphn`fb`sts `d nellhrnh, r`tufb, fdg cevhrdfdnh, nedtrfnthg w`ta

tah ghnhdtrfb`zhg nellud`t`hs ej waft `s dew tah seuta hfst ej D`chr`f te prev`gh bfwfdg erghr fdg prethntèd jer trfgh.

Sa`bh afrgby nednbus`vh, suna hv`ghdnh `s succhst`vh. @t `dg`nfths taft phepbh `dsen`ht`hs `d wa`na nehrnèd wfs pr`vfthby prev`ghg shdsh tah b`l`ts ej waft `s fttf`dfibh.Eur leghb succhsts taft ghnhdtrfb`zhg systhls nfd prev`gh shnur`ty; iut `d ge`dc se tahy

`lpesh f trfgh ejj ihtwhhd erghr fdg presphr`ty. Fdg tahsh hxflpbhs succhst taftlhlihrs ej suna sen`ht`hs afvh hxaì`thg fd fwfrhdhss ej tah nedstrf`dts uped tah`r whbb-



Ercfd`z`dc Zèbhdnh ]fch 6>

ih`dc taft suna systhls `lpeshg. @t fbse succhsts taft, `d rhspedsh, phepbh afvh seucat te

fbthr tah`r `dst`tutèds fdg te sa`jt jrel tah pr`vfth ej prev`sèd ej vèbhdnh te fd`dst`tutèd taft wh weubg nfbb tah stfth.

ên`ht`hs w`ta ^tfths

Fs a`ster`fds afvh bedc frcuhg (h.c. W`bby 6038), stfths frh ierd ej vèbhdnh; tahy frh

jerlhg iy sphn`fb`sts `d vèbhdnh, wae lfsthr tah frts ej wfr. Nedthlperfry hxphr hdnh`d tah Ifbkfds, `d Fjr`nf, er hbshwahrh rhl`dg us, aewhvhr, taft, pfnh Shihr (6081),

stfths pesshss de ledepeby evhr vèbhdnh, fdg tah`r hx`sthdnh `s tahrhjerh preibhlft`n.

@d hxpber`dc tah prephrt`hs ej stfths, wh tahrhjerh rhturd te eur hfrb`hr leghb fdg`dtregunh f sphn`fb`st `d tah frt ej nehrnèd, wael wh nfbb C (jer cevhrdlhdt). @d

nedtrfst te erg`dfry pr`vfth fchdts, C gehs det udghrtfkh pregunt`vh bfier, iut rftahr shnurhs ahr `dnelh jrel hxtrfnt`dc `t jrel etahrs. @d eur leghb, pr`vfth fchdts rhtf`d tah

eptèd ej rhsert`dc te tah ush ej nehrnèd; tahy tee nfd ush jernh, h`tahr `d fd hjjert te`dnrhfsh tah`r `dnelhs er te rhs`st prhgftèd iy etahrs, `dnbug`dc tah cevhrdlhdt. Waha`ster`nfb rhnerg `d Hdcbfdg rhvhfbs taft tah bergs wae seucat, tareuca ]frb`flhdt, te

ghl`b`tfr`zh tah neudtrys`gh whrh tahlshbvhs wfrrèrs; fdg taesh wae rhpert ed phfnh-khhp`dc hjjerts `d Fjr`nf hlpafs`zh taft peb`t`nfb pfrt`hs frh fbse frl`hs, nflpf`cd`dc det

edby `d tah hbhnterfb frhdf iut fbse `d tah j`hbg ej ifttbh (h.c. Yhde 6001). Wareucaeutluna ej tah leghrd werbg, lerhevhr, peb`t`nfb fnters frh ieta hdtrhprhdhurs fdgwfrbergs, wae lfdhuvhr strfthc`nfbby ihtwhhd hnedel`n fdg l`b`tfry pursu`ts. Eur

rhprhshdtftèd ej pr`vfth fnters fs nfpfibh ej l`b`tfry fntèd `s taus fpprepr`fth. Iyjenus`dc ed tah ihafvèr ej C fdg ahr `dthrfntèds w`ta tah pr`vfth fnters, wh hxpberh

aew tah ush ej vèbhdnh nfd ih rh-ercfd`zhg `d wfys taft jfn`b`tfth tah ghl`b`tfr`zftèd ej

n`v`n sen`hty fdg `dnrhfsh tah jbew ej rhseurnhs `dte pregunt`vh fnt`v`t`hs.

Fd Hxthdsèd te tah Leghb

Fs ihjerh, tah pr`vfth fchdts (dew, n`t`zhds) s`lubtfdheusby ghn`gh aew te fbbenfth tah`r rhseurnhs hfna phrèg fdg wahtahr te rf`g etahrs `d fd hjjert te `dnrhfsh tah`r `dnelhs.

Saft g`st`dcu`sahs tah`r fntèd sht jrel taft `d tah prhvèus leghbs (`.h. taesh ej fstfthbhss sen`hty) `s tah hx`sthdnh ej f dhw nae`nh? n`t`zhds nfd hbhnt te pfy tfxhs te fsphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh te nelphdsfth ahr jer prethntèd jrel rf`gs fdg te ‒irìh“ ahr te

rhjrf`d jrel prhgftèd ahrshbj. Ghj`dh t ` ∁ {=, 6} te hqufb 6 `j pbfyhr pfys tfxhs fdg

hqufb te = `j sah gehs det pfy. @j f pbfyhr naeeshs te pfy tfxhs, sah trfdsjhrs f safrh, χ, ej

ahr `dnelh te C. @d hjjhnt, tah pr`vfth fchdts hdthr `dte f nedtrfnt w`ta f sphn`fb`st `dvèbhdnh te ihnelh f cevhrdlhdt fdg nhdtrfb`zh tah ercfd`zftèd ej vèbhdnh jer

prethntèd.

]bfyhr 's fntèd sht tahrhjerh ihnelhs F < {( w , l , b , r , t )? w , l , b ≨ = fdg w`

+ l + b < W, r ∁ {=, 6}, t ∁ {=, 6}}; fdg ahr `dnelh, @ `(•) < [J(w`) + r J(w-`)L(l , l-`) -

r -`J(w`)L(l-` , l`)\(6- t `χ)(6- p ` q `) . Waft `s, tah pr`vfth fchdt 's dht `dnelh, @ `(•),`dnbughs

ahr rhvhduh jrel pregunt`vh bfier fdg rf`g`dc; l`dus tfxhs, `j sah naeeshs te pfy; l`dus




tah hxphnthg rhguntèd `d ahr `dnelh rhsubt`dc jrel prhgftèd iy C, saeubg C ghn`gh te

hxprepr`fth ahr prephrty.

C (tah sphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh) hxtrfnts ahr `dnelh jrel etahrs; sah gehs se h`tahr

iy rf`g`dc tah whfbta ej etahrs er iy shnur`dc tah pfylhdt ej tfxhs. @d hfna phrèg Clevhs fjthr eishrv`dc tah fntèds tfkhd iy tah pr`vfth fchdts, fdg tahd naeeshs wahtahr te prhy uped pbfyhr 6 er pbfyhr 9 er dh`tahr, wahrh p < = `j C gehs det prhy uped pbfyhr

`, fdg p < 6 `j C gehs prhy uped pbfyhr `. C‐s fntèd sht `s FC < {( ( p , p-`)? p , p-` ∁

{=,6}, wahrh ieta p` fdg p -` nfddet hqufb 6}. Jer hxflpbh, FC < (=, 6), `j C ghn`ghs te

prhy edby uped pr`vfth fchdt er pbfyhr - .

C's eiohnt`vh `s te lfx`l`zh tah dht prhshdt vfbuh ej ahr rhvhduhs jrel tfxhs fdg

hxprepr`ftèd, g`sneudt`dc jer t`lh iy f jfnter, ηC. Jer s`lpb`n`ty ej hxpes`tèd, wh

`d`t`fbby fssulh taft tah tfx rfth `s hxechdeus.

C's phr-phrèg pfyejj `s

ύC (•) < {[ p`q `∖ ( J (w` ) + r J (w ∙` ) L (l` , l∙ ` ) ∙ r∙ J (w ` ) L (l ∙ ` ,l ` ))(6∙ t χ )\ +

[ t χ( J (w`)+ r J (w ∙` ) L (l `

,l ∙ ` ) ∙r∙ J (w` ) L (l ∙` , l`

))\} ∙ N C

( p` + p∙ ` )

wahrh q`, `<6,9, `s tah safrh ej whfbta C nfd hxprepr`fth `j sah prhys uped pbfyhr `.69

Wah j`rst irfnkhthg hbhlhdts `d tah hquftèd rhprhshdt C‐s rhvhduh jrelhxprepr`ft`dc pr`vfth fchdts‐ whfbta, `j C ghn`ghs te hdcfch `d prhgftèd. @j C

g`spesshsshs fchdt `, p < 6, C‐s hxphnthg (cress) rhvhduh jrel taft fntèd hqufbs tah preifi`b`ty ej sunnhssjub prhgftèd, q`, lubt`pb`hg iy pbfyhr 's `dnelh jrel werk fdg

rf`g`dc, dht tah fleudt sah afs pf`g `d tfxhs. Wah shnedg thrl `d C's pfyejj judntèd `s

tah fleudt ej tfx pf`g iy hfna pr`vfth fchdt wae afs naeshd te ge se. J`dfbby, `j Cghn`ghs te prhy uped tah whfbta ej h`tahr fchdt, taft `s, `j p` + p -` 4 =, tahd C afs te ihfr

tah nest ej tah prhgftery fnt`v`ty, NC( p` + p -`).

@d pertrfy`dc l`b`tfry ifbfdnh ihtwhhd C fdg tah pr`vfth n`t`zhds, wh lfkh tarhh

fssulptèds wa`na jurtahr g`st`dcu`sa eur fdfbys`s jrel taft ej Shihr (6081) fdg wa`narhdghr peb`t`nfb erghr preibhlft`n. C`vhd taft pr`vfth fchdts frh tahlshbvhs nfpfibh ej vèbhdnh, (`) wahd C prhys uped tah hnedel`n eutput ej f pbfyhr `, C sunnhhgs `d

nfptur`dc ahr whfbta edby `d f preifi`b`ty, ghdethg iy q`. (``) ^hnedg, C hdcfchs `d prhgftery fnt`v ty edby `j tah hxphnthg rhvhduhs jrel `ts ush ej vèbhdnh hxnhhgs `ts nests

ej l`b`tfry fnt`v`ty, ghdethg iy NC, wahrh NC 4 =. (```) Wa`rg, wh fssulh taft C nfd

g`spesshss edby edh fchdt phr phrèg.

@d hxpber`dc tah pessì`b`t`hs ej erghr, wh pesh tah quhstèd? Gehs tahrh hx`st fd

frrfdchlhdt udghr wa`na sphn`fb`sts `d vèbhdnh nfd ih `dgunhg te hlpbey nehrnèd `d f

69 q nfd rhjbhnt pbfyhr `‐s fi`b`ty te hvfgh C‐s ‒treeps“ er nedjredt tahl us`dc ahr l`b`tfry pewhr, l`. Jer s`lpb`n`ty sfkh wh ge det sphn`jy q` fs f judntèd ej l`.




sen`fbby pregunt`vh lfddhr5 Eur fdfbys`s succhsts taft tah fdswhr `s ‒yhs“? sphn`fb`sts `d

vèbhdnh „ fdg `dghhg, vèbhdnh `tshbj „ nfd ih tflhg. Nehrnèd nfd ih rhdghrhgselhta`dc taft `s sen`fbby pregunt`vh.

@d pursu`dc eur fdswhr te tahsh quhstèds, wh j`rst ghj`dh fd hqu`bìrùl taft b`hstaft nerrhspedgs te tah fbb-ghjhnt hqu`bìrùl `d tah cflh w`taeut f sphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh.@t `s tah tarhft ej rhvhrt`dc te ta`s hqu`bìrùl taft w`bb let`vfth tah pbfyhrs te ghv`sh

lerh neephrft`vh fdg hjj`n`hdt strfthc`hs ej pbfy.

Nafes Hqu`bìrùl. Wah jebbew`dc strfthc`hs nedst`tuth tah nafes (NA)

hqu`bìrùl? Hfna pr`vfth fchdt rf`gs, tah sphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh (C, det fnt`dc b`kh fcevhrdlhdt!) hdcfchs `d prhgftery nedj snftèd ej prephrty, fdg de tfxhs frh pf`g. @tg`jjhrs jrel tah fbb-ghjhnt hqu`bìrùl jer pr`vfth fchdts ihnfush C‐s prhgftery ihafvèr

j`curhs `dte pr`vfth fchdts‐ ghn`sèds ej aew ihst te fbbenfth tah`r rhseurnhs ihtwhhdwerk, bh`surh fdg l`b`tfry fi`b`ty. Sh ghj`dh tah NA hqu`bìrùl fs tah hqu`bìr ul w`ta

tah werst pessìbh pfyejjs jer C, ghdethg iy CNA. Sh saew taft tah vfbuh ej C

NA

nedg`tèds tah ifrcf`d strunk ihtwhhd pr`vfth fchdts fdg tah sphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh fdg `ts

hjj`n`hdny `lpb`nftèds.

Det`dc tah prephrt`hs ej ta`s hqu`bìrùl, wh dew hxpberh f shnedg? edh `d wa`naf sphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh hlpbeys jernh te prethnt tah prephrty r`cats ej pr`vfth fchdts fdg

`d wa`na tahy `d turd ghveth lerh rhseurnhs te pregunt`vh hjjert.

Neephrft`vh Cevhrdfdnh Hqu`bìrùl. Wah strfthcy prej`bh jer tah neephrft`vh-cevhrdfdnh (NC) hqu`bìrùl nfbbs jer hfna pr`vfth fchdt te shbhnt w`

NC , l`NC , b NC

ept`lfbby, det te rf`g, fdg te pfy tfxhs `j tah etahr fchdt afs ihafvhg s`l`bfrby fdg C afsdhvhr sh`zhg tah whfbta ej f pr`vfth fchdt. Etahrw`sh, tah pr`vfth fchdt "rhvebts,"

rhjus`dc te pfy tfxhs fdg pbfy`dc tah nafes (NA) hqu`bìrùl strfthcy evhr suishquhdt

phrègs. C rhjrf`ds jrel nedj snft`dc prephrty fs bedc fs dh`tahr pr`vfth fchdt rf`gs er jf`bs te pfy ahr tfxhs. @j h`tahr fchdt rf`gs er jf`bs te pfy ahr tfxhs, C ihnelhs prhgftery,

sh`z`dc tah whfbta ej tah pr`vfth fchdts, wae tahd pbfy tah`r NA hqu`bìrùl strfthc`hs.]rhgftèd fdg vèbhdnh frh ghthrrhg iy tah tarhft ej phrlfdhdt rhvhrsèd te tah NA

hqu`bìrùl. @j edh pbfyhr trfdscrhsshs, fbb sujjhr.

Xdghr ta`s hqu`bìrùl, C w`bb ush `ts pewhr edby te prhy uped pr`vfth fchdts taftafvh vèbfthg tah prephrty r`cats ej etahrs (er jf`bhg te pfy tah`r tfxhs) iut w`bb rhjrf`d

jrel us`dc `ts pewhr te hdcfch `d prhgftèd, `j pr`vfth fchdts afvh rhjrf`dhg jrel prhgft ed ( fdg afvh pf`g tah`r tfxhs). Xdghr tahsh nedg`tèds, n`t`zhds w`bb pfy tfxhs fdg

rhjrf`d jrel prhgftèd, se bedc fs tah sphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh pud`sahs trfdscrhssers fdg

rhjrf`ds jrel prfy`dc uped taesh wae afvh det gedh se.

Saft frh tah dhnhssfry nedg`tèds jer suna fd hqu`bìrùl5 Nbhfrby, C‐s

`dnhdt`vh te rhlf`d ed tah hqu`bìrùl pfta ghr`vhs jrel tah rhvhduhs sah nfd shnurhjrel tfxftèd. We `dgunh C te rhjrf`d jrel prhgftèd, C's `dnelh jrel tfxftèd lust

hxnhhg f bewhr ieudg, y`hbg`dc nedg`tèd (`)? tah tfx bhvhb, χ, lust ih suna taft C j`dgs `t

ept`lfb, c`vhd tah pr`vfth fchdts' strfthcy, te rhjrf`d jrel nedj`snft`dc tah fchdts' whfbta

`j tfxhs frh `d jfnt pf`g. Aewhvhr, C's tarhft te rhvhrt te prhgftery ihafvèr `d rhspedsh



Ercfd`z`dc Zèbhdnh ]fch 6:

te rf`g`dc lust ih nrhgìbh. @d etahr wergs tah shnedg dhnhssfry nedg`tèd lust ih

sft`sj`hg (``)? Wah tfx bhvhb, χ, lust ih ieudghg jrel fievh; `j tah tfx rfth `s tee a`ca, C

w`bb j`dg prhgftèd -- `d tah jerl ej pud`salhdt -- udfttrfnt`vh. Fdg `j pud`salhdt `s det

nrhgìbh, C nfddet ghthr pr`vfth fchdts jrel rf`g`dc.

Deth taft nedg`tèd (``) `lpb`hs taft `j tah tfx rfth whrh ghthrl`dhg hdgechdeusby „ sfy iy C's ghnrhh „ fdg C whrh te ghlfdg f a`cahr tfx, ta`s ghlfdg weubg det ihnrhgìbh. Wah fchdts neubg sfjhby pfy tah bewhr rfth ghj`dhg iy nedg tèd (`) kdew`dctaft ta`s fleudt w`bb ih hdeuca te g`ssufgh C jrel prhy`dc ed tah`r prephrty fdg taft f

rfth a`cahr tafd taft ghj`dhg iy nedg`tèd (``) weubg s`lpby lfkh `t udprej`tfibh jer C te pud`sa rf`g`dc.

Ed tah hqu`bìrùl pfta, tah pr`vfth fchdts‐ strfthcy rhqu`rhs taft tahy det rf`ghfna etahr. Iut C‐s tarhft te rhvhrt te prhgftery ihafvèr lfy det dhnhssfr`by ihsujj`n`hdt te hb`n`t suna ihafvèr. Ahdnh, f ta`rg nedg`tèd dhnhssfry jer tah hqu`bìrùl

(```)? Hfna pr`vfth fchdt lust naeeshs f bhvhb ej werk suna taft, neupbhg w`ta C'sstrfthcy, tah etahr fchdt j`dgs `t ept`lfb te `dvhst `d tah hqu`bìrùl bhvhb ej l`b`tfry

fi`b`ty fdg det te rf`g.6>

@d hqu`bìrùl, `dsejfr fs tfx pfylhdts stfy tah afdg ej tah sphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh,tahy hdfibh tah n`t`zhd te sw`tna rhseurnhs jrel l`b`tfry fnt`v`ty. S`ta tah strhfl ej

eutput J(w.)) fssurhg (fbih`t `lphrjhntby) iy tah sphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh, tahd tah lfrc`dfb pregunt ej rhseurnhs ghvethg te preguntèd r`shs iy nelpfr`sed w`ta taesh ghvethg te

l`b`tfry prhpfrhgdhss. Ghvet`dc jhwhr rhseurnhs te prhpfr`dc jer nelift, n`t`zhds ghvethlerh `dsthfg te nellhrnh, te jfrl`dc, fdg te lfdujfntur`dc. Iy pfy`dc tfxhs te tahsphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh, tahy nfd, w`taeut jhfr, ihnelh presphreus; tahy nfd, tahlshbvhs,

ih bhss vèbhdt.

Sa`bh tah sthfgy jbew ej tfx pfylhdts prev`ghs f pes`t`vh nahnk te tah prhgftery ihafvèr ej tah sphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh, tah tarhft ej rhvhrsèd te stfthbhss-b`kh ihafvèr prev`ghs f dhcft`vh edh. Det edby `s tah jbew ej tfx pfylhdts nr`t`nfb jer sustf`d`dc ta`shqu`bìrùl; se tee `s tah tarhft ej juturh besshs, saeubg fdy pfrty eppertud`st`nfbby

ghjhnt. âeubg tah sphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh beet f suiohnt er jf`b te ftthlpt te pud`sa fn`t`zhd wae vèbfths tah shnur`ty ej fdetahr, tahd tah n`t`zhds rhvhrt te prev`g`dc tah`r

ewd ghjhdsh.67 Xdghr suna n`rnulstfdnhs, tahy ghveth lerh rhseurnhs te l`b`tfry prhpfrhgdhss, shhk`dc te ghthr prhgftèd iy jhbbew n`t`zhds „ fdg iy tah sphn`fb`st `dvèbhdnh, dew ed tah prewb. Fs tah bhvhb ej rhseurnhs ghvethg te vèbhdnh `dnrhfshs,

pregunt`vh hjjerts ghnb`dh; tahrh `s tahrhjerh bhss tetfb preguntèd. Iy ihafv`dceppertud`st`nfbby, tah sphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh tahrhjerh trfghs f sthfgy jbew ej rhvhduhs,

pf`g `d tah jerl ej tfxhs, jer tah saert-thrl ihdhj`t ej beet „ fdg tah bedc thrl presphntej afv`dc te sh`zh pr`zhs jrel f sen`hty taft `s dew ihtthr frlhg fdg bhss whfbtay, fdgahdnh lerh nestby fdg bhss rhwfrg`dc te pbudghr.

6> hh Fpphdg`x, prepes`tèd > jer f jerlfb trhftlhdt ej tah hqu`bìrùl rhqu`rhlhdts.67 Fdg step pfy`dc tfxhs.




Deth ‒tah jb`p s`gh“ ej ta`s snhdfrè ej rhvhrsèd te tah nafes hqu`bìr ul? ^`dnh `t

`s tah tarhft ej rhvhrsèd te tah nafes hqu`bìrùl taft khhps ieta tah cevhrdlhdt fdgn`t`zhds ed tah hqu`bìrùl pfta, C‐s nedt`duftèd vfbuh, C

NA , `s tah nr`t`nfb pfrflhthr

`d rhstrf`d`dc tah stfth. @j CNA `s tee a`ca, tah tfxhs taft pr`vfth fchdts weubg dhhg te

pfy C te ihafvh fs f cevhrdlhdt lfy fbse ih tee a`ca te lfkh tah ifrcf`d prej tfibh jer

tahl, fdg tee bew te lfkh `t prej`tfibh jer C.

@lpb`nftèds jer ên`ht`hs w`ta ^tfths

Hfrb`hr, wh peshg tah quhstèd? Gehs tahrh hx`st fd frrfdchlhdt udghr wa`na sphn`fb`sts`d vèbhdnh nfd ih `dgunhg te hlpbey nehrnèd `d f sen`fbby pregunt`vh lfddhr5 Eur fdfbys`s succhsts taft tah fdswhr `s ‒yhs“? sphn`fb`sts `d vèbhdnh „ fdg `dghhg, vèbhdnh

`tshbj „ nfd ih tflhg. Nehrnèd nfd ih rhdghrhg selhta`dc taft `s sen`fbby pregunt`vh.

Wah NC hqu`bìrùl a`cab`cats tah `lpertfdnh ej rhvhduh hxnafdch `d

hstfib`sa`dc ta`s ifrcf`d te nhdtrfb`zh nehrnèd. Wah rfth ej rhvhduh hxtrfntèd lust ihhdgechdeusby ghthrl`dhg `d hqu`bìrùl. Wa`s succhsts taft wh saeubg w`tdhss pfrt`nubfr gydfl`ns `d tah hii fdg jbew ej peb`t`nfb vèbhdnh, stfth prhgftèd fdg stfth stfi`b`ty?

• Ghv`ftèds jrel tah hqu`bìrùl tfx rfth nfd ghstfi`b`zh stfths, fdg irhfk tah ifrcf`d

ihtwhhd pr`vfth fchdts fdg tah cevhrdlhdt.

• Zèbhdnh fdg peb`t`nfb prhgftèd w`bb pes`t`vhby ne-vfry w`ta tah rhseurnhs

cevhrdlhdts nfd jfbb ifnk ed (udghr tah nafes hqu`bìrùl). @d etahr wergs, `j

cevhrdlhdts dhhg det rhby ed tah`r n`t`zhds‐ pregunt`vh nfpfn`t`hs jer rhvhduh, tah pessì`b`t`hs jer phfnhjub fdg pregunt`vh hqu`bìr f frh lerh jrfc`bh.

Ednh fcf`d, wh turd te hlp`r`nfb hxflpbhs te hxpberh tah `lpb`nftèds ej eur

jerlfb fdfbys`s.

^tfth Jerlftèd fdg Nebbfpsh

Erlreg (600>) ghsnrìhs bfth lhg`hvfb Hdcbfdg fs jrfnturhg iy ‒nedjhghrfn`hs,nedsp`rfn`hs, fdg bfwbhssdhss“ (p. 00); frlhg w`ta tah`r ewd rhtf`dhrs, tah lfcdfthsnedtrebbhg ‒bfrch rht`duhs w`ta wa`na tahy neubg pursuh tah`r pr`vfth jhugs…“ (A`nks

6008, p. `x). @d tah struccbhs taft nedsulhg Hdcbfdg‐s hb ths, edh ej tah pr zhs afg ihhdtah benfb fgl`d`strftèd fdg tah neurts, wa`na tah benfb ifreds seucat te `dt`l`gfth fdg

nedtreb.

Fs wh afvh shhd, hvhd wa`bh hdcfchg `d suna ibeegsahg, tah lfcdfths rhfb`zhgtah b`l`ts ej tah pr`vfth prev`sèd ej ghjhdsh jer prephrty fdg v`hwhg `t ‒fs f lfoer

`lphg`lhdt te tah rhsterftèd ej sen`fb fdg peb`t`nfb afrledy“ (Erlreg 600>, p. 80) fdgtaus te tah`r ewd presphr`ty. C`vhd tah b`l`tftèds `dahrhdt `d tah pr`vfth prev`sèd ej

prephrty r`cats, `t `s tahrhjerh det surpr`s dc te j`dg tah bergs ‒fnnhpt[`dc\ tah bhcfbrhjerls ej Ahdry @@ taft suist`tuthg … rhlhg`hs `d reyfb neurts jer tah`r ewd neurts fdg our`sg`nt eds“ (A`nks 6008, p. 66>). Fs snaebfrs suna fs A`nks (6008) fdg (Augsed 600:)




lfkh nbhfr, tah j`rst sthp `d ta`s trfdsjerlftèd wfs tah nrhftèd ej nr`l`dfb bfw? ‒Zèbhdt

rhvhdch fdg ibeeg jhugs,“ wr`ths A`nks (6008, p. 66>), whrh dew trhfthg fs nr`lhsfcf`dst tah nelled whfb.

Edh ej tah j`rst sthps `d tah nrhftèd ej tah Hdcb`sa stfth, tahd, wfs tah ifdd`dc ej pr`vfth wfrjfrh? tah ghjhdsh ej pr`vfth r`cats `d prephrty wfs dew te ih prev`ghg iy fnhdtrfb sphn`fb`st, rftahr tafd iy pr`vfth `dg`v`gufbs. Nedthlperfdheus w`ta ta`s

trfds`tèd wfs tah bhvy`dc ej tfxhs. Xdt`b tah bfth lhg`hvfb phrèg, ledfrnas tahlshbvhsj`dfdnhg tah`r fnt`v`t`hs, rf`s`dc judgs jrel tah`r jfrls fdg jerhsts fdg jrel tah thdfdts

wae bhfshg tah`r bfdgs. Sahd tahy ihcfd te prev`gh puib`n erghr, aewhvhr, tahy cf`dhgfnnhss te f dhw sht ej rhvhduhs? taesh pf`g iy pr`vfth pfrt`hs, wae nedsulhg tah oug`n`fbshrv`nhs ej tah k`dc. Jhhs jrel tah oug`n`fb systhl rfp`gby ihnflh f s`cd`j`nfdt seurnh ej

puib`n rhvhduhs (]rhstw`na 601=, pp. 9>8 jj).

Wah pfylhdt ej jhhs jer tah prev`sèd ej erghr prelethg tah tfl`dc ej vèbhdnh `d

bfth lhg`hvfb Hdcbfdg. C`vhd tah presphnt`vh cf`ds jrel shnur`ty, tah nests ej tfx pfylhdts fpphfrhg sujj`n`hdtby bew taft pr`vfth hb`ths whrh w`bb`dc te hxnafdch rhvhduhs

jer tah prev`sèd ej nehrnèd iy tah ledfrna.

Fs frcuhg fievh fdg ghr`v`dc jrel tah jerlfb bec`n ej tah leghb, tah hxnafdch ej tfxhs jer tah prethntèd ej prephrty r`cats rhprhshdts edh ej tah jeudgftèds jer tah

fna`hvhlhdt ej stfth-b kh peb`t`nfb erghr. Wah leghb, aewhvhr, fbse succhsts tah pessìbhseurnhs ej g`serghr. Bht‐s nedt`duh w`ta tah nfsh ej bfth lhg`hvfb Hdcbfdg. Neds`ghr tahnfsh ej tah seds ej Ahdry @@? Y`nafrg @ fdg Oead Bfnkbfdg. Hfna seucat `dnrhfshg

rhvhduhs, tah j`rst te nedt`duh a`s nrusfghs fdg tah shnedg ieta te rfdsel a`s iretahr fdgte rhnevhr bfdgs best ed tah nedt`dhdt. @d rhspedsh te tah r`s`dc nests ej suna l`b`tfry

vhdturhs, hfna seucat te rf`sh tfxhs. Oead, `d pfrt`nubfr, fccrhss`vhby seucat `dnrhfshgrhvhduhs, rhv`v`dc jhugfb eib`cftèds taft afg jfbbhd `dte ghsuhtugh fdg `lpes`dc dhw

tfxhs `d fd hjjert te `dnrhfsh a`s `dnelh. @d rhspedsh te tah firupt r`sh `d tfxftèd, hb`thstaft afg prhvèusby w`bb`dcby nedtr iuthg te tah nests ej cevhrdlhdt dew rhihbbhg. Khyte tah rhsterftèd ej erghr wfs tah rhstrf`dt ed tah bhvhb ej rhvhduh hxtrfntèd phrl`tthg te

tah k`dc; ieudg iy Lfcdf Nfrtf, tah k`dc neubg de bedchr ihafvh fs ‒f reiihr phrlfdhdtby ed tah prewb … fbwfys shfrna`dc jer selhta`dc … te sthfb“ ((Wurdhr 6007), p. >, quet`dc f 6>ta Nhdtury nared`nbhr).

Wah hqu`bìrùl ghj`dhs tah pessì`b`ty ej peb`t`nfb erghr? Fbtaeuca tahrh lust ihf pfylhdt ej tfxhs te turd tah sphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh jrel f lfrfughr te tah prethnter ej

prephrty, `j tee bew, tah sphn`fb st w`bb ge ihtthr iy hdcfc`dc `d prhgftèd. Iut `j teea`ca, tah pr`vfth fchdts w`bb w`tagrfw jrel tah peb`t`nfb pfnt. Hvhdts grfwd jrel tah

a`ster`nfb rhnerg bhdg nrhghdnh te tah `lpertfdnh ej tah rhvhduh lhnafd`sl fs ieta fdupphr fdg bewhr ieudg te tah prev`sèd ej phfnh fs prev`ghg iy tah sphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh.

Waus, tah bec`n ej peb`t`nfb stfi`b`ty nfpturhg `d tah jerlfb rhfsed`dc ej eur leghb

ejjhrs fs whbb `ds`cats `dte tah `dthrpbfy ej jernhs taft bhfg te g`serghr fdg tah nebbfpsh ej stfths. @d hxpber`dc tahsh tahlhs jurtahr, wh turd te nedthlperfry nfshs grfwd bfrchbyjrel Fjr`nf fdg, `d pfrt`nubfr, te tah wfr terd stfth ej Bìhr`f.




@d Fpr`b ej 601=, Lfsthr ^hrchfdt ^fluhb Geh fdg a`s nebbhfcuhs sterlhg tah

]rhs`ghdt`fb pfbfnh `d Ledrev`f fdg fssfss`dfthg S`bb`fl Webihrt, Bìhr`f‐s `dnulihdt prhs`ghdt; thd gfys bfthr, `d tah deterèus ‒Ledrev`f ihfna pfrty,“ tah sebg`hrs hxhnuthg

ta`rthhd a`ca-rfdk`dc lhlihrs ej tah Webihrt rhc`lh. Wah cevhrdlhdt ej Bìhr`f tahd ihnflh f l`b`tfry rhc`lh.

F detfibh jhfturh ej tah Bìhr`fd l`b`tfry rhc`lh wfs taft `t hdcfchg `d prhgftèd.

Wah cevhrdlhdt g`vhrthg jerh`cd f`g jrel puib`n preohnts te tah penkhtieeks ej `tslhlihrs. A`caby pbfnhg lhlihrs ej tah cevhrdlhdt ihcfd te afrfss jerh`cd j`rls fdg

ius`dhsshs shhk`dc te hxtrfnt irìhs fdg jfvers fdg se `dnrhfsh tah`r `dnelhs. Fdg iy irhfk`dc tah b`dk w`ta tah X^ gebbfr, tah cevhrdlhdt fna`hvhg f ledepeby evhr tahsuppby ej ledhy. Iy ghifs`dc `ts nurrhdny, `t tahd beethg tah ledhy aebg`dcs ej `ts

n`t`zhds (shh Hbb`s 6000; Yhde 6001).

Wah l`b`tfry cevhrdlhdt ej Bìhr`f taus ihnflh f prhgftery stfth. Fdg fs

preohnthg `d eur fdfbys`s, tah rhsubt wfs f nafrfnthr`st n jerl ej peb`t`nfb fdg hnedel`nrhfntèd? f rhvhrsèd te tah nafes hqu`bìrùl ej tah leghb. ]r`vfth fchdts stepphg

pfy`dc tfxhs; tah sebh seurnh ej cevhrdlhdt rhvhduh ihnflh tah b`nhds`dc jhhs jer enhfd-ce`dc vhsshbs fdg jerh`cd f`g. @d fgg`tèd, pr vfth fchdts ihcfd te l`b`tfr zh. @d f vfr`htyej benftèds tareucaeut Bìhr`f, taesh wae seucat te pregunh jer prej`t ihcfd te nedtrfnt

pr`vfthby jer l`b`tfry prethntèd. êlh ej tah bfrchr j`rls a`rhg pr`vfth frl`hs, `lpert`dcshnur`ty j rls jrel firefg. Etahr, ‒slfbbhr … Flhr`ne-Bìhr`fd fdg … Bhifdhshephrftèds“ levhg `d fdg rfp`gby iu`bt ‒phrsedfb neddhntèds“ w`ta benfb peb`t`n`fds fdg

l`b`tfry phrseddhb (Yhde, 6011, p. 1:). @d rhspedsh te prhgft ed iy tah Geh rhc`lh, pr`vfth fchdts `d hjjhnt w tagrhw jrel tah peb`t`nfb nelpfnt taft ghj`dhs tah stfth fdg

pr`vfthby ercfd`zhg tah`r ewd ghjhdshs. Waus, Bìhr`f hxphr`hdnhg f trfds`tèd jreldftèdfb peb`t`ns te wfrberg peb`t`ns, tah benfb`zftèd ej nehrnèd, fdg tah nebbfpsh ej tahstfth (shh fbse Hbb`s 6000).

Wah jbew ej rhvhduhs te sphn`fb`sts `d vèbhdnh taus `dgunhs tahl te sa`jt jrel prhgftèd te tah prethntèd ej prephrty r`cats. Wa`s ifrcf`d udghrp`ds tah stfi`b`ty ej

stfths. Iut wahd sphn`fb`sts `d vèbhdnh hdcfch `d prhgftèd, tah jbew ej tfx pfylhdtssteps; pr`vfth vèbhdnh rhsulhs; `dstfi`b`ty r`shs, fdg w`ta `t, tarhfts te tah hx`sthdnh ej stfths. @d tah nfshs ej bfth lhg`hvfb Hdcbfdg fdg nedthlperfry Bìhr`f, wh afvh jeudg

hv`ghdnh taft supperts eur udghrstfdg`dc ej tah nedg`tèds udghr wa`na stfth-ifshg erghr `s pessìbh. Sh dew turd te fdetahr `lpb`nftèd ej tah leghb.

Wah Nedt`duftèd Zfbuh ej tah Cflh? Dfturfb Yhseurnhs fdg Jerh`cd F`g

Iy tah bec`n ej `dthrphrsedfb rhbftèds `d sen`ht`hs w`taeut stfths, presphr`ty peshs f

gfdchr te peb`t`nfb stfi`b`ty. Xdbhss ejjshtt`dc fgoustlhdts frh lfgh, presphr`ty nfd peshgfdchrs te sen`ht`hs w`ta stfths fs whbb. @dnrhfshs `d tah lfrc`dfb pregunt v`ty ej

hnedel`hs afvh `dthds`j`hg tah bhvhb ej nedjb`nt `d shvhrfb Fjr`nfd neudtr`hs fdg prhn`p`tfthg tah irhfkgewd ej peb`t nfb erghr. S`tdhss tah peb`t`nfb rhfntèd te tahg`snevhry ej phtrebhul ghpes`ts. D`chr`f, Nafg, ûgfd, fdg Fdcebf prev`gh `bbustrftèds



Ercfd`z`dc Zèbhdnh ]fch 9=

ej aew ta`s hnedel`n ibhss`dc afs bhg te peb`t`nfb g`sfsthr. Fs eur fdfbys`s weubg

succhst, fledc tah seurnhs ej tah ‒rhseurnh nursh“ `s vèbhdnh.

Wah jbew ej tfx pfylhdts nedst`tuths tah ihdhj`ts te tah sphn`fb`st `d vèbhdnh jer

fnt`dc fs f stfth. Wah nests `dnbugh tah eppertud`ty nests ej jerswhfr`dc prhgftèd; fs whafvh oust shhd, fs tahsh r`sh, se tee gehs tah b`khbàeeg ej rhvhrt`dc te beet`dc fdg ej tahrhiy tr`cchr`dc tah irhfkgewd ej erghr. Ej pfrt`nubfr rhbhvfdnh `s taft dfturfb

rhseurnhs b`kh e`b y`hbg pfyejjs taft frh rhbft`vhby `dghphdghdt ej tah bfier `dvhstlhdts ej pr`vfth fchdts. Fs suna, tahy nfd rf`sh tah pfyejjs te tah sphn`fb st `d vèbhdnh udghr tah

nafes hqu`bìrùl, CNA, lfk`dc ahr bhss `dnb`dhg te hxhrn`sh rhstrf`dt fdg fi`gh iy ahr

nedtrfnt w`ta pr`vfth fchdts.

Cevhrdlhdts taft afvh rhfsed te fdt`n`pfth bfrch besshs saeubg, iy eur fdfbys`s,

ih lerh w`bb`dc ft tah eutsht te prethnt tah`r n`t zhds tafd taesh taft ge det. Hvhdts `dLezfli`quh prev`gh fd bbustrftèd. Fjthr ghjhft`dc tah ]ertucuhsh, tah bìhrftèd

levhlhdt taft teek pewhr ihnflh, b`kh etahr Fjr`nfd rhc`lhs, tah ihdhj`n`fry ej `dthrdftèdfb ghvhbeplhdt fss`stfdnh. ‒Cevhrdlhdts … fbb iut tr`pp[hg\ evhr edh

fdetahr `d tah`r rusa te fss`st tah cevhrdlhdt“ ej Lezfli`quh, wr`ths J`ddhcfd (6009, p.>8). Iut sfgby, ah deths, ‒tah edby crewta `dgustry … wfs jerh`cd f`g“ (@i`g., p. 76).Jer `d fnnerg w`ta `ts Lfrx`st pr`dn`pbhs, tah cevhrdlhdt `lpbhlhdthg f shr`hs ej peb`n`hs

taft vèbfthg tah prephrty r`cats ej lfdy ej `ts n`t`zhds fdg g`srupthg tah dftèdfbhnedely. @d nellhrnh, t nbeshg tah saeps ej lhrnafdts. @d fcr`nubturh, `t nebbhnt`v`zhgtah bfdgs ej phfsfdts. @d lfdujfntur`dc, `t dftèdfb`zhg `dgustr`hs. ^hfthg `d tah seutahrd

n`ty ej Lfpute, tah dftèdfb nfp`tfb, tah cevhrdlhdt `lpeshg peb`n`hs taft nfushg tahnebbfpsh ej tah hnedely ej tah nhdtrfb pert ej Ih`rf, tah nhdthr ej `ts hnedely.68

Fb`hdft`dc ‒bfrch shclhdts ej tah pepubftèd tareuca peb`t`nfb rhprhssèd fdg hnedel`njf`burh“ (Aulh 6007, pp. 6=-66), tah cevhrdlhdt tr`cchrhg frlhg rhs`stfdnh te `ts rubh.

@d rhnhdt yhfrs, tah nedgunt ej Lezfli`quh‐s cevhrdlhdt afs nafdchg. S`ta tahhdg ej tah Nebg Sfr, nelpht`tèd fledc suphrpewhrs ft tah cbeifb bhvhb ghnb`dhg, fdgw`ta taft ghnb`dh, `dnhdt`vhs whfkhdhg jer jerh`cd pewhrs te ejjhr f`g te cevhrdlhdts `d

ghvhbep`dc dftèds. S`ta tah hdg ej tah Nebg Sfr, tahd, tah cevhrdlhdt ej Lezfli`quhneubg de bedchr tfkh jerh`cd f`g jer crfdthg. Edh rhsubt wfs f lfoer nafdch `d hnedel`n peb`ny. Wah cevhrdlhdt fifdgedhg lfdy ej `ts nedj`snftery peb`n`hs; stfi`b`z`dc `ts

lfnre-hnedely, `ts fbse pr`vft`zhg `dgustr`hs, fifdgedhg nebbhnt`vh jfrl`dc, fdg seucatjerh`cd pr`vfth `dvhstlhdt. Fdetahr wfs tah pursu`t ej phfnh. @d tah hfrby 600=s, tah

cevhrdlhdt jerhswerh prhgftèd fdg seucat f peb`t`nfb shttbhlhdt w`ta taesh taft eppeshg`t l`b`tfr`by.

@d shhk`dc te hxpbf`d tah thrl`dftèd ej ta`s pretrfnthg nedjb`nt, eishrvhrs afvh pedghrhg tah `lpfnt ej f vfr`hty ej jfnters, `dnbug`dc tah rebh ej ded-cevhrdlhdtfbercfd`zftèds fdg ta`rg pfrty lhg`fters. Iut `d tah hdg, lest rhturd te tah sahhr

hnedel`n hxafustèd ej tah neliftfdts. Jerh`cd fss`stfdnh afg ghnb`dhg; tah leghrdhnedely bfy saftthrhg; fdg rhnhdt greucats afg udghrnut tah suis`sthdnh hnedely fs

68 Lest detfiby, iy `lpes`dc trfgh sfdntèds ed Yaeghs`f.




whbb. @d tah wergs ej Nahsthr Nrenkhr, ‒Lezfli`quh afg v`rtufbby de rhseurnhs … te

sustf`d tah nedjb`nt.“ (`d Aulh, p. x`).

C`vhd tah hdg ej jerh`cd fss`stfdnh, tah cevhrdlhdt ej Lezfli`quh tahrhjerh

jfnhg peerhr presphnts `d irhfk`dc tah pfnt w`ta `ts n`t`zhds fdg pbfy`dc, `d hsshdnh, `tsnafes hqu`bìrùl strfthcy. Wah cevhrdlhdt ej Lezfli`quh tahdnhjerta ihafvhg fs whl`cat hxphnt, c`vhd tah bec`n eutb`dhg tah hxthds ed te tah leghb. Sahd tah rhvhduhs

taft `t neubg hfrd l`gst nafes ghnb`dhg, `t fbthrhg `ts ihafvèr, nafdc`dc `ts hnedel`n peb`n`hs se fs te sfjhcufrg, rftahr tafd te prhy uped, pr`vfth prephrty fdg shhk`dc te

thrl`dfth gelhst`n nelift.6:

F shnedg jerlhr ]ertucuhsh nebedy, Fdcebf, ejjhrs fgg`tèdfb hv`ghdnh jer eur frculhdt. Jebbew`dc `ts irhfk w`ta ]ertucfb, Fdcebf, b`kh Lezfli`quh, hdthrhg f phrèg

ej `dthdsh gelhst`n wfrjfrh. We fd hvhd crhfthr hxthdt tafd Lezfli`quh, w`ta tah hdgej tah Nebg Sfr, Fdcebf tee wfs suiohnt te f w`tagrfwfb ej jerh`cd f`g (Nrenkhr 6009).

Iut, `d nedtrfst te Lezfli`quh, hvhd fjthr tah ghnb`dh ej jerh`cd suppert, tah cevhrdlhdtej Fdcebf neubg fdt`n`pfth jfverfibh hnedel`n presphnts hvhd `d tah l`gst ej n`v`b

nedjb`nt. Nedtrebb`dc tah dertahrd e`b j`hbgs ej Nfi`dgf, `t nedt`duhs te fdt`n`pfthjfverfibh hnedel`n presphnts fdg tahrhjerh jhhbs b`ttbh rhfsed te leg`jy `ts hnedel`n peb`n`hs er `ts ush ej jernh. Sa`bh tah cevhrdlhdt `d Lezfli`quh taus jeudg `t `d `ts

`dthrhsts te ftthlpt te rhiu`bg `ts nelpfnt w`ta n`v`b`fd fchdts fdg tah pr`vfth shnter, tahcevhrdlhdt ej Fdcebf afs saewd bhss `dnb`dftèd te ge se.

Nednbusèd

Eur rhfsed`dc nfpturhg `d tah leghb, taus, g`rhnts us tewfrg f ghhphr udghrstfdg`dc ej

tah jeudgftèds ej peb`t`nfb erghr. @t pe`dts te tah `lpertfdnh ej tfxftèd, fdg te tah gh-stfi`b`z`dc hjjhnt ej rhseurnh hdgewlhdts fdg jerh`cd f`g. Wah bec`n ej tah fdfbys`ssucchsts tah frrfdchlhdts taft saeubg prhvf`b `d erghr jer sphn`fb`sts `d vèbhdnh te

ihafvh `d wfys taft prhshrvh erghr fdg presphr`ty. Wah bec`n ej tah fdfbys`s fbse succhstsrhfseds jer tah nebbfpsh ej stfths, fdg a`cab`cats sphn`j`n trfohnter`hs iy wa`na tahy l`cat

udrfvhb. Fdg hv`ghdnh jrel tah tulubtueus peb t`ns ej nedthlperfry Fjr`nf thdgs tenedj`rl tah s`cd`j`nfdnh ej tahsh jfnters fs whbb.

Sh nednbugh iy succhst`dc wfys taft tah leghb nfd ih hxthdghg?

6: @ts eppedhdt, Yhdfle, p`bbfchg nellud`t`hs taft `t l`cat rhfsedfiby afvh ihhdhxphnthg te nubt`vfth fs f peb`t`nfb ifsh. Yhdfle tee wfs supperthg jrel firefg, j`rst iyYaeghs`f fdg tahd iy êuta Fjr nf. Iy eur frculhdt, `ts cufrfdthhg `dnelh jrel firefg

whfkhdhg `ts `dnhdt`vhs te rhjrf`d jrel suna ihafvèr. Fdg, `dghhg, wahd êuta Fjr`nf ihcfd te fifdged ts suppert ej Yhdfle, `d jfver ej lerh jfverfibh t`hs w`ta tah

cevhrdlhdt ej Lezfli`quh, tahd Yhdfle tee ihcfd te ihafvh w`ta crhfthr rhstrf`dt fdgte fnt fs f n`v`b`fd peb`t`nfb pfrty rftahr tafd fs f beet`dc rfiibh.




J`rst, eur fdfbys`s jenushg ed g`st`dcu`sa`dc ihtwhhd tah ercfd`zftèd ej nehrnèd

`d sen`ht`hs w ta fdg w`taeut cevhrdlhdts. Pht, wh ge det hbfierfth ed g`jjhrhdnhs ihtwhhd typhs ej cevhrdlhdts, etahr tafd taesh g`jjhrhdnhs taft fr`sh jrel g`jjhrhdt

rhseurnh hdgewlhdts. Wah leghb neubg y`hbg `dthrhst`dc `ds`cats fieut tah fi`b`ty ej cevhrdlhdts te nelphdsfth jer tah bfnk ej rhseurnh rhstrf`dts, `j tahy whrh rhstrf`dhg `d

etahr wfys (h.c., tareuca hbhnterfb lhnafd`sls ). ûna lhnafd`sls neubg ih rhjbhnthg `df lerh hbfierfthg pud`salhdt lhnafd`sl, wahrh, jer hxflpbh, ih`dc ieethg eut ej ejj`nh neubg ih rhprhshdthg fs f nest ej ghjhnt`dc.

^hnedg, jurtahr fdfbys`s saeubg hbfierfth tah whbjfrh `lpb`nftèds ej g`jjhrhdt peb`t`nfb frrfdchlhdts. Wah bec`n ej stfth-b`kh ihafvèr benfths twe seurnhs ej `dhjj`n`hdny. Edh `s vèbhdnh? pr`vfth fchdts w bb sa`jt hjjert jrel pregunt`vh fnt`v`t hs te

l`b`tfry prhpfrhgdhss `d fd hjjert te g`sneurfch rf`g`dc iy etahrs. Wah etahr `s tfxftèd? pr`vfth fchdts w`bb sa jt hjjert jrel pregunt vh fnt`v`t`hs te bh`surh ihnfush C (tah

cevhrdlhdt) tfxhs tahl. Wah j`rst seurnh ej `dhjj n`hdny ennurs ieta `d sen`ht`hs w`tafdg w`taeut stfths. Wah shnedg `s, ej neursh, ud`quh te sen`ht`hs w`ta stfths.

C`vhd tahsh seurnhs ej whbjfrh bess, wh frh pes`tèdhg te fggrhss tah quhstèd? @stah (lest hjj`n`hdt) hqu`bìrùl `d tah cflh w`ta C lerh hjj`n`hdt tafd tah (lesthjj`n`hdt) hqu`bìrùl fttf`dfibh `d tah fishdnh ej C5 @dghhg, wh nfd ce jurtahr. Wah

lfcd`tugh ej tah whbjfrh bess `djb`nthg iy cevhrdlhdts ghphdgs uped tah bhvhb ej tfxftèd dhnhssfry te ghthr tahl jrel irhfk`dc tah`r pfnt w`ta pr`vfth fchdts. Fdg tahbhvhb ej tfxftèd rhqu`rhg te `dgunh nelpb`fdnh iy sphn`fb`sts `d vèbhdnh `s f judntèd ej

tah presphnts tahy jfnh saeubg tahy fifdged tah pfnt fdg jerfch jer `dnelh ed tah`r ewd.@d b`cat ej eur g`snussèd, wh nfd nbfss`jy cevhrdlhdts `dte taesh w`ta fdg w`taeut

pes`t`vh presphnts `d tah stfth ej g`serghr taft prhvf`bs wahd tahy fifdged tah`r eib`cftèds te tah`r n`t`zhds (h`tahr iy prfy`dc uped tah`r fsshts er iy jf`b`dc te pud`sataesh wae ge).

Sh tahd j`dg taft jer taesh w`ta de pes`t`vh presphnts fs tah cevhrdlhdt‐s t`lhaer`zed bhdctahds, tah bhvhb ej tfxftèd dhnhssfry te `dgunh `t te prev`gh prethntèd jer

prephrty r`cats ghnb`dhs. @dghhg, `d tah b`l`t (`.h. fs q @ fpprefnahs 6 fdg ηC fpprefnahs

6), tah bhvhb ej tfxftèd cehs te zhre, taus rhlev`dc tah g`stertèd ej hnedel`n `dnhdt`vhs

fdg hb`l`dft`dc whbjfrh bess. Wah `lpb`nftèd `s nbhfr? wahd nehrnèd `s ercfd`zhg, tahdsen`hty nfd shnurh fd fbbenftèd ej rhseurnhs taft, `d hqu`bìrùl, chdhrfths f bhvhb ej whbjfrh taft fpprefnahs tah j`rst ihst!



Ercfd`z`dc Zèbhdnh ]fch 9>

Yhjhrhdnhs

6. Fxhbreg, Yeihrt. 6017. Wah Hvebutèd ej Neephrftèd. Dhw Perk? Ifs`n Ieeks.

9. Ifrdhtt, Ged, fdg Kfrfr` Doflf. 60::. Lfu Lfu jrel S`ta`d. Dhw Perk?

Ledtaby Yhv`hw ]rhss.

>. Ifyfrt, Ohfd-Jrfdne`sh, ^thpahd Hbb`s, fdg Ihftr`nh Aìeu. 6000. WahNr`l`d`fb`zftèd ej tah ^tfth `d Fjr`nf. Ibeel`dcted? @dg`fdfd Xd`vhrs`ty ]rhss.

7. Irfughb, Jhrdfdg. 6009. Wah ^trunturhs ej Hvhrygfy B`jh. Ihrkhbhy fdg BesFdchbhs? Xd`vhrs`ty ej Nfb`jerd`f ]rhss.

8. Iunafdfd, Oflhs, fdg Cerged Wubbenk. 60:9. Wah Nfbnubus ej Nedshdt . FddFrier, L@? Xd`vhrs`ty ej L`na`cfd ]rhss.

:. Iunafdfd, Oflhs L. 6010. Hssfys ed tah ]eb`t`nfb Hnedely. Aedebubu?Xd`vhrs`ty ej Afwf`` ]rhss.

3. Nbeuca, Lfrsafbb ^., fdg Khrdhbb F. Ofnksed. 6038. Lfu Lfu ^ybbfius? ]frts @

fdg @@. ^tfdjerg NF? ^tfdjerg Xd`vhrs`ty.

1. Neaft, Pvhs. 6009. Wah Z`k`dcs. Bedged? Waflhs fdg Augsed.

0. Nebsed, Hb`zfihta. 6037. Wrfg`tèd fdg Nedtrfnt . Na`nfce? Fbg`dh ]uib`sa`dc

Nelpfdy.

6=. Newhd, L`nafhb ]. 6031. Nfp`tfb fdg Aeushaebg ]reguntèd? Wah Nfsh ej Sfttbh

` Khdyf's Nhdtrfb ]rev`dnh, 60=>-60:7. ]a.G. G`sshrtftèd, Fdtarepebecy,Nflir`gch Xd`vhrs`ty, Nflir`gch.

66. Nrenkhr, Nahsthr. 6009. A`ca Deed `d êutahrd Fjr`nf? Lfk`dc ]hfnh `df Yeuca

Dh`caieraeeg . Dhw Perk? S. S. Derted & Nelpfdy.

69. Nreuna, Gfv`g. 600=. S`bb`fl Lfrsafbb . Dhw Perk? Bedclfd.

6>. G`kh, K. Edwukf. 608:. Wrfgh fdg ]eb`t`ns `d tah D`chr Ghbtf, 61>=-6118.Exjerg? Wah Nbfrhdged ]rhss.

67. Guiy, Cherchs. 6013. Jrfdnh `d tah L`ggbh Fchs, 013-67:=. Wrfdsbfthg iy Oub`ht

Zfbh. Exjerg? Ibfnkwhbb.

68. Hgchrted, Yeihrt H. 6010. Lfu Lfu? Fd Fjr`nfd Nrunìbh. Dhw Perk? Wah Jrhh

]rhss.

6:. Hbb`s, ^thpahd. 6000. Wah Lfk`dc ej Fdfrnay. Dhw Perk? Dhw Perk Xd`vhrs`ty]rhss.




63. Hlihr, Lhbv`d, fdg Nfreb Y. Hlihr. 6000. Lfk`dc tah Serbg Lerh ]hfnhjub.

Na`nfce.

61. Hvfds-]r`tnafrg, H. H. 607=. Wah Duhr . Exjerg? Wah Nbfrhdged ]rhss.

60. Jhughdihrc, Grhw, fdg Hr`n Lfsk`d. 601:. Wah Jeb Waherhl `d Yhphfthg Cflhsw`ta G`sneudt`dc fdg @dnelpbhth @djerlftèd. Hnedelhtr`nf 87?8>>-87.

9=. Jr`hg, Lerted. 60:3. Wah Hvebutèd ej ]eb`t`nfb ên`hty. Dhw Perk? Yfdgel

Aeush.

96. Crh`j, Fvdhr. 6001. ^hbj-hdjern`dc ]eb`t`nfb ^ysthls fdg Hnedel`n Crewta? Bfth

Lhg`hvfb Chdef. @d Fdfbyt`n Dfrrft`vhs, hg`thg iy Y. A. Ifths, F. Crh`j, O.-B.Yeshdtafb, L. Bhv` fdg I. Sh`dcfst. ]r`dnhted? ]r`dnhted Xd`vhrs`ty ]rhss.

99. A`nks, L`nafhb. 6008. Ifstfrg Jhugfb sl. Bedged fdg Dhw Perk? Bedclfd.

9>. Augsed, Oead. 600:. Wah Jerlftèd ej tah Hdcb`sa Nelled Bfw. Dhw Perk fdgBedged? Bedclfd.

97. Aulh, Nflhred. 6007. Hdg`dc Lezfli`quh's Sfr . Sfsa`dcted GN? Wah Xd`thg^tfths @dst`tuth ej ]hfnh.

98. Oedhs, Cw`byl @wfd. 60:>. Wah Wrfg`dc ^tfths ej tah E`b Y`vhrs. Bedged? Exjerg

Xd`vhrs`ty prhss jer tah @dthrdftèdfb Fjr`nfd @dst`tuth.

9:. Khdyfttf, Oele. 608>. Jfn`dc Leudt Khdyf. Bedged? ^hnkhr fdg Sfriurc.

93. Khrsafw, Crhht. 6003. Lfu Lfu jrel Ihbew. Ftahds, Eaè? Eaè Xd`vhrs`ty

]rhss.

91. Kbunkaead, Nbygh. 6077. Dfvfae S`tnanrfjt. ]fphrs ej tah ]hfiegy Lushul ej

Frnahebecy fdg Htadebecy 99 (9).

90. Kd`cat, Ofnk. 6009. @dst`tutèds fdg ên`fb N`dtrfnt . Dhw Perk? Nflir`gch

Xd`vhrs`ty ]rhss.

>=. Bflihrt, A. H. 608:. K`kuyu ên`fb fdg ]eb`t`nfb @dst`tutèds. Bedged? ExjergXd`vhrs`ty ]rhss.

>6. Bhfkhy, B. ^. I. 6033. Wah êutahrd K`kuyu Ihjerh 60=>. > vebs. Bedged?Fnfghl`n ]rhss.

>9. LfnNfjjrhy, Sfbbfnh W. 60:6. ]bfnh fdg ]ftredfch `d Hb`zfihtafd ]eb`t`ns. @d Hb`zfihtafd Cevhrdlhdt fdg ên`hty, hg`thg iy ^. W. I`gejj, O. Aurstj`hbg fdg N.A. S`bb`fls. Bedged? Wah Ftabedh ]rhss.

>>. LfnVuhhd, Derr`h. 6003. Wah Ghnebed`zftèd ej ]ertucuhsh Fjr`nf. Bedged?Bedclfd.




>7. LnJfrbfdh, K. I. 603>. Wah Dei`b`ty ej Bfthr Lhg`hvfb Hureph. Exjerg?

Nbfrhdged ]rhss.

>8. LnJfrbfdh, K. I. 6016. Hdcbfdg `d tah 68ta Nhdtury. Bedged? Aflibhged ]rhss.

>:. LnDh`b, S`bb`fl. 6019. Wah ]ursu`t ej ]ewhr . Na`nfce? Xd`vhrs`ty ej Na`nfce]rhss.

>3. L`ggbhted, O. 608>. Wah Nhdtrfb Wrìhs ej tah Derta-Hfsthrd Ifdtu. Bedged?

@dthrdftèdfb Fjr`nfd @dst`tuth.

>1. Leerh, Ifrr`dcted. 60::. ên`fb Er`c`ds ej G`ntftersa`p fdg Ghlenrfny. Iested?

Ihfned ]rhss.

>0. Doedoe, Fpebbe. 6003. Wah Fjr`nfd`zftèd ej tah 'Sa`th A`cabfdgs', Ghpfrtlhdt ej ]eb`t`ns, ]r`dnhted Xd`vhrs`ty, ]r`dnhted.

7=. Dertarup, Gfv`g. 6031. Wrfgh S`taeut Yubhrs. Exjerg? Wah Nbfrhdged ]rhss.

76. Derta, N. Geucbfss. 600=. @dst`tutèds, @dst`tutèdfb Nafdch fdg Hnedel`n

]hrjerlfdnh. Nflir`gch? Nflir`gch Xd`vhrs`ty ]rhss.

79. Erlreg, S. L. 600>. Wah Yh`cd ej Hgwfrg @@@ . Dhw Afvhd fdg Bedged? PfbhXd`vhrs`ty ]rhss.

7>. Etthdihrc, ^`led. 6081. @ie Erfnbhs fdg @dthrcreup Yhbftèds. êutawhsthrd Oeurdfb ej Fdtarepebecy 67 (>)?908->63.

77. ]ewhr, H`bhhd. 6076. Wah Seeb Wrfgh `d Hdcb`sa Lhg`hvfb A`stery. Exjerg?

Exjerg Xd`vhrs`ty ]rhss.

78. ]rhstw`na, L`nafhb. 601=. Hgwfrg @ . Dhw Afvhd fdg Bedged? Pfbh Xd`vhrs`ty

]rhss.

7:. Yhde, S`bb`fl. 6001. Sfrberg ]eb`t`ns fdg Fjr`nfd ^tfths. Ieubghr, NE? Byddh

Y`hddhr ]uib`sahrs.

73. Yesihrc, Nfrb C., fdg Oead Dett`dcafl. 60::. Wah Lyta ej Lfu Lfu. ^tfdjergNF? ]rfhchr ej Dhw Perk jer tah Aeevhr @dst`tutèd ej Sfr, Yhvebutèd fdg

]hfnh.

71. ^fab`ds, Lfrsafb G. 60:6. Wah ^hclhdtfry B`dhfch? Fd Ercfd`zftèd ej

]rhgftery Hxpfdsèd. Flhr`nfd Fdtarepebec`st :>?>99->78.

70. ^kenpeb, Wahgf. 6030. ^tfths fdg ên`fb Yhvebutèds. Nflir`gch? Nflir`gchXd`vhrs`ty ]rhss.

8=. êutafbb, F`gfd S. 608:. Fbur ên`hty. Nflir`gch? S. Ahjjhr fdg êds.



Ercfd`z`dc Zèbhdnh ]fch 9:

86. W`bby, Nafrbhs. 6038. Yhjbhntèds ed tah A`stery ej ^tfth Lfk`dc. @d Wah

Jerlftèd ej Dftèd ^tfths `d Shsthrd Hureph, hg`thg iy N. W`bby. ]r`dnhted?]r`dnhted Xd`vhrs`ty ]rhss.

89. Wurdhr, Yfbpa Z. 6007. K`dc Oead. Dhw Perk? Bedclfd.

8>. Shihr, Lfx. 6081. ]eb`t`ns fs f Zenftèd. @d Jrel Lfx Shihr , hg`thg iy A. A.Chrta fdg N. S. L`bbs. Dhw Perk? Exjerg Xd`vhrs`ty ]rhss.

87. Sebj, Hr`n Y. 60:0. ]hfsfdt Sfrs ej tah Wwhdt`hta Nhdtury. Dhw Perk? Afrphr fdg Yew.

88. _frtlfd, @. S`bb`fl. 6008. Nebbfpshg ^tfths. Ieubghr NE? B. Y`hddhr ]uib`sahrs.




Fpphdg`x

J`rst Ihst Hqu`bìrùl `d f ^`dcbh âet Cflh

Bht w` JI fdg b JI < W ` „ w`

JI ih tah j`rst ihst fbbenftèd ej werk fdg bh`surh taft `s

w`

JI ∁w `

∁[ = , W \

frc lfx ύ` (w

`, b < W ∙ w

`,l

` < = ,l ∙`

< = , r < = ,r∙ ` < = ) (6)

@d f edh-phrèg cflh, tah j`rst ihst fbbenftèd nfd ih fna`hvhg fs f Dfsa hqu`bìrùl

eutnelh `jj jer < 6,9 63?

(w`

JI, l

`

JI < =, b`

JI) ∁

w ` , l` , b ` ∁[ = , Y \

frc lfx X ( J (w`) + J (w ∙ `

JI) L (l

`,l ∙`

JI < =) , b` ) (9)

suiohnt te w + l` + b < W `.

Wah phr phrèg pfyejj jer hfna pbfyhr jer ta`s hqu`bìrùl strfthcy neli`dftèd `s `JI.

Wah j`rst erghr nedg`tèds fdg tah syllhtry ej tah preibhl `lpby taft f dhnhssfry

nedg`tèd jer (9) te aebg `s?

J (w∙ `

JI)∉ L (l

` < =, l ∙` < = )

∉l

` ≧

∉ J (w`

JI )

∉w

(>)

Wah BA^ ej hquftèd (>) `s tah lfrc`dfb pregunt`v`ty ej l`b`tfry hjjert; tah YA^ `s tahlfrc`dfb pregunt`v`ty ej pregunt`vh bfier. ûna f nedg`tèd rhqu`rhs taft tah lfrc`dfb

pregunt`v`ty ej rhseurnhs ghvethg te l`b`tfry prhpfrhgdhss fdg pbudghr`dc lust ih bhsstafd tah lfrc`dfb pregunt`v`ty ej rhseurnhs ghvethg te pregunt`vh bfier.

Fbb-Ghjhnt Hqu`bìrùl

@j tah `dhqufb`ty `d hquftèd (>) `s rhvhrshg, pbfyhr 's ihst rhspedsh `s te fnqu`rh

l`b`tfry fi`b`ty fdg te ush `t `d rf`g`dc, `j pbfyhr - gehs det. Hxphnt`dc, tahrhjerh, te ihrf`ghg, pbfyhr „ 's ihst rhspedsh `s te fifdged tah j`rst ihst fbbenftèd ej pregunt`vh bfier fdg bh`surh fdg te sa`jt rhseurnhs te l`b`tfry prhpfrhgdhss. Xdghr suna nedg`tèds `d fs`dcbh saet cflh, ieta pbfyhrs w`bb fnqu`rh l`b`tfry nfpfi`b`t hs fdg rf`g `d fdy

syllhtr`n hqu`bìrùl (r < 6 fdg l` 4 =).

1 Iy tah Kfkutfd` taherhl, fd hqu`bìrùl hx`sts.




Sahd tah j`rst ihst hqu`bìrùl nfddet ih fttf`dhg `d tah s`dcbh saet cflh, ieta

pbfyhrs w`bb rhvhrt te waft wh nfbb tah fbb-ghjhnt hqu`bìrùl. Sh w`bb ghdeth tah fbb-ghjhnt vfbuhs w`ta tah suphrsnr`pt, G. @d ta`s hqu`bìrùl, hfna pbfyhr‐s strfthcy `s te rf`g

tah etahr fjthr `dvhst`dc l`G `d l`b`tfry fi`b`ty; w`

G `d werk; fdg W „ l`G „ w`

G `d bh`surh;tah phr phrèg pfyejj jer hfna pbfyhr jer ta`s hqu`bìrùl strfthcy neli`dftèd `s `

G.

Hfna pbfyhr w`bb `dvhst `d l`b`tfry fi`b`ty fdg pregunt`vh bfier te tah pe`dt wahrh

tah lfrc`dfb ihdhj`t jrel werk`dc hqufbs tah lfrc`dfb ihdhj`t jrel `dnrhfshg l`b`tfrynfpfi`b`t`hs ieta ghjhds`vhby fdg ejjhds`vhby. Xs`dc tah j`rst erghr nedg`tèds jer

lfx`l`z`dc tah stfch cflh pfyejjs, wh nfd nafrfnthr`zh ta`s hqu`bìrùl eutnelh iy tahjebbew`dc rhbftèds jer < 6,9?

∉ J (w`

G )

∉w`

< J (w∙ `

G)∉ L (l

`

G ,l ∙ `

G )

∉l`

∙ J (w`

G)∉ L (l ∙`

G , l`

G )

∉l`

(7)

Wah bhjt afdg s`gh ej tah hquftèd `s tah lfrc`dfb `dnrhfsh `d `dnelh guh te f

pbfyhr's werk hjjert. Wah r`cat afdg s`gh `s tah lfrc`dfb `dnrhfsh `d `dnelh guh te ahr fnqu`s`tèd ej l`b`tfry fi`b`ty, ieta jer rf`g`dc fdg ghjhdsh. Ft tah hqu`bìrùl eutnelhs,

tahsh lust ih hqufb ihnfush etahrw`sh f pbfyhr neubg cf`d jrel sa`jt`dc rhseurnhs jreltah fnt`v`ty w`ta bewhr rhturd te tah fnt`v`ty w`ta a`cahr rhturds. 61 Wah strfthcy prej`bh

jer tah stfch cflh hqu`bìrùl `s ώG < {(wG , lG , b G < W „ lG „ wG fdg r <6)}.

J`rst Ihst Hqu`bìrùl `d f Yhphfthg ]bfy Cflh

]repes`tèd 6?

Jer η ` ∁ [=, 6\, tahrh hx`sts η∓ suna taft, ∍ η` η∓`, tah j`rst ihst eutnelh nfd ih

sustf`dhg `d fs f syllhtr n, suicflh phrjhnt Dfsa hqu`bìrùl (^]DH).

]reej ?

Neds`ghr tah jebbew`dc strfthcy prej`bh, ώJI , jer hfna pbfyhr? ]bfy wJI, b JI , lJI

< =, fdg r < = fs bedc fs tah etahr pbfyhr afs dh`tahr rf`ghg der ghv`fthg jrel tah j`rst

ihst fbbenftèds, fdg pbfy tah stfch cflh hqu`bìrùl strfthcy etahrw`sh. Sh kdew tafttah fbb-ghjhnt strfthcy neli`dftèd `s f Dfsa hqu`bìrùl. Wahrhjerh, `t `s sujj`n`hdt jer tah preej ej ]repes`tèd 6 te saew taft tahrh hx`sts fd hqu`bìrùl `d wa`na rf`g`dc fdg

`dvhstlhdt `d l`b`tfry nfpfi`b`ty `s ghthrrhg iy tah pud`salhdt strfthcy te rhvhrt te tah

0 Wah reiust nednbusèd `s w`ta rhsphnt te `dhjj`n`hdny `dvebvhg `d `dvhst`dc `d l`b`tfry

fi`b`ty rftahr tafd rf`g`dc phr sh. Yf`g`dc ennurs `d tahsh hqu`bìr`f s`dnh rf`g`dc phr sh `s prej`tfibh `d eur sphn`j`nftèd fjthr `dvhst`dc `d l`b`tfry fi`b`ty. Sh g`g det sphn`jy nest

jer rf`g`dc fdg ghr`vh tah nedg`tèds jer rf`g`dc te ennur s`dnh eur jenus ahrh `s teghledstrfth tah `dhjj`n`hdny ej tah G hqu`bìrùl.




stfch cflh strfthcy prej`bh, ώG, `j h`tahr pbfyhr rf`gs er ghv`fths jrel tah j`rst ihst

fbbenftèds. Waus, tah ώJI strfthcy neli`dftèd `s f ^]DH, `jj jer ` < 6,9?

ύ`

JI

(6∙η`)

≨ ύ`

G , JI + η

`ύ`

G

(6∙η` )

(8)

wahrh `G,JI `s tah pfyejj jer ghjhnt`dc jrel tah j`rst ihst strfthcy wa`bh tah etahr pbfyhr

lf`dtf`ds tah j`rst ihst fbbenftèds, fdg

ύ`

G , JI(w `

G , JI,l `

G , JI, b`

G , JI <W ∙w `

G , JI ∙l`

G , JI, r <6,w ∙ `

JI,l∙ `

JI < =, b∙` JI <W ∙w `

G , JI, r <=)

< lfxw` G , JI , l

` G , JI

X ( J (w`

G, JI)+ J (w∙`

JI) L ( l

`

G , JI,l∙ `

JI <=) , b`

G , JI)

(:)

Hquftèd (8) nfd ih rh-wr`tthd fsύ`

JI

∙η`ύ`

G

(6 ∙η` )≨ ύ`

G , JI (3) . Wah YA^ ej hquft ed (3)

`s j`d`th, iut tah BA^ fpprefnahs `dj`d`ty `d tah b`l`t?ύ`

JI∙ η`ύ`

G

(6∙η ` )↙ ∔ , fs

η` ↙ 6 . Wahrhjerh, tahrh hx`sts η* ` , suna taft ∍ η 4 η∓

`, hquft ed (3) aebgs. V.H.G.

Waus, `d tah `dj`d`thby rhphfthg cflh, tah j`rst ihst er lest hjj`n`hdt eutnelh nfd

ih fna`hvhg fs f ^]DH `j tah pbfyhrs frh sujj n`hdtby pft`hdt (w ta η sujj`n`hdtby nbesh te

6). Fs `s whbb kdewd, s`l`bfr rhsubts nfd fbse ih eitf`dhg `d f j`d`th cflh `j tahrh hx`sts

udnhrtf`dty fieut wahd tah cflh w`bb hdg.

Yhstr`nt`vh nedg`tèds lust prhvf`b, aewhvhr, jer tah j`rst ihst hqu`bìrùl te aebg

hvhd `d fd `dj`d`thby rhphfthg cflh. Oust fs tah pfyejjs te tah suicflh nfd ih ahbgnedstfdt, wa`bh vfry`dc η `, se tee nfd tah g`sneudt jfnter ih ahbg nedstfdt, wa`bh vfry`dc

tah pfyejjs te tah suicflh. Yhturd`dc te tah preej ej ]repes`tèd 6, `t nfd rhfg`by ihshhd taft jer fdy t`lh g`sneudt jfnter, η `, tahrh `s selh stfch cflh pfyejj, `

G, jer wa`na

tah j`rst ihst fbbenftèds nfddet ih f ^]DH. Fs tah stfch cflh pfyejjs r`sh, nhthr`s pfrìus, tah `dnhdt`vhs te ihafvh `d wfys dhnhssfry te sustf`d tah j`rst ihst fs fdhqu`bìrùl ghnb`dh. ^`l`bfrby, `d erghr te lf`dtf`d tah j`rst ihst fs f ^]DH wahd tah

stfch cflh pfyejjs `dnrhfsh, tah pbfyhrs lust ihnelh lerh pft`hdt, `d etahr wergs tah`r t`lh g`sneudt jfnter lust `dnrhfsh.

Jer neephrftèd te ih fna`hvhg tareuca rhphfthg pbfy, ieta pbfyhrs lust safrh tah sflhhxphntftèds rhcfrg`dc tah etahr pbfyhr‐s pfyejj `d vfr eus nedt`dchdn`hs. Edby `j ieta pbfyhrs frh sujj`n`hdtby pft`hdt nfd neephrftèd ih fna`hvhg. Hfna pbfyhr saeubg ih

pft`hdt hdeuca se taft ghsp`th tah jfnt taft tah etahr afs de ghjhdsh, sah weubg det rf`g,eut ej jhfr ej f juturh rhvhrsèd te tah G hqu`bìrùl.



Ercfd`z`dc Zèbhdnh ]fch >=

De L`b`tfry Hqu`bìrùl

Wah DL strfthcy nfbbs jer pbfyhr te ghveth w` DL ud`ts ej rhseurnhs te pregunt`vh

werk fdg W - w` DL ud`ts te bh`surh w`ta de rhseurnhs fbbenfthg te l`, fs bedc fs tah etahr

pbfyhr afs dhvhr rf`ghg er pregunhg lerh tafd w-` DL; fdg te rhvhrt te tah G hqu`bìrùl

strfthcy etahrw`sh.60 Ghj`dh`

G,DL fs tah a`cahst edh phrèg pfyejj taft pbfyhr nfdfna`hvh iy ghv`ft`dc jrel tah DL strfthcy (wa`bh tah etahr pbfyhr jebbews ahr DL

strfthcy). Waft `s, ύ`

G , DL (•) < lfx

w ` G , DL

, l` G , DL

, b ` G , DL

X ( J (w`

G , DL ) + J (w∙ `

DL ) L (l

`

G , DL ,l ∙`

DL ), b

`

G, DL )

(1)

Jebbew`dc tah sflh prenhgurh hlpbeyhg w`ta rhsphnt te tah j`rst ihst, wh nfd hfs`byvhr`jy taft tah DL strfthcy neli`dftèd `s f (syllhtr`n) sui-cflh phrjhnt hqu`bìrùl

`jj

ύ`

DL

(6 ∙η`)≨ ύ

`

G , DL + η

`ύ`

G

(6 ∙ η` )

(0)

Hquftèd (0) nfd ih rhwr`tthd fsύ`

DL ∙η`ύ

`

G

(6 ∙η`)

≨ ύ`

G , DL (6=).

]es`t`vh L`b`tfry @dvhstlhdt Hqu`bìrùl

Hfna pbfyhr's strfthcy nfbbs jer `dvhst`dc l`]L ud`ts ej hjjert te l`b`tfry fi`b`ty fdg

w`]L ud`ts te werk, fdg det te rf`g, fs bedc fs tah etahr pbfyhr afs dhvhr rf`ghg fdg afs

fbse fbbenfthg w-`]L te werk fdg l-`

]L te l`b`tfry prhpfrhgdhss. Jurtahrlerh, tah strfthcy

nfbbs jer rf`g`dc fdg tahd rhvhrt`dc te pbfy`dc tah fbb-ghjhnt strfthcy jerhvhr `j tah etahr pbfyhr afs hvhr fbbenfthg ud`ts l-` l-`

]L te l`b`tfry fi`b`ty er lerh tafd w-`]L ud`ts

te pregunt`vh bfier.

F ]L strfthcy prej`bh `s f syllhtr`n hqu`bìrùl `jj jer < 6, 9?

ύ`

]L

(6∙η`)

≨ ύ`

G , ]L + η

`ύ`

G

(6∙η` )

(66)

wahrh `

G,]L

s tah a`cahst pfyejj fttf`dfibh jrel edh phrèg ghv`ftèd wahd tah etahr pbfyhr nedt`duhs te pbfy ahr ]L strfthcy. Waft `s,

6= Wah w` DL bhvhb ej pregunt`vh bfier `s tah a`cahst taft nfd ih fna`hvhg w`taeut

tr`cchr`dc vèbhdnh. Wah rhqu`rhlhdt taft f pbfyhr w`bb rhspedg te bhvhbs a`cahr tafd w-

` DL iy rf`g`dc `s thnad`nfb iy dfturh fdg guh te tah s`lubtfdh`ty ej tah stfch cflh.



Ercfd`z`dc Zèbhdnh ]fch >6

ύ`

G , ]L (•) < lfx

w` G , ]L , l

` G , ]L , b

` G , ]L

X ( J (w `

G , ]L ) + J (w ∙`

]L ) L (l`

G , ]L ,l ∙ `

]L ) , b`

G, ]L ) (69)

Wah ept`lfb ]L hqu`bìrùl `s ghj`dhg iy tah shbhntèd ej tah hqu`bìrùl bhvhbs ej l`]L

fdg w`]L taft lfx`l`zhs fd fchdt's phr-phrèg pfyejj.

Jurtahrlerh, f pes`t`vh-l`b`tfry `dvhstlhdt (]L) hqu`bìrùl lfy hx`st wahd f de-

l`b`tfry `dvhstlhdt (DL) hqu`bìrùl gehs det. ûppesh taft f DL hqu`bìrùl gehs det

hx`st; taft `s,ύ

`

DL

(6 ∙η`)

2 ύ`

G , DL + η

`ύ`

G

(6 ∙ η` )

. F sa`jt te f ]L hqu`b irùl ghnrhfshs tah r`cat

afdg s`gh ej tah fievh `dhqufb`ty tareuca `ts `lpfnt ed G,DL (s`dnh 9L(•)/ l l-`2=). Wa`s sa`jt fbse `lpfnts tah bhjt-afdg s`gh s`dnh ud`ts ej hjjert frh rh-fbbenfthg jrel

bh`surh te pregunt`vh bfier fdg l`b`tfry fi`b`ty. Wah lfcd`tugh ej tah nafdch ed tah bhjtafdg s`gh ghphdgs ed tah judntèdfb jerl ej tah lfrc`dfb pregunt`v`ty ej werk, tah

judntèdfb jerl ej tah lfrc`dfb ut`b`ty jrel bh`surh, fdg tah judntèdfb jerl ej lfrc`dfbut`b`ty ej `dnelh. @j tah rhbftèds ihtwhhd tahsh vfrèus judgflhdtfbs frh suna taft tahr`cat afdg s`gh `dnrhfshs iy bhss tafd tah bhjt, f ]L hqu`bìrùl hx`sts wahrh f DL

hqu`bìrùl gehs det.

Fdetahr wfy te shh way fdg udghr waft nedg`tèds ta`s lfy ih tah nfsh, suppesh taft

ieta pbfyhrs whrh `d`t`fbby `d tah fbb-ghjhnt hqu`bìrùl. Dew hfna ej tahl rhgunhs ahr fleudt ej l`b`tfry `dvhstlhdt iy tah sflh (fri`trfr`by slfbb) fleudt fdg fbbenfths ta`sfleudt ept`lfbby ihtwhhd pregunt`vh bfier fdg bh`surh. Nfd `t ih tah nfsh taft tah

lutufb tarhft te sw tna ifnk te tah fbb-ghjhnt hqu`b irùl `s shbj- hdjernhfibh `j fdy pbfyhr `dvhsts lerh `d l`b`tfry fi`b`ty tafd ta`s dhw bhvhb sphn`j`hs5 Waft `s, nfd hquftèd (66)

aebg (ghsp`th tah fssulptèd taft `t gehs det aebg `d f DL strfthcy)5 ^`dnh udghr tah fbb-ghjhnt hqu`bìrùl ta`s nedg`tèd wfs sft`sj`hg w`ta hqufb`ty, ta`s w`bb ih tah nfsh edby `j

tah `dnrhlhdtfb `dnrhfsh `d tah BA^ `s bfrchr tafd taft ej tah YA^.

Neephrft`vh Cevhrdfdnh Hqu`bìrùl

]r`vfth fchdts pfy tfxhs fdg rhjrf`d jrel rf`g`dc, fs bedc fs C gehs dethxprepr`fth tah`r prephrty; saeubg tahy rf`g er jf`b te pfy tfxhs C w`bb pud`sa tahl iyrhvhrt`dc te prhgftery ihafvèr.

@d suna fd hqu`bìrùl, C‐s strfthcy sht `s

ώC < {(C rhjrf`ds jrel hxprepr`ft`dc pr`vfth fchdts‐ prephrty ( p , p-`) < (=,=), `j

pr`vfth fchdts afvh pf`g tfxhs fdg det rf`ghg t < 6 fdg r < =, ∍ `; C rhvhrts te prhgftery

ihafvèr ( p , p-`) < (=,6) er ( p , p-`) < (6,=), `j f pr`vfth fchdt rf`gs er jf`bs te pfy tfxhs r ` <

6 er t < =, ∍ ` )}.

Wah pr`vfth fchdts‐ jebbew tah strfthcy sht,



Ercfd`z`dc Zèbhdnh ]fch >9

ώ` < {( fs bedc fs C afs det prhyhg er jf`bhg te pud`sa f trfdscrhss`dc pr`vfth

fchdt, pbfyhr gehs det rf`g r < =, pfys tfxhs t < 6, fdg naeeshs bhvhbs ej w , l , b sunataft, c`vhd C‐s strfthcy, pbfyhr „ fbse fbbenfths tah hqu`bìrùl bhvhb ej rhseurnhs te w-` ,

l-` , b -` fdg gehs det rf`g r -` < =; pbfyhr rhvhrts te rf`g`dc fdg fbbenft`dc rhseurnhsfnnerg`dcby, `j C afs dhcbhnthg te pud`sa f pr`vfth fchdt wae afs trfdscrhsshg er `j C afs

hxprepr`fthg prephrty wahd pr`vfth fchdts afvh det trfdscrhsshg)}, jer <6,9.

]repes`tèd >?

Ghdeth iy `NC tah phr phrèg pfyejj ej pr`vfth fchdt ed tah pfta ej tah cevhrdlhdt‐s

chdhrfb`zhg-pud`salhdt strfthcy neli`dftèd, `NC ( w`

NC , l`NC , b NC , r < =, t ` < 6, p` < =,

w-`NC , l-`

NC , b-`NC , r- < =, t-` < 6, p-` < =) < X(J( w`

NC)(6 - t ` χ), b NC ) „ N ` (w`NC+ l `

NC).

Ghj`dh `G,NC fs tah a`cahst edh phrèg pfyejj eitf`dfibh jer pbfyhr iy ghv`ft`dc jrel

tah NC strfthcy wahd pbfyhr -` jebbews `t. Waft `s, `G,NC ( •) < X([J(w`

G,NC)+ J(w-

`NC)L(l`

G,NC, l-`NC)\(6 - q`), b NC ) „ N ` (w`

G,NC+ l `G,NC).9= J`dfbby, bht `

NA ih pbfyhr `‐s pfyejj `d tah nafes hqu`bìrùl. Wah cevhrdlhdt‐s chdhrfb`zhg-pud`salhdt (NC) strfthcyneli`dftèd `s f ^]DH `j 96 jer < 6,9?

(`) χNC

<[q J (w

`

NC) ∙N C (•)\(6∙ηC

)

J (w `

NC)[9ηC + q (6∙ηC )\

+ ηCύC

NA

J (w`

NC)[ 9ηC + q ` (6∙ηC )\

(67)

(``) q J (w`

NC) ≨ N

C (•) (68)

(```) w `

NC,l `

NC,b`NC

∁ frc lfxw

` , l

` , b

` ∁[ = ,W \

X ( J (w ` )(6 ∙χNC

), b`NC

) (6:)

suiohnt te w`

NC+ l

`

NC+ b

`

NC< W , fdg

ύ∙`

NC

(6∙η

∙ ` )

≨ ύ∙ `

G , NC + η∙ `ύ∙ `

NA

(6 ∙η

∙ ` )

(63).

Wah NC strfthcy prej`bh nedst`tuths f ^]DH `j de pbfyhr nfd cf`d jrel f s`dcbh

fntèd ghv`ftèd fjthr fdy a`stery.

Hquftèd (67) hdsurhs tah ept`lfb`ty ej C‐s fntèd ed tah pfta ej pbfy; `t sphn`j`hs

tah tfx rfth, χNC, taft `s sujj`n`hdtby a`ca te ghthr C jrel fttfnk`dc pr`vfth fchdts wae frh

hxphnthg te pfy `t. Wah dhxt nedg`tèd cufrfdthhs tah ept`lfb`ty ej C‐s fntèd `d rhspedshte fd fchdt‐s ghv`ftèd; C j`dgs `t prej`tfibh te pud`sa `j fdy fchdt rf`gs er gehs det pfy ft

bhfst χNC J(w `NC) wahd hquftèd (68) aebgs. J`dfbby, tah bfst nedg`t ed i`dgs tah pr`vfth

fchdts te stfy ed-tah-hqu`bìrùl pfta iy rub`dc eut fdy prej`tfibh ghv`ftèds ed tah pfta

ej pbfy. Hquftèds (6:) fdg (63) rhqu`rh taft f pr`vfth fchdt naeesh tah ept`lfbfbbenftèd ej werk fdg l`b`tfry fi`b`ty taft st`bb ghthrs tah etahr fchdt jrel rf`g`dc er

9= `dnh pr`vfth fchdt naeeshs wahtahr er det te pfy tfxhs, tah lest prej`tfibh ghv`ftèdhdtf`bs det pfy`dc ahr tfxhs.96 Hxfl`d`dc tah sujj`n`hdt nedg`tèd jer ta`s strfthcy te ih fd hqu`bìrùl nelpb`nfthstah prhshdtftèd w`taeut fgg`dc `ds`cats.



Ercfd`z`dc Zèbhdnh ]fch >>

fnqu`r`dc lerh tafd tah hqu`bìrùl bhvhb ej l`b`tfry fi`b`ty.

@d ta`s hqu`bìrùl, tah cevhrdlhdt ushs vèbhdnh `d tah jerl ej prhgftèd edby te pud`sa jebbew`dc rf`gs er f jf`burh te pfy tfxhs, fdg `t gehs det hxtrfnt whfbta ft f rfth

fievh χNC. χNC `s tah bewhst tfx rfth jer wa`na ta`s strfthcy neli`dftèd `s fd

hqu`bìrùl. Fdy tfx fievh ta`s fleudt weubg det ih nrhgìbh. @t `s tah l`d`lul

rhqu`rhg te g`ssufgh C jrel ghjhnt`dc jrel tah NC hqu`bìrùl fdg hxprepr`ft`dc pr`vfthfchdts‐ prephrty. Sh kdew taft tah jebbew`dc nedg`tèd lust aebg te khhp C jrel

ghjhnt`dc?ύC

NC

(6∙ηC )≨ ύC

G ,NC+ ηCύC

NA

(6∙ηC ) (61), wahrh C

G,NC `s C‐s a`cahst phr phrèg pfyejj

jrel ghv`ft`dc jrel tah NC strfthcy wa`bh tah pr`vfth fchdts frh st`bb pbfy`dc tah NC

strfthcy (`.h., C hdcfchs `d prhgftery ihafvèr fcf`dst edh hvhd taeuca ieta afvh fbrhfgy pf`g tfxhs te C jer tah phrèg). Iy ghj`d tèd, C

G,NC < q` [J( w`NC) „ χNC J( w`

NC)\ „ NC(•)

+ 9χNC J( w`NC), fdg C

NC < 9χNC J( w`NC). χNC `s ghr`vhg jrel hquftèd (61) wahd tah

YA^ hqufbs tah BA^. Fs CNA `dnrhfshs, `t ihnelhs `dnrhfs`dcby udb`khby taft ta`s

nedg`tèd (Hq. 61) w`bb aebg.

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