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Organizing the Marketplace
Chapter One: Change and Continuity
Introduction to International Relations | Spring 2014 | Professor McGill
What We’ll Cover
❖ Emergence of the Modern State!
❖ The Age of Absolutism!
❖ The Age of Revolutions!
❖ The Road to War
Change and Continuity
❖ How do we evaluate the significance of events and changes?!
❖ It is important to approach issues from larger historical perspective!
❖ We must understand the events and forces that shape the world we live in
What is a State?
❖ Also called “Nation State”!
❖ A nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government!
❖ Came into existence over 400 years ago following the Thirty Years War.
The Birth of the Modern State
30 Years War❖ Fought 1618-1648 primarily in what is now
Germany!
❖ Started with Protestant revolt against the Holy Roman Empire!
❖ Towards end, religion became secondary and more a power struggle between Austria and Spain VS France!
❖ The war showed that neither Protestants nor Catholics could control the continent!
❖ France emerged as the dominant power!
❖ Holland broke from Spain!
❖ Germany became a patchwork of independent countries where armies had camped and fought!
❖ 30-50% of population killed in some areas
Peace of Westphalia❖ Signed in 1648 -Ended Thirty
Years War!❖ Westphalia is recognized to be the
beginning of modern international relations based on the recognition of state sovereignty.!
❖ Holy Roman Emperor becomes figurehead!
❖ Swedes received large cash reparations and more land!
❖ French received rights over Alsace
The two most innovative principles were the principle of sovereignty and the principle of
equality among nations.!!
In short,the Peace of Westphalia believed that there is nothing
more important than the sovereignty of states.!
!Furthermore, religious warfare
came to an end, establishing religious tolerance in Europe.
Three Major Developments
1. The Commercial Revolution!
2. The Gunpowder Revolution!
3. The Protestant Reformation
The Commercial Revolution❖ Began 13th-14th centuries!❖ Economic stagnation since the
fall of Rome in 476 (Why is this problem related to the fall of Rome?)!
❖ Fragmented Europe!❖ Infrastructure in disrepair!❖ Small fiefdoms didn’t have the
resources to build the infrastructure!
❖ Political fragmentation made it difficult to organize!
❖ The emerging “Commercial Class” realized the problem —the Solution? !
❖ Larger political units with greater central control!
❖ Commercial class teamed up with Royalty!
❖ The Rulers provided the roads, ports, markets, law enforcement, and reliable currencies needed for trade.
The Gunpowder Revolution❖ Bottom line: Amor, swords,
lances, spears, bow and arrows, sucked!!
❖ Siege warfare was the primary strategy!
❖ Cannons required more complicated fortifications and more land to absorb the attack.!
❖ This changed military strategy profoundly —requiring the need for larger political units.
How does the changed military strategy of the “gunpowder revolution” apply to the current
situation with Ukraine-Russia?
The Protestant Reformation❖ Catholics were supreme!
❖ Martin Luther challenged Catholic authority!
❖ Offered alternative!
❖ Also broke the dominance of the Catholic Church’s “monopoly” on God!
❖ What is the English word for “데모?
The Age of Absolutism and Limited War (1648–1789)
The Time of Kings
Good to be King!❖ Monarchy is the primary form of government!❖ Absolute Monarchism!❖ Divine right of kings!❖ Great for international relations —an absence of
nationalism!❖ No wars involving entire nations; they were
conflicts among royal families.!❖ Throughout this period there were usually five
or six major powers in Europe— England, France, Spain, Prussia, Russia, Austria, the Ottoman Empire, Sweden, and the United Provinces (Holland)!
❖ Whenever one country became too powerful or ambitious, the other major powers would align against it.
Good to be King!❖ Monarchy is the primary form of government!❖ Absolute Monarchism!❖ Divine right of kings!❖ Great for international relations —an absence of
nationalism!❖ No wars involving entire nations; they were
conflicts among royal families.!❖ Throughout this period there were usually five
or six major powers in Europe— England, France, Spain, Prussia, Russia, Austria, the Ottoman Empire, Sweden, and the United Provinces (Holland)!
❖ Whenever one country became too powerful or ambitious, the other major powers would align against it.
Good to be King!❖ Monarchy is the primary form of government!❖ Absolute Monarchism!❖ Divine right of kings!❖ Great for international relations —an absence of
nationalism!❖ No wars involving entire nations; they were
conflicts among royal families.!❖ Throughout this period there were usually five
or six major powers in Europe— England, France, Spain, Prussia, Russia, Austria, the Ottoman Empire, Sweden, and the United Provinces (Holland)!
❖ Whenever one country became too powerful or ambitious, the other major powers would align against it.
The Age of Revolutions
American and French Revolutions❖ The concept of “Popular
Sovereignty” is born.!
❖ The principle that governments must gain their legitimacy from the people over whom they rule. !
❖ Embodied in the French and American Revolutions, this doctrine challenged the principle of the divine right of kings.
Effects of the American Revolution
The Three BranchesBalance of Power
The Bill of Rights
1- Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.!
2- Right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well regulated militia.!
3- No quartering of soldiers.!
4- Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures.!
5- Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination, double jeopardy.!
6- Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a speedy and public trial.!
7- Right of trial by jury in civil cases.!
8- Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments.!
9- Other rights of the people. !
10- Powers reserved to the states.
Ok… that’s enough for this week.
