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Organic Molecules 1. Traits: a. Usually contain Carbon and Hydrogen. b. Frequently formed with covalent bonds. c. Found in living organisms. d. Usually larger than inorganic molecules (eg: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, ATP). e. Many organic molecules are

Organic Molecules

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Organic Molecules. 1. Traits: a. Usually contain Carbon and Hydrogen. b. Frequently formed with covalent bonds. c. Found in living organisms. d. Usually larger than inorganic molecules (eg: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, ATP). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Organic Molecules

Organic Molecules 1. Traits: a. Usually contain Carbon and Hydrogen.b. Frequently formed with covalent bonds.c. Found in living organisms.d. Usually larger than inorganic molecules (eg:

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, ATP).

e. Many organic molecules are formed by dehydration synthesis (ie: remove H+ from one molecule and OH- from another to form H2O).

Page 2: Organic Molecules

2. Carbon: a. An important organic element.

Often forms carbon chains and rings.b. 4 electrons in outer shell. Tends to bond with oneself. c. Hydrocarbon chains make up backbones of many organic molecules (starch, glycogen, cellulose, fatty acids, DNA, RNA). Reactive groups (functional groups) are attached and responsible for chemical properties of molecule.

Page 3: Organic Molecules

d. Functional groups:

-carbonyl-hydroxyl - amino -carboxyl-phosphate

Page 4: Organic Molecules

-carbonyl: C=O (ketones)

-hydroxyl: - OH (alcohols)

Page 5: Organic Molecules

Amino: - NH2 (amino acids)

Carboxyl:- C=O (organic acids)

Page 6: Organic Molecules

Phosphate

Page 8: Organic Molecules

a. Mainly a structural function in living organisms: - Collagen-- connective tissue protein- Keratin-- hair, nails, skin- Elastin-- connective tissue protein- Actin & Myosin-- muscle proteins- Hemoglobin--red pigment molecule in RBCs

  b. Enzymes: Initiate (catalyze) and accelerate chemical reactions. Act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes are not destroyed in the reaction and are used repeatedly. Enzymes act upon specific substrates.

c. Hormones: Stimulate functions in various parts of body. Produced in endocrine glands and

transported through the blood to target tissues.

Page 9: Organic Molecules

Enzime

Page 10: Organic Molecules

d. Structure of Proteins: Amino acids (subunits of proteins; building block

molecules joined by peptide bonds).

-Dipeptide= 2 amino acids bonded together covalently.

-Polypeptide= many amino acids covalently bonded.

Page 11: Organic Molecules

Denaturation: the breaking of hydrogen bonds that maintain tertiary structure. Enzyme loses proper functional, molecular shape for its substrate.

Page 12: Organic Molecules

4. Carbohydrates: Organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (sugars and starches). a. Structure: H-C-OH, 2:1 ratio H to C

Page 13: Organic Molecules

Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides• Disaccharides• Polysaccharide

Page 14: Organic Molecules

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)-- 1 single-unit sugar molecule comprises the molecule of the compound (glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose). Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates.  

Page 15: Organic Molecules

Disaccharides-- 2 monosaccharide molecules covalently bonded

- glucose+ glucose = maltose - glucose + fructose = sucrose - glucose + galactose = lactose

Page 16: Organic Molecules

Polysaccharide-- many monosaccharides covalently bonded.

-Glycogen, animal sugar (storage of glucose). Stored in liver and muscle.

-Starch, plant sugar (storage of glucose).

-glucose is stored as a large molecule rather than individual molecules. Prevents osmotic damage to the cell.

Page 17: Organic Molecules

• Lipids: All nonpolar molecules insoluble in water.

   a. In animals, fats function as energy

storage molecules that provide protection, insulation, padding, support.

Page 18: Organic Molecules

• Fats & Oils (triglycerides)  -Glycerol + 3 fatty acids (long carbon

chains \

Page 19: Organic Molecules

Covalent bond Carbon

Page 20: Organic Molecules

• Double covalent

• Triple Covalent bond

Page 21: Organic Molecules

• Saturated fatty acids (only single covalent bonds between carbons).

I.g. Beef, pork, lard, butter, whole milk, eggs, cheese, palm oil.

Page 22: Organic Molecules

Unsaturated fatty acids (1 or more double covalent bond between carbons).

 -Polyunsaturated: corn, safflower, sunflower, cottonseed, sesame, Soybean oils.-Monounsaturated: olive, canola, and peanut oils

Page 23: Organic Molecules

Other important lipids:

• Steroids • Phospholipids• Phospholipids• Vitamins E, A, D, K

Page 24: Organic Molecules

Steroids: Cholesterol (structural and precursor molecule to the sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones.

Page 25: Organic Molecules

Phospholipids: components of membranes. Phosphate end of molecule is polar (hydrophilic). Hydrocarbon chain is nonpolar (hydrophobic). Form micelles, surfactant.

Page 26: Organic Molecules

Prostaglandins: blood molecules with many functions

Page 27: Organic Molecules

Vitamins E, A, D, K (fat soluble vitamins).