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Organic Compounds
(carbon-based compounds)
Functional Groups
the unique properties of organic compounds are due to their size, shape, & functional groups: hydroxyl (–OH) carbonyl (=C=O) carboxyl (–COOH) amino (–NH2)
phosphate (–OPO32–)
Organic Macromolecules
large biological molecules 4 main classes:
carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
cells synthesize them by linking small organic molecules (monomers) into long chains (polymers)
Making & Breaking Polymers
dehydration synthesis monomers are linked
together by removing a molecule of water
hydrolysis bonds between
monomers are broken by adding a molecule of water
Carbohydrates
elements = C,H,O monomers are called monosaccharides
generally have molecule formulas that are some multiple of CH2O (ex) glucose = C6H12O6
main fuel for cellular work disaccharides = 2 linked monosaccharides
(ex) sucrose = glucose + fructose polysaccharides = polymers of
monosaccharides
Examples of Polysaccharides
starch – storage molecule made up of glucose monomers (found in plants)
glycogen – storage molecule made up of glucose monomers (found in animals – liver & muscle tissue)
cellulose – structural compound found in the cell walls of plant cells
Lipids
elements = C,H,O mostly nonpolar ( not attracted to water) examples:
fats – energy storage phospholipids – major component of cell membranes waxes – help prevent desiccation steroids – (ex) cholesterol
used to make sex hormones found in cell membranes to help maintain fluidity
Fats made up of glycerol & fatty acids
saturated fats the fatty acids “straight” the fat forms a solid at room temperature
unsaturated fats the fatty acids are “kinked” due to double bonds between carbon atoms the fat forms a liquid at room temperature
Proteins
elements = H, O, N, C
monomers = amino acids contain an amine group & a carboxyl group 20 different kinds (each has a different “R” group)
polypeptide = chain of linked amino acids peptide bond = type of covalent bond that links 2
amino acids together
Examples of Proteins
enzymes – biological catalysts (speed up the rate of chemical reactions)
collagen – structural protein in hair actin & myosin – contractile proteins in muscle antibodies – defensive proteins hemoglobin – transport protein (O2 & C O2) membrane proteins – transport materials across cell
membrane ovalbumin – storage protein found in egg white to
support developing embryo
Protein Structure – 4 levels:
primary – chain of amino acids (polypeptide) secondary – polypeptide coils or folds into an -helix
or -pleated sheet tertiary – the -helix or -pleated sheet folds into a
globular or fibrous shape protein is functional at this level denaturation = process by which proteins unravel, losing
their specific shape &, thereby, their function causes = excessive heat, changes in pH
quaternary – association of two or more tertiary proteins
Nucleic Acids
elements = C,H,O,N,P monomers = nucleotides
5 kinds: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U)
basic structure: phosphate group 5-carbon sugar nitrogenous base
(A, T, C, G, or U)
Examples of Nucleic Acids
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) composed of two chains of nucleotides
(polynucleotides) twisted into a double helix built from the nucleotides A, T, C, & G type of sugar in DNA nucleotides = deoxyribose
RNA (ribonucleic acid) composed of one chain of nucleotides built from the nucleotides A, U, C, & G type of sugar in RNA nucleotides = ribose