Nomenclature and Functional Groups

Classifying organic compounds

Hydrocarbons

• __________ - Organic compounds that contain only carbon & hydrogen

• __________ - contain only single covalent bonds

• __________ - contain one or more carbon - carbon double bond

• __________ - contain one or more carbon-carbon triple bond

Saturated & Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

• Saturated hydrocarbons – contain only __________ carbon-carbon bonds (__________ )

• Unsaturated hydrocarbons – contain double carbon-carbon bonds (__________) or triple carbon-carbon (__________ ) bonds

Saturation bonding:Multiple bonds and unsaturation

• Saturated: no more bonds can be added

• Unsaturated: more bonds can be formed More reactive compounds

Formulas

• Alkanes = CnH2n+2

• Alkenes = CnH2n

• Alkynes = CnH2n-2

alkanes

• Only carbon and hydrogen

• All single bondsCC H

H

HH

H

H

Alkenes contain double bonds

alkenes

• Only carbon and hydrogen

• A carbon to carbon double bond

C C

H H

HH

Examples of alkynes

Isomerism

• Same number and type of atoms

• Different arrangements

• Hydrocarbons can have straight and branched chains

Nomenclature

• Must memorize prefixes• To name, look at the

formula for the hydrocarbon

• Determine if it is an alkane, alkene, or alkyne

• Use the prefix for the number of carbons

• Add ending (ane, ene, yne)

Prefix # of carbon atoms

Meth- 1

Eth- 2

Prop- 3

But- 4

Pent- 5

Hex- 6

Hept- 7

Oct- 8

Non- 9

Dec- 10

Mnemonic for first four prefixes

First four prefixes• Meth-• Eth-• Prop-• But-

MonkeysEatPeeledBananas

Numbering carbons

Draw 1-pentene

Name these

C2H4

Multiple multiple bonds

• Give 1st bond (1st point of difference) lowest #• include di, tri, tetra, penta, etc. before ene/yne• Comma between #s, hyphen between #-letter

CH3CH2CH2CH=C=CH2

Cyclic structures

• Cyclic structures are circular• Have “cyclo” in name

Draw the following: cyclobutene 1,3-cyclopentadiene cyclopropane

Name the following:

Naming side chains

Root is the longest possible HC chainMust contain multiple bonds if presentAdd -yl to get name of side chainCommon side chains include:

CH3- methyl

CH3CH2- ethyl

CH3CH2CH2- propyl

(CH3)2CH- isopropylBr- (bromo)Cl- (chloro)F- (fluoro)I- (iodo)

Functional groups

• Chemistry of organic compounds is determined by functional groups

• Functional group is an atom or group of atoms that are different from C

• Heteroatoms confer very different properties on the substance

Functional Groups

Class Functional group

Alcohol R – OH

Ether R — O — R’

Aldehyde O || R — C — H

Ketone O || R — C — R’

Carboxylic acid O

|| R — C — OH

Ester O || R — C — O — R’

Amine R ’ | R — N — R’’

alcohols

• Only one oxygen

• Has an O-H group CC

H H

H

HH

HO

Ethers

• Ethers contain R1-O-R2

• No -OH bonds

• Not soluble in water

• Anesthetics

Aldehydes / sugars

• Only one oxygen

• Has a C=O group C C

H

H O

HH

Ketones

• Ketone is R1R2CO

• Acetone is a common solvent

• Smell found in cinnamon

• Raspberries

Carboxylic acids

• Commonly found in citrus fruits and any sour foods

• Formic acid present in ant and bee stings

Esters

• Has 2 oxygens

• One oxygen is in a carbon sandwich

• Ester loves to eat her carbon sandwich ?

C H

H

H

CC O

OH

H

H

Amines: the stench of death

• Amines contain NR1R2R3

• Rotting fish

• Decaying flesh

Alkyl halides

• are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens.