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Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics Danabhand Phiboonbanakit, M.D., Ph.D Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine

Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

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Page 1: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics

Danabhand Phiboonbanakit, M.D., Ph.D Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine

Page 2: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Rational use of antibiotics

• Diagnosis • Risk- benefit and cost- effectiveness • Pharmacology and toxicity • Post treatment follow up • Compliance assessment • Impact on ecosystem

Page 3: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Diagnosis of an infectious disease

Most likely pathogen (s)

By statistic By bed side microbiologic data

Appropriate stains and cultures

Page 4: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

• Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal therapy depends on the PKs/PDs relationships between antibiotics and the key pathogens >>> EFFICACY

Appropriate v.s. Optimal antibiotic therapy

Pea F & Viale P. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 1764–71. Rello J & Mallol J. Chest 2006; 130: 938– 40.

Page 5: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

1. ผปวยหลงผาตดไสตง มไข H/C ได Staphylococcus coagulase negative Staphylococcus coagulase negative :Contamination มไข H/C ได Sta

2. ผปวยหลงผาตดไสตง มไข H/C ได Staphylococcus aureus

3. ผปวยหลงผาตดไสตง shock ใส central line ตอมามไข H/C ได Staphylococcus coagulase negative

4. ผปวยใส hip prosthesis มา ร.พ. ดวยเรองขอตะโพกหลด ไมมไข ผล H/C ได Staphylococcus coagulase negative

5. ผปวยใส respirator, foley’s catheter อยใน ICU มไข CXR ปกต x 2 U/A : no WBC. H/C : S. aureus, Sputum C/S : P. aeruginosa, U/C : K. pneumoniae, ESBL

Staphylococcus aureus : Pathogen

Staphylococcus coagulase negative : Pathogen or contamination

4. Staphylococcus coagulase negative :Possible pathogenผปวยใส hip prosthesis มา ร.พ. ดวยเรองขอตะโพกหลด ไมมไข ผล H/C ได St

S. aureus,: pathogen : P. aeruginosa : colonization K. pneumoniae, ESBL : contamination

Pathogen or Scapegoat

Page 6: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

ผปวยชายไทยอาย 80 ป Post craniotomy, ชวยตวเองไมได on urinary cath. มอาการไขมา 3 วน ตรวจรางกายพบมไข 39 C RR 18 /min Lungs ม secretion sounds ทปอดทง 2 ขาง

CBC : WBC 12,000/cumm P 90%, urine exam ไมพบเมดเลอดขาว

CXR ดงแสดง

Page 7: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal
Page 8: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

ผล sputum gram stain ไดเปน numerous PMN ม gram negative rod sputum C/S : Acinetobacter baumanii ไวตอยา imipenem และ meropnem

ทานจะใหการวนจฉยวาอยางไร และจะใหยาปฏชวนะอะไรในผปวยรายน?

Page 9: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

“Lower respiratory tract sample” for culture and microscopy •Purulent tracheobronchitis may mimic many of the clinical signs of HAP and VAP* •Tracheal colonization is common in intubated patients, but in the absence of clinical findings is not a sign of infection does not required therapy or diagnostic evaluation**

* Nseir S et al. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 1483-9 **Johanson WG et al. Ann Inern Med 1972; 77: 701-6 Niederman MS. Semin Respir Infect 1990; 5: 173-84

Page 10: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

“Lower respiratory tract sample” for culture and microscopy •In a patient with pneumonia, an adequate sputum specimen should be obtained from transtracheal aspiration or BAL but not oro-pharyngeal suction.

* Nseir S et al. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 1483-9 **Johanson WG et al. Ann Inern Med 1972; 77: 701-6 Niederman MS. Semin Respir Infect 1990; 5: 173-84

Page 11: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Optimal antibiotic (s)

• Therapeutic levels at site of infection • Local susceptibility pattern • Good PK/PD data • Dosage and interval of treatment

Page 12: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Step approach in the use of antibiotic

Type of infection

Microorganism (s) of interest

Aim of antibiotic use

Regimen of antibiotic

OPD v.s. IPD, CI v.s. NI, Host : immunocompetent v.s. Immunocompromised

Pre-treatment investigations

Monotherapy v.s. Combination therapy

Prophylaxis or therapy

Page 13: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal
Page 14: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

ผปวยหญงไทยอาย 16 ป, ถกมดบาดมอเมอ 3 วนกอน ใชยา ผงโรยแผล ตอมาแผลเรม บวมแดง มหนอง ไมมไขหรออาการอนๆรวมดวย ทานจะเลอกยาปฏชวนะอยางไร?

Page 15: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal
Page 16: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Management of infected wound • Assessment of extension and severity : cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, myonecrosis, osteomyelitis + shock??? • Pathogen (s) of interest : exposure, host factor, epidemiology etc. • Pathogen identification : signs/symptoms >> gas formation, lymphangitic spreading, pus formation : fresh smear, gram stain, appropriate C/S

Page 17: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Sources of pathogen responsible for post traumatic wound infections

• Skin flora : gram positive cocci (i.e. Staphylococci, Streptococci) • Contamination : endogenous bacteria: Gram negative rods, anaerobes : exogenous pathogens: Bacteria (mycobacteria included), fungi

Page 18: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Step approach in the use of antibiotic: simple SSI

Type of infection

Microorganism (s) of interest

Aim of antibiotic use

Regimen of antibiotic

Venue of treatment : OPD Setting : CI Host : immunocompetent

Might require no Investigation; appropriate

Gram stain

Oral monotherapy

Therapy

Page 19: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Antibiotic for skin and soft tissue infections

Streptococcus gr A MSSA Gram negative rod Anaerobe

1st Cef 3rd-4th Cef BL-BIs Res FQs Clox Met

+ +* + + + -

+ +* + + + -

+ + + + - - - -* + +* - +

Page 20: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Antibiotic for skin and soft tissue infections : uncomplicated SSI

Streptococcus gr A MSSA Gram negative rod Anaerobe

+ +* + + + -

+ +* + + + -

+ + + + - - - -* + +* - +

1st Cef 3rd-4th Cef BL-BIs Res FQs Clox Met

Page 21: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Gram stain of Staphylococcus

Page 22: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Antibiotic for skin and soft tissue infections : Staphylococci

Streptococcus gr A MSSA Gram negative rod Anaerobe

1st Cef 3rd-4th Cef BL-BIs Res FQs Clox Met

+ +* + + + -

+ +* + + + -

+ + + + - - - -* + +* - +

Page 23: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

ผปวยชายไทยอาย 70 ป มาร.พ. ดวยเทาบวมแดงมา 1 วน ตอมามตมน าสคล าเกดขนทขา ผปวยมอาการไขหนาวสน ซมลงอยางรวดเรว PE : T 39 C, BP 80/50 mmHg, P 130/ min, RR 28/ min Jaundice, drowsiness Affected part : as shown : faint peripheral pulse

Page 24: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal
Page 25: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Any information do you want to know?

Diagnosis : Complicated soft tissue infection (with hemorrhagic bleb) >>> NF Organism of interests : Gr A Streptococci : Aeromonas hydrophila : Vibrio vulnificus

Rapidly progress Immunocompetent or

compromised

Immunocompromised : Cirrrhosis, RE malignancy Fresh water exposure

Immunocompromised : Cirrrhosis, RE malignancy Salt water exposure

Page 26: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Step approach in the use of antibiotic : cSSTI

Type of infection

Microorganism (s) of interest

Aim of antibiotic use

Regimen of antibiotic

Venue of treatment: IPD Setting : CI Host : immunocompetent

Fresh smear, Gram stain and aerobic culture

Therapy

-lactam + a protein syntheis inhibitor

Page 27: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

How to get the diagnosis ?

• Fresh smear is very crucial Shooting star movement for Vibrio group • Gram stain of the specimen • Discharge and blood cultures

Page 28: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

What is an appropriate antibiotic regimen ?

Streptococcus gr A : PGs + clindamycin : BL-BIs* Vibrio vulnificus Aeromonas hydrophila 3rd. Gen cephalosporins

FQs, BL-BIs*, or carbapenems + doxycycline

i.e. severe or complicated

cases

Page 29: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

ผปวยทหารไทย 25 ป รบยายมาจากอบลราชธาน ดวยเรอง open fracture right leg เมอ 7 วนกอนหลง จากขบรถมอเตอรไซต ตกขางทางลงไปในทองนา สงมาเพอท าการผาตด ตรวจรางกายมไข แผลม evidence of infection ม หนองสเหลอง อาการทวไปคอนขางด หลงจากสงหนองเพอการเพาะเชอทานจะ

Page 30: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Management of infected wound • Gram stain reveals numerous PMN and gram negative bacilli with bipolar staining and few gram positive cocci in cluster

Burkholderia pseudomallei + Staphylococcus aureus has (ve) to be covered. Inclusion of metronidazole might not be necessary

Page 31: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal
Page 32: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

ผปวยชายไทยคอาย 65 ป รบไวใน ร.พ. ดวยเรอง ปวดทอง ทองอด ไมผายลม มไข คลนไสอาเจยน 1 วนกอนมา ร.พ. ผปวยมโรคประจ าตวเปน CHF with AF รบประทานยา lanoxin มาโดยตลอด ไมเคยมประวตการผาตดมากอน ตรวจรางกายแรกรบ Febrile and irregular heart rate 120/ min, Marked abdominal distension, no bowel sound, generalized tenderness with guarding, PR :dark- red stool

Page 33: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Etiologies of intra-abdominal sepsis

> 65 years < 65 years

Appendicitis 28 61 Diverticulitis 28 6 Cholecystitis 12 2 Cholangitis 12 8 Intra-abdominal abscess 9 14 Colon cancer, sigmoid 11 9 vulvulus and mesenteric ischemia

% of patients, by age Etiologies

Adapted from Cooper GS et al. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19: 146-8

Page 34: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal
Page 35: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Step approach in the use of antibiotic : Ischemic bowel

Type of infection

Microorganism (s) of interest

Aim of antibiotic use

Regimen of antibiotic

Venue of treatment: IPD Setting : CI Host : immunocompetent

Gram negative rods; mixed culture : blood

and fluid

Therapy

-lactam + metronidazole or a carbapenem

Page 36: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal
Page 37: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

ผปวยหญงไทยอาย 25 ป เปน known case paraparesis หลงรบ spine injury มปญหา urinary bladder dysfunction + UTI เปนๆหายๆ มาตลอดรบการรกษาครงสดทายเมอ 2 เดอนกอน ไดยา cefdinir (ตามผลความไวในการเพาะเชอจากปสสาวะ) ครงนมไขสงปสสาวะขน ปสสาวะมเมดเลอดขาวจ านวนมาก ผปวยมา Follow up ท OPD ประสาทศลยศาสตร diagnosis วาเปน UTI ทานจะ

Page 38: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Risk factors for MDR pathogens

•Antimicrobial therapy in preceding 90 d •Current hospitalized of 5 d or more •High frequency of antibiotic resistance in the community or the specific hospital unit •Presence of risk factors for HCAP •Immunosuppressive disease and/or therapy

Adapted from Trouillet JL et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 531-9 and Gaynes R. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137: 850-1

Page 39: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

ผลการเพาะเชอในปสสาวะ : E.coli x105

Ampicillin R

Cephalothin R

Amoxicillin/clavulanate I

Cefotaxime S

Ceftazidime R

Cefepime R

Ciprofloxacin R

Gentamicin R

Ertapenem S

Page 40: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

ผปวยชายอาย 39 ป รบไวใน ร.พ. ดวยเรองไดรบ อบตเหตรถชน ตองใสเครองชวยหายใจ อยใน ICU ตอมาเกดปญหาปอดบวมผล sputum c/s เปน P. aeruginosa ไวตอยา cefepime ผปวยไดรบ ยา cefepime อาการหอบเหนอยดขน 5 วนตอมามไขสง ผปวยยง coma ตรวจรางกาย พบมการอกเสบบรเวณทแทง central venous line

Page 41: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal
Page 42: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal
Page 43: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

• Exit site infection

• Tunnel infection

• Luminal infection (BSI)

Catheter- related infection

Page 44: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Step approach in the use of antibiotic : ca-related

Type of infection

Microorganism (s) of interest

Aim of antibiotic use

Regimen of antibiotic

Venue of treatment: IPD Setting : NI Host : retained catheter (local compromised)

Mainly Gram positive cocci, Blood culture from line +

peripheral site

Therapy

To cover S. aureus and Gram negative rods +

line removal

Page 45: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal
Page 46: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Cefepime = 4th. Gen cephalosporin spectrum : gram negative rods (P. aeruginosa included) + gram positive cocci (MRSA and MRSE not included)

Page 47: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Intravascular catheter related infection

Gram positive cocci Gram negative rod in ICU Fungi??

Possible drug resistant

Staphylococci

Acinetobacter spp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

ESBL producers

Optional

Page 48: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

P.aeruginosa ESBL-producing MRSA bacteria

Ceftazidime Y N N 4th gen. Cephalosporins Y* N N BL-BIs** Y Y* N (PIP/TAZ, CEF/SUL) Ertapenem N Y N Imipenem, meropenem Y Y N

Agents

Page 49: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal
Page 50: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

ผปวยหญงอาย 45 ป เบาหวาน มอาการไขหนาวสน ปวดใตชายโครง ขวา ตรวจรางกายพบมอาการไข 39 o C ความดนโลหต 100/46 mmHg, HR 120/min, RR 30/min Jaundice 1+ , tenderness at RUQ with hepatomegaly U/S upper abdomen : multiple hypoechoic lesions in the liver ผปวยมประวตการไดรบยาปฏชวนะส าหรบการตดเชอทางเดนปสาวะ บอยๆในชวง 2-3 เดอน

Page 51: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

หลงจากทไดท า liver aspiration ไดหนอง และผล H/C และ pus culture ขนเปน Klebsiella pneumoniae ไวตอยาทกชนด ยกเวน ampicillin ถาทานใหการรกษาดวย ertapenem ก. ถาอาการผปวยดขน ทานจะพจารณาการใหยาปฏชวนะอยางไร? ข. ถาอาการผปวยยงไมดขน ยงมไขสง ทานจะปรบยาปฏชวนะหรอไม

Page 52: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

An infectious disease

Empirical antibiotic

Culture result available

De- escalation

Discontinue antibiotic

Escalation

ถาอาการผปวยดขน

Page 53: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

ถาอาการผปวยยงไมดขน ยงมไขสง • Undrained source • Inadequate dosage • Pharmacological property of antibiotic • Other (new) infections • Drug fever

Page 54: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

• Interventional maneuvers of proved benefit in diminishing the risk of infections

- Maneuvers to diminish inoculation of bacteria into the wound (pre-, intra-, and post-operation) - Maneuvers to improve host containment of contaminating bacteria (pre-, intra-, and post- operation****)

Prevention of postoperative infections

Page 55: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

• Peri-operative antimicrobial prophylaxis

- Selection of prophylaxis regimen - Timing and duration of prophylaxis - Side effect of prophylaxis - Cost-benefit analysis of prophylaxis

Prevention of postoperative infections

Page 56: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Antibiotic prophylaxis for cardiac surgery

• The duration of a prophylactic antibiotic regimen is directly related to the probability of developing resistant microorganisms. • The duration of a prophylactic antibiotic regimen is limited to the shortest amount of time required to effectively minimize the probability of postoperative infection. (IIa. B)

Society of Thoracic Surgeons Workforce on Evidence Based Surgery. Antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery. Part 1, duration of prophylaxis. Chicago (IL): Society of Thoracic Surgeons; 2005.

Page 57: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Antibiotic prophylaxis for cardiac surgery

• Single dose antibiotic prophylaxis may be effective in cardiac surgery, but there are inconclusive data to confirm this effectiveness. • Antibiotic prophylaxis of up to 48 hours duration is unlikely to produce antibiotic resistance.

Society of Thoracic Surgeons Workforce on Evidence Based Surgery. Antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery. Part 1, duration of prophylaxis. Chicago (IL): Society of Thoracic Surgeons; 2005.

Page 58: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Antibiotic prophylaxis for cardiac surgery

• Antibiotic prophylaxis of 48 hours duration is clinically effective in minimizing infectious complications in cardiac surgery. • Antibiotic prophylaxis of 48 hours duration may be as effective as prophylaxis administered for longer than 48 hours.

Society of Thoracic Surgeons Workforce on Evidence Based Surgery. Antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery. Part 1, duration of prophylaxis. Chicago (IL): Society of Thoracic Surgeons; 2005.

Page 59: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

CVT surgery

“High cost” investment

Everything must be the best

Vancomycin at all time???

Prophylaxis √

X

Page 60: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Vancomycin: When???

• Previously colonized or +ve screening test for MRSA • Hospitalized for > 3 d • Admitted in the units with high prevalence of MRSA • Previously exposed to broad spectrum antibiotic • Transferred from other units

Cefazolin + vancomycin + Intranasal mupirocin

Page 61: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Thank You For Your Attention

Page 62: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

ผปวยชายไทยอาย 70 ป, DM, มาร.พ. ดวยเรองปวดทอง ปวดเอว มา 7 วน มไข อจจาระเหลว ทานอาหารไมได ทองอด PE : T 39 C, BP 100/80 mmHg, P 90/ min, RR 28/ min Affected part : Abdominal distension, hypoactive bowel sound, max. tender at right side of abdomen, bimanual palpation : equivocal PR : not tender

Page 63: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

CBC : WBC 15,000 cells/cumm, PMN 90% Hct 45% Hb 15 gm%, platelet : 220,000 / cumm U/A : yellow, protein 1+, rbc : 0-1 /hpf, WBC : 10-20/hpf Stool exam : no cell Amylase : in normal range Lipase : in normal range Plain abdomen >>> as shown

Urine gram stain : no organism

Page 64: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal
Page 65: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal
Page 66: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Step approach in the use of antibiotic : Psoas abscess

Type of infection

Microorganism (s) of interest

Aim of antibiotic use

Regimen of antibiotic

Venue of treatment: IPD Setting : CI Host : immunocompromise ; DM

Depends on pathogenesis culture : blood

and pus

Therapy

To cover S. aureus OR mixed Gram negative rods,

and anaerobes

Page 67: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Psoas abscess was diagnosed

• Gram stain of pus : numerous PMN no organism seen

What’s next?

Empirical antibiotic (s) : ceftriaxone + metronidazole

Page 68: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal
Page 69: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal
Page 70: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Psoas abscess was diagnosed

• Gram stain of pus : numerous PMN no organism seen

What’s next?

Empirical antibiotic (s)?...................................

Pus AFB stain : AFB +ve Pathological report : granulomatous lesions in the bony tissue

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ผปวยหญงไทยอาย 50 ป มาร.พ. ดวยเรองปวดทองมา 3 วน มอาการคลนไสอาเจยน รบประทานอาหารไมได มถายเหลววนละ 2-3 ครง PE : T 39 C, BP 100/80 mmHg, P 70/ min, RR 28/ min Drowsiness, no jaundice Affected part : RLQ tenderness with rebound tenderness

CBC : Hct 45% Hb 15 g% WBC 4,000 cells/cumm, PMN 40% Lymph 60% Platelet 110,000 / cumm

P 70/ min,

CBC : Hct 47% Hb 15 g% WBC 4,000 cells/cumm, PMN 40% Lymph 60% Platelet 110,000 / cumm

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What is your plan of management? Investigations Results Diagnosis Operations Antibiotics

Whole abdominal

ultrasonogram

Thickening of GB wall

Acute cholecystitis

LC Ceftriaxone + metronidazole

CT scan of lower abdomen

Minimal ascites with evidence of bowel ileus

Acute appendicitis

Appendectomy Ertapenem

Observation and follow the

CBC

Page 73: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

Etiologies of intra-abdominal sepsis

> 65 years < 65 years

Appendicitis 28 61 Diverticulitis 28 6 Cholecystitis 12 2 Cholangitis 12 8 Intra-abdominal abscess 9 14 Colon cancer, sigmoid 11 9 vulvulus and mesenteric ischemia

% of patients, by age Etiologies

Adapted from Cooper GS et al. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19: 146-8

Page 74: Optimal and appropriate use of antibiotics · • Appropriate antibiotic therapy only considers whether the selected antibiotic provides pathogen coverage >>> SPECTRUM • Optimal

ผปวยหญงไทยอาย 50 ป มาร.พ. ดวยเรองปวดทองมา 3 วน มอาการคลนไสอาเจยน รบประทานอาหารไมได มถายเหลววนละ 2-3 ครง PE : T 39 C, BP 100/80 mmHg, P 70/ min, RR 28/ min Drowsiness, Affected part : RLQ tenderness with rebound tendeness

CBC : Hct 45% Hb 15 g% WBC 4,000 cells/cumm, PMN 40% Lymph 60% Platelet 110,000 / cumm

P 70/ min,

CBC : Hct 45% Hb 15 g% WBC 4,000 cells/cumm, PMN 40% Lymph 60% Platelet 110,000 / cumm

เปนไขมา 4 วน, ปวดเมอยตว ไมมประวตเดนทาง มารกษาท ER ไมดขน

CBC : Hct 39% Hb 12 g% WBC 12,000 cells/cumm, PMN 85% Lymph 15% Platelet 250,000 / cumm (เมอ 2 วนกอน)

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Diagnosis : DF with abdominal pain