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8/4/2019 Optical Wireless Netwoking
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MADE BY :MRAMIK PALIWAL
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OPTICAL FIBERAn optical fiber is a thin, flexible, transparent fiber
that acts as a waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmitlight between the two ends of the fiber.
Optical fiber is used, glass or plastic, to contain andguide light waves
Capacity
Microwave at 10 GHz with 10% utilization ratio:1 GHz BW
Light at 100 Tera Hz (1014 ) with 10% utilization ratio:
100 THz (10,000GHz)
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EVOLUTION OF FIBER 1880 Alexander Graham Bell
1930 Patents on tubing
1950 Patent for two-layer glass wave-guide 1960 Laser first used as light source
1965 High loss of light discovered
1970s Refining of manufacturing process
1980s OF technology becomes backbone of longdistance telephone networks in NA.
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INTRODUCTION
Fibers of glass .
Usually 120 micrometers in diameter Used to carry signals in the form of light over
distances up to 50 km.
No repeaters needed.
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INTRODUCTION (CONT)
Core thin glass center of the fiber
where light travels. Cladding outer optical material
surrounding the core
Buffer Coating plastic coating
that protects the fiber.
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How Does Optical Fiber
Transmit Light??
Total Internal Reflection.
Fiber Optics Relay Systems has Transmitter
Optical Fiber
Optical Regenerator
Optical Receiver
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TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
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TYPES OF FIBERS
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TYPES OF FIBERS(CONT.)Optical fibers come in two types:
Single-modefibers used to transmit one signalper fiber(used in telephone and cable TV).They have small cores(9 microns in diameter) andtransmit infra-red light from laser.
Multi-mode fibers used to transmit manysignals per fiber(used in computer networks).They have larger cores(62.5 microns in diameter) andtransmit infra-red light from LED.
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ACCEPTANCE CORE &
NUMERICAL APERATURE
Acceptance
Cone
Acceptance angle, c, is the maximum angle in whichexternal light rays may strike the air/Fiber interface and
still propagate down the Fiberwith < 10 dB loss.c = Sin-1n1
2 n22 Numerical aperture:
NA = sin c= n12 n2
2
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ADVANTAGES Capacity: much wider bandwidth (10 GHz)
Crosstalk immunity Safety: Fiber is non-metalic
Less Signal Degradation& Digital Signals
Security: tapping is difficult
Economics: Fewer repeaters
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DISADVANTAGES
Higher initial cost in installation
Interfacing cost Strength: Lower tensile strength
Remote electric power
More expensive to repair/maintain.
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AREAS OF APPLICATION
Telecommunications
Local Area Networks Cable TV
CCTV
Optical Fiber Sensors
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OPTICAL FIBERCOMMUNICATION
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What is Optical Fiber
Communication???Method of transmitting information from one place to
another by sending pulses of light through an opticalfiber.
Basic steps :
Creating the optical signal using transmitter,
Relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the
signal does not become too distorted or weak,Receiving the optical signal,
Converting it into an electrical signal.
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OPTICAL FIBER LINKTransmitter
Input
Signal
Fiber-Optic Cable
Output
Receiver
Coder orConverter Light Source Source-to-Fiber
Fiber-to-lightInterface
Light DetectorAmplifier/Shaper
Decoder
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WAVELENGTH DIVISON MULTIPLEXING It is a technology which multiplexes a number of
optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber byusing different wavelengths (colours) of laser light.
Enables bidirectional communications over onestrand of fiber, as well as multiplication of capacity.
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WIRELESSTRANSMISSION
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BANDWIDTHEvery day the demand for more capacity grows.
AVAILABILITY High speed throughput is limited by the last mile .
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THE DIFFERENCE
FIBER OPTIC BACKBONE
Fiber has demonstratedspeeds up to 100 Gbps
LOCAL LOOP
Average download speed forthe nation: 5.1 mbps
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WIRES To avoid Wi-Fi bottlenecks, this is the alternative:
and its not pretty9/22/2011 2011 Mramik
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A NEW SOLUTION
Researchers discovered a way to encode infraredlight with data in a way that dramaticallyimproves transmission speed The methoddelivers speeds more than 1 Gbps
BREAKTHROUGH
Replace radio waves with beams of light
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RADIO VS. INFRAREDUnlike radio waves used
by Wi-Fi, light photons
can deliver broaderbandwidth that can beused simultaneously bymultiple devices.
Also, photons do notinterfere with each otheror pass through walls likeradio transmissions
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HOW IT WORKS The encoded infrared light is sent through a special
holographic grid resulting in multiple beams allcarrying the same data
THE LIGHT GRID The pencil-thin beams of infrared light fill the volume
of a room, and devices fitted with infrared receiverspick up data from the beams anywhere within thearray
Beams reflect off of walls, desktops, even faces
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THE NEXT STEP Capable of even higher
bandwidth, white LED lampscould replace infrared infuture optical wirelesssystems.
White LEDs could light uprooms efficiently whilesimultaneously providingbroadband wireless access.
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WHITE LED LIGHT Experts believe the cost of white LEDs will drop and
they will become the standard light source for homesbecause of their energy efficiency.
Wireless systems based
on them would be easy to
integrate into existingfixtures
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MORE ADVANCEMENTS Chosen for systems requiring higher bandwidth or
spanning longer distances than electrical cablingcan accommodate.
Can be installed in areas with high electromagneticinterference (EMI), such as alongside utility lines,
power lines, and railroad tracks and areas of highlightning.
With these benifits,optical fiber technology isstretching its hands in communication field,wherethousands of electrical links would be required to
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/ / M ik