Li-Fi

Bidirectional, high speed, fully networked wireless

communication technology like Wi-Fi.

First proposed by Professor Harald Haas, University

of Edinburg in 2011, that...

Light bulbs can act as wireless routers.

Will form visible light communication VLC.

A subset of optical wireless communication OWC.

Could be complement to RF communication Wi-Fi or

cellular network.

Could even replace all for data broadcasting.

It is about 100 times faster than some Wi-Fi systems.

Speeds up to 224 gigabits per second.

Can use visible light or infra red and near ultraviolet

spectrum.

Uses LED as source.

Current to LED is switched on/off at a rate too high

to be noticed by human eye.

LED can be dimmed to below human visibility.

It is short range communication as light can not

penetrate walls.

Hence more secure from hacking.

Direct line of sight not required as light reflects

from walls.

VLC uses visible light between 400THz(780nm) to

800THz(375nm) as optical carrier for data

transmission and illumination.

It uses fast pulses of light to transmit information

wirelessly.

Main components of system are-

A high brightness white LED as source.

A silicon photodiode which is highly responsive to

visible wavelength region.

LED is switched on/off to generate „1‟ and „0‟.

As flicker rate is very high, it appears constant to

human eye.

Light bulbs used as data communication medium to

PC, Laptop, Tablet and PDA .

All devices have photo-detector connected to them.

Unlike RF communication, LI-FI is very useful in electromagnetic sensitive areas such as aircraft cabins, hospitals, nuclear power plants..

Li-Fi can work under water where Wi-Fi fails.

Transmits on visible light spectrum, which is 10,000 times larger than entire RF spectrum.

Data rates of over 10 Gbits/s is much faster than typical fast broadband.

Li-Fi is expected to be about 10times cheaper than Wi-Fi.

But Li-Fi has shorter range than Wi-Fi.

Li-Fi is highly efficient as LED consumes less energy as compared to Wi-Fi.

No licencing required for Li-Fi.

No harmful radiation for living beings in Li-Fi.

Radio waves can penetrate through walls, hence can

be intercepted and misused, while light can not

penetrate walls, hence highly secure.

TECHNOLOGY SPEED DATA DENSITY

WIRED

Fire Wire (IEEE 1394)

(Apple)

800 Mbps *****

USB 3.0 5Gbps *****

THUNDERBOLT (Apple) 2 X 10 Gbps *****

WIRELESS (Current)

Wi-Fi-IEEE (802.11N) 150 Mbps *

Bluetooth 3 Mbps *

IrDA 4 Mbps ***

WIRELESS (FUTURE)

Wi-Gig 2 Gbps **

Giga-IR 1 Gbps ***

Li-Fi >10 Gbps ****

Part of visible light communication is modelled after

IEEE802 group.

As IEEE 802.15.7 is getting obsolete, it fails to

accommodate latest technological development in

field of optical wireless communication such as...

Optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

O-OFDM optimized for-

high data rates,

multiple access

energy efficiency

New standards required for optical wireless

communication.

However IEEE802.15.7 defines physical layer(PHY)

and media access control(MAC) layer.

Standard delivers required data rates to transmit

audio, video and multimedia services.

Standard accounts for

Optical transmission mobility,

Compatibility with lighting system of building,

Interference due to ambient light

MAC layer linking with other layers such as TCP/IP

Defines three PHY layers with different rates:-

PHY I established for outdoor application from 11.67Kbps

to 267.6Kbps.

PHY II permits data rates from 1.25Mbps to 96Mbps.

PHY III used for many emission sources with modulation

method colour shift keying(CSK). 12Mbps to 96Mbps

Modulation method for PHY I and PHY II are on-off

keying(OOK) and variable pulse position

modulation(VPPM).

Manchester coding for PHY I and PHY II includes

clock inside transmitted data by representing logic

“0” with OOK symbol „01‟ and logic “1” by OOK

symbol ‟10‟.

Symbols sent with a DC component to avoid light

extinction during long runs of “0”s.

Constant current of electricity supplied to an LED

light bulb can be varied up and down at extremely

high speed invisible to human eye.

There is photo-detector to receive light signal and a

signal processing element to convert data into

streamable content.

Data fed into an LED light bulb are sent at high

speed to photo-detector/photodiode to be converted

into electrical signal.

Enhanced method is array of LEDs for parallel data

transmission to increase data rate.

Or a mixture of red, green and blue LEDs to alter

light frequencies for data channel multiplexing.

LED and photodiode are used to send and detect

light.

Voltage regulator and level shifter on both side

to maintain voltage level.

Prof. Harald Haas demonstrated in 2011,

transmission of video by LED light bulb with a speed

more than 10Mbps.

In 2011, German scientists succeeded in creating

800Mbps wireless network by using normal red,

green, blue and white LED light bulbs.

Subsequently, in 2012, Haas setup a company

pureLiFi with aim to become world leader in VLC.

PureLiFi demonstrated the first commercially

available Li-Fi system, the Li-1st, at 2014 Mobile

World Congress in Barcelona.

PureLi-Fi Demo had three Li-Fi access points, brick-

sized boxes attached to LED down-lighters covering

area of 20sq.m.

Boxes turned light bulbs to wireless antenna.

Dongle plugged into laptop or tablet, acts as wireless

modem to received data.

Dongle plugged via USB also provided power.

Dongle has sensor to catch light and infra red

component to send signal.

Overhead lights also have networking component:

for multiple users to connect to single light

source.

To move from one light source to another without

losing connection.

PureLiFi already have two products in market:

Li-Flame Ceiling Unit to connect to an LED light

fixture.

Li-Flame Desktop Unit which connects to a device

via USB

PureLiFi is adding this functionality to off-the-shelf

light bulbs and plugging dongles to devices to

receive data.

PureLiFi COO Burchardt aims to incorporate this

inside devices and LED bulb as application-specific

integrated circuit (ASIC) or System-on Chip(SoC)

module.

Medical Electronics:- Radio waves block signals from

monitoring equipment in hospitals, especially OT.

Li-Fi can be safely used in medical establishments

with 10000times more spectrum.

Airlines: Wi-Fi hampers with working of airlines.

High speed Li-Fi connections can be safely provided

inside airplanes for each seat.

Smarter Power Plants : Power plants need fast

interconnected data system to monitor demand, grid

integrity, core temperature etc. without radiation

interference.

Li-Fi could offer safe, abundant connectivity for all

such sensitive areas.

It will give additional benefit of drastic power saving

in terms of technology and use of LED bulbs.

On Road: Li-Fi can communicate with LED lights of

vehicles to reduce accidents.

Street lamps can be changed to Li-Fi lamps to

transfer data.

Road blocks and congestions can be controlled by

intimating the drivers about traffic.

Under Sea: For under water ROVs, large cables

supply power and allow signal transmission with

vessels above.

Limitation of length and risk of damage to wires.

Sea exploring becomes efficient if instead of wires,

high powered lamps fitted at bottom, are used to

send Li-Fi signals to ROVs.

Vessels can also use headlamps to communicate with

other vessels or land.

Data processing and transfer becomes faster and

efficient.

Under Sea:

Multiuser Communication: Li-Fi helps to share

multiple information at a single instance.

Broadcasting and multiple accessing can be made

available.

Ceiling lights, street lights etc. can be used as

hotspots to spread internet using VLC at low cost.

Under Li-Fi technology, every bulb can be made to

transmit data.

Li-Fi will lead to cleaner, greener, safer and brighter

future.

Will solve problems of RF bandwidth shortage.

Li-Fi is authentic and very efficient alternative to RF

devices.

Li-Fi and Wi-Fi are complementary technologies that

will work well in many situations.

Line-of-sight is major drawback of Li-Fi outdoors.

gimt.edu.in/clientFiles/FILE_REPO/2012/NOV/23/1353645362045/69.pdf

www.ijedr.org/papers/IJEDRCP1401007.pdf · PDF

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi

www.sciencealert.com/li-fi-tested-in-the-real-world-for-the-first...

www.sciencealert.com/li-fi-tested-in-the-real-world-for-the-first-time-is-1...

www.lifi-centre.com/about-li-fi/what-is-li-fi-technology

www.seminarsonly.com/computer science/Li-Fi-Technology.php