All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007

Optical Networks - A View to the FutureSarnoff Symposium

Princeton, New JerseyMarch 31, 2009

Rod AlfernessChief Scientist, Bell Labs Alcatel-LucentOctober 31, 2008

A Worldwide Web of Optical Experts – My Thanks for Input!

Neal BerganoPietro BernasconiSebastien BigoDan BlumenthalY. K. ChenAndy ChraplyvyLarry ColdrenChris DoerrRene EssiambreOlivier GautheronCary GunnJDSUHerwig Kogelnik

Steve KorotkyTon KoonenDavid NielsenAdel SalehIraj SanieeChandrasekhar SethumadhavanKenichi SatoMeint SmitBob TkachRod TuckerDavid WelchAlan WillnerPeter Winzer

Where Are We Today - Undersea, Long Haul, Metro and Access

Undersea Networks

Flattening the World and Enabling a Global Community!Flattening the World and Enabling a Global Community!

Trans-Oceanic

120-130 Channels @10 Gb/s

Adapted from Undersea Cable, KDD-SCS, 2000 and Night Sky Artificial Light, Cinzano, Falchi, and Elvidge, MN_RAS, 2001.

Optical Transport Networking Evolution: A View from the ’90s

High Capacity Transmission

Fixed Sharing Between Multiple Nodes Passive Access of Wavelength Channels

Automated Connection Provisioning Flexible Adjustment of BandwidthNetwork Self-Healing/Restoration

WDM/Point-to-Point Transport

Fixed WDM/Multipoint Network

Photonic XC and WADMReconfigured WDM/Multipoint Network

Fiber Amplifier

Wavelength Cross-Connect

A Reality Today!A Reality Today!Wavelength Add/Drop (ROADM)

Wavelength Multiplexer/Demultiplexer

Mesh and Ring Reconfigurable WDM Networks

Leverage OA’s and ROADM/OXC’s for Reduced Network CostLeverage OA’s and ROADM/OXC’s for Reduced Network Cost

T

ROADM (Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer)

Terminal Equipment

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

T T

TT

T

Network Requires the Connectivity and Capacity Node to Node Demands Justify Wavelength Express- Groom at EdgeROADM $ Competitive with Terminal plus High Capacity Elect ADM

Right Architecture When:Right Architecture When:

Commercial Long Haul Systems:~ 1-5 Tb/s ( ~100x that 1998!)~ 80 Wavelengths@40 Gb/s

ROADM-Based Metro Networks

TDM/SONET

POS, RPR

GigE, FC

ROADM

BBBBAccessAccess

FTTC ONUMobility

EoMPLS EoMPLS Metro AccessMetro Access

Mobility

A Growing ROADM Market: JDSU, “25,000 Sold, Courtesy JDSU

Major Deployments – Especially in USMajor Deployments – Especially in US

ROADM Evolution

Enhances Functionality to Improve Remote Configuration and Reduce Operation Costs.Enhances Functionality to Improve Remote Configuration and Reduce Operation Costs.

In Thru

Add Drop

InAdd

Thru

Drop

Switch/VOA array

ConventionalROADM In Thru

Drop

ROADM/XCIn WDM 1

WDM 2

WDM 3

1x3 WSS ROADM

.

Higher Capacity, More Flexible Connectivity, Smaller Footprint and Lower CostHigher Capacity, More Flexible Connectivity, Smaller Footprint and Lower Cost

1xN Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS)- ROADM Building Module Scalable to NxN Cross-Connect

– 40 wave flat-top AWGs (5 elements)– 1x2 switching stages (120 elements)– VOA arrays (160 elements)– 2 levels of metal interconnect

35x70mm

Wavelength cross-connect:

1x4 WSS

1x4 WSS

1x4 WSS

1x4 WSS

WDM Out 3

WDM In

1x4 WSS WDM Out 2

WDM Out 1

WDM Out 4

40λ, 1x4 WSS PLC:

Mark Earnshaw

– low cost non-hermetic packaging– hitless switching– narrowcast, multicast and broadcast flexibility

1xk WSS Function:

1x4

1xk WSS Function:

Large Scale Integration PLCLarge Scale Integration PLC

PLC Advantages:PLC Advantages:

Fiber Expanding into Access

Broadband to business, homes, and base stationsBroadband to business, homes, and base stations

Router

PSTNSwitch

Internet

PSTN

MetroNetworks

Central OfficeD

emar

cG

atew

ay Phone

Video

PC

ONU/ONT

Analog VideoOverlay

Single ordual fiber

Dedicated fiber(s)to eachhome or business(same wavelengths)

Passive Split:no electronics,no power

PON OLT

Multi-faceted video is driving network demand!Multi-faceted video is driving network demand!

ONU/ONT

ONU/ONT

Residences or Businesses

Economies with the Highest Penetration of Fiber-to-the-Home/Building+LAN

What Will Drive Optical Networks of the Future

Current Environment

We Have “Flattened the World”• People and Multi-Nationals Require Even More “Connection”• Growing Global “Digital” Population- “Reaching the Next Billion”• Growing Global Optics Research Community to Address Challenges

Energy and Carbon Footprint will Drive Future Network Architectureand Technology Decisions

Our Industry is Very Different from 1998• No “Seed Corn” from Monopoly and PTT Research Labs

• Horizontal Industry Complicates Component Investment

• “Over the Top” Companies Capturing Value of “The Network”

Some Shaping ForcesSome Shaping Forces

Powerful Forces Continue to Drive Capacity Demand Growth

… And it will become even more challenging.… And it will become even more challenging.

MassiveData

Volume

Billionsof ContentSources

MoreContent-Centric

Applications

MediaCompanies

HomeSurveillance

Blogs

Internet TV Podcasting

Software

CellPhones

Consumers

DistributedWorkspace

Sensors

TiVoCloud Computing

Rich Multimedia

Movies

Live Broadcasts

… New Invention will be Essential to Meet the Demand!… New Invention will be Essential to Meet the Demand!

Contemporary Backbone Network

Traffic– ~16 PB/day (2007)

Growth Rate– 40-60% CAGR

(~30-110X in 10 years)

Source: Stankey, AT&T Analyst Conference, 2007.

Network Traffic and Link Loads

Scenario: 3 Tbps YE 2008 + 50% CAGR (4X/3.5year)Scenario: 3 Tbps YE 2008 + 50% CAGR (4X/3.5year)IN

GRE

SS/E

GRE

SS T

RAFF

IC (

Tbps

)

~55X / 10 years~55X / 10 years

AVE

RAG

E LI

NK

LOA

D (

chan

nels

)

1

10

100

1000

10000

YEAR2008 2012 2014 20182010 2016

TRAFFIC

10G’s40G’s

100G’s1T’s

1

10

100

1000

10000

2018: Terabit/sec Wavelengths?2018: Terabit/sec Wavelengths?

Courtesy: Steve Korotky

“The Network” Going Forward

Communication Directions and ChallengesCommunication Directions and Challenges

ONE Network– Data/Optical, Wireline/Wireless Convergence – Ethernet (with WDM) Will Blur the Metro/Enterprise Boundary– Low-Cost Storage in the Network- a “Wildcard”

Broadband Mobile Use– Ubiquitous, Smaller Cells (eg, home femtos) Will Drive Optical Backhaul – Use BB Wireline Network to Increase Wireless BW (Network MIMO)– Mobility is the “Friend of Optical”- Backhaul Critical

Global Total Presence– Symmetric Bandwidth to End Users– Very High Resolution Video ( 3-D?) Displays– “Flattened the Globe” “Better than being there”

The Network:– “Learns” How to Optimize Itself– Is the Computer; Is the Sensor– Is Power Efficient and Affordable!

Ubiquitous Mobility will Drive More Optical Infrastructure

Channel and user data known by all coordinated bases

Inter-base Coordinated Networks (Network MIMO) to Maximize Wireless BandwidthApplicable to Any Wireless Network (3G, 4G, 802.11, etc.)Will Drive Metro/Access BW, but Must be Cost-EffectiveBackhaul

Mobile Society that Needs to Stay in TouchMobile Society that Needs to Stay in Touch

Video of the Future?

Data Rates for 2D and Holographic Video DisplaysData Rates for 2D and Holographic Video Displays

HiDef 2D Video (1920x1080 pixels @ 24 fps):1-2m display size, 1.2Gb/s uncompressed, 25 Mb/s compressed

HiDef Stereoscopic Video (2 x 1920x1080 pixels @ 24 fps):1-2m display size, 2.4Gb/s uncompressed, 50 Mb/s compressed

HiDef Holographic Video - horizontal parallax only (400,000x1080 pixels @ 60 fps)0.5m display size, 0.62 Tb/s uncompressed data rate, ~60 Gb/s compressed,>100 Teraflops for real-time computer-generated video holograms

HiDef Holographic Video- full parallax (400,000x400,000 pixels @60 fps)0.5m display size, 230 Tb/s uncompressed, ~23 Tb/s compressed

Courtesy: Randy Giles

Progress in Optical Transmission - Getting Another Factor of 50-100 on a single Fiber

- Challenging and Exciting!

Optical Transmission Research Records: Slowing

Research RecordsResearch Records

Syst

em C

apac

ity

1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006

10

100

1

10

100

Year

Single channel

Gb/

sTb

/s

(ETDM)

?

Multi-c

hann

el

Optical AmplifierWDM

Courtesy- Peter Winzer

25.6-Tb/s Transmission Research Demonstration

PC

INT

INT

INT

INT

INT

INT

TX 1

TX 2

ODD

EVEN

C1..C79

L

CC/L C/L

Raman L

CC/L

80km SSMF DCFL

CC/L C/L Delay

3-dB Coupler

PC PBS

L

CC/L C/L

AWGAWG

AWGAWGL1..L79

C/L

C2..C80AWGAWG

L2..L80

C/L

PCEDFAs

RX/Dmux

ClockRec.

Delay InterferometerPC PBS

C or L EDFA

INT

INT

Postcompensation

INT

INT

•Tunable 0.6-nm Filters

RX In

PC

PC

PC

OEQ

C or L EDFA

Spans (×3)

AWGAWG

ControlClock/2Clock/2

Clock/2MZ

π/2MZ

MZMZ

π/2π/2MZMZ

42.7 Gb/s

42.7 Gb/s

50GHz/100GHz Interleavers

160 WDM channels

C and L bands: 50-GHz grid

Polarization multiplexing

42.7-Gbaud (85.4-Gb/s) DQPSK ineach polarization yields 160 Gb/s in each WDM channel w/7% FEC

3.2 b/s/Hz spectral efficiency

240 km (three 80-km SSMF spans)

EDFAs + distributed Raman

Gnauck et al., OFC’07 PDP 19

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

1548 1549 1550 1551

Wavelength (nm)

Rel

ativ

e Po

wer

(dB

)

80 Gbit/s DQPSK

Wavelength (nm)

Rela

tive

Pow

er (

dB)

1520 1540 1560 1580 1600

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

Wavelength (nm)

Rela

tive

Pow

er (

dB)

1520 1540 1560 1580 1600

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

80 channels 2 x 80 Gbit/s

80 channels 2 x 80 Gbit/s

C-Band L-Band

Wavelength [nm]Wavelength [nm]

Spec

trum

[dB

]

9 THz @ 193 THz5% Bandwidth

Advanced Modulation Formats for 100 Gb/s

1 bit/symbol 2 bits/symbol 4 bits/symbol

~28 Gbaud(pol-muxed (D)QPSK, 16-QAM, …)

~112 Gbaud(OOK, DB/PSBT, …)

~56 Gbaud(DQPSK, pol-muxed OOK, …)

Im{Ex}

Re{Ex}

Ex … Optical field, x-polarizationEy … Optical field, y-polarization

Im{Ex}

Re{Ex}

Im{Ex}

Re{Ex}

Im{Ey}

Re{Ey}

Im{Ex}

Re{Ex}

DPSK

OOK

Multi-symbol to Reduce Baud Rate > ReachMulti-symbol to Reduce Baud Rate > Reach

Lower Spectral Width to Reduce Impairments and Ability to Transit ROADMLower Spectral Width to Reduce Impairments and Ability to Transit ROADM

Coherent and OFDM Encoding Also Attractive with Electronic Transmission Impairment MitigationCoherent and OFDM Encoding Also Attractive with Electronic Transmission Impairment Mitigation

Multi-level Modulation Formats for 100Gb/s – Impairments & Complexities

1 bit/symbol 2 bits/symbol 4 bits/symbol 8 bits/symbol

~112 Gbaud ~56 Gbaud ~28 Gbaud ~14 Gbaud

Required OSNR

Tolerance to CD, PMD, filtering (ROADMs)

112G112G 56G56G

28G28G

28 GS/s28 GS/s56 GS/s56 GS/s

Data

OEQ

If modulator bandwidth too low

OR:

Pol.

x

y

90de

ghy

brid

ADC

+ D

SP

90de

ghy

brid

Laser

x

y

Hardware feasibility Integration Essential!

TXTX

RXRX

Courtesy: Peter Winzer

Next Gen Ethernet: 100GbE

– Access rates of 10G now for Server Farms, aggregation into higher rates required

– More capacity per wavelength needed in the future core

– Growing demand for data traffic (IP TV/Video, etc.)– Enabling higher port/switching capacities per footprint– Follow the historical trend …

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100.01

0.1

1

10

100

Spee

d [G

b/s]

Year

100G

Why 100G Ethernet?Why 100G Ethernet?

10 dB

85 GHz

FrequencyTr

ansm

issi

on

Switch

400 kmLoop

100 kmNZDF

DCF

100 kmNZDF

DCF

Switchλ1

λ10

100 kmNZDF

Raman

DCF

100 kmNZDF

DCFPre-comp

Post-compClock recovery

Balanced RX

BERT

4:1Demux

DFB

π/2

Raman

Raman Raman

Express

Inte

rleav

er

1 x 9WSS

τAddDrop

Express 1 x 4WSS

τ

Add Drop53.5-Gb/sQuadrature (Q)

53.5-Gb/s In-phase (I)

OEQ

Pol. Pol.Pol.

Pol.

Pol.ROADM #1

ROADM #2

Express

Drop / Add

AWG

(a)

(b)

Wavelength

ROADM in

NRZ-DQPSK on 100-GHz grid over 1200 km and ROADMs

1.0 Tb/s capacity (10 x 107 Gb/s)High spectral efficiency, 1.0 bit/s/Hz, (100-GHz spacing)No polarization multiplexing

P. Winzer et al., OFC 2007

Network Upgrade at 100 G- Realizing the Value of Wavelength Routed Ring and Mesh Networks

100 Gb/s DQPSK Field Trial on Legacy ROADM Network

111 km

96 km93 km

106 km

98 km504 km

Leveraging Optical Network Value via Line Terminal UpgradeLeveraging Optical Network Value via Line Terminal Upgrade

100G Receiver next to LambdaXtreme®at the Miami Central Office

100G Transmitter at theTampa Central Office

503-km Verizon field routeoperating LambdaXtreme®

The Next Factor of 20-40 Will be Very Challenging!

Fiber Capacity Estimate

Capacity per unit bandwidth (spectral efficiency) for 2000-km transmissionCapacity per unit bandwidth (spectral efficiency) for 2000-km transmission

-1 0 1

-1

0

1

4-ASK, M-PSK

Real part of field ( mW1/2 )Imag

par

t of

fie

ld (

mW

1/2

)

Constellation Example

Complex optical transmitter and receivers

ASK: Amplitude-shift keying, M-PSK: M-ary Phase-shift keying

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40012345678

SNR (dB)

Capa

city

per

uni

t ba

ndw

idth

(bit

s/s/

Hz)

1-ASK, M-PSK4-ASK, M-PSK16-ASK, M-PSK

~7 bits/s/Hz

Shan

non

limit

• For 2000 km, a spectral efficiency of ~7 bits/s/Hz per polarization can be achieved which corresponds to an increase of about one order of magnitude in spectral efficiency over commercial systems

• Deployed systems can transmit ~5 Tb/s over ~2000 km. For such a distance, the capacity limit of fiber is expected to be ~500 Tb/s or ~100 times the capacity of commercial systems

Courtesy: Rene Essiambre

Results Obtained Using 112-Gb/s 16-QAM

25 GHz

• ROADM concatenation & 300-km transmission on a 25-GHz WDM grid• 1 dB penalty for 7 ROADMs[Winzer et al., ECOC’08]

• Record spectral efficiency (6.2 b/s/Hz) and 630-km transmission• 1 Tb/s in 1.2 nm of optical spectrum[Gnauck et al., OFC’09]

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

193.30 193.35 193.40 193.45 193.50 193.55

Frequency (THz)

Rel

ativ

e Po

wer

(dB

)150 GHz (1.2 nm)

(18-pm resolution bandwidth)

Asia Opt. Fiber Comm. & Optoelec. Exp. & Conf. (AOE) | October 2008

Fiber and Amplifier Advances will be Essential!

www.nrl.navy.mil

www.crystal-fibre.com

www.bath.ac.uk/physics/

P. Kaiser et al., 1972Courtesty: Herwig Kogelnik

Expanding the Role of Optics in NetworksReal Time Switching/Routing

What’s Next for Photonic Switching in the Network?

First, some learnings from Today’s Optical NetworksFirst, some learnings from Today’s Optical Networks

Why WDM Networks Prevailed?– Reduced Network and Operations Cost

Key Optical Switch Characteristic?– Flow switch, Bit rate agnostic, slow (ms) acceptable

Address New Converged (WDM/Packet) Transport ArchitecturesExplore the role of photonics to scale packet switch/ and routersExplore and drive optical technologies that cost-effectively enable these directions

Reasonable next steps for photonic switching?Reasonable next steps for photonic switching?

Transforming The Way We Use Light:

Arrayed waveguide grating (AWG)– 2D integrated diffraction grating– Commonly used as optical

Mux/Demux– Cheap piece of glass

Next Generation Packet Routers Wavelength SwitchingNext Generation Packet Routers Wavelength Switching

Tunable 20-channel WC

EfficiencyTime-Multiplexed WDM:Ring Architecture with WDM Scalability and TDM/Packet Granularity

SingleLambda

drop

Burstreceiver

Tunablelaser

Aggregator

SingleLambda

drop

Burstreceiver

Tunablelaser

Deaggregator Deaggregator Aggregator

•Simple optical Add/Drop.•Sub-wavelength granularity.•Growable to full WDM.

10G/40G Data Envelopes

Tx

StaticOADM

Rx

Tx

StaticOADM

Rx

Tx

Static

OAD

M

RxTx

Stat

icO

ADM

Rx

Bandwidth Granularity

# of Transmitters /Receivers

Bandwidth Efficiency

Scalability

SONET Ring 50 Mb/s N 1/N 10/40 Gb/s

T-WDM Ring 50 Mb/s N Close to 100%

5 Tb/s

WDM Ring 10 or 40 Gb/s

N(N-1) 100% 5 Tb/s

N-Node Ring comparison:T-WDM Ring:

Zirngibl, et al, Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent

Expanding Optical Switching to the Packet Layer

Load-balanced architecture for high-capacity optical packet switch

– 3-stage architecture•Fast switching in the wavelength domain

•Simplified distributed scheduling•Highly scalable

– Well suited for optical implementation

WS: wavelength switch HD: header detector TB: time buffer

λ1.. λN

…

1st StageSpace Switch

λ1,λ2,…,λN

λ1,λ2,…,λN

λ1,λ2,…,λN

2nd StageTime Switch

…WS1

WS2

WSM

MxN

AW

G

HD1

HDN

…3rd Stage

Space Switch

TB1

TBN

WS1

WS2

WSN

λ1,λ2,…,λN

λ1,λ2,…,λN

λ1,λ2,…,λN

NxM

AW

G

WS1

WS2

WSM

…HD2 TB2

High-capacity photonic packet switchData in the Optical Domain-Network (DOD-N)High-capacity photonic packet switchData in the Optical Domain-Network (DOD-N)

λ1

λN

λ1.. λN

Rx

Rx

Rx

EXC

Tx

Tx

Tx

λ1

λN

OEO with el. cross-connect and fix wavelength Tx

PassiveNxM

Crossbar

Optical fabric based upon λ-switching and wavelength selective crossbar

– How to do it with off-the-shelf parts– How to skip the electronic cross-

connect– How to skip OEO with an all-optical

monolithic chip

λ1

λN

λ1.. λN

Rx

Rx

Rx λ1

λN

OeO with fast tunable Tx

λ3

FTTx

FTTxFTTx

Courtesy: Dave NeilsonPietro Bernasconi

FTTP Evolution: WDM PON

Low-cost, integrated WDM technologies are key to cost-effective very-high broadband services to the homeLow-cost, integrated WDM technologies are key to cost-effective very-high broadband services to the home

OtherNetworks

Router

PSTNSwitch

Internet

PSTN

Central Office

WDM OLT

WDMMux/

Demux

Single ordual fiber

Dedicated wavelength& fiber(s) to eachhome or business

Passive:no electronics,

no power

Dem

arc

Gatew

ay

Phone

Video

PC

Residencesor Businesses

ONU/ONT

ONU/ONT

ONU/ONT

Different bit rates, protocols, and services for each subEasy to upgrade sub without affecting othersGood subscriber isolation Consider PON for Metro Networks?

Extending Optics into the Home?

Extending Optical Reach into the Home?

Versatile BB In-Home NetworksVersatile BB In-Home Networks

Converged in-homebackbone network,integrating wired &wireless services

reduces installation and maintenance effortseases introduction and upgrading of servicesintegration e.g. by WDM

Coax Cable network

Twisted Pair network

RG

PCHDTVmobile

laptop

VoIP

faxprint PDA

mp3 download

Satellite dish/

FWA dish

optical fibre

optical fibre

webcam

coax

POF

SMF

Optical Fibrenetwork

Converged In-Home Network on Plastic Optical Fiber

Converged In-Home Network on Plastic Optical Fiber

Courtesy: Ton Koonen

… Integrated Technologies Will be Key…

but which one?

Large-Scale DWDM DQPSK Tx PIC 10 Channels x 40 Gb/s

I Q

DFB

PM

υ Tunable

AWG

NestedMZM

BER = 5E-4

BER = 4E-4

A

21.5Gb/s NRZ Balanced Receiver Eye

-9

-6

-3

0

3

0 5 10 15 20Frequency (GHz)

10 L

og (

S21

) (dB

, opt

ical

)

S21 Frequency Response

Small-signal BW > 20GHzSmall-signal BW > 20GHz10 frequency-tunable DFB lasers with backside power monitors10(I) + 10(Q) nested Mach-Zehnder modulator pairs1 AWG111 integrated elements in total on chip

Courtesy: Dave Welch, Infinera

16 QAM Modulator PIC

3.1 mm

Pulse carver EAM (not used)

EAM #1 EAM #2

EAM #3 EAM #4

0°-720-180°

90°-720-90°

Star coupler0.17

0.33

0.330.17

Phase shifter/attenuator

Stretched vertically for clarity

Use same output inlet width for all four ports.Input inlet width selected to achieve the 1:2:2:1 power splitting ratio.

The phase shifters were used only for testing and were not used in the experiment

C. R. Doerr, et al., OFC, PDP20, 2008.

Monolithic InP 107-Gb/s RZ-DQPSK Receiver

Monitor photodiode pads

Photodiode pads

1 × 2 MMI coupler

Current-injection phase shifter padThermo-optic phase shifter pad

2 × 4 star coupler

n-contact pads

C. R. Doerr et al. OFC 2008

100 Gb/s Digital CircuitsInP D-FF up to 152 GHz clock speed

divider-core

GND peaking line

Static divider ÷ 4

38 x 4 = 152 GHz clock speed

Power consumption 25 mW/latch at 100 GHz

Critical building block for MUX / DEMUX , CDR, etc.

M S

clk clk

clk ÷ 2

N. Weimann, et al., IPRM 2008

Silicon CMOS Photonics Technology

Single Laser Powers 4 Lanes

Wafer Scale Testability

Integrated Electronics

Integrated Photo-Detectors

Fiber-to-the-Chip Coupling

On-Die Modulators

Implemented on a monolithic CMOS die and packaged in standard connectors

Courtesy- Cary Gunn, Luxtera

Silicon Coherent Receiver PIC

112-Gb/s PDM-QPSK

Coh Rx PICECL

28 Gb/s

28 Gb/s

PBS

Pol-muxECL

Storagescope

215-1 PRBS

High-speed probes

Row of silicon PICs

Fiber array

Signal

LO

C. R. Doerr, et al., PD paper, OFC 2009.

Concluding Remarks

The MessageThe Message

Over Last the 10 years, with WDM, We have increased Commercial Optical Systems Capacity by ~100 and deployed Wavelength Routed Optical Networks to Reduce Network Cost and Enable Graceful UpgradeOver next 10 years, We Expect Capacity Needs to Increase another50 to 100 times. Can We Meet That Challenge in Cost-Effective Solutions that our Industry and Society have come to Expect?Research, Inventions and Integration Required! The Best of Optics and Electronics; Integration for complex active functions and lower cost; improved amplifiers and/or fibers; Optimization Algorithms Demand will Challenge Switch/Routing- Optics will likely play a role in the solutionWhen Demand in the Home Requires it, WDM PONS Will Offer Ultra-Broadband Services yet to be DevisedA Challenging and Exciting Decade Ahead!

Thank You!