U.S. Geological Survey

OPEN FILE REPORT

Preliminary description and interpretation of

cores and radiographs from Clear Lake/ Lake County, California: Core 5

by

John D. Sims and Michael J. Rymer

1975

This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Geological Survey standards

Report No. 75-38!

INTRODUCTION

Clear Lake, California is located in the California Coast Ranges about

120 km north of San Francisco and is the largest freshwater lake wholly within

California. The lake basin is tectonically controlled (Anderson, 1936;

Brice, 1953, Sims and Rymer, 1974) and the area seismically active (Coffman and

von Hake, 1973).

Interest in this lake was stimulated by hypotheses developed from a

study of sediments in Van Norman Reservoir after the 1971 San Fernando earth­

quake (Sims, 1973). During this study three zones of deformational structures

were found in the 1 m-thick sequence of sediments exposed over about 2 km2

of the reservoir bottom. These zones were correlated with moderate earth­

quakes that shook the San Fernando area in 1930, 1952, and 1971. Results

of this study, coupled with the experimental formation of deformational

structures similar to those from Van Norman Reservoir, led to a search for

similar structures in Pleistocene and Holocene lakes and lake sediments in

other seismically active areas. Clear Lake, California was chosen specifically

because of its location near the San Andreas fault and the San Francisco-

Oakland urban complex, and the probability of obtaining an uninterrupted

sediment record from the present into Pleistocene time. Eight 12 to 15 cm

diameter continuous cores were taken from the lake sediments (fig. 1) as

part of a study of earthquake induced structures in sediments and the tectonic

framework of the Clear Lake basin. The eight cores range in length from

13.87 m to 115.21m (Table 1).

SUMMARY OF DATA

Core 5 is from near the south shore of the main body of Clear Lake

(fig. 1), and was taken on 25-26 October 1973. Depth of water at the

site is 7.6m. The core is 22.56 m long. Coring was not advanced further

because strong storm generated waves broke the well casing. The sediments

in Core 5 consist of olive gray to dark olive gray (5Y4/2 to 5Y3/2) mud

with seven interbedded volcanic ashes (fig. 2). The colors of the sediments

generally recorded are those due to oxidation of the organic components.

Rarely colors considered to be representative of the unoxidized sediments

are recorded such as greenish gray or dark greenish gray (5GY6/1 or 5BG4/1).

No zones of deformed sediments were found in the core, because bioturbation

of the sediments is very extensive throughout, and probably completely

obscured or rendered uninterpretable any such sedimentologic features.

One radiocarbon age determination was made on sediments from Core 5.

Meyer Rubin of the U.S. Geological Survey performed the analysis on a

highly organic-rich zone from slug 24 (fig. 2). The date (W-3220) is

24,080 + 1,000 yrs. B.P. This date represents a sedimentation rate of__1

0.90 mm yr for the core.

Of importance is the preserved record of volcanic eruptions in this

core. Seven ash beds or probable ash beds are preserved in Core 5 (fig. 2).

Five of the seven ash beds in Core 5 are tentatively correlated with ash

beds in Core 7 (see fig. 1 for location of Core 7). The uppermost ash

in Core 5 is correlated with the second ash in Core 7; the ash in slug 16,

Core 5 is correlated with ash in slug 17, Core 7; the upper ash in slug 22,

Core 5 is correlated with the ash in slug 21, Core 7; and the ashes in

slug 23, Core 5 are correlated with the two ashes in slug 23, Core 7.

Core 7 was chosen for correlation because it contains abundant ash and

peat beds (Sims and Rymer, 1975). Many of the peat beds in Core 7 have

been dated by the 1£| C method, thus allowing age correlations as well.

N

LUCERNE

LAKE-5

PORT

I ' I5 Ml.

i i -i i i i i

0 5 KM.

Figure 1. Map showing location of Gore 5 in Clear Lake, California. Other numbered core sites in the lake are the subjects of separate reports.

10

-

KS£;-.;

*£3£»y3

%K?

£&>&sjfWSfJfr \£8&;&!&

&*%&

teVi'T

11

13

15

16

17

18

*$$;

21

< 24, 080

/Off cm

| | ash unit

K- missing part

slug (core segment) number

<24, 080 14C-age

Figure 2. Generalized lithology of sediments from Core 5, Clear Lake, California.

A plot of 14C-age and correlated 14C-age versus depth (fig. 3)

shows the consistency of the age date from Core 5 and the correlated ash-

age dates from Core 7. These data are fitted with a straight line by

linear regression. The equation of this line is y = 11.29x + 141.02

and has a correlation coefficient of r = 0.996. The line fit to the

correlated data now allows a prediction of sediment ages at given depths.

Table 1. Total length and recovery percent of eight cores from Clear Lake, California.

Core Length (m) Recovery (%)

1 52.58 35.0

2 13.87 88.0

3 69.04 96.0

4 115.21 92.0

5 22.56 94.0

6 21.64 99.0

7 27.A3 94.9

8 20.52 99.6

0 1

o o o

u-tfr-f

6

8 )

10

12 '

14 .

16

18

20

22

24

26

28 J

30

32 J

34

36 -

38 -

40

© 14C age

0 correlated 14C age (correlated with ashes in Core 7, Sims and Rymer, 1975)

r = 0.996

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Figure 3.14,

DEPTH (ra)

Plot of "*" ''c-age determination and correlated ^C-age deter­ minations and depth in Clear Lake/ Core 5. The line y = 11.29x + 141.02 is fitted to the data by linear regression. The correlation coefficient (r) is 0.996. Error limits on the

from Core 5 shown by vertical bar.

METHOD OF STUDY

Core 5 was obtained using Shelby and Ostenberg samplers with a barge mounte

drill rig. The samples were retrieved and extruded into rigid plastic tubes

which were sealed with plastic endcaps, and waxed to prevent moisture loss.

For examination the plastic containers were cut open and the core cut in

half lengthwise using a "cheese cutter" type instrument. Lithologic and

other sedimentologic data were then recorded (see Appendix A for detailed

descriptions). One-half of each core segment was photographed on color and

black and white film. Then a one cm thick slice was taken from the center

of the core segment and an x-ray radiograph made to study the internal

structures and fine details of the visible structures.

The original x-ray radiographs were taken on 30 x 43 cm sheets of

industrial x-ray film at 1:1 scale. Exposures to x-radiation ranged from

2.5 to 5 minutes at 45 KV and 3.5 ma. The prints from the radiographs

in Appendix B of this paper are photographically reduced 3.7x from the original

After lengthwise splitting, samples were taken from one-half of the core

for other sedimentologic and paleontologic studies as follows:

a) bulk mineralogy

b) cladocerae

c) diatoms

d) fine grain size analysis (<125 y diameter)

e) macro fossils

f) pollen

g) water content/organic carbon content

The remaining core half, resting in a rigid plastic half-round, was

sealed in a polyethelane bag and retained for future use and reference.

These samples and the original radiographs may be examined by contacting:

John D. SimsU.S. Geological SurveyEarthquake Tectonics Branch345 Middlefield RoadMenlo Park, California 94025

GRAPHIC NOTATIONS USED IN STRATIGRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS

The stratigraphic descriptions of each core segment (slug) are

contained on individual sheets in the format shown in fig. 4. The graphical

notations used in the core descriptions and radiograph interpretations in

Appendix B are modified, from the methods of Bouma (1962). The conventions

and symbols used follow: Those symbols marked* are also used in the column

entitled Radiographic .

Lithology

ash

'*i?££i:*2>''XX&#$&#

clayey silt

silty clay

clayey sand

sandy mud

sandy silt

sandy gravel

clayey peat

silty

material from sides of hole as a contaminant, generally at the top of a sample (debris).

vivianite, an iron phosphate present in the sediments.

interlaminated strata;dominant lithology on left(in this example clayey peat and mud)

HOLE_ SLUG_DEPTH cm. to__cm.

LITH. LAYERSTRUPT COLOR > STRLJCT. PROPS. COLOR QPHOTO rppr GRAPHIC

SAMPLE

- 0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

L90

Figure 4. Form for stratigraphic descriptions of core segments (slugs) Column headings from left to right are Lithology, Bedding plane type, Bedding plane structures, Layer properties, Munsel Color designation! Fossil content, Photograph numbers, Radiographic interpretation, and Sample numbers.

Bedding Plane Type*

Sharp flat contact

distinct flat contact

transition (range of transition < 0.5 cm)

gradual transition (range of transition 0.5-1.0 cm)

transition gradual and hardly visible (range of transition > 1.0 c

undulating contact; gradations as above

irregular contact; gradations as above

Structure

graded bedding

load cast

earthquake induced structure*

fault*

0

Interval in which structure occurs*

indistinct structure*

structure barely visible*

( )

Layer Properties

parallel lamination (< 0.5 cm thick)*:

coarse laminae predominate

fine laminae predominate

parallel lamination*slightly disturbed

strongly disturbed

*'Also used in column entitled Radiographic

10

parallel wavy lamination*

(predominating thickness and degree of disturbance as noted above)

lenticular wavy lamination*

(predominating thickness and degree of disturbance as noted above)

interval in which property occurs*

indistinct property* / \

Color

Color designations are taken from the Munsell Soil Color Chart (Munsell, 1973). Conventions used are as follows:

10Y 5/4 SYR 5/4

distinct color break between between two units.

10Y 5/4/5YR 5/4

10Y 5/4 SYR 5/4

two colors present throughout the interval noted. First color is most prevalent and the right hand color is present as clots, belbs, or patches.

distinct interlamination throughout the interval noted.

10Y 5/4 (SYR 5/4) oxidized color (unoxidized color) this notation is used only where partial oxidization of the sediments has occurred and the unoxidized color is readily apparent.

Fossils

fish scale*

fish bone*

* Also used in column entitled Radiographic

11

gastropod*

clam* '

root

root level

wood oriented parallel to bedding plane

wood not parallel to bedding plane

plant fragment parallel to bedding plane

plant fragment not parallel to bedding plane

Photograph Number

Numbers refer to the index number of both the color and black and white

photos taken of the cut surface of the core segment.

Example: 7-1-1 refers to Core 7, Slug 1, Photo 1.

There are 5 photos for each slug in Core 5.. Each photo covers

approximately 20 cm of core segment length with overlap with adjacent

photos.

These photos may be examined and copies made at the requestor's expense

by contacting:

John D. SimsU.S. Geological SurveyEarthquake Tectonics Branch345 Middlefield RoadMenlo Park, California 94025

* Also used in column entitled Radiographic

12

Radiographic

This column contains supplementary information derived from an analysis

of information taken from x-ray radiographs. The notations used in this column

are a combination of those marked by * under the headings Bedding Plane

Type, Bedding Plane Structure, Layer Properties, and Fossils, plus

some additional special symbols not previously used (list below):

granule - an x-ray opaque small body < 1 mm in diameter.

granule cluster - a regularly to irregularly shaped mass of granules.

pebble - a large (> 3 mm diameter) x-ray opaque body.

mottling - areas of low x-ray transparency of irregular shape and unknown origin.

bioturbation - animal burrows. The degree of sediment disturbancegenerally accompanies this note such as: heavy, slight, etc.

A6 _ a difference in x-ray transparency between stratigraphicsubunits due to compositional, grain size or other'physiochemical differences.

fractured - physical breaking of the indicated part of the sediment slice that usually occurred during sample preparation prior to x-ray inspection.

plastic - plastic chips derived from sawing the rigid plastic core container.

Sample Number

Three types of sample numbers are present and identify samples taken for

specific tests or supplementary data. The specific use and identity of samples

are as follows:

1) Four digit numbers without a prefix are reserved for bulk mineralogy,

fine grain size analysis (fraction < 125 y diameter), fossil cladocerae,

palynological examination, weight loss on drying, fossil diatoms and

macrofossil content.

13

2) Four digits prefixed by "I" (example: 1-7030). A radiocarbon date

performed by Mr. James Buckley in the laboratories of Isotopes, Inc.,

Westwood, N.J. The absolute date and all pertinent data are listed

at the bottom of the page on which the sample number occurs.

3) Four digits prefixed by "W" (example: W-3030). A radiocarbon

date performed by Mr. Meyer Rubin in the laboratories of the U.S.

Geological Survey, Reston, VA. The absolute date and all pertinent

data are listed at the bottom of the page on which the sample number

o&ciirs.

Acknowledgements;

This project was in part financed by a grant from Lake County, California.

We wish also to thank D. Adam, D. Peterson, G. Reed, D. Greenwood, I. Gassoway,

P. Margolin and R. Wright for their assistance during the coring operations at

Clear Lake.

14

REFERENCES

Anderson, C.A.,1936, Volcanic history of the Clear Lake area, California:

Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 47, p. 629-664.

Bouma, A.H., 1963, Sedimentology of some flysch deposits: Amsterdam,

Elsevier Pub. Co., 168 p.

Brice, J.C., 1953, Geology of Lower Lake Quadrangle, California: Calif.

Div. Mines, Bull. 166, 72 p.

Coffman, J.L. and von Hake, C.A., 1973, Earthquake history of the United

States: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Publication 41-1, 208 p.

Munsell Products, 1973, Munsell Soil Color Charts, 1973 edition, Baltimore,

Md., Munsell Products.

Sims, J.D., 1973, Earthquake-induced structures in sediments of Van Norman

Lake, San Fernando, California: Science, v. 182, p. 161-163.

Sims, J.D. and Rymer, M.J., 1974, Gaseous springs in Clear Lake, California,

and the structural control of the lake basin: Geol. Soc. America,

Abstracts with Programs, v. 6, no. 3, p. 254.

Sims, J.D. and Rymer, M.J., 1975, Preliminary description and interpretation

of cores and radiographs from Clear Lake, Lake County, California: Core 7,

Open File Report No. 75-144, 21p.

15

-Appendix A

Graphical Logs

HOLE^_ SLUG_i_ DEPTH _JL_cm. toji_cm.

LITH.o:en' STRUCT. LAYER COLnR PROPS. COLOR uo PHOTO

£ *

RADIO- GRAPHIC SPL.

#

disseminated granules and bioturbation throughout

3" Ostenberg

LITH.

CDSTRUCT. PROEPS. C°LOR O

LL

PHOTORADIO-

GRAPHICSPL.

91

101

Ill -

121

131

141

151

161

171

181 -

*-10

-20

-30

$% $&? -

-70

-90

MOO

®

©

- 2082

- 2083

2084

- 2085

- 2086

- 2087

2088

©

- 2089

bioturbation and disseminated granules throughout

3" Ostenberg

HOLE^_ SLUG_i_ DEPTH cm.

LITH.OD

STRUCT. LAYER PROPS. COLOR

PHOTO RADIO- PH^I0 GRAPHIC

SPL. #

183

193

203

213

223

233 H

243

253 -

263 -

273 -

10

20

-30

-40

-50

5-60

h90

- 2090

. 2091

- 2092

- 2093

- 2094

. 2095

- 2096

. 2097

^ 100

bioturbation, disseminated fish bones, scales and teeth throughout

HOLE_

LITH.

CDSTRUCT. LAYER

PROPS.COLOR O

U.

PHOTORADIO-

GRAPHICSPL.

#

274

284 -

294

304

314

324

334

344 -

354 :

364 -

;-10

-20

-30

a-40

*-50

-60

-90

5Y4/1

5-4-1

5-4-2

5-4-3

5-4-4

- 2098

- 2099

_ 2100

- 2101

- 2102

- 2103

- 2104

MOO

bioturbation, disseminated granules, fish bones and scales throughout

oxidation along fractures

HOLE_5_ SLUG_A_DEPTH J66_cm. io^i_cm.

LITH.STRUCT.

366

376 J

386 -m

396 H

406

416 -:

426

436

446

456 -

-10

20

30

.x.-.virti-jj > ^ss-^i^-40

-50

-60

70

"80

-90

-100

COLOR gRADIO-

GRARH|CCDISPL.

5Y4/1

©

5-5-1

5-5-2

5-5-3

5-5-4

h 1928

I 1929

bioturbation and disseminated granules throughout

oxidation zone along fractures

LITH. o:CD

STRi \rr LAYER /~/^i nR t/> PHOTO biKUCT. PROPS. <~ OLOR O .# RADIO-

GRAPHIC SPL. #

457

467

487

497

507

517

527

477 -i

537

547 J

-10

-20

$h30

-40

h50

rso

r90

5GY4/>

5Y4/1

*

5-6-1

5-6-2

5-6-3

5-6-4

©

V

- 1930

- 1931

- 1932

- 1933

- 1934

- 1935

- 1936

" 1937

bioturbation and disseminated granules throughout fish bones throughout

HOLE-5_ SLUG_z_DEPTH_549_Cm.

LITH.

549

559

569

579

589

609

619

599 -

629

639 -

0

^10

-20

30

n40

-50

-60

70

80

-90

STRUCT. LAYER PROPS.

COLOR^ Punrn RADIO- $ PH ° GRAPHIC U.

SPL. #

5GY4/1

5Y4/1

5-7-1

5-7-2

5-7-3

5-7-4

... 1938

- 1939

- 1940

. 1941

bioturbation and disseminated granules throughout fish bones throughoutoxidation along fractures

HOLEl

LITH.

640

700

710

720

730

ortf STRUCT. LAYER PROPS.

COLOR*2 pwrvrrs RADIO-co rHOTO /-OAPUJI/-Q ^y. GRAPHICU.

SPL.

#

650 J

660

670 J

680 -

690 -,

-30

-40

60

1-70

-90

L-100

Z"

.

^ ,

-

5-8-1

5-8-2

5-8-3

5-8-4

^

V a=>

'A6

- 1942

. 1943

- 1944

. 1945

. 1946

. 1947

- 1948

. 1949

bioturbation, disseminated granules and disseminated fish bones throughout

HOLE -A. SLUG-l_ DEPTH . to_i2i_cm.

LITH. UJ

732

742

752

762

812

mSTRUCT. LAYER cct( OR PROPS. COLOR

toCOOLL

PHOTORADIO-

GRAPHICSPL. #

772

782 ^

792 -

802

822 I

}-30

-60

-70

reo

-90

MOO

5GY4/1

<*£/!

©

5-9-1

5-9-2

5-9-3

5-9-4

'

V

- 1950

- 1951

- 1952

1953

- 1954

- 1955

1956

1957

bioturbatior^, disseminated fish bones and scales throughout

HOLE^_ SLUGl°_ DEPTH

LITH.

853

863

873

883

893

a*CD

823

833 _

843 i

903 -

913 -

-20

30

-40

-50

70

-90

STRUCT. LAYER cct\ OR PROPS. C°LOR $ PHOTOo -~H- u.

RADIO- GRAPHIC

SPL.

MOO

5GY4/1

5Y4/1

»

©

-

5-10-1

5-10-2

5-10-3

5-10-4

®

. 1958

. 1959

' 1960

1961

. 1962

1963

- 1964

. 1965

bioturbation, disseminated fish bones and scales throughout

HOLE_L SLUG2L_DEPTH

914

924

934

944

954

994

LITH. L'tfSTRUCT. LAYER pni OR PROPS. COLOR $ PHOTO

O --ffu.

RADIO- GRAPHIC SPL.

#

964

974

984 ^

1004 -

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

l~ BO

[-90

*

5GY4/1

5Y4/1

5-11-1

5-11-2

5-11-3

5-11-4

m (AS)ash?

t , r v^no;

. 1967

- 1968

. 1969

- 1970

" 1971

1972

- 1973

- 1974

L-100

bioturbation, disseminated granules, and disseminated fish bones and scales throughout

oxidation along fractures and edges

HOLE-L- SLU6-ig-DEPTH 1006 Cm.

LITH. L'tf

1006

1056

1066

mSTRUCT. LAYER

PROPS.COLOR O

LL

PHOTORADIO-

GRAPHIC SPL. #

1016 -

1026

1036 -

1046

1076

1086 2

1096 -

0

-10

-20

-30

r-40

-50

-60

70

^-80

-90

-100

5Y3/1

5-12-1

5-12-2

5-12-3

5-12-4

.

V

;

V

- 2003

' 2004

- 2005

. 2006

" 2007

. 2008

_ 2009

heavy bioturbation, disseminated granules, fish bones and scales throughout

LITH. UJ

1097

mSTRUCT. PROPS. C°LOR u! PHOTO

O -ffu_

RADIO- GRAPHIC SPL.

#

1107 ~

1117 -

1127 J

1137 -

1147

1157 -

1167 _

1177 -

1187 -

^30

-40

-60

70

"80

-90

L-100

-,

5-13-1

5-13-2

5-13-3

5-13-4

Vpebble

pebblepebblepebble

. pebble

pebble

pebble

.

pebble

pebble

- 1988

. 1989

- 1990

1991

1992

1993

- 1994

bioturbation, disseminated granules, fish bones and scales throughout

HOLE-1. SLU6-1*- DEPTH cm.

LITH. L'ttSTRUCT. LAYER

PROPS.

^ Pwn-m RADIO­ S' PH^° GRAPHIC

u_

SPL.

#1189

1199

1209 -

1219 J

1229

1239 J

1249 -

1259 -

1269

1279 J

0

10

20

30

-40

50

-60

-70

-80

-90

MOO

5Y4/1

,

5-14-1

5-14-2

5-14-3

5-14-4

V

ex

,V

0>4

** I ^6^ granules

-

- 1995

. 1996

- 1997

" 1998

- 1999

- 2000

- 2001

- 2002

bioturbation and disseminated granule clusters throughout

LITH.

1280

1290

1300

1310

1320

1330

1340

1350

30

1360 -

1370

-60

70

-80

h90

100

ft.' Q, QTRi I/~T LAYER CC>\ OD ^ PHOTO /-DAOLJI/~ SPL.ri > STRUCT. PROPS. COLOR Q ..^ GRAPHIC ^.

5Y4/1

f

5-15-1

5-15-2

5-15-3

5-15-4

V

Tgranuleclusters

1

- 2010

. 2011

- 2012

" 2013

- 2014

' 2015

bioturbation throughout disseminated fish bones throughout

HOLE-1. SLUG-li-DEPTH 1*33 cm. to_i524_cm.

LITH.

1433

1443

1453

1463

1473

1483

1493

1503

STRUCT. LAYER CO LOR<£ PUOTO RADIO- g PHC^O GRAPH|Cu.

SPL.

#

1513 -

1523 J

0

-10

;-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

MOO

5Y4/1

5-16-1

5-16-2

5-16-3

5-16-4

V

A6

^

V A6

00

granules

<=*

Tash?

. _L

_ 2016

- 2017

- 2018

- 2019

- 2020

. 2021

- 2022

2023

heavy bioturbation throughout

30-72 cm: cracks containing drillers mud

HOLE-1- SLUG_I2-DEPTH_M24cm.

LITH.

1524

1534

1594

1604

o:CD

STRUCT. LAYER co\ OR PROPS. COLOR*£ purvr^ RADIO- $ PH2J° GRAPHIC U_

SPL.

#

1544 -

1554

1564 -

1574 ^

1584

1514 L

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-60

-70

r&o

-90

-100

5Y4/2

'

5-17-1

5-17-2

5-17-3

5-17-4

V

,

04

- 2024

2025

- 2026

- 2027

- 2028

- 2029

- 2030

- 2031

bioturbation throughout

1705

3" Ostenberg

HOLE-!. SLU6-JJ-DEPTH MIS cm. toizo7_ C m.

LITH.

1615

1625 J

1635

1645 J

1655 -

1665

1675 H

1685

1695 -

-30

-60

-70

-80

-90

o:CD

STRUCT. p^* COLOR "> PHOTOO

RADIO- GRAPHIC

SPL.

#

MOO

5Y3/2

V

v

granule

V

V

V

granules' e

- 2105

- 2106

. 2107

' 2108

2109

2110

scattered oxidation along fractures

1707

1717

3" Ostenberg

HOLEJ- SLUG1L_ DEPTH JQ1798 cm,

LITH. .CO

STRUCT. PROPS. C°LOR i/> Ou.

PHOTORADIO-

GRAPHICSPL.

#

1727 -

1737 -

1747 -

1757 ^

1767

1777 -

1787 -

1797 J

-20

-30

-40

r50

-60

-70

5Y4/1

debris1

fracture © |

04

V

V

04

V0=3

(^1)

J_CD

' ©

f ! 'i ^ \ * / i /

©

i

- 2111

. 2112

- 2113

- 2114

> 2115

- 2116

- 2117

-80

-90

-100

granules, bioturbation, and scattered vivianite throughout

fish bones throughout

3" Ostenberg

HOLE-m

1798 -,

1808 j

:

1818 :

1828 1

1838 -j

1848 J

1858 -

1868 -

1878 -j

1888 j

L-ITH. . UJ LAYER ^~, ^ ^ PHOTO RADIO- SRLQ. Q. <n~Pi ir*T t_^ic.r\ (~r\l HR ^ rr">^ ' ^ rXDADUi^* //m- > STRUCT. PROPS. CULOK Q ^ GRAPHIC ^

in$$&$!};$

Htt

^

Hil?\?.yv&:?3j gS.'i'iWA? ;»?V^-?;«

l^s^j

iflllJ

wY/\

u '

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

.

-70

"80

-90

-100

5Y4/2

©

granules

- 2118

_ 2119

- 2120

- 2121

2122

- 2123

r. 2124

bioturbation, disseminated vivianite , disseminated plant fragments, and disseminated fish bones throughout.

1890

3" Ostenberg

HOLE-1. SLUG-1L DEPTH cm.

LITH.OLm

LAYER PROPS.

PHOTORADIO-

GRAPHICSPL.

#

1900 J

1910 -

1920

1930 -

1940 -I

1950

1960 -

1970 -

1980 J

0

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

MOO

5Y4/2

V

V

04

V

. A6< * ex(A6)

a=>

-T-

^^ granules

04

- 2125

- 2126

- 2127

2128

- 2129

' 2130

- 2131

bioturbation throughout

3" Ostenberg

HOLE_5_ SLUG-12. DEPTH i98i Cm. to_2ozicm.W V -^^- ^^H» M^M .1 - ! -^^ ^M» ^^ -^^ «^^- M^M » V . -^^ W ^ "^^- .... _ -^^

LITH. UJ LAYER ^ PHOTO RADIO- sp, 0-:^: STRUCT. ^£ COLOR g PH^° GRAPHIC t£L ' m f PROPS. £ -7F ^t

1981 -

1991 --

_

2001 ~-

2011 -

2021 J

2031 -j

2041 j

-

2051 ^.-

;2061

2071 -

-

1!<VP&\&&

AMSff&^RWaVfeSsi? j^^§3^S ^"?^fev^l Si^-.'jrci*.)$>;!$&^S^ ^S^I^S ^iS^S

Wtij&ti<& &$ :y>r.''iJ.vSc'^?ift^' 'v!««JB-lV

RilintffciV##J

^p;jr.&'.-wjV-'' Vfer'"^

^|^?s««jfes2il^p'/ " ''V'-'iWo

!£:£)§$$ IpH

?^*-^>5ffi?s5^?^ S??^^ $i®£f.'-^fttt;;

^^i ^'rV^

^rVM;'-i iw&sv*; i'^.ftjS/'5*»>:«&'??

&£«£ $»l-7S«t-?iiV. fftlPSiS;:;.<.S.itvii KsS{«3»«

2*'-j|*''' (*%££**

&£$£.y^s^*Vi*Af'-'itjJ'r.:

YA

-10

.

-20

-

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-

-80

-90

-100

5Y3/2

5BG4/1

5Y3/2

5GY6/1

as"h?

_oo

~~L~

V

1 i 1

ash? 1

A6

04

A6

V

- 2132

- 2133

r\ -1 r\ /- 2134

. 2135

- 2136

- 2137

2138

bioturbation throughout

HOLE-L SLUG-!! DEPTH J2Z3.cm. to cm.

2073 -r

-

2083 -

;

.

2093 -

-

2103 ~

2113 -j

2123 ^

2133 -;

2143 -

2153 -

2163 -

ITU ^ « > n r--ri-n ^~- LAYEK /~/"vl /~vD I/) i MU 1 O°-. 5: STRUCT. PD/^DC COLOR Q ..m p rnoHb. ^ -«-

1^^-«««i«f. «*sv>>«Ar-ff-^g^

^S

fi

^

K

|!^5pC2»»

sD

X

- u '

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-

-80

-90

-100

5Y3/1

04

'

-

04

5-23-2

5-23-3

5-23-4

5-23-1

RADIO- GRAPHIC

ash?

^ash?-J-

A5 I- 'T ®^high organic

content

A5 L-

' (A6)

SPL. #

~ 2032

- 2033

. 2034

2035

- 2036

- 2037

disseminated granules and bioturbation throughout

oxidation along fractures

SLUG_11 DEPTH Jii^cm.

2164

2174 -

2184 -j

2194 j

-

2204 -^

--

2214 J

2224 -J

2234 J

2244 -_

2254 ~

UTH - a: g STRUCT. }£ COLOR jg PH°TO ^5^CD r^ ' KLJ"O. V -*r-

§S$$§®

tfcWi^lM'

tiliV?5wWi

^^

jjlisj^-f^lVj-if S'jfeji';

^^

S®

MiHB4^HpB^BIB8BW

X

- u

-10

\ high c / cof?ter-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100

jganic

/^5Y4/1

5Y4/1

5-24-1

5-24-2

5-24-3

5-24-4

04

_____

ash?pebbles and granules

104

03

04

V

SPL.

-2038

i-W-3

- 2039 J

- 2040

- 2041

~ 2042

~ 2043

- 2044

__2045

W-3220: 24,080 +_ 1,000 yr. BP

bioturbation and disseminated plant remains throughout

Appendix B

X-ray Radiographs

\