Upload
others
View
14
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
U.S. Geological Survey
OPEN FILE REPORT
Preliminary description and interpretation of
cores and radiographs from Clear Lake, Lake County, California: Core 8
by
John D. Sims and Michael J. Rymer
1975 '
This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Geological Survey standards
Report No. 75-306
CONTENTS
Text
Introduction ................... 1
Summary of Data. ................. 1
Method of Study. ................. 7
Graphic Notations used inStratigraphic description. ........... 8
References
Appendices
Appendix A: Graphical Logs
Appendix B: X-ray Radiographs
INTRODUCTION
Clear Lake, California is located in the California Coast Ranges about
120 km north of San Francisco and is the largest freshwater lake wholly within
California. The lake basin is tectonically controlled (Anderson, 1936;
Brice, 1953; Sims and Rymer, 1974) and the area seismically active (Coffman and
von Hake, 1973).
Interest in this lake was stimulated by hypotheses developed from a
study of sediments in Van Norman Reservoir after the 1971 San Fernando earth
quake (Sims, 1973). During this study three zones of deformational structures
were found in the 1 m-thick sequence of sediments exposed over about 2 km2
of the reservoir bottom. These zones were correlated with moderate earth
quakes that shook the San Fernando area in 1930, 1952, and 1971. Results
of this study, coupled with the experimental formation of deformational
structures similar to those from Van Norman Reservoir, led to a search for
similar structures in Pleistocene and Holocene lakes and lake sediments in
other seismically active areas. Clear Lake, California was chosen specifically
because of its location near the San Andreas fault and the San Francisco-
Oakland urban complex, and the probability of obtaining an uninterrupted
sediment record from the present into Pleistocene time. Eight 12 to 15 cm
diameter continuous cores were taken from the lake sediments (fig. 1) as
part of a study of earthquake induced structures in sediments and the tectonic
framework of the Clear Lake basin. The eight cores range in length from
13.87 m to 113.09 m (Table 1).
SUMMARY OF DATA
Core 8 is from the northwest part of Clear Lake (fig. 1) and was taken
on 5 November, 1973. Depth of water at the site is 5.2 m. The core is 21.2 m
long and consists entirely of olive gray (5Y3/2 to 5Y5/2) sapropellic mud
(gyttja) with five interbedded volcanic ashes (fig. 2). The colors of the
N
LUCERNE
LAKE®
PORT
CLEAR
LAKE
Oaks arm
Highlands arm
I I I5 Ml i
I 1 I I5 KM.
Figure 1. Map showing location of Core 8 in Clear Lake, California. Other numbered core sites in the lake are the subject of separate reports.
sediments generally recorded are those due to oxidation of the organic
components. Rarely colors considered to be representative of the unoxidized
sediments are recorded such as bluish gray (5B5/1). The sedimentary record
in Core 8 contrasts greatly with that from Core 7 (fig. 1) (Sims and
Rymer, 1975). The sediments in Core 8 represent an environment much like
that prevailing in the open parts of Clear Lake today. The sediments are
extensively bioturbated. This bioturbation has greatly disrupted the
sediments and destroyed most of the primary and deformational (?) structures
in the sediments. Thus the core is quite uniform in texture and structure
throughout its length.
Five ash beds are preserved in this core. The two uppermost ash beds in
Core 8 are tentatively correlated with the two uppermost ash beds in Core 7.
The well preserved rhyolitic ash from Core 7, slug 17 dated at approximately
17,500 yrs. B.P. (Sims and Rymer, 1975) is tentatively correlated with the
ash in slug 20, Core 8. The ash in slug 27, Core 8 is tentatively correlated
with the ash in slug 23, Core 7.
Sediments in Core 8 are generally too low in organic material for
llt C-age determinations. However, one ll*C-age determination was performed.
The analysis was performed by Meyer Rubin of the U.S. Geological Survey on
a carbonaceous mud layer. The date (W-3214) is from slug 13 and is 9,8504;
250 yrs. B.P. This date represents a sedimentation rate of 0.93 mm yr 1 for
the upper half of the core. The date correlates quite well with the dates
of the correlated ashes in Core 7. If the tentative correlation of the
lowermost ash in Core 8 with the ash in slug 23, Core 7 is accurate then
a date of approximately 24,000 yr. B.P. would represent the bottom of Core 8.
A plot of ll*C-age and correlated ll*C-age versus depth (fig. 3) shows
the consistency of the age date from Core 8 and the correlated ash-age dates
from Core 7. These data are fitted with a straight line by linear regression.
3
The equation of this line is y=12.10x-1286.20 and has a correlation co
efficient of r=0.999. The line fit to the correlated data now allows a
prediction of sediment ages at given depths.
Table 1. Total length and recovery percent ofeight cores drilled in Clear Lake, California.
Core Length (m) Recovery (%)
1 52.58 35.0
2 13.87 88.0
3 69.04 96.0
4 115.21 92.0
5 22.56 94.0
6 21.64 99.0
7 27.43 94.9
8 20.52 99.6
11
9,850
1A
15
16
17
18
19
21
24
26
ii
Hi
rO
E3 mud
("~1 ash unit
gg missing part
slug (coresegment) number
<9,850 14C age
Figure 2. Generalized lithology of sediments from Core .8, Clear Lake, California.
14C age
4-
14 correlated C age (correlatedwith ashes in Core 7, Sims and Rymer, 1975)
8-
o o o
X
CQ
U
12-
16.
20-
24 -
28 -
32 -
36 r = 0.999
4010 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Depth (m)
14 14Figure 3. Plot of C-age determination and correlated C-age deter minations and depth in Clear Lake Core 8. The line y = I2.10x - 1286.20 is fitted to the data by linear regression.The correlation coefficient (r) is 0.999.
METHOD OF STUDY
Core 8 was obtained using an Ostenberg sampler with a barge mounted
drill rig. The samples were retrieved and extruded into rigid plastic tubes
which were sealed with plastic endcaps, and waxed to prevent moisture loss.
For examination the plastic containers were cut open and the core cut in
half lengthwise using a "cheese cutter" type instrument. Lithologic and
other sedimentologic data were then recorded (see Appendix A for detailed
descriptions). One-half of each core segment was photographed on color and
black and white film. Then a one cm thick slice was taken from the center
of the core segment and an x-ray radiograph made to study the internal
structures and fine details of the visible structures.
The original x-ray radiographs were taken on 30 x 43 cm sheets of
industrial x-ray film at 1:1 scale. Exposures to x-radiation ranged from
4 to 6 minutes at 45 KV and 3.5 ma. The prints from the radiographs
in Appendix B of this paper are photographically reduced 3.7x from the originals
After lengthwise splitting, samples were taken from one-half of the core
for other sedimentologic and paleontologic .' :udies as follows:
a) bulk mineralogy
b) cladocerae
c) diatoms ' .
d) fine grain size analysis (<125 y diameter)
e) macro fossils
f) pollen
g) water contend/organic carbon content
The remaining core half, resting in a rigid plastic half-round, was
sealed in a polyethelane bag and retained for tuture use and reference.
These samples and the original radiographs may be examined by contacting:
John D. Sims U.S. Geological Survey Earthquake Tectonics Branch
' 345 Middlefield RoadMenlo Park, California 94025
GRAPHIC NOTATIONS USED IN STRATIGRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS
The stratigraphic descriptions of each core segment (slug) are
contained on individual sheets in the format shown in fig. 4. The graphical
notations used in the core descriptions and radiograph interpretations in
Appendix B are modified, from the methods of Bouma (1962). The conventions
and symbols used follow: Those symbols marked* are also used in the column
entitled Radiographic .
Lithology
XXXXXXXXX ash
clay
silt
nand
peat
mud
silty sand
clayey silt
silty clay
clayey sand
sandy mud
sandy silt
sandy gravel
clayey peat
silty peat
material from sides of hole as a contaminant, generally at the top of a sample (debris).
vivianite, an iron phosphate present in the sediments.
interlaminated strata;dominant lithology on left(in this example clayey peat and mud)
HOLE_ SLUG_DEPTH .cm. to__cm.
LITH.
riSTRUCT blRUCT. LAYER COLOR PROPS. ^ULOK
KJ Pwrvrn RADIO S' PH2I0 GRAPHIC u. ~"~
SAMPLE
- 0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
L90
Figure A. Form for stratigraphic descriptions of core segments (slugs) Column headings from left to right are Lithology, Bedding plane type, Bedding plane structures, Layer properties, Munsel Color designatic-, Fossil content, Photograph numbers, Radiographic interpretation, and Sample numbers.
Bedding Plane Type*
Sharp flat contact
distinct flat contact t
transition (range of transition < 0.5 cm)
gradual transition (range of transition 0.5-1.0 cm)
transition gradual and hardly visible (range of transition > 1.0
undulating contact; gradations as above
irregular contact; gradations as above
Structure
graded bedding
load cast
earthquake induced structure*
fault*
0
Interval in which structure occurs*
indistinct structure*
structure barely visible*
( ) ((
Layer Properties
parallel lamination (< 0.5 cm thick)*:
coarse laminae predominate
fine laminae predominate j
_. ^ slightly disturbedparallel lamination*
strongly disturbed
* Also used In column entitled Radiographic
10
parallel wavy lamination*
(predominating thickness and degree of disturbance as noted above)
lenticular wavy lamination*
(predominating thickness and degree of disturbance as noted above)
interval in which property occurs* J^
indistinct property* / \
Color
Color designations are taken from the Munsell Soil Color Chart (Munsell, 1973). Conventions used are as follows!
10Y 5/4 SYR 5/4
distinct color break between between two units.
10Y 5/4/5YR 5/4
10Y SYR 5/4
two colors present throughout the interval noted. First color is most prevalent and the right hand color is present as clots, belbs, or patches.
distinct interlamination throughout the interval noted.
10Y 5/4 (SYR 5/4) oxidized color (unoxidized color) this notation is used only where partial oxidization of the sediments has occurred and the unoxidized color is readily apparent.
fossils
fish scale*
fish bone*
e
* Also used in column entitled Radiographic
gastropod*
clam*
root
root level
wood oriented parallel to bedding plane
wood not parallel to bedding plane
plant fragment parallel to bedding plane
plant fragment not parallel to bedding plane
Photograph Number
Numbers refer to the index number of both the color and black and white
photos taken of the cut surface of the core segment.
Example: 7-1-1 refers to Core 7, Slug 1, Photo 1.
There are 5 photos for each slug in Core 8. Each photo covers
approximately 20 cm of core segment length with overlap with adjacent
photos.
These photos may be examined and copies made at the requestor's expense
by contacting:
John D. SimsU.S. Geological SurveyEarthquake Tectonics Branch345 Middlefield RoadMenlo Park, California 94025
* Also used in column entitled Radiographic
12
Radiographic
This column contains supplementary information derived from an analysis
of inforiration taken from x-ray radiographs. The notations used in this columnt
are a combination of those marked by * under the headings Bedding Plane
Type, Bedding Plane Structure, Layer Properties, and Fossils, plus
some additional special symbols not previously used (list below):
granule - an x-ray opaque small body < 1 mm in diameter.
granule cluster - a regularly to irregularly shaped mass of granules.
pebble - a large (> 3 mm diameter) x-ray opaque body.
mottling - areas of low x-ray transparency of irregular shape and unknown origin.
bioturbation - animal burrows. The degree of sediment disturbancegenerally accompanies this note such as: heavy, slight, etc.
A5 - a difference in x-ray transparency between.stratigraphicsubunits due to compositional, grain size or other physiochemical differences.
fractured - physical breaking of the indicated part of the sediment slice that usually occurred during sample preparation prior to x-ray inspection.
plastic - plastic chips derived from s.-ving the rigid plastic core container.
Sample Number
Three types of sample numbers are present and identify samples taken for
specific tests or supplementary data. The specific use and identity of samples
are as follows:
1) Four digit numbers without a prefix are reserved for bulk mineralogy,
fine grain size analysis (fraction < 125 n diameter), fossil cladocerae,
palynological examination, weight loss on drying, fossil diatoms and.
macrofossil content.
13
2) Four digits prefixed by "I" (example: 1-7030). A radiocarbon date
performed by Mr. James Buckley in the laboratories of Isotopes, Inc.,
Westwood, N.J. The absolute date and all pertinent data are listed
at the bottpm of the page on which the sample number occurs.
3) Four digits prefixed by "W" (example: W-3030). A radiocarbon
date performed by Mr. Meyer Rubin in the laboratories of the U.S.
Geological Survey, Reston, VA. The absolute date and all pertinent
data are listed at the bottom of the page on which the sample number
occurs.
Acknowledgements;
This project was in part financed by a grant from Lake County, California.
-We wish also to thank D. Adam, D. Peterson, G. Reed, D. Greenwood, I. Gassoway,
P. Margolin and R. Wright for their assistance during the coring operations at
Clear Lake.
14
REFERENCES
Anderson, C.A., 1936, Volcanic history of the Clear Lake area, California:
Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 47, p. 629-664.
Bouma, A.H., 1963, Sedimentology of some flysch deposits: Amsterdam,
Elsevier Pub. Co., 168 p.
Brice, J.C., 1953, Geology of Lower Lake Quadrangle, California: Calif.
Div. Mines, Bull. 166, 72 p.
Coffman, J.L. and von Hake, C.A., 1973, Earthquake history of the United
States: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Publication 41-1, 208 p.
Munsell Products, 1973, Munsell Soil Color Charts, 1973 edition, Baltimore,
Md., Munsell Products.
Sims, J.D., 1973, Earthquake-induced structures in sediments of Van Norman
Lake, San Fernando, California: Science, v. 182, p. 161-163.
Sims, J.D. and Rymer, M.J., 1974, Gaseous springs in Clear Lake, California,
and the structural control of the lake basin: Geol. Soc. America,
Abstracts with Pngrams, v. 6, no. 3, p. 254.
Sims, J.D. and Rymer, M.J., 1975, Preliminary description and interpretation
of cores and radiographs from Clear Lake, Lake County, California: Core 7,
Open File Report No. 75-144, 21p.
35
Appendix A
Graphical Logs
HOLEJ- SLUG_A-DEPTH_o_cm.
LITH ' RADIO-
0 -.
I__
10 j
20 -_
30 j.
-
40 -
50 -
60 -:..
70 -
Q.;^ STRUCT. ^r" COLOR # S GRAPHIC CD p rriUro. £ -w-
^PifeSSffriK;te^S3W$£&
8t l
S^s^ ^^1
l5*Jl*il*i73U
H£§2®^&J?5t-S?;
$& <; £$£
MM MMMM||^
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
5Y4/2
8-1-1
8-1-2
8-1-3
8-1-4
8-1-5
04
gran
J04
ori_.
ules
_mottlin
Tgranules _
mottling
- 468
g
-469
-470
-471
"472
-473
bioturbation throughout
HOLE-J. SLUG_i_DEPTH_z6_cm. to_^2_cm,
LITH UJ i AYPD ^ PWOTO RADIO- ^p, LMH ' o:K STRUCT. ^Xpc COLOR 0 Sf GRAPHIC Xo"
CD p TKUKb. LL "^ TT
'0 -
.
--
86 -
i96 j
"
106 -
116 J.
126 -
136 -.
146 -
Hi
HISf^iii:-^^^ jggS?.^ };;5S.fe;Jr-j^-viS
^1
^
ms^ ^H ^^^jS&MvSS^'Avv'-' !-j.'i«J;i'cf.<
^$ ^^ftjVij ;*/f J*
^^**^«'^'*
^tt
SS^f
isSfeSjiifep
w
u
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-10O
5Y4/2
8-2-1
8-2-2
8-2-3
8-2-4
8-2-5
granules
granules
- 474
-475
-476
- 477
-478
-479
-480
slight mottling and bioturbation throughout
1 cm oxidation on both sides of crack at 118 cm
disseminated fish bones throughout
HOLE-L SLUG^_DEPTH-ii!_cm. to_?!!
LITH.
CDSTRUCT. LAYER
PROPS.
to to O u_
PHOTORADIO-
GRAPHICSPL.
#
152
162
172 -f
182 A
192
202
212
222
Mo
1-30
Sh70
5Y5/2
8-3-1
8-3-2
8-3-3
8-3-4
8-3-5
©
A6
04
granules
VV
V. <=x
»
04
481
482
483
484
-485
-486
-487
hso
h90
MOO
slight mottling and bioturbation throughout
HOLE_8. SLUG_JLDEPTH-l28_cm. tojo^_cm.
LITH.
228
268
278
288
298
o:m
CTDI \/-*-r LAYER CD\ r\o to PHOTO STRUCT. PROPS ^ULOK O -ft
RADIO- GRAPHIC
SPL.
#
238 _:
248 -
258
-40
60
-70
-80
-90
MOO
5Y5/2
8-4-1
8-4-2
8-4-3
8-4-4
8-4-5
«
o,
granules
. 04
A6
, A6granules
_488
-489
__490
-491
.492
-493
-.494
bioturbation throughout
HOLE_A SLUG_5_DEPTH_304_cm. to_38o_cm.
LITH.
304
314
324
334
344
354
o:CD
STRUCT. LAYER (~r\l OR PROPS. COLORto to O u.
PHOTORADIO-
GRAPHICSPL.
#
364 ~
374
10
-20
30
-60
-70
-80
-90
MOO
5Y5/2
8-5-1
8-5-2
8-5-3
8-5-4
8-5-5
4-J
i- %
co
Si CD
H
-495
_496
_497
-498
-499
-500
501
slight mottling and bioturbation throughout
HOLE
LITH. trCD
STRUCT. LAYER cc>\ OR PROPS. C°LOR& pun-rn RADIO- g PH£J° GRAPHIC LL
SPL, #
380
390
400 j
410
420
430
440
450
-40
10
-60
70
-80
-90
MOO
5Y4/2
©
8-6-1
8-6-2
8-6-3
8-6-4
8-6-5
exj
exj
granules
_^granule ^clusters
|
\
, granule clusters
502
~503
504
505
-506
-507
-508
slight mottling throughout
HOLE to_i32_cm.i i T* ii * i.f\ R A r^i^^1 1 T M ill i A \/^o m IX'NT'^X rxr^L/i^/" ^ rv
LITH ' a-! £ STRUCT. L££" COLOR g PH^° GRAPHIC S£L ' CD f~ rROPS. y ^TiT JT » U_ "
456 -i ^ -
466 j
476 ^
.
486 -
-:
496 -j
506 -
:516 j
-
526 j
;
^^ ^S
§11W|HI^wi%2s>;«!i;to;SiVI)r-*r5^WW?"*
!u\yjVt.\*'i
£tt&yQ$j*\
BSw/>«4
j$»Tl«£-'/K"
^K^JH*j
f^5%^V**V!SS^r'
^ii!p?»^
i^^^wjjt
^
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
5Y5/2
8-7-1
8-7-2
8-7-3
8-7-4
8-7-5
04
'
, A6
granules
1 A6
ex)
- 509
-510
-511
-512
-513
-514
-515
scattered mottling and bioturbation throughout
HOLE_§_ SLUG-1-DEPTH 532 Cm. to_M8_cm.
532 n
542 J
552 H
562 J
572 H
582 -^
592 ~
602 ~
-
-_
LITH. UJ 1 AYFR ^ PHOTO RADIO- <- p,^ g STRUCT. ppn|R COLOR # PH^° GRAPHIC S L *m p h'ROPS. u ^r ^r
iIifel^tfi
ipp lScv*^?>r<5«
11 K^^
-10
-20
-30
.
-40
-50
-60
-70
~80
-90
-100
5Y5/2
©
8-8-1
8-8-2
8-8-3
8-8-4
8-8-5
fractured
/
A6^\ / opaque to x-ray
^
©
- 516
- 517
-518
- 519
- 520
- 521
_522
bioturbation throughout
disseminated fish bones throughout
HOLE_A SLUG_9_DEPTH_608_cm.
UTH -0 STRUCT. COLOR | PH£° G^PH°5
608
618
628 J
638 -
648 ~
658
668 J
678
a- 0
MO
§-20
30
j-50
-60
-80
-90
-100
5Y4/2
8-9-1
8-9-2
8-9-3
8-9-4
8-9-5
I
mottled andpossiblydisturbed
A(5 f fractures
A604
A6
A6 granules
A6
«=>
-523
-524
- 525
-526
- 527
- 528
_ 529
bioturbation throughout
. to_Z6o_cm.
LITH<STRIIPT LAYER COLOR S 'RUCT. PROPS. COLOR PHOTO rr 0 :#: GRAPHIC
SPL
684
694
704
724
734
744
754
-30
prglW?'Hft Jtt VK
10
$-40
-50
BBS-60 *f\&fJs
-70
-80
-90
-100
5Y5/2
5Y3/2
8-10-1
8-10-2
8-10-3
8-10-4
8-10-5
mottlingopaque tc
1 x-ray
1 04
04
V
V
1
mottling
530
-531
-532
- 533
-534
-535
-536
granules and bioturbation throughout
HOLE-1 SLUG-ll_DEPTH_Z6o_cm. to_836_crn
LITH -a: STRUCT. LAYER COLQR g PHOTO
760
770 -
780 -
790
%ts%£&
800 $$$$ ouu _ fc^.y^l
820 J
830 -
iHitB
s
-10
20
30
40
ii?810 ^ IpS-50
m% ' %&?
o
-60
«® - 70s:«*: ' u
-80
-90
-100
SPL.
5Y5/2
8-11-1
8-11-2
8-11-3
8-11-4
8-11-5
§L
A6
«
mottling
- 537
- 538
- 539
- 540
- 541
- 542
- 543
fractured in upper 18 cm
bioturbation throughout
HOLE-1- SLUG-li-DEPTH-safari. toJi^cm.
LITH. UJ 1 AYFR n PHOTO MAUIU- op,a:* STRUCT. ppn|^ COLOR g PH^° GRAPHIC XuL ' CD i r nv^r^o. , ~nr- -/-/- 1 ii / /
836 ;
846 J
j
856 :
866 ~
876 J:
886 -
896 j.
. 906 -
mi Hi iH
H$>!*&$fcji^gf^:
f^^
^
SSft^-V
^B^R^H!ip$R^T:^
u
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-9O
-100
5Y3/2
8-12-1
8-12-2
8-12-3
8-12-4
8-12-5
0 iron concretic
A6
V
mottle
' i
scattered granules
_ 544
- 545
ns
- 546
- 547
- 548
549
- 550
-
longitudinal crack below 20 cm
bioturbation and disseminated granules throughout
912 ,.
922 J
932 H
:942 -I
952 -^
-
962 -I
-
-
Q7? -7 / ^>
982 ^
:
-
-
LITH.
mspffi
iHPfexs^i^8*Af&101 Ml^BSwiM^?1's&jiK&yR?H*^
Jjs^^4^p&£&$&
mijjjjjji^g|fl
^iit«$$%
^^^
* V P^SS&iS&StSL
*.$CD >
- o
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
.
-70
-80
-90
-100
STRUCT. £££
*
COLOR
5Y4/2
3 OLL
^
-
PHOTO ^
8-13-1
8-13-2
8-13-3
8-13-4
8-13-5
KADIO-
GRAPHIC
04
T ___ A6 ash?
03
V
Tgranules
1
#L '
1I^ W-3214
J
- 551
" 552
"553
-554
"555
-556
W-3214: 9,850 + 250 verticle cracks above 69 cm
bioturbation throughout
HOLE.8_ SLUG-JADEPTH_988_cm. to_io64cm.
LITH 'tf STRUCT LAYER COLOR > STRUCT. PROPS. COLOR " PHOTO rSlpiSr 0 & GRAPHIC
SPL
988
1008
1018
1028
1038
1048
m1058
40
1-50
-80
-90
MOO
5Y4/2
«
8-14-1
8-14-2
8-14-3
8-14-4
8-14-5
longitudinal fracture
mottle
A6 ashD
eGOc
CO
v g
- 557
- 558
_ 559
- 560
-561
- 562
- 563
bioturbation throughout
HOLE_i SLU6-JJ- DEPTH u>** cm.
LITH>
rfSTRUPT LAYER COLOR STRUCT' PROPS. COLOR
^ PHOTO RADIO-l/> PHOTO /~DAnLji/~Q -ft. GRAPHIC
IU54 -T| 1]
1074 J
1084 -;-
-
.1094 -
1104 J
]1114 4
1124 J
1134 H
-
-
PftlPHIS as®
ES»ftS^sSSsffwf. %^P?
^SSw«g*5 ^'-fe'J&S&P&i9mw ssivys^ ^W?
pimKvV^Sv«
Hi P$jpf#E'wi'.jW.i
PttIN£&&&£fe^fe ^^^S^ mmiPPI*ta
- o
-
-10
-
-20
-30
-40
-50
-
-60
-
-70
-80
-90
-100
5Y5/2
>
0Qr
8-15-1
8-15-2
8-15-3
8-15-4
8-15-5
1. mottling
|
granules
A6 __ __ [_
ashA6 _ L_
1V
_L
A6
longitudinalcrack
- 564
- 565
- 566
- 567
- 568
- 569
- 570
longitudinal crack upper 40 cm
bioturbation throughout (some w/ vivianite fillings)
disseminated fish bones throughout
HOLE_L DEPTH mo cm.
LITH. g $ STRUCT. LAYER CQLOR X PHOTO
1140
1150
1180
1190
1200
1210
1160 -
1170
-10
1-40
60
-80
-90
MOO
£
RADIO- GRAPHIC
SPL. #
5Y5/2
8-16-1
8-16-2
8-16-3
8-16-4
8-16-5
granules- 571
- 572
A6
H
- 573
- 574
575
- 576
v v
longitudinal and verticle cracking above 50 cm
bioturbation and scattered mottling throughout
HOLE-!. SLU6-1Z. DEPTH me cm. to^92_cnrv
LITH.
1216
1226
1236
1246
1256
1286
a-! £ STRUCT. PROPS COLOR "* PHOTOOLL
RADIO- GRAPHIC
SPL.
#
30
-40
1266 -
1276 I-&0
-70
-80
-90
MOO
5Y4/2
8-17-1
8-17-2
8-17-3
8-17-4
8-17-5
1mottling
ex
~rgranules
ex
577
- 578
- 579
- 580
- 581
. 582
583
upper 17 cm badly fractured
bioturbation throughout
HOLEJ_ SLUG-18-DEPTH 1292 Cm.
LITH.a.; STRUCT. LAYER COLOR $ PHOTO
OLL
SPL
1292
1302
1312
1332 -
1342
JWi^ a&
1352
1362
-10
-20
-30
-40
-60
70
-80
-90
-100
5Y5/2
8-18-1
8-18-2
8-18-3
8-18-4
8-18-5
mottling
,
M^-' granule
A6
granules
- 584
_ 585
s
- 586
^87JO I
- 588
. 589
- 590
bioturbation and vertical cracks throughout
HOLE-£ SLU6-19- DEPTH Cm. to_lMlcm.
LITH. ffCD
STRUCT. LAYER cct\ OP PROPS. C°LOR
1368
1378
1388
1398
1408
1418
1428
1438
30
g&m %$$H-4owsBiWiw;*
10
-70
*% PUOT^ RADIO-in PHOTO /-DAOLJI/~o jM- GRAPHICu.
SPL.
#
5Y4/2
8-19-1
8-19-2
8-19-3
8-19-4
8-19-5
granules I
~|r, granules
'£granules
- 591
.592
- 593
- 594
- 595
- 596
~ 597
~80
-90
L-100
crumbly upper 10 cm and 47-50 cm
bioturbation throughout
disseminated fish bones throughout
HOLE _A SLUG-10. DEPTH u** cm. to^io_cm.
LITH.
1444
1454
1464
1474
1484
1494
1504
1514
%"SiWY>m
10
20
30
-40
50
60
-70
a.' Q: STRi irr LAYER $ > blNUCT- PROPS.^ Pwrvrn RADIO- § PH^-0 GRAPH|CLL
SPL.
#
-80
-90
MOO
lumps or noduLes
5GY4/1
Y4/1
8-20-1
8-20-2
8-20-3
8-20-4
8-20-5
debris
granule
598
-599
A6i >v
V
ash?
A6
A6
-600
- 601
. 602
bioturbation throughout
disseminated fish bones throughout
HOLEA. SLUG-2JL. DEPTH i52o_cm. tojL5%_cm.
LITH 'cuff STRiirr LAYER COLOR % PHOTO rplSSr d £ STRUCT- PROPS. COLOR 0 & GRAPHIC
SPL
1520
1530
v's'ff*iafs£3$4'$
1540
1550
1560
m
1570
1580
mB&|.
s^wji
10
20
30
-40
50
-60
-70
m* »»
lumps o nodules
5Y4/1
r
5Y4/2
^
8-21-1
8-21-2
8-21-3
8-21-4
8-21-5
granules mottling
granules
granules
V
*a
granules
>
- 603
- 604
- 605
" 606
- 607
-80
-90
MOO
fracturing from 0-43 cm and 69-77 cm
bioturbation throughout
disseminated fish bones throughout
HOLE.?- !5LUG_22_DEPTH_i596_cm.
1596
1606
1616
1626
1636
1646
1656
1666
LITH. UJ I AYFR *£ Purvrr* RADIO- CD1 o: a STRI irr LATLK COLOR to PHOTO /~DAC>LJI/~ SPL. ti> blKUCT. PROPS. ° 0 & GRAPHIC ^
*~ LL it"
HSB%J'<S('j
^
jSJrKWr^
fefellSfewVWW>XX?*L' Jife^!§
^S$&mm*$&tS£&$*$*,
*&%%!$
^)fwfy&j£*iQ
^§^>SV'4^E;''j1^
^^
8^gsP%M|
^^
^B
8HMi^^,
T#iS^55»;t." fj>«yiav|5?^'
-10
-20
-30
r40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
5Y3/2
8-22-1
8-22-2
8-22-3
8-22-4
8-22-5
A6
granules
granules
- 608
- 609
- 610
- 611
- 612
- 613
. 614
verticle cracking 0-47 cm
slight mottling and bioturbation throughout
vivianite (?) veins 42-64 cm
disseminated fish bones throughout
HOLEA_ SLU6-23. DEPTH 1672 cm. toiz^_cm
1672
1682 -
1692 _:
1702
1712
1722
1732
1742
-^mr MBM m^mm » -^mw mmmm ^^ .^^^ ^ ,. ^^^ ^^^ w www ~ i -^m* w w w-m ^ -^-^ - ^^ v V
LITH - jg ^ STRUCT. ^2|| COLOR - | PH°T° GRAPHS ^L '
Pf^K»n&>Mi^»SgSs'&K;8W4 M^ft^aai$?$$&? «myam mmm;<ssm*2*i»*T-i»e*n
n*f*ff!^rVJSB^ feisP^S;^Ktt3&uV&-.tteMiS*sg«ift<fc^W*
Bt^®v
8sj?j5?v.tr:^jig^ fct^y^:
MMRHfcHfeis«!t.V&$h?
JPfeStf; ^^««
fe^i
i^^P^^
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
(5Y4/2)
5B5/1
8-23-1
8-23-2
8-23-3
8-23-4
8-23-5
®
mottle
' 615
- 616
. 617
- 618
"" 619
- 620
mottling is probably unoxidized mud
badly fractured spl.
mottling, granule clusters, disseminated vivianite and bioturbation throughout
A-i ccomi r»n*-o/1 -F-i oV» Kr»r»/so *-Tr»-rMirtT->r»tif-
HOLE-*. SLUG_2i_DEPTH_iZ48_cm. toi824_cm.
LITH.
1748
1758
1768 j
1778
1788
1798
1808
1818
-10
1-20
$S&pt$&V3U<A
-30
^Sl UKKfir^SJ'ilivl
60
-70
oj jj! STRUCT. LAYER COLOR §RADIO-
/~OADLII/~-ft- GRAPHICSPL. #
-80
-90
MOO
5Y5/2
8-24-1
8-24-2
8-24-3
8-24-4
8-24-5
debris
- 621
- 622
- 623
- 624
-625
-626
0-19 cm distrubed and mottled
bioturbation throughout
HOLE-1 SLUG-iJ-DEPTH 1824 cm.
1824
1834
1844
1854
1864
1874
1884
1894
UTH ' Jj £ STRUCT. LAYER COLOR | PH£° e5i?H« *£"
__
-
;
\
.-:'
-
^
j
-
~_
~
-
"
PgP$
PI
PIfe$re>'r*,.£
Ifety&fcnfc &W&sZf»?J-^^^S1^ «?$?*»^i ^ateiM^ r-Sxj-.'S-S'&m&&w&tsfe&ttpmi-Sti tr-jgipipi8rEi?M::5^kK fesM^Mtefefe^^ j-g&?»jsfcsg&l^^s^$^r/m
tt!B^\SK^Sffi-fif-^f*i.'f>'- fr $$$$*£>^ ^Kgt]2i'^&^*55^w'ii^v &55>s% £*&&$afcffi^frJ
^$vSK^i''^waSS(w§SK?/><'^7^T 1feKw^SS%s«Sj SSfe'jrS?-t'SUL-X;
^ Jclc5»»1,'»hi»«ri .fet
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
5Y5/2
8-25-1
8-25-2
8-25-3
8-25-4
8-25-5
debris
/" ^^\-/
V
\
_^/
<=><3
®
1
(A*) ^^
<=>« '
V
- 627
- 628
- 629
~ 630
-631
-632
5G5/1 unoxidized color
bioturbation throughout
HOLE-! SLUG_^_DEPTH_iioo_cm.
LITH. L'tf
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
CDSTRUCT. LAYER
PROPS.COLOR
£PHOTO
RADIO- GRAPHIC
SPL.
-40
-60
-70
5Y4/2*
8-26-1
8-26-2
8-26-3
8-26-4
8-26-5
-
r- 633
_ 634
- 635
" 636
- 637
- 638
- 639
~80
-90
MOO
badly fractured when slice was taken, exceptionally sticky
mottling, bioturbation, and granules throughout
HOLE-A SLUG_2L_DEPTH-MZLcm. to^52_ Cm
1976 -j
:
1986 -
1996 :
-
2006 -
2016 :
~
2026 ^
2036 j
2046 -_
-
^
UTR 0.; £ STRUCT. LAYER COLQR £ PHOTO G £'°- SPL. CD J_ rnvjro. ^ -ff JX
^
H
JjJ^ i^ PIKMill^s i^^£«$'%?*%ri'"<syJY'S>;
X
-10
-20
-30
^ 40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
(5Y5/2)
5B5/1
8-27-1
8-27-2
8-27-3
8-27-4
8-27-5
ashA6
granules
- 640
- 641
- 642
- 643
" 644
- 645
badly fractured
mottling, granules and bioturbation throughout
Appendix B
X-ray Radiographs