Jain, S.C. (2001). Open-Channel Flow.1. Basic equations. Introduction, Types of channels. Governing equations. Basic hypotheses,

Hydrostatic pressure distribution. Differential continuity equation. Differential momentum equation. Differential mechanical-energy equation. Momentum and energy coefficients. Governing equations for specific flows, Steady uniform flow, Steady varied flow, Unsteady uniform flow, Unsteady varied flow. Algebraic equations of motion, Continuity equation, Momentum equation, Energy equation, Application. Pressure distribution in curvilinear flow.

2. Steady uniform flow. Governing equations. Open-channel resistance, Manning equation. Normal depth, Compound channels. Equivalent roughness. Best hydraulic section, trapezoidal section. Design of channels.

3. Control sections. Propagation of disturbances, Celerity of small disturbance, Upstream propagation of disturbance, Hydraulic jump. Channel transitions, Specific energy, Critical depth, Rectangular channels, Compound channels, Change in bottom elevation, Change in channel width, Control structures. Locations and types of control sections, Flow profiles without channel resistance.

4. Gradually varied flow. Governing equations. Classification of flow profiles, Backwater and drawdown curves. Characteristics of flow profiles, Water-surface slope at zonal boundaries, Shapes of flow profiles, Mechanism of specific energy gain. Sketching flow profiles, Prismatic channel with change in slope and roughness, Interaction of controls, Profiles in Channels with transitions. Nonunique water-surface profiles, Mild downstream reach, Steep downstream reach. Profile analysis for given total head, Flow in a long channel, Effect of a downstream control. Location of hydraulic jump. Profiles in compound channels.

5. Computation of gradually varied flow. Direct integration method, Hydraulic exponents. Direct step method. Standard step method. The Ezra method. Inclusion of form losses. Flow in parallel channels.

6. Spatially varied flow. Lateral outflow, Governing equations, Analytical solutions, Numerical integration. Lateral inflow, Governing equations, Analytical solution, Numerical integration.

7. Unsteady flow I. Governing equations. Characteristics equations. Initial and boundary conditions. Simple-wave problem, Subcritical flow, Supercritical flow. Dam-break problem, Dry downstream channel bed, Finite depth in the downstream channel. Sluice-gate operation, Sudden complete opening, Sudden partial opening, Sudden partial closure, Sudden complete closure.

8. Unsteady flow II. Reservoir routing. The Muskingum method, Determination of and . Simplification of the momentum equation, Methods of flood routing. Kinematic-wave method. Diffusion-wave method, The Muskingum-Cunge method. Dynamic-wave method. Rating curves. Overland flow.

9. Artificial channel controls. Weirs, sills, and overfalls, Sharp-creasted weirs, Sills, Broad-crested weirs, Overfalls. Ogee-crest spillway. Underflow gates. Venturi flumes.

10. Special topics. Contractions and expansions, Subcritical flow, Supercritical flow. Flow in bends, Subcritical flow, Supercritical flow. Hydraulic jump, Energy loss in the jump, Types of jumps, Length of the jump, Surface profile of the jump, Control of the jump, Stilling basins. Flow through culverts, Discharge equations, coefficient of discharge. Surges in power canals, Meeting of two surges, Surge due to sudden load rejection. Roll waves.