Olimpic Games in London

7/31/2019 Olimpic Games in London

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Table of contents

1. Introduction essey

2. Olympic Games Ancient Olympics

Modern Olympics

Youth Games

3. Olympic Games in London3.1. Symbols

The Olympic Flag The Olympic motto

3.2. Ceremonies Opening Closing Medal presentation

3.3. Sports3.4. Controversies

Boycotts Venues and infrastructure Public transport Financing Ticketing Countdown Logo Security

Mascots Medals Torch relay Opening ceremony

3.5. Environmental policy

4. Bibliography5. Conclusion

1. Introduction essey


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The Olympic Games are a major internationalfeaturing summer and winter sports, in which thousandsof athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The

Olympic Games have come to be regarded as the worldsmost important sports competition where more than 200nations participate. Originally, the ancient OlympicGames were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th

century BC to the 4th century AD.Because of this, I believe that the Olympic Games

are a very interesting and educational subject. You mayfind out things about sports and also about history.

I was also interested to find out a lot of informationabout the organization of such an event in London. Iwonder how they will cope with such an affluence ofpeople.

The host city is responsible for organizing andfunding the celebration of the Games. The celebration ofthe Games includes many rituals and symbols, such asthe Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and

closing ceremonies. The first, second and third placefinishers in each event receive Olympic medals: gold,silver an bronze.

The 2012 Summer Olympic Games, officially knownas the London 2012 Olympic Games, are scheduled totake place in London, England, United Kingdom from 27

July to 12 Auugust 2012. London will become the firstcity to officially host the modern Olympic Games three

times, having previously done so in 1908 and in 1948.Im curious to see what improvements to the

organization will be made and how the contest will beheld this year in comparison to the previous ones thatwere held in London. It will also be interesting to see thedifferences in organization this time compared with theother countries.


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2. Olympic Games

The Olympic Games are a major international event featuringsummer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes participatein a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games have come to beregarded as the worlds most important sports competition wheremore than 200 nations participate. The Games are currently heldevery two years, with Summer and Winter Olympic Gamesalternating, although they occur every four years within their

respective seasonal games. Originally, the ancient Olympic Gameswere held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4thcentury AD.

The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and21st centuries has resulted in several changes to the OlympicGames. Some of these adjustments include the creation of theWinter Games for ice and winter sports, the Paralympic Games forathletes with a physical disability, and theYouth Olympic Games forteenage athletes. The growing importance of the mass mediacreated the issue of corporate sponsorship and commercialization of

the Games.The host city is responsible for organizing and funding a

celebration of the Games. The celebration of the Gamesencompasses many rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flagand torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. Over13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympics in 33different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and thirdplace finishers in each event receive Olympic medals; gold, silver,and bronze, respectively.

Ancient Olympics

The Ancient Olympic Games were a series of competitions heldbetween representatives of several city-states and kingdoms fromAncient Greece, which featured mainly athletic but also combat andchariot racing events. One of the most popular myths identifiesHeracles and his father Zeus as the progenitors of the Games.According to legend, it was Heracles who first called the Games"Olympic" and established the custom of holding them every four

years.
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Modern Games

The first significant attempt to emulate the ancient Olympic

Games was the L'Olympiade de la Rpublique, a national Olympicfestival held annually from 1796 to 1798 in Revolutionary France.

The competition included several disciplines from the ancient GreekOlympics.

Between 1862 and 1867, Liverpool held an annual GrandOlympic Festival. The programme for Athens 1896 had similarities tothat of the Liverpool Olympics. In 1865 Hulley, Dr. Brookes and E.G.Ravenstein founded the National Olympian Association in Liverpool,a forerunner of the British Olympic Association. Its articles offoundation provided the framework for the International OlympicCharter. In 1866, a national Olympic Games in Great Britain wasorganized at London's Crystal Palace.

Youth Games

In 2010, the Olympic Games were complemented by the YouthGames, which gives athletes between the ages of 14 and 18 thechance to compete. The first Summer Youth Games were held inSingapore from 1426 August 2010, while the inaugural Winter

Games will be hosted in Innsbruck, Austria, two years later. TheseGames will be shorter than the senior Games; the summer versionwill last twelve days, while the winter version will last nine days.3,500 athletes and 875 officials are allowed to participate at theSummer Youth Games, and 970 athletes and 580 officials at theWinter Youth Games. The sports to be contested will coincide withthose scheduled for the senior Games.

French and English are the official languages of the OlympicMovement. The other language used at each Olympic Games is thelanguage of the host country. Every proclamation (such as the

announcement of each country during the parade of nations in theopening ceremony) is spoken in these three languages, or the maintwo depending on whether the host country is an English or Frenchspeaking country.

3. Olympic Games in London

3.1 Symbols
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The Olympic flag

The Olympic Movement uses symbols to represent the idealsembodied in the Olympic Charter. The Olympic symbol, better known

as the Olympic rings, consists of five intertwined rings andrepresents the unity of the five inhabited continents (America, Africa,Asia, Australia, Europe). The colored version of the ringsblue,yellow, black, green, and redover a white field forms the Olympicflag. These colors were chosen because every nation had at leastone of them on its national flag. The flag was adopted in 1914 butflown for the first time only at the 1920 Summer Olympics inAntwerp, Belgium.

The Olympic flag

The Olympic motto

The Olympic motto is Citius, Altius, Fortius, a Latin expressionmeaning "Faster, Higher, Stronger". Coubertin's ideals are furtherexpressed in the Olympic creed:

The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to winbut to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not thetriumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to haveconquered but to have fought well.

3.2 Ceremonies

Opening
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The ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the hostcountry's flag and a performance of its national anthem. The hostnation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance, andtheater representative of its culture. The artistic presentations havegrown in scale and complexity as successive hosts attempt toprovide a ceremony that outlasts its predecessor's in terms ofmemorability.

After the artistic portion of the ceremony, the athletes paradeinto the stadium grouped by nation. Greece is traditionally the firstnation to enter in order to honor the origins of the Olympics. Nationsthen enter the stadium alphabetically according to the host country'schosen language, with the host country's athletes being the last toenter. Speeches are given, formally opening the Games. Finally, theOlympic torch is brought into the stadium and passed on until it

reaches the final torch carrieroften a well-known and successfulOlympic athlete from the host nationwho lights the Olympic flamein the stadium's cauldron.

Closing

The closing ceremony of the Olympic Games takes place after

all sporting events have concluded. Flag-bearers from eachparticipating country enter the stadium, followed by the athletes whoenter together, without any national distinction. Three national flagsare hoisted while the corresponding national anthems are played:the flag of Greece, to honor the birthplace of the Olympic Games;the flag of the current host country, and the flag of the countryhosting the next Summer or Winter Olympic Games. After thesecompulsory elements, the next host nation briefly introduces itselfwith artistic displays of dance and theater representative of itsculture.

Athletes gather in the stadium during the closing

ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics

Medal presentation
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A medal ceremony during the 2008 SummerOlympics

A medal ceremony is held after each Olympic event isconcluded. The winner, second and third-place competitors or teamsstand on top of a three-tiered rostrum to be awarded their respectivemedals. After the medals are given out, the national flags of thethree medalists are raised while the national anthem of the goldmedalist's country plays. For every Olympic event, the respectivemedal ceremony is held, at most, one day after the event's final.

3.3 Sports

The Olympic Games program consists of 35 sports, 30disciplines and nearly 400 events. For example, wrestling is aSummer Olympic sport, comprising two disciplines: Greco-Romanand Freestyle. It is further broken down into fourteen events for menand four events for women, each representing a different weightclass.

The Summer Olympics program includes 26 sports, while theWinter Olympics program features 15 sports. Athletics, swimming,fencing, and artistic gymnastics are the only summer sports thathave never been absent from the Olympic program. Cross-countryskiing, figure skating, ice hockey, Nordic combined, ski jumping, andspeed skating have been featured at every Winter Olympics programsince its inception in 1924. Current Olympic sports, like badminton,basketball, and volleyball, first appeared on the program asdemonstration sports, and were later promoted to full Olympicsports. Some sports that were featured in earlier Games were laterdropped from the program.

The 2012 program will feature just 26 sports. The 2016 and 2020Games will return to the maximum of 28 sports given the addition ofrugby and golf.
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3.4 Controversies

Boycotts

Map showing the countries that

boycotted the 1976 (yellow),

1980 (blue) and 1984 (red)

Summer Olympics.

Australia, Great Britain and Switzerland are the only countriesto send a team to every Olympic Games since their inception in1896. Most countries miss an Olympics due to a lack of qualifiedathletes, but some choose to boycott a celebration of the Games forseveral different reasons. The Olympic Council of Ireland boycottedthe 1936 Berlin Games.

The 2012 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as theGames of the XXX Olympiad or "London 2012 Olympic Games", arescheduled to take place in London, England, United Kingdom from 27

July to 12 August 2012. London will become the first city to officiallyhost the modern Olympic Gamesthree times, having previouslydone so in 1908 and in 1948.

The Olympics prompted a redevelopment of many of the areasof London in which the games are to be held particularly themedtowards sustainability. While the budgetary considerations havegenerated some criticism, the Games will make use ofmany venueswhich were already in place before the bid, including WembleyStadium, Wembley Arena, Wimbledon All England Club, Lord'sCricket Ground,The O2 Arena, Earls Court Exhibition Centre,

Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy, and the ExcelCentre.On 6 July 2005, the final selection was announced at the Raffles

City Convention Centre in Singapore. Here Prime Minister of theUnited KingdomTony Blair was the only leader of the five candidatecities' countries to make a personal lobby (he had also been the onlyone to attend the 2004 Olympics). Moscow was the first city to beeliminated, followed by New York and Madrid. The final two cities leftin contention were London and Paris. At the end of the fourth roundof voting, London won the right to host the 2012 Games with 54

votes, defeating Paris's 50.
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Venues and infrastructure

Olympic Stadium in June 2011

The 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games will use a mixture ofnew venues, existing and historic facilities, and temporary facilities,

some of them in well-known locations such as Hyde Park and HorseGuards Parade. Some of the new facilities will be reused in theirOlympic form, while others, will be resized or relocated.

The majority of venues have been divided into three zoneswithin Greater London: the Olympic Zone, the River Zone and theCentral Zone. In addition to these are those venues that, bynecessity, are outside the boundaries of Greater London. The footballtournament will be staged at several grounds around the UK. Workbegan on the Park in December 2006 when a sports hall in EtonManor was pulled down. The athletes' village in Portland was

completed in September 2011.

In November 2004 the 500 acre Olympic Park plans wererevealed. The redevelopment of the area to build the Olympic Parkrequired compulsory purchase orders of property.

Public transport

The Olympic Javelin service

London's public transport was an element of the bid which wasscored poorly in the IOC's initial evaluation; however, they felt that if

the improvements were delivered in time for the Games then Londonwould cope.Transport for London carried out numerous
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improvements in preparation for 2012, including the expansion ofthe London Overground's East London Line, upgrades to theDocklands Light Railway and the North London Line, and theintroduction of a new "Javelin" high-speed rail service, using theHitachi Corporation's "bullet" trains. According to network rail anadditional 4,000 train services will run during the Games, with trainoperators putting on longer trains during the day.

Transport for London also propose the construction of a 25million cable car across the River Thames, the "Thames GatewayCable Car", to link 2012 Olympics venues. It will cross the Thamesriver between Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docks, carrying upto 2,500 passengers an hour at a heights above 50 meters in the air.It is designed to cut journey times between the O2 arena and theExcel exhibition centre both of which are Olympic locations. The

privately funded system could provide a crossing every 30 seconds.The plan is to have 80% of athletes travel less than 20 minutesto their event and to have 93% of athletes within 30 minutes of theirevent. The Olympic Park would be served by ten separate railwaylines with a combined capacity of 240,000 passengers per hour.

A London Underground train decorated to

promote London's Olympic bid this coincided

with plans for investment in the city's publictransport network.

Financing

The costs of mounting the Games are separate from those forbuilding the venues and infrastructure, and redeveloping the land forthe Olympic Park. While the Games are privately funded, the venuesand Park costs are met largely by public money.

On 15 March 2007,Tessa Jowell announced to the House ofCommons a budget of 5.3 billion to cover building the venues andinfrastructure for the Games.

On top of this, she announced various other costs including anoverall additional contingency fund of 2.7 billion, security andpolicing costs of 600 million. According to these figures, the total
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for the Games and the regeneration of the East London area, is9.345 billion.

To help fund the cost of staging the games the London Olympicorganisers have agreed partnership deals with major companies.

Ticketing

Organisers estimate that some 8 million tickets would beavailable for the Olympic Games, and 1.5 million tickets for theParalympic Games. Ticket sign-up, in Great Britain, was launched on22 March 2010 and the application website was opened on 15 March2011 until 26 April 2011. Ticket prices range from 20 for manyevents to 2,012 for the most expensive seats at the openingceremony.

For the first time in Olympic history the sailing events will beticketed. The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Gamesand Paralympic Games (LOCOG) have admitted that further tickets,up to one million, will be released later in 2011 for events that havefailed to sell out in the initial allocation. Over half the people whoapplied got no tickets in Great Britain. The second round of ticketsales took place over a 10 day period between the 23 June and 3 July2011, with priority given to those who were unsuccessful in the firstallocation process. At this point there were about 1.7 million ticketsfor football and 600,000 for other sports, including archery, hockey,

football, judo, boxing and volleyball, among other sports with 1.5million tickets priced between 20 and 50. Unfortunately due to theamount of people buying tickets and because the ticketmasterwebsite did not update immediately, 15,000 had their applicationrejected, but 90% of people did get some tickets. People who weresuccessful in the first round of tickets were allowed to buy moreduring the period 817 July 2011. By this point 1.5 million ticketswere available for football, 40,000 for Volleyball and 8,000 forfreestyle wrestling on a first come first served basis. However by 10

July all the tickets for Volleyball had been sold, as 3.5 million ticketshad been sold in total. Another round of tickets was promised to goon sale in 2012. To reduce traffic, ticket holders will be entitled tofree use of London's public transportation network on the day of theevent.

Countdown


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Countdown clock in Trafalgar Square

A digital clock, located inTrafalgar Square, commenced acountdown to the opening ceremony on 14 March 2011. However,less than 24 hours after it was switched on, it suffered a technicalfailure, and stoppeddisplaying "500 (days) 7 (hours) 06 (minutes)56 (seconds)." It was quickly repaired.

Logo

There have been two London 2012 logos: one for the biddingprocess created by Kino Design and a second as the brand for theGames themselves. The former is a ribbon with blue, yellow, black,green, and red stripes winding through the text "LONDON 2012,"making the shape of the River Thames in East London. The latter,designed by Wolff Olins, was unveiled on 4 June 2007 and cost400,000. This new logo is a representation of the number 2012,with the Olympic Rings embedded within the zero.
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Security

The British government announced in December 2011 that13,500 members of the armed forces will be in place for the Olympic

games, as well as 10,000 police (who will lead the security of theGames). Naval and air assets, including ships situated in the Thameswill also be deployed as part of the security operation. The cost ofsecurity has also increased from 282 million to 553 million poundssterling. This will be the biggest security operation Britain has facedfor decades.

Mascots

Wenlock and Mandeville

The official mascots for the 2012 Summer Olympic and

Paralympic Games were unveiled on 19 May 2010; this marks thesecond time (after Vancouver) that both Olympic and Paralympicmascots were unveiled at the same time. Wenlock and Mandevilleare animations depicting two drops of steel from a steelworks inBolton. They are named Wenlock, after the Shropshire town ofMuchWenlock, which held a forerunner of the current Olympic Games, andMandeville, after Stoke Mandeville, a village in Buckinghamshirewhere a forerunner to the Paralympic Games were first held.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_armed_forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenlock_and_Mandevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_2010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenlock_and_Mandevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Wenlockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Wenlockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenlock_Olympian_Society_Annual_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Mandevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWAS_World_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_armed_forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenlock_and_Mandevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_2010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenlock_and_Mandevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Wenlockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Wenlockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenlock_Olympian_Society_Annual_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Mandevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWAS_World_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Games


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Medals

In December 2010, it was announced that the Royal Mint would

produce the medals for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. TheRoyal Mint expected to produce around 4,700 medals for the games.The medals are 7mm thick and weigh between 375-400g. They aredesigned by David Watkins. Each medal will have the sport and thediscipline engraved on the rim.

Like the last few Olympic medal designs the front will onceagain have Greek goddess of victory, Nike, stepping from Parthenon.

The reverse side has the Games logo, and a ribbon depicting theRiver Thames with a grid symbolising pulling together and radiatingenergy. The medals will have a purple ribbon attached to them

which symbolises Royalty and protocol.

Torch relay

The Olympics torch relay will be run from 19 May 27 July2012, prior to the games. Plans for the relay have been furtherdeveloped in 20102011, with the torch bearer selection processannounced on 18 May 2011. The torch relay will arrive on 18 May2012 from Greece. The relay will last 70 days, with 66 eveningcelebrations, six Island Visits with about 8,000 people carrying thetorch 300 m (330 yd) each, starting from Land's End in Cornwall.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Minthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land's_Endhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Minthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land's_Endhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall


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Opening ceremony

The Opening ceremony of 2012 Summer Olympics will becalled 'The Isles of Wonder. Oscar Winning director Danny Boyle willbe the artistic director for the spectacular opening ceremony. It wasconfirmed in February 2012 that Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke ofEdinburgh will officially open the games at the opening ceremony.

3.5. Environmental policy

The Olympic Parkwill incorporate 45 hectares of wildlifehabitat, with a total of 525 bird boxes, and 150 bat boxes. Localwaterways and riverbanks are to be enhanced as part of the process.

Renewable energy will also feature at the Olympics. It wasoriginally planned to provide 20% of the energy for the Olympic Parkand Village from renewable technologies; however, this may now beas little as 9%. Proposals to meet the original target included large-

scale on-site wind turbines and hydroelectric generators in the RiverThames. However, these plans were scrapped for safety reasons.The focus has since moved to installing solar panels on somebuildings, and providing the opportunity to recover energy fromwaste.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Boylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Park,_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Boylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Park,_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric


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5. Conclusion

The Olympic Games are a major event and have come to beregarded as the worlds most important sports competition. The

Cultural Olympiad comprises many programs with over 500 eventsspread over four years over the whole of the United Kingdom, andculminating in the London 2012 Festival.

All the competitions will be televised, thereby promotingLondon.Also, many tourists will take part in the performance. Due to thisimportant sport competition, London made a lot of improvements topublic transport and built stadiums for the competitions. Forexample, a new initiative to bring tourists and visitors into the areainvolves a public waterbus "hop-on hop-off" route.

The 2012 London Olympics provides also an excellent hook toengage students all round the world in learning about Britain.

4. Bibliography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games

http://www.theimport.co.uk/2010/05/london-2012-olympic-mascots/

http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=11327&l=1

http://www.luxurylaunches.com/other_stuff/the_london_olympic_torch_wins_d

esign_of_the_year_award_2012.php

http://www.globaltimes.cn/DesktopModules/DnnForge%20-

%20NewsArticles/Print.aspx?

tabid=99&tabmoduleid=94&articleId=705576&moduleId=405&PortalID=0

http://www.london-attractions.info/olympic-stadium.htm

http://theflagman.co.uk/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=200
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Olimpic Games in London