Offshore Load Out Day 2

8/9/2019 Offshore Load Out Day 2

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LOAD OUT TRAINING - DAY 2:OFFSHORE MARITIME RISK ANALYSIS

Capt. Noël Haegeman

Kuala Lumpur, June 2011


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MOTIONS TO ACCELERATIONS

MOVEMENTS ON 3 AXES


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MOVEMENTS OF A FLOATING UNIT


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PITCHING

PITCHING/ LONGITUDENAL FORCES ARE

EQUAL TO THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE LOAD


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ROLLING

LATERAL FORCES ARE 50% OF THE TOTAL

WEIGHT OF THE LOAD


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SURGE

BACKWARDS FORCES EQUAL AS LATERAL O,5

TIMES THE WEIGHT


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HEAVE

HEAVING CAN REPRESENT 4 TIMES THE

LOAD WEIGHT


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ACCELARATIONS & STABILITY


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FORCES/MOMENTS & HEIGHT


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Static & Dynamic friction

Static/dynamic forces


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Static Friction coefficient

The static friction coefficient (μ) between two solid surfacesis defined as the ratio of the tangential force (F) required toproduce sliding divided by the normal force between thesurfaces (N)

μ = F /N For a horizontal surface the horizontal force (F) to move a

solid resting on a flat surface

F= μ x mass of solid x g.

If a body rests on an incline plane the body is prevented from

sliding down because of the frictional resistance. If the angleof the plane is increased there will be an angle at which thebody begins to slide down the plane. This is the angle ofrepose and the tangent of this angle is the same as thecoefficient of friction.


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Material 2Coefficient Of FrictionTest

methodDRYGreasyStaticSlidingStaticSlidingAluminumAluminum1,05-

1,351,40,3 AluminumMild Steel0,610,47 Brake MaterialCast

Iron0,4 Brake MaterialCast Iron (Wet)0,2 BrassCast

Iron 0,3 BrickWood0,6 BronzeCastIron 0,22 BronzeSteel 0,16 Cadmium Cadmium0,5 0,05 Cadmium Mild

Steel 0,46 Cast IronCast Iron1,10,15 0,07 Cast

IronOak 0,49 0,075 ChromiumChromium0,41 0,34 CopperCast

Iron1,050,29 CopperCopper1,0 0,08 CopperMild

Steel0,530,36 0,18 CopperSteel 0,8 SPOFCopperSteel (304

stainless)0,230,21 FOFCopper-Lead AlloySteel0,22 -DiamondDiamond0,1 0,05 - 0,1 DiamondMetal0,1 -0,15 0,1 GlassGlass0,9

- 1,00,40,1 - 0,60,09-0,12 GlassMetal0,5 - 0,7 0,2


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0,3 GlassNickel0,780,56 GraphiteGraphite0,1 0,1 GraphiteSteel0,1 0,1 Gr

aphite (In vacuum)Graphite (In vacuum)0,5 - 0,8 Hard CarbonHard

Carbon0,16 0,12 - 0,14 Hard CarbonSteel0,14 0,11 - 0,14 IronIron1,0 0,15 -

0,2 LeadCast Iron 0,43 LeadSteel 1,4 SPOFLeatherWood0,3 -

0,4 LeatherMetal(Clean)0,6 0,2 LeatherMetal(Wet)0,4 Leather Oak(Parallel grain)0,610,52 MagnesiumMagnesium0,6 0,08 NickelNickel0,7-

1,10,530,280,12 NickelMild Steel 0,64; 0,178 NylonNylon0,15 - 0,25 Oak

Oak (parallel grain)0,620,48 Oak Oak (cross

grain)0,540,32 0,072 PlatinumPlatinum1,2 0,25 PlexiglasPlexiglas0,8 0,8 Pl

exiglasSteel0,4 - 0,5 0,4 -

0,5 PolystyrenePolystyrene0,5 0,5 PolystyreneSteel0,3-0,35 0,3-0,35 PolytheneSteel0,2 0,2


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RubberAsphalt (Dry) 0,5-0,8 RubberAsphalt (Wet) 0,25-0,75 RubberConcrete

(Dry) 0,6-0,85 RubberConcrete (Wet) 0,45-

0,75 SaphireSaphire0,2 0,2 SilverSilver1,4 0,55 Sintered BronzeSteel-

0,13 SolidsRubber1,0 - 4,0 -- Steel Aluminium Bros0,45 Steel

Brass0,350,19 Steel(Mild) Brass0,510,44 Steel (Mild)Cast Iron 0,230,1830,133 Steel

Cast Iron0,4 0,21 Steel Copper Lead Alloy0,22 0,160,145 Steel (Hard)Graphite

0,21 0,09 Steel Graphite0,1 0,1 Steel (Mild) Lead0,950,95 0,50,3 Steel (Mild)Phos.

Bros 0,34 0,173 Steel Phos

Bros0,35 Steel(Hard)Polythened0,2 0,2 Steel(Hard)Polystyrene0,3-0,35 0,3-

0,35 Steel (Mild)Steel (Mild)0,740,57 0,09-0,19 Steel (Mild)Steel (Mild)-

0,62 FORSteel(Hard)Steel (Hard)0,780,42 0,05 -0,110,029-,12 SteelZinc (Plated on

steel)0,50,45-- TeflonSteel0,04 0,040,04 TeflonTeflon0,04 0,040,04 TinCast


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Iron ,32 Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V(Grade 5)Aluminium Alloy 6061-

T60,410,38 FOFTitanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V(Grade 5)Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V(Grade

5)0,360,30 FOFTitanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V(Grade 5)Bronze0,360,27 FOFTungsten

CarbideTungsten Carbide0,2-0,25 0,12 Tungsten CarbideSteel0,4 - 0,6 0,08 -

0,2 Tungsten CarbideCopper0,35 Tungsten

CarbideIron0,8 WoodWood(clean)0,25 - 0,5 WoodWood

(Wet)0,2 WoodMetals(Clean)0,2-0,6 WoodMetals

(Wet)0,2 WoodBrick0,6 WoodConcrete0,62 ZincZinc0,6 0,04 ZincCast

Iron0,850,21 Material 1Material 2Coefficient Of FrictionTest

methodDRYLUBRICATEDStaticSlidingStaticSlidingFOR = Flat against rotating Cylinder,

FOF = Flat against flat, POF = Pin on flat, IS = inclined surface,SPOF Spherical end pin

on flat.


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SPECIFIC WEIGHTS - KG/CU.M

BARITE 2883

BENTONITE 593

CEMENT PL 1506

CEMENT M 2162

GARBAGE AV 481

ICE 593

LEAD 11389

MUD PACKED 1908

MUD FLUID 1730

NITROGEN 1,26

PETROL 881

CAOUTCHOUC 945

RUBBER MAN. 1522

WATER FRESH 1000

SEAWATER 1002


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Deck cargo securing principles

For deck cargo chain or wire lashings are to bepreferred to web lashings due to less elasticity.Connecting elements and tightening devices

should be used in the correct way.Consideration should be given to any reductionof the strength of the lashings throughcorrosion, fatigue or mechanical deterioration.

It is necessary to apply transverse lashings onthe cargo and to timber uprights alongside theblocks of cargo.


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Deck cargo securing principles

Heavy single pieces of cargo on deck should preferablybe stowed near the centre of the ship and in the fore-and-aft direction. Suitable beams of timber or steel ofadequate strength should be used to transfer the weightof the item onto the ship’s structure. Principles forlashing and securing of such cargo securing calculationsare essential in order to find the correct number andstrength of suggested lashings and shorings in the

arrangement. Cargo on deck can never be completelyprotected from sea water, but cargo details easilydamaged by salt can, to some extent, be protected bygrease oil and covering by tarpaulins.


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S.W.L B.L

For securing use the according

ropes/wires/chains/textile slings in order to

compensate the max load as calculated forthe total weight and friction force.

S.W.L = safe working load

B.L = breaking load


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USE OF BULLDOG GRIPS

DIAMETRE

CABLE mm

# BULLDOG

GRIPS

5 -12 3

13-16 4

17-25 5

26-35 6

36-50 7


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Distance Bulldog grips (B.D)

MAX DISTANCE BETWEEN 2 B.D’S

Dist = max 3 x diam BD ( between bolds)

Wrong way ………


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Colour code textile swl


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BE AWARE OF DANGERS


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DANGEROUS CARGO IMDG


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IMDG CLASSIFICATION

1 EXPLOSIVES

2 GASES (compress.liquified,pressured) inflamm.

3 INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

4 INFLAMMABLE SOLIDS

5 OXIDIZING AGENTS & ORGANIC PEROXIDES

6 TOXICS

7 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS 8 CORROSIVE & INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES

9 MISCELLANEOUS


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JACK-UP barges

Rowan Gorilla 2


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Jack up barge under transit


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JACK-UP barges

When airborne, the weight is taken by

the leg feet:


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JACK-UP barges

When CG is not above CB, a moment is

created

W

R

W

R R R


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JACK-UP barges

Bending moments i.w.o. leg guides !!


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Pt.4: Jack-ups -inclination calc.&measures

Calculation and adjustments to be made PRIOR to jackingdown and getting afloat. Draft permitted maximum load line draft

GM & KG within prescribed limits

• depends on type of passage taken (Ocean Moves/InFieldMoves)

• after adjustment and removal of both liquid and dry cargo

• with legs fully elevated

• content of spud cans (leg footings can sometimes be pumpedout)

if excessive trim/list (>0,25º) exists during lowering,bending moments are imposed on the legs i.w.o. theJackhouses and leg guides, potential damage !


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JACK-UP barges

Also bending moments under motions afloat


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JACK UP BARGE SPUD CANS

Spud cans can “sink”into soft seabed,

causing retractionproblems.


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PUNCH TROUGH

Jack-up under salvage after punch through


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PUNCH TROUGH DANGER

Punch through is an imminent danger - therefore an overloadtest is required by means of: preload tanks -- hydraulic jacking (e.g. PB5,

Energy Explorer) much faster !


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BEFORE JACKING DOWN OR UP

From Operations Manual, procedures to work out weight shift tocorrect trim/list, basic steps:

1) distribute fuel, potable water and drilling water uniformlyand minimise free surface

2) distribute bulk chemical, cement, Baritet etc. uniformlyabout the centre line fore-aft amidships

3) remove all excess deck cargo and distribute tubulars, drillpipe, collars, etc. to box stows

4) unless you are very familiar with the vessel, calculate afloatcondition without any trimming ballast and from thiscalculation derive a trimming/heeling moment and lever.

5) with results of 4), choose tanks to (partly) fill in order tocounteract the moments derived from 4)


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AFLOAT ON EVEN KEEL

Jack-ups in the afloat condition adhere to all the

normal stability regulations governing any other

floating vessel - Intact & Damage Stability.

despite apparently top heavy appearance

elevated legs, quite adequate intact stability.

but due to elevated legs, extremely vulnerable

to damage caused by excessive wave/swellinduced motion. (bending moments, cracking,

some losses in history)


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Cont. jacking even keel

Operations Manual should contain appropriate data on how to calculate the afloat conditions

sample calculations of the vessel afloat

afloat condition calculation sheet

when going afloat, following parameters should be met: list/trim must be nearly zero

at the Tip of Can (TOC) position (legs raised to transitheight), draft should be lower than permitted maximumload line draft

afloat barge must have allowable VCG and KM bothlongitudinally and transversely.


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Jack-up stability jack down example

A jack-up is about to go afloat;

From the daily stability calculations we read:

• Centre of Gravity: LCG = 24,6m TCG = -0,15m VCG = 8,0m

• Total weight: W = 5000 ton

From the hydrostatic tables we read:• For a displacement = total weight:

o mean draft: d = 5,2m

o Centre of buoyancy: LCB = 25,0m TCB = 0,0m VCB = 2,6m

o Metacentre position: KMT = 12,2m KML = 23,7m

o Moment to change heel/trim: MCH1degr = 1600 tonm/degr

o MCT1degr = 4100 tonm/degr


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Jack-up stability jack down example

From the Operation Manual we read the stability limits:

• Centre of gravity envelope:

o Operation: TCG {-1,5m ; +1,5m} LCG {23,0m ; 27,0m}

o Survival: TCG {-0,5m ; +0,5m} LCG {24,5m ; 25,5m}

• Plimsol mark (load line mark) at 5,5m above keel

• Minimum Metacentric height: GMmin = 0,7m

Is it OK to jack down in this condition ?

What list and trim do you expect in the afloat condition ?


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Cont. example

Summary of given data:

o LCG = 24,6m TCG = -0,15m VCG = 8,0m

o W = D = 5000 ton


o Centre of buoyancy: LCB = 25,0m TCB = 0,0m VCB = 2,6mo Metacentre position: KMT = 12,2m KML = 23,7m




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Cont. example


stability limits:

• CG inside Operation envelope : TCG = -0,15m inside {-1,5m ; +1,5m}, OKLCG = 24,6m inside {23,0m ;

27,0m}, OK

• CG not inside Survival envelope: TCG = -0,15m inside {-0,5m ; +0,5m}, OKLCG = 24,6m inside {24,5m ;

25,5m}, OK

• Draft 5,2m is below Plimsol mark at 5,5m, OK

• GMT = KMT-KG = 12,2m – 8,0m = 4,2m, this is greater than GMmin = 0,7m,OK

• GML = KML-KG = 23,7m – 8,0m = 15,7m, this is greater than GMmin = 0,7m,OK

Conclusion:

It is safe to jack-down according to Operation Manual


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Cont.example


o LCG = 24,6m TCG = -0,15m VCG = 8,0m

o W = D = 5000 ton


o Centre of buoyancy: LCB = 25,0m TCB = 0,0m VCB = 2,6mo Metacentre position: KMT = 12,2m KML = 23,7m




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Cont.example


Heel:

• Weight: 5000 ton ; arm = difference TCB-TCG = -0,15m

• Heeling moment = -750 tonm

• Angle of heel = Heeling moment/MCH1degr = 750/1600 = 0,47 degr downto PS

Trim:

• Weight: 5000 ton ; arm = difference LCB-LCG = 0,4m

• Trimming moment = 2000 tonm

• Angle of heel = Trimming moment/MCT1degr = 2000 / 4100 = 0,49 degr

down to aft


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BENDING MOMENTS ANS SHEAR FORCES


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Structural Integrity

Primary

Secondary

There is a maximum

deck load (ton/m²)prescribed, to be

obeyed to !!

‘point’-loads to be

deviated to thestiffeners


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Structural Integrity - imperfections

Structural imperfection - MACRO versus MICRO

>>

stress concentration

>>

stress concentration


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Structural Integrity - micro imperfections

Typical micro failure is undercut:

More welding defects:

slag inclusions lack of fusion

incomplete penetration


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Structural Integrity - micro imperfections

A connection of structures is to have at least thestrength of the members connected connections e.g. welding, riveting, bolting, …

Disadvantage of welding monolite structure

Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) results in brittlestructure (less elasticity, more liable for cracking)


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Structural Integrity - collapse

There are mainly two (2) types of structural collapse: BUCKLING

• occurs mostly

• under pressure

• condition

CRACKING• occurs mostly

• under tension

• condition i.w.o.• stress

• concentrations

Kw.Kg.Kw.

Kg.K

w.


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Cracks

How do they look like ?


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Structural Integrity - stress concentrations

cut-out

doubler

misalignment

Deck repair/maintenance and sea-fastening of deck

equipment shows often poor workmanship:


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Structural Integrity - elasticity

Elasticity creates

deflections

moments shear forces


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Structural Integrity - problems

Problem 1:

steel is elastic, loads create deformations

deformation creates local moments in the structure

SOLUTION: stiffening of the structure

Problem 2: highly stiff structures “attract” stresses and concentrate them

increased risk of micro failures

Problem 3:

when loads become dynamic, the fatigue phenomenon resultsin a decreased resistance against loads

Problem 4:

corrosion is causing diminution of the dimensions and capabilityof acceptance


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SHEAR FORCES & BENDING MOMENTS


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LOADS

TENSILE OR COMPRESSIVE LOADS


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SHEARING STRESSES

VERTICAL SHEAR


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COMPLEMENTARY STRESS

By direct load created in material & in

equilibrium as strenght can resist load

Stress (f) = Load (W) / Area (A)


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SHEAR Force & Bending moments

diagrams BM = O at the ends & max in the middle

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Forces on Cross Section Areas

On Cross Beams linear force up to the max

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Construction supported on edges

Construction vertical supported

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Longitudenal Stresses in still water

Weight & Buoyancy reactions


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Cont Stresses in waves

Hogging & sagging

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Cont Stresses in waves

Consider hogging a sagging as point stress &

ballast to avoid fatigue of construction

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WEIGHT DIAGRAM

Counteracting weight stress

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Stresses on additional immersion

Water Line ( WL) Additional sectional stress by immersion

Bonjean Curve

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BUOYANCY CURVES

By Bonjean Curve the buoyancy output for

each draft an wave impact .

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Sectional Bending moments & Shear

Force diagram


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TIDAL TIME SCHEDULE

Air pressured B.C according boarding & tidal

schedule

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MARINE LOAD OUT

Preparing downballasting to board jack up

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POSITIONING OPEN WATER

CURRENT & METEO INFLUENCE

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METEROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Beaufort scale max 3 bft / no tidal or stream currents

Beaufort Force 3

Gentle breeze

Wind speed (knots): 7 - 10 Wave height (feet): 2 - 3

Sea state: Large wavelets; crests begin to break;

scattered whitecaps

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CRITICAL STABILITY POINT

Lost of bouyancy & max weight stresses


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HYDRAULIC SKIDDING DEVICES

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Hydraulic Skidding

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VERTICAL JACKS

600 T VERTICAL JACKS

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17800 T JACKET

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USE OF SKID BEAMS

Number of skidbeams depending on weight

& moments

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SKIDDED TLP TRANSPORT


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SKIDDING TO BARGE

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LOAD OUT BY GANTRY

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Thank you for your attention and have a nice

evening!

Documents

Offshore Load Out Day 2